vs. RICH
vs. RICH; P00R PEOPLE
POORCOIIIITRIES
rr
\'ihornwill
iilrtO benefit?
by
Jo ha n G a lt u n g
Un i ve r sit y
o f (i s lo ,
U n iv er si ta i re
d ' E t u d e s d u D6 v e l-o p p e me n t , G e n b v e
Insti tu t
1.
On tir e lm p a ct
The instrument
ar r d r el ater l
cates,
no t
o n ly
cha ng es i n
ef fect
an ' L c c n v e n t io n s
c h a rac t er]
e co n o mi c o r d e r,
i n d ir e ctl y,
le a d
to
c^
t
"v
that
urrs v
wit h
a s t he n a me in d i -
T he y d e a l
the
w it h
the
in t ra -n at i o n al
o rd e r
h y p o t he s i s
t h a -t c h a n g e s in
ch a n g e s in
t t re o t he r,
but
fh ere
therr
v rrv J
is
a n ln p li c it
aee Tl )e
tO
t he m
m91 'e
a ls o
to
h y p o t h e s is
o f wo rl c r re s o u rc e s
t?r a t r ed l ,str i bu tl o n
/r^lrrJ-r iaq
not
a re ,
Ord-er
the
th r o ug h
o th e r .
th e
lconornic
the l'iew international
r e so l uti o n s
in tern ati ona l
';ri ]l
of
a n i n ter n a tio n a l-
of
excep t
of l lfl l O o n p o o r. j: o u n t i. ie s .
b e n ef i ci al
to
t o wa : : d s t he
th an
be fOfe
o ne
the
D oo r
a fftl
ben efl t
them more than before, even so that they are contro lled
by them more the,.nbefore, will nltimately
also t'enefit poor
peo pl e in p oor coun tr iesf
Ii is this hypothesis that will be
ex a.mi n edin the follovr ins.
.Let us start by ris-<umJ-ng
that the ltlew fnternatlonal
iiconomic
Order ancl relatecl instruments vrill in fact make poor countries
ri c her when cons idered-as they are in the theory arrd practice
of i n te r national
3s und.i ffer economics- as homogeneou sentitiesr
en ti a te d w holes.
It is no"u obvious that their relative
standi ng
vr jl l i mnrove, but impr oved terms of trade an d other instruments
s houl d have this
even shor t- te rm, as has already be en
effect,
s een i n t.ne after math of the highly succes sful O PIC ac tions. S
The oucstion js what happens to the poor people in tnose countr i es .
vihai i s
To d.iscuss ihis the concept of surplus is useful:
l cft rv ]:en the c osts of pr od uctj-on, including the costs for nni ni m um
re produ ction of the labor forc e (including future l-abor force
througir ability
to maintain, if only on a mj-nimumbasls, a faraily)
jv lucho f the surplus is senerated at the bo ttom
ar e sub tracted?
,4
o f s ocl ety;
the q.uestion is vrhether it stays at tiie bottom ol r i s
tra nspo rtecl uu ,vard.s. Some of the s urpius enters the top of
onnio*rr'vJ ,
u vv {v
q
Jrna cr u. est ion
u rr \/
-
is
d ownr' rarcl. In pr inciple
as i n d.i cated in fable
v'y r rruheurth
r v!e r
thls
1:
i t u rlEelll a{J
r u in s
ma
{
gives rise
at
av
to four
the
ul tg
to
v n,-
or
tr i- c kJ es
types of soc i eti es ,
1-
Ta bl e
1.
l/h a t h a pj r e ns t o
e c o n o mi c s urn l us
the
S u r pl-u s e n t e ri n g
wi t h in
countrles?
o n t op
s-iays on 'Eop
t--1
a
xr].cKl-es
d.own
II
loitative
transp orted
I I nr ^ r2
u yY r s!
F/]
su
r , r ol
state s
socie-b*es
q
f nr o
''lrrra'l.' a
u4, L
VIUr )
genelated
at the
56TT0m
\
III
^+
^ - .^
DUd
JD
the bottom
The analysis
can npw start
The first
combination
','Iorld co un tr i es
transp orte d
at
the
to d ay :
is
the
A s a r es ul t
roE ress]-ve
so clbqti-es
by commenting on the
the
u pw a r ds l
to p .
IV
doubl-e
societies
d^ +
,U
the
best
s u rp lu s
eombinations.
lcror,,rnone among the
g e n e ra t e d
s urp l us
four
that
e n t ers
t h e m a s s e s re ma j -n in
at
'lhird
the bottom is
at
the
stays
top
m is e ry ,
t h e ir
f urt h e r,
si tua tion
m a y ev en d e ter j -o rat e
wh e re a s t h e el it e s
j- mpro ve t lc ir
sta n da r d o f liv in g
ra' p i d1 y t hro u g n s u rp lu s f rom
be lovr an cl fr om th e
m or e p ro no u n ce d
eli tes
th e
el i te s
e- xrl oiter tj .ve
far m er s
e ve r y
f or
m a in ta in i n 6;
iu
tow ar ds
ou tsi cle .
the
T h e i ne c u a l it ie s
y e a r,
an d t re
in
v es t ed
so ciety
b ec on e
of
in t e re s t s
s t ru c t ' , t re s
t ira t
s t e er
the
al - so c rlrs t a l l. i. z e
over
t im e .
T h e s e a re
and one of
s o cj eti e s,
a nd p e as a nts
ve ry
b a dl y
the
for
b a s ic
t he i r
f i o t vs
s u rp l u s
me t h o d s i s
p ro d , u c t s , a t
the
c le a rly
to
the
pcty
s am e
tim e ail tn e y a r e ma d e d e p e n d e n t o n la rt ic lp a t ic n
in t h e m o net a . ry
ar r ^r^m rr fnn so m e go o d s ne ed " e d . f o r p rod -u c t i on a n d s e rv ic e s n e e dec .
fol
r ep r :o d,u ct io n l
}or ", 'er rlo w n in
th e
and at
s e rv ic e
to ma in ta in
th i s
to mr .in ta in
fr ag n e nt ati o n
fr om ea ch o th e r ,
sati on
of
s yste n
to
t h. e s a n e t i m e
c a ' b e g o rie s
a re -c res s iv e
prevent
n a y in g
v ro rk e rs
a nd p e op le
min i mu n s al a rie s .
ma c h in e ry
is
u s u a ll y
of v rork ers aw a y l ro m p e a s a n t s
c o n s c i o u s n es s
f o rma t io n
fn
c r : iei'
ne e . iea .
a n d a i, va y
a n d m ob i l i -
th e ma ss es .b
In the sec ond c ategor y ther e a::e societies vrhere the surpl us
i s transported upwa rds, but th en p ermitted to tr lckle
d.ownag ai n,
Thi s i s typica l of tne v r elfare states i.n the F irst Worlcl, and
to so me extent als o in the Secon d l/o rld (tne socialist
countri es )
i l he sa laries pald to the work ers in the secondary and tertiar'1 r
s ectors of so ciety are stil1 only a fraction of the market v al ue
^€ +;^
Urlc ;
^^ ^ ' i d
UI
d uc e o
v\.q\/u
it
eu l-p pu!vro
u*v d u c e
v! r
tu-nle.!e 1 , ' ..' .rrc
-!\u{
D g! r vi
V Ivs,
cel s
e n d. se
F IU \,| L fU
- !l 1L L
l:lnt i'rt tirc
nr,.r-#
irm
( JL t U il -tL
<
mn
rnrr
ttL VL !.J J
of
fo r m
th e
tUhc
ar e
up and th e n
-
d o w n a g a in ,
an o pu m p ln e s o me o f
r eg ula .ti n g
socia l
i ne q u al i tie s
e lites
i mp r o ve
t he
at
b o tto r a r em a i ns
a spe cia l
ca te go r y
of
at
t he
so c i et i e s
res ul t
constant.
pa ra rll e l
1f
the
f a s h i on .
ra re
one r the
anC the
s u rp lu s
l ie a re
that
effectively
s o d o t h e m as s e s ,. B P t a
top
b o t t o m.
the
h av e
b e rr pu mp ed" r r
a lm o s t
But as a net
a re la t iv e i lr
at
s u b sj - d " ise cl
has to
both
re l at iv e ly
of l iv in g
to p re m a i n s
th e
(o r
mo re o r l es s
f lo w.
the
re na i n
is
p u b lic
h re a lt h ,
s urp l us
in rn o re o r ie s s
bu t
c o mb i na ti o n
The th l rd
g en er ate d
to
sta n d a rd
the i r
d .is tan c e,
r espe ctfu l
at
ten d
r ed i st3 i bu _t i on
T h e s y s t e m v rill
bu re a u c ra c y
the
fo ::
a nd c ora mu n ic a t i o n
as the
in te ns i v e
we ll -t o -c i o ,
re l: : t i v e ly
l l ta te
f o u r).
th e s e
the
a
urith
r)ro , . I re i is iv e
:
s u c h a s p u b lic
tr a ns p ort a t io n
be bu r e au c ra cy
tax
o _f' t he
s erv ic e s
so ci al
ni.cture
tiie
r: e d ir' t r. lb u t i on
di. sl)o
S al
J /u!
a ny o n e o f
of
entcrs
sI '
r; e c t o r.
s e c o n d a ry
titc
m e as ure s wh ic l i
pu b i ic
edu ca tio n ,
ver si on s
2f U
a
iltatc
the
i n te rn a l
a n d oth e r
taxa tion
to
fo r
in
t:uc
saine time
]r un c na ch i ne r y
in
?
bei n ,q ua r ti cu la r l y
this
g e n er a t ed
h ere
t h in k in g
a re t ru ly
a c t ua l ly
s u rpl u s
of
d ual
socr etj-es : th e r e is a mo d . ern/ u y b a n / t n c o rp ora t e d "
s e c t o r w h lch
m ar r hp i ,' r l? 1l ik e c om b i na t io n s
I or 1I abovel
t h e n t h e re is
:e cto r
a no ih er
*U'r.'
-l
.LH rrl
^nv rrUt
tr"
i ekl
v rrv rlr411L_)
rr
gro up s,
s oc ie ty
i z efl
r tlq-Lt -)*lrc r44vu.
-ori"ina.l
in.r -rlo', rn
vro rt iry of
in
e'
f l'ec t svrr ev
w vt
e xp l oi .b a tio n .
a .bo r i gi n al
r ecesse s
of
ii 1'rr n.'
-
rr l vJ
no F
ri v!
tir e c o r.l n tr i es ,
cr .r . bc b r ou g h t
b usin ess
u vl l v4 4 v
benef
t h in k i n g
s t iil
ab l e
cf
C O1 S i i ef CC
v ari o us
h ol u
to
!lv
Of
^-fl Oi te d.
vr r l
:tO SSi ble
ff Om
it
f irs t
by t h e
o ut
n o . n ia o .i c
in
r i e ep er
the
0 f c o u rs e , t h e; r ai e m a rgi n all ze d.
etc "
n ot u s e d a s a res erv e a rm y o f lab or
i - n or , i 'c k e d " o u t
ig a : n
on the
o ep e n d in g
cyc le s.
The n,
tha t
*vrllvJ" or r
i' / e a re
;*
f^
^* "1 -L
- , J -L r j D ( r r o.? o- s th ey
ulr
ar e
tri at
nai
*r ran
r fe +vr lv!
n Fo
sc ci et ies
u n t ou c h e d
o ut s id "e ,
t o t a l-iy
en te rs
p ar tiall;,' )
fr na l 1 y,
ol : i s
-is t i ie f o u rih
g e n er at e c l a t t n e t o p
th e re
c .o vr ow a r cl sl th e
s u rpl u s
( by and la r g e)
re n a ln s t lie re .
r ^ri 'l 'i it h r . ry vl^ S si bl e e ffe c t iv e ly
poor and, the rich
the Do o r -
and at
"n d, e m pi r ic a li y
be a hi gh l e ve i
i nd e p en de n t
of
l oc a l
of
is
ge n e ra t e d . a t
Cn J -; , 'in
thls
t o n a rrow
i;he same tine
t vr o h i .g; hl y .i. n po rt a n t
t h e s u rn l u s
(a t l e a. s t
t ra n s p o rt e d
c o mb in a t io n :
ih e
raise
p a lit i c a l
b o t t o rn
of
s o c ie t y
g a n b e t we e n t n e
the
go a 1 s ,
standard.
botn
of
1 o g ic al l ; r
' I h e m e c h a n is ms r , v ou ld"
p e rm it t i ng
t h e lo c a l
e a c h o t h e r"
s e lf -re li a nc e
type
the
ti.
co mn nun iti e s to
fo r
d e si gn
c on s u mDt i . o n , t h e . rr t h e m s e lv e s
ow n o r i ma r y
th ei r
sh o u 1C g o t o
r rhiclL fr a cti cn
on an e qu a l
ol , , n erro d " u c t io n -c o n s u mpt i o n
th e ir
b as is .9
d.istribution
in
the
c e nt e r
of
such a v/ay tirat
ovmershio
th e ha n ds o- f th os e t^ r ho c u l t iv a t e
it,
c o nd ,j "ti o n se e m s t o b e a re la t i v e ly
ti za tion
of
th e pr od u cti on
n ee ds do e s n o t
pol icies
for
be co m e to o
of
r--nm
+V-ire
MUr
r e so ur c e s
ton
to
t he
in
brr uottUom.
VUIi I
Pe on leb R e nu b li c o f t lh r na , a f t er
( .lo mr ,iu n csr r e pr e se n ts o n e e x a n n ie
1n
cou ntr ics .' \Ct he r s
c a tc( o ry ,
t his
t:'e
s at i s f a c t lo n
of
l:\i eUEJIU
e dl n sq r )
o f n on -b a si c
s e rrri . c e s o f
J
tn
t/U
n o re
s.
DAJ e1 r
f
of
in
anc rel.a te cl
w ill
affect
this
v a rio us
the
P e op l e s t
g ro u p
t h is
o r l-e s s f a li
h o w ti re lic v r I n t e rn a t j-o n a i
i n str "u r n en ts
the
th e
but
lr ,lh eq r "r e sti on i s
e x n or t
c ha n : re ls f o r
in t ro d u c t ro n
that
for
t ire s a me t ir. re t he s e
o f a s oc ie t t r
ca n b e n e n t io n c d
t o u s e s o il
h ar :c jl-y mo re t ira n a ma x i murn d o z e n
r n em b e :r so i' th e G rou p o i' 7 1 . 1 1
coun tr- i.c r:
It -i .nc1of
.
o f mo n e --
a n d e x t e rn a l
At
in
o r c o lle c t i v e 1 y.
lo w l e v e l
in t e rn a l
t h e f orm
b e la nd
of l-and remains
t e mt rt a t io n
ov e rv rh e h n in g .
ex c h a ng e
seems to
h av e to b e co mbj. n e d l, rit h e f f e c t i. , 'e
r ed istri bu ti on
,
c as h c ro p s
of
tne
for : co n su m er g o o d s f o r: t h e
in r et urn
rrih
'rc
lLAllUL)
e co n o my s o t ha t
for
in d i' rj -rl u al ly
An- ot kr er
th e
d. e c i d in g
; o c ie t y
p re r. e o u is it e
A n ab s o lu t e
c _v c 1 e s
of
of
in t o
the
ilc o n o mj-c 0 ro e r
g e n e ra l
pi c t u re ;
w\ a t
cha n g e s ln ' u ire i n t e rl a t ic n a l
e c o n omi c
-il,
e
-t
y
p
e
s
r,, 'i l ] b av e o n a. n c i rn
str ucture
io u r
o f c o u n t rie s .
For thc pu r p os e of t;. e ,t : c c ; s s - o : ' , , ; e c e. l i lc av e o u i t y p e s lI e ni . lr l
ef fec ts
a :rd co rr .ce nt ra te
di:i. go na i
in
Lror tirc
th e se
o n tn e
T a.b l e I,
sa.ke of
, ' ' c i ld c o u n t ri-e s l o c a t e d
j
r rair: J . ; ; . r: t h e iirs t
c a t eg o ry .
thc
? n : ] rc
a,rgrineri
let
ur: t:.kc
it
for
a lo n e
the
granted
i;hat
a,r:ia i:cr;ult of t'.e racira,3e i'eferred
to 3.s the liel.r Intel:.a-ri-on::.1
r lcon omi c; ( l r de r : th e rc r ' ;ii l b e a : rc d . is t , ri b u 'u i o n
n o t o nl y o f c. : r- t i- t ai,
b ut
al- so o f
t ec ix ro i o r;y
t ol 'ra i : de t ii e l lo o i
c c un t ri es
.
Co n c re ieJ - ; r
t}; i"s vri "Il ta ke tne fo r n o f a n in c le a s e d
f io lv o f f i n an c i a li n s t ru -nron'i:.r.'ry1rlr.-'nita.l- gooC e a.nCfor bluer:i.iilts
anrl tra-ini-n55 trograms
lrtr-f
| (/ \)
s irU
enter ing
fl ow
th e
?h i r d
i' r o rl .d c o u n t r: -/ .
G iv e n t h e n a t u re
of
t i ii s
i :o:- n t o f e:i tr y lv i. l i u, s u al ly b e i n t h e O a p it a l o f t he
cou nt ry ,
a n d us ua l ly
t ' he l an c l in g p o in t f o r
to rr' a : : d s t ' : re t o n .
j-n
capi-bal- iviil
have to be
ti:.r: leading banks of the country,
n or tinrr -lo r r rr
a n d t he la n d in g po : -n t s f o r t ec jm olo gy
tn e l l ta te rla n t rs l
l-rsJ -
th e
v 4v 4rs !J -J
5..ar/e to
will
resea rch
in
tl ie
tr r .ti cn s
in s ti
ce n te i- o f
in , 1 p i a t f o rm s
iri
T.he q l re st io n
ti le n b ec o n c s t o i. ; : ra t e x t e n t
c }' l an n e Is for
tit e hln te r l a" nd .
of
an d e duca ti o n.
a net worl r
of
if
fcr
su rp l u s,
s D tl ^ a t
i n s t a ne e
s u c h t irJ . n 4 ls,
c o u nt ry
the
1n ti:e
can:'ae put
th e l.
f o rn
of
has
h e a1 t i :
t o v ro rk 1 o c a l1 y ,
n e t v . ro rlis 6)x is t ,
,so m e ca se s th es e
d o r ,o t e x is t,
th ey
12
f or
Th e p r o bl em is t o v h . a t e x t e n t t re c o u -n t r: t ' h as
fi n an ce jn st it r t t io n s
c a . p ab l e o f n la c l . n g f i n a nc ia i
lo ca l l y
in
b 1 ' c le f in i t i on
c ii s t rib u t "i o n
o f s u c h a s s e t s lnt o
s l,o t -rl . rln n -i; ' le c o n f u . s e C v rit h c h a nn e l s fo r
com espon d .i ng n e two r lc o f in s t i t u t io n s
t j ia t
jr
r
jn
f
l.
to r'lork
a l oc al se tt
'J f r€ ? -:s ' ; / e r is
no :
be
fr - rrt h e r
fh is
redi st ribu ti on
assets
p e ri p ire r; , r : . imo s t
th e
be in - -i-ilslrff i cr ent
ad eq ua te
*u 0 co t' p or a t r o r isl e ,n ci /o r
-:: :e 1a ,r d .ir :; p o in ts
w il l
cubi
be in
re s u -l I n r: -. ' t e
th e
a nd a
c a n p u . b t e c t rr: o lo il l r
y e s a :n d
e l e a . rl: t , ' b o t h
ii
o t l" . e r c a s e s n o t .
lre t t l,
nn c h t h e
s a n e, f oi
th e n etwo r lr s
th e ms el ve - c wili
a g o of
mi ni- cen te r s
in
c i t le s
an d t ovrns ,
le ast
th e ir
stom ach s,
an rl th e
d is tr ic t
i m ita ti ve
wtr ich i.r r tu rn
t e -rn -ic e re a t e a -t ^.a rc h lp e l
c a n it a l-s a l d e v e n t n e s rn al le r
of
are
t h e . n s t i i, u t io ; t . s
i ni i ta tiv e
a fter
s a me a pp l j. es
the
F i rs t
t h e n at . i o n a. l
c a p i t a l(o r
iJ o rt d " c ou n t rie s
at
it
r lo n e y a s s u c l: d " o e s no t f il l
u p e mp t y
ha s b ec n ' . rc e d t o n rod u c e o r t o b u y fo o dl
to
t e c h L i ro l o t ] ' -
ca p ita l s) .
o nl y
of
ii
ii u,*; t,r e tec ,- ro l o g ;,' ir rn o rt e c
ii
h a s t o pro d u c e
, ' uc n : ' i c :
c C ll, i t : : ie s
f irs t .
. , , . , -t ' -l-be
-1 nd t o
be ccL nita i- i n ten - .r iv e ,
1 a -i: , o r--jrr. 3 -' . ' l-, rg ore s e a rc -t -i: it e n s i v e
a .n o
rr l:r :n i str:a t.i o n- i : be :l : i r .r e i e v e , ' - * e : --e : e : ---: res ea : ^ c i , er. s , ' c u re au c r at s
: -r: i -; (l er.; ., rlt . ic t i t c a n b e n u t to
i*r i car:i ta l i sts ), t re co :-d it l o l. s
vr or lc a r e ve l:y s pe ci a l- :
th e re h a s t o ' c e a . c o n c e n t ra t io n
of
calr i- "a 1,
:es e al ' ch e rs
l- ab o:ers.
ln
al :op lt.1 -at io n
o th er
str u ctu r e
rich
co-,- r n tr ie s.
fro n
the
t)'pe o f
noi
tili s
ti;er e
anA
is
l ce a .u se it
al i r nte r n la ;'
nar3jtal* inte nSiV^
o the r .
te nd e nc ]'
is
sl u m- fo r n a t i on
"* l
the
d if f ere n t
f ro n
v rh a t i s
found
in
i l nc h
t ec ln o lc a y
b e e xte n si ve
bu y tn e
too
vlith
.s tru c t u . re s v ril1 a t t ; ' a c t
hu . n g ry m as s e s
co ' ,."i ttr -/ si de r bu t a s ' L ir* 1 , i., ' ri1 f li o r b e a . bs o rb e d b y t hi s
r vill
rcqo1 - c
i .n d a i. m i n-i s t ra t o rs
a : ii . re la t : v e l y
fevt
r .yo r d s , t ' : e re L as "1 ; o3 e a : t ' L; : rb a t ls e t t in g
t o o l aro r-e x t e n s iv e,
a : 'o ' , ; : d . t h e
in c re a s e d
r -o nh
v -.ir n
\/r nl
v 5.Y .
On e
T h e m o re c a s h t h e re
b e to p r e fe r
is
c a ; : , it a 1 -jn t e n s iv e
to
f lo w
Wi l _ }
a v a ila b le
res ul -t
A n d in
c it i e s .
l ; e t we e n t l e
^.1 r .
the
be
the
of
c a pi t a. l
US e d
h i gh e r
c a p it a l -s a v in g
tO
w il l
b^
g e n e r at e s
tech no lo gy l
e sp ec ia .l l y
if t r. j: : t e c r' . n o io E y in a d di t io n
-i oh s fn r r e se :r .oh e r s - h irro 4 l; c ra t s a n c i c a O it a li s t s
for the
v
,
anci k in
kit h
thoqp
uf rurJ9
.:
rq
< :o f
cau.)9
ln
of
r e ac h
re ach
in
p oo r
unl ess
sp ec ia l
diti on s
th a t
p e op l e
ni o st o f
th e b ot tom
t ric ld e
do v in .
be co nve r ted .
of
the rcac h
In
ou t
of
the
ca ter r n5;
of
th e m a s s e s ,
s e e ms u n lik e l y ,
c o u n t ry
w i ll
t h e b ot t on
e n t e rin g
the
that
top
can
enter
a nd c o n r n u ni-
t ra n s n o i: t a t io n
ih a rn b e in g
the
o r v ri t h in
c o rv e rt e d
pro o u c t i on
t i, e i r
}ux u r y
in t o
of
re a c h
n ee Cs ( s u c h a . s c a rb o n a t e c
s ee m s b y n o w t o
and rese a r ch
or so
s uc h & w o. rr t n e -t t h e y a re v ri t h i n
goods for
ca n ita -l
to n o n - ba si c
fh e re
in
th e m a. si es o : a t i. e r
r ea c h
s u ln l -u s
the
e d u c a ' b io n ,
s u bs id :zc d
co nsum er g o oc ls o r
o n e b -i lli on .
su c h c o u n t i: : -e s rn e a s s e t s
h e a ltfr ,
in to
se rv ic e s
a nd t h a t
b y s lu n -
. q e n e r: at e d a t
s u rol u s
th e
c u s n io n e d
: i . ns io e t h e
h av e b e e n de s c rib e d
th a t
Dre s e n t
c r wi l l
c o u nt ry ,
e n c la v e s
the
e l t he r
f lo w
- t h e co nab o v e a s a c o mb i n at i o n o f a
o ; t a ln
c on d .i tio n s
o u t s id e
the
t i : e rec iDl c n i
at
w c rld
the
for
.
s n ou l o. re a c i t
fl o w
in
at
ca t:io n
I rz
v ro u ld b e t h a t
of
p l a . t f o rms
t rre ia n d in g
n
r ri L,(
r i,,r rJ n: r l
vJrrr_
th e r e r ip he ry
Th a t th e
r eall y
r em ai n
i iu
I
vr .)J
of
a v ,r ay th a .t w1 1 1 c re a t e
for ma tion .
lvil l
u4vI
th e ar g l meni
r 'ril l- not
gua r an te e
c ha rg c
in
p ' !.r ' r- r.a q .:
*n
vv
vo,
s ho r t:
it
th o se
44
t h in g s
but
t he n
s of t d rin k s ) ,
o e o. " ' e rv rh e lmin g e v id e n c e
c a pi t a l
t h at
l ro d . u c e g oo c s
a:lcl servi ce s
th at c an :r o t ire c c n s u m ed . by t h o s e ' , , , ' it o a re n o t p a rt ici pa.- bing ar i pr o r iu ce r s b e ca u s e t i le un i t rri c e
is t o o h i eh .
:L n ten si vt ; te c h : : o l o gi e s
p o in ts
And th a t
to
t hc
cr ea te
or od u cti o n
m ateri a-l - n ce d s.
u sc it
tlii rgs
- i ir st
aii
are
foo d- st uf- ft
stor a ge
to
real-
rh e s a t i-s f a c t io n
over
land
;: ro d . u ic e , io o o -g : ' e irs ra t n e r
lo c a i iy
of
bas r c
rv he n pe a s a n t s
; l: o i, , . t h a t
cont_roi
in
riiil
they
than
i, j ' t : i o s e rv h o n ee d it .
c a s h --c r op s;
15
i ' oc o
i o :: l o ca l- co n s urn p t io n s l' i o r: t c n s t h e e c o no mi c c y c l e
h a ve to q o th-ro u g h , t it e i. e b ; , ' c r-rt t in g d o rv n e x p e n s es
a n C n ac i{ a gtnq
ca n bc u se d v r ith r e g ar r i
u se of
s ee n s t o
given
th a .t ca r i bc e a te n
nro du ctio n
for
of
ne e c i e o' io r
ii xp e ri e nc e
anci smerll farme::s
s i ra t e gy :
r. , ' h i c t . :e t "e t ' j r: c c i' c a -: la rt i c ip a t e
un d e r
rv h at is
cf
tc
t: re c t h e "r: rn a j. n : n t e r: a l
to
c on d i tio n s
w -11 1 t e n d
l o ca L /tr ad ,i ti on a i
a r, o t ra: : . s rori a iio n .
to
c lo t h j: : -'
t e c h : : o io g ie s
a n d s he l t e r,
. ri n il-& r
B . rr-; r i r T lc nt s
m a k in g ma xi - rn um
a n d . 1 o c a l. n a t e ria ls .
t-
The s:r. fle st vr a y o f
will
be u se d fo r
lo ca liy
is
th a t
po pu la tion
sa t is f a c ' t io n
the s e
r es o u rc e s
p a tte rn s
eco no mi c on e i n
Up to
ra the r
the mselve s
are
c o nt ro l ie c l
lo c a l
r e du c e
r a i se
s e l f -re l ia n c e ,
is
a p o li t ic a , l
ba s i c a ll y
t e c h n ic a j .
th e
of
c a t e g o ry
I v r1 ll
rn e o u a-l -it : { L ' ; ,
th e l e vel
n a t e ri a l
of
it
at
tn e
but
i mp r o v e ,
l^ ' ' esh al - L a rgu e
tha t
r e du ct i c n
b o tto m
do me st-i c n o li ci e s,
an
the ,oacltage
Economic Order,
2 l,
tend" to
tne
of , . i n eq u a li t y
only
not
a g g ra v a t e
c ent ,
v ri1 l
f u i . t l: . er ,
h e a rd " p ro p o s lt - lon
o f t en
a n c l ra is i n g
b e l on g
of
mo re, p er
f u : t : t e r:
w-l1 l - n rob a b ly
a r e me a s u re s t h a t
1 n an d b y
even 50 or
37,
a g a . in s i
i nc re a s e
n e e rls s at i s f a c t io n
the situa ti o n
n ot
on e , n o t
: in i v , ' -il i n o t
o ne s t e p
livin c
l oc a. l .
sense.
mo st -i - n n ee d ,, th e b o t t o m
The a rg u me n t ca n th en b e t a k e n
tlr c ef fec t
by t h e
'bhe ai.gument has been that
so c ie tj .e s
Tn other : w or d s,
ne e d s
b ut
tho se
to
m at e ri al .
l<rrown as the lie',v ir:ternational
i n to
th a n
b a s ic
res ou rc e s
T he se c on c l-j. i io n s a re p rc _ if o u n d ly p o li t ic a l. ,
point
this
of
na t u ra l
mass
a r e str i cte c ,
instrunents
w he n fe d
of
io c i i. l
wit h
tire r vh o le q ue st io n
th en
t l: a t
th e
thr o u g h
pa rti c1n at io n .
of
g u a ra nt e e in c
the
to
t ire l e v e l
of
d o m a in o f
a nr ;.
h a v e t o be s o l v e d c lo me s t ic a lly , m a ki ng
",' rif l
nea sur e s fro m th e o uts id e i n t nrs d ire c t i o n ,
e v e n arg u n e n t s i n
j .nt er ve n t io n
thi s d ire c tio n ,
ia ' u o in t e rn a l
a f f aj rs .
The task
of
the I 'l e w Jn te r na ti o na l
is
to p re D :r re th e
str:ucture
of
the
i ic o n o m ic O rd e r an d re la t e d
e xt er n a -l- c o n i iit i c n s
country
so tnat
me a s u res
wh e n t h e
in t e rna " l
cha-nginSr t_jrq.t1ther:e ','rili not only
sl :i :'i ;1 . i. , T ' ! ' , e ie r, ^ riil a , . _ L s ot e a ' o ig g e r c a k e t o
be m or e e o u -i ta b le
is
' l.r:, n a
il 'hi s typ e
nati cne]
of
ar g u me n t
iu : r-' i: i : a * v ic ii-. c _ ' r_ ln eb e t we e n i n t era n o ln tr a .- na ti o na: .
: ' jii rl: ;
c o i l, : a : : t me n t al iz i n g
the two
awa i/ fr o m
e a ch ot he r
or a r itln e nl ;s
- f::c r inth :
ine o- ua ii tl e s
are
to
incr e as e
in
er e
a n c i rra j. n t a , ll,
s e en a s n o n -p o l iii c a l
ciucnces o f a n a tur a l
c ou r s e
r
fw
he
n
l ater,
tim e i s ri p e 'r .
Th.e re ar e a t
vri th
n a n n e r.
I , lo re o rrer, me a su res
cr-lt s l d e -L rLi: -. c c r: -re c t i o n o f re d u c in . q
se en a i j rt : : o l, . L t i c s rr, ' , v n e rea s ro e as ure s t h . a t t end .
:ne c lu a li ti e s
bot tor n l ev ei s,
a n u n re a l-1 ; ; t c
l ea st
a N ew In te r n ati o n al
f iv e
of
e v c n t rs ,
e v e n i ot v er. f urt h e -r,
t he
c on s e , o . s c e p l ora b le
p o s s ib j -y t o b e o v e rc ome
wa J i : i in l, ri: i c h p o l ic ie s
a s s o c ia t e d
E c o n o mi c O : : de r ma y a g g re v a t e
the
s i t u aiio n
in
cat ee o nv
I
r,i i th b e tte r
I j-rst,
a: id. casli c ro n s
pu rp ose
no t
fo r
c r op s
but
to
in ways co mp l e tei - y
lonn n ,.t th r ou g h
the
n ro ba b i er t h a t
p a tte rn
con tro l
le s s
i ' o r ra rv m a t er i a ls
re s o u rc e s
a ls o
wi th in
the
of
rea c h
v re
u
t
vr
of
c on s u mp t j-o n
in
other
t hc
c o mbi n a t i on s
)
c ul t iv a t e d
-l o il
rc la t iv e l y
v vfr
f ro m
c x p ort ,
in t e rn a l
for 1oca l c o ns um p ti on , or f o r ex c h a ln q e in
nr r n'la c n r *a n on a b a rte r
b a s is ,
is c o m p a t : b le
vJ
is
iypes
lo c a l
changes.
ls s s q rc € s
1t
b e a v a ilab l e
other
for
the
t h e ma s s e s , a n d f or b as ic ne eds .
anC also
c a ri t a lr
v ril-l
ih a t
a v a . i la b l-e
(l nc lu d in g
e xp ort
o ve r
b e le s s
for
A s a re s u l t
la n d
be con s u me o -ro c a ll y ra n d
th e n a tio n a l
to
t o u s e n a t u ril l
c o u rs e j , n c rea s e.
of
r e s;o ur c es v rj .l l
pe ri ph ery
p ric e s
te mp t a t i o n
th e
p os si bl e ,
foo d
na tur al
a. n d m ore s t a b le
ex p or :t r ^ i il l
of
o nly
f u rih e r.
co u ntr i e s
s m a ll
wit h
e c o nom ic
a h ig h ly
dece ntrallzed, pattern of resourc e control.
[he moment cash c r ops
a.re 51rownand exported
there rvill be a counter-flow of mone;'
enterj - ng the c ountry a t very few noints, sometimes only at one
poi nt (tne b anking jnstitution
entitled
to malcetransac tio ns j .n
fo rei gn
currency ).
t4one tization
combined with
interna tio nal
corn mercialization nar rows the f]-o,,vof res ources and concentrate
i t to a ciranne l that c an very eas ily be controlled,
by bureaucr ats
nr ncni*n r
i q{ - q or b o th .
lva s conc er n e d
bei ng
v rj th
ass um e d t ha t
ben efi t
th e
Toda y, n ' ith
tne
o ld . e r o a y s m u c h o f
p u b li c
vs.
p u b l- i c
c o n t rol
at
g e n e ra l
m o re t h a n o ri v a t e
p o ou l at io n
the
fn
in
p riv a t e
c o n t ro lle a s t
of
the
t h js
p o t e n t ia ll y
d . e b at e
f1ow,
it
cbuld
c o nt ro l .
t h e r, ro rl d i" , a s in h ow n u bl ic mo n ey c af , l
p r o je c -b s rn o t t o m en t i o n f o r in c re a s in g
e xp er i e nc e
bc u se C fo r p re s tiq e
mi
r.r r hv4urrt:j r r csf ,s a n d fo r
rr
r4 lr 'l i J"r
v ..! aJ
m a in t a in i n g
io c a . l
e l it e s
in
po w "J rtn "
focu s should perha ps be m ore on 1,,'hetherthe c ontrol is in the
han ds cf the e l1 te s or better ois+uributeo than on what particul ar
*rrr
ro
v lt
l,v
nf
a'l
vr{
i *o
uv
.
Ti rirt. giye n this control p aite:rn it is to be expected that
th e e l ites vrill fino" r,'ays of using the assets that at least do
not c ounteract in te rests of the eiites.
On e d"oesnot have to
i nv oke ima ges of luxury imoc rt (e .g . of the legend.ary lt{ ercede s) ;
i t suffices to think in term s of enclave expa nsion so as to m ak e
th e e1 1te grow in ab solute and relative
One ldeology v r oul o
size.
be that ultimately
th e e lite could encompass the whole
"olrrrt=y r 15
but then it is forgotten that the assum ption behin d the elite
() _is
tha t
th er e
-h at tir er e
J-n o ther
is
of
c o un tr y"
p ar ticiira tio n ,
of
ir ou rt h
th e w o r k.
F ou r th
countrit:s)l
what
r en ea t
th e
Conse qu e ntl y
wil lof
str uctu r e s
used for
the
e l it e s
is
the
c o n t in u ed
; t at c
a n rl g e n e ral
lra c t i c e s
p o li t i c al
l t li : : d
, ' lo rl d
l^ ; o rl ri c o n : is t i n g
silali
a sse ts ,
fav or e d
o f p o o r p e o pl e , n ot
.i,'ourth ',iori.i Co? They cain^not
the
a re n o m ore rv orl d s
t h e re
e x pi o i t .
to
m u c h Ce p e n de n t o n h o r, , rt h e
v rh ic . : a . ra i: i d e n en c s
by thesc
left
c l rt ll.
e l i t es
lt jn i
on the
c l-: t c s ,
a n d 1 l a rt ly o r_ t h e 1r
fhe a r g um e n t a . b c v e r, ' ro u J -db e t h a. t if t h e in s t ru m e n t
i n te rn a l
r e str u c ' b rir j n { a . rc e s s e rt ia . l l-v
b a s e d o n c ap j .t a . l-
intensive
of
ior
the m as se s a re v e ry
usc th e sc
at titudes,
si n ce
tr ic k
t o r: n a in t a in t h e . e l i. t e .
T he T h i ; : d ' l ro rl il e l it e s
c a n r1 o s om e t h ing
to ih e ir
ma s s e s (l . rh c c on s t it u t e
t he t rue
1 '/o r 1 cl , th e
of poor
p a id "
s o ba d l y
a bo ve a lr. lry i ra rri n g n a , e ii e s 1 n t h e
sa m e r e l ati ve
th e
e n a are
i f no t i n o n e t s o ' ! \ rTcr o . , rnt ry , a t le a s t
' I h e F irs t
' , io rid n a n aq c rl t o e x p a n d
vr e lf:rr e
but
d o mu ch of
ru f f ic i e nt
m a ss es ,
s ci too l - in g ,
w ho : r: o l, ; c c
co n d it i on
th e
th e
so m e ot he r
t hr ou gh
o th e rs
a s ur p r u s
wo r d s,
cxisten ce
in
are
t ec hn o l og i e s,
the elite
ii : "c re s u -l t
t il en
is
l ik e 1 y
t o b e a h a r de ni ng
enclavesl regardless of the attitud.es of the elites.
* rj ' llc o i c a n it a l -in t e n s iv e
-i l cn e ra : ' , j c -. . . l e, : :
lnvcstr nen t r ,y ni ch r ,vi l 1 b e m a Ce , : f i rros t o : l t h e s e e lit e s : t o
in cr e asc
tn e p o w er of the n -' . i: -t a ry a n o t h e lo i ic e .
That the
ii'cu r tl r
th er c
cap ital-in -b e n si ve
tite narkct
e s lx io lrn a s a riT ls a re a v a ila b l -e
te c.tn o io q
.r.s r,"eli Knorrn;
:.t is
also
l.rell. lciown ihat
tiiis
on
is
one of tire \i'o-]rs in vrl:ich -uhe lrii:st l'Jorld gets rnuch of' tite money
fr lostr r b e ca u se o f i r n pr o ve c . -c e rms o f
t ra ic i e f rc n t h e T n irc - , ; o ri d .
"
nclint o.[ vi-el,r bac];.' llhc ,l ai:rs'ri-oi'i,.i,r hor,; ihe;e nachrneries
',.ii-1i
'ite u:',ed, and it :is no-l va::)r f:,.r_,le':.i,:.e,j ii) :i,lttj-rne tnat a,t ieaSt
th
so no a'f . i t, ca n b c ii l r oi : i, : ; i : _ : -: c -: : -: . . trc
_ : u e s : : i o : t in o rd e r t o m : : _ in1 '!
tai :r -li:c ;- ta l ,'i i s: i.r i ;i .
l ,' h -, : ; , i. ; . e : r, l. a : lc J ile c u
l es t io n of t ^ lh et ir e: l
.it :i: e::, i e r c.r ::ot icr, 'v!'.a [i:iji:,e S to i:glLi-r against
their. o\.tn
ef j.tcl t- u" n :..9 e - ;.n :r ti ' o ;' e i. -n B -l- -u c l: ii a n rmpe ri al is t . i c
s et t i na ,
jt
an o otle r ii :r 4 ;in e n i wo u ld be t l-a r
s e ef i s t o b e ra o re , n ot l es s
dj .ff i cul t.
an
l' h e r e; ? .T e s ev e ra l-
e;rterna.l
colo ni al-
en4,irlr (such
ir cw e rs )
r ' it le a st
to be on ti re si cl e c f th e
too man y ve st ed j nt er e sts
l vi l1
l ed ge
te nd
oi
lre . ls o n s f o r t l: i s :
in
',,/ester:n
as the ol-o
colonial
p arb
re o p le
rn
of
the
l -o c a l
rn g e n e ra l
f o re ig n
a ! / a r a g l , . in st
ani
b o u rg e oi s ie
(t iie
d o min a t ro n);
o t h e rs
the
neev ril-l - t en o
h a v i ng
f o re i{ n e rs
to m ak e fr r o ss rn rs t a lie s b e c a u s e o f t h e ir
la c k o f
l .o ca l co n di ti o ns
t h e re by c o n ren s at j n g
ne g a t iv ery
lc r ov , r-
1f;
fo r
- b h ei r tre m e ndo u s m a t r: r' -ia l Do v / e r; a n d t h e f o re ig n ers
so me o f
tl: e m cs t re m o be co r ne r
in f orn crs
:; the r
ha n d , i t
to r e su lt
cli tes,
describ er l
to ug h
in
th e
.A " ndth i s
a b o ve .
v ,,a r wa s:
th e lib er a tlo n
:o
ex a ct ly
lc ad i nq
th u s
th a t
together
a l: .be rat i o n
in
tnat
to
tltc
f a l ls
f o u g ht
by a
I
t o lo s e
easier
t he
v rh e n t h e r, v a r' , , ra s re a lly
- do e s th is s e e u ; o
cr
a p e r io d o f a g e n e rat ro n
on the
.
t lie h a n d s of t h os e
't y p e o f c o un tr y
in t o
-s e e ms t o b e e v e n t rro re t ru e
o n ly
and
s p l es
a n d mas s e s , wil l -
c a t e qo ry
1 'j g h tin g
le ast fo r
,,vifl re a ll y
l / a r$
e li t e s
n a sse s r' rit h n o t h j-n 6
o nl y
put
to
p e n e t ra t e
to
; : c r. o o f s r e v e ri f a mili e s
ll b era t j -on
as if
br i n gi ng
Lo c a . l c l it e s
c o u nt r} ' ,
o{' tf:c
nlaces,
lo o ks
a i so
a ll ia n o e
na tiona l
tend
wo r ki n g
:n:; ii e
..s the
s a me a b llit y
h a ve th e
no t
', vj ll
jnto
tough,
out
kept
r: e a l} y
6,ua::antee that at
s , o t h e s y s t e m in t ro d u c e o
th e pe o p le .
b en e fi t
f o r t : -L e lie w T n t e rna t i ona l
s ys ten j. s s el f -re in f o rc in g ,
M :L l,rtl ."
p ro c e s s es
s imi la r
li cono mi c Or cl e r i s jn te ::n at i. o na l l mc a n in 1 -- t : al
iL rr& rf f io n y o f
lvil -l talce p la c c in o th e r c o url t r: ie s r c o ns t it u t i: : l j .nter cstr; a mo n g e l ite s.
T h e id e a rrif I h e lo y o u irn p o rt in q s o m e
he lp mc irn n ort i n g s om e o f rn y g o o d s an d
of 1'o ur go o d sr J' o D w il ]
\'rc shall-
b oth
b e a bl e
to
r vo u ld b e a n u nr p o l; e n
b ett er "
b e noti ccc,
tr a t
a r.rti -in no r i
al i st
th e
calre i n
r n o v i: lc ; a h ig lt e r
in i er e st.n
of
d ir e cti o n
in e
r n - fa ct,
b e po i nt ed
i mpro ved
s ho u l d
of
the
w o r ld" -
total
a . n d a \ , I a y f ro m
t he
a n t i-imp e ria l is t
la n g u a g e
n a y be
c lo r' , rrrv a rdt o l v a rd s
t he ma s s e s ,
wo rl< f O r -lO O r Co u n t ri e S
t l ia t
is
r n ak j-n l
als O
n o or p eo p l er ip s o f a c l c .
One i ;:l r or ta n tr
gre ss: -v c,
s n a re
n o o r c o u nt ri e s
t h is
v r -\r
ctr ag cna l
It
4v' l ) v
4\ *r r 'l
a ma Jo r s ou r g e of l er i ti mat io n
* rr n r ^,hn -l
o n n nr ;]g f,i o n b el j ev e
shou ld
h a . rnro n l' .
that
ha ,- . ' m o n . . ' is c o no a i ib le
t v or d e d
r' ri t n s iro : : q I y
'
.
o
rl-d
' 1 ; l' e I i rs t
I a n rl ) a se a r. r; nl t
a s t h c re tr l o ul d
r :.ich cou r r tri e s.
r ro rl t l'or
b a s j. s f o r
o ' ; r c o un t ri es
in
th in
v
b e a sha r e d
wh a i h a n pe rs
c o n t ro l
of
tr as iti o na i r. f e a t u i: e
o u t:
Ta b l- e 1 fr o m
l he y
te r ms
vr i l l
of
a ll
tr a d e;
it
alsc
ih -1 s n a rmo n y o f
of
ex t en i s
t o al l
c o u n t rie s
t h e mo s t ire a c t io n a ry
to
h a v e & f i i it e re s t
for
the
consc:vative
iil ,
i n t er es t
on ihe
t h e m o s t p ro in s t a n c e ,
re g . i me s b e c a u s e t h ey
t h e ra di c a l
re g im e s
se e it a" s a ch an c e to enric h t h e e l lt e s ,
h pr ,,q r:s r -th er r $e e it a s a c h a nc e t o ra i-s e t h e l e v e l
o f t h e p eo nl e
c an b e
i' o r th i s r e as o n rrT hi rd l' io rld . s o lid a rit y "
in ge ne r al .
mai ntaln e d:
qpe U
l) r . 'rurr
,r ni
^r\r L
rfr
vaz.
|,r
w he re ti re
rr n tin r:
,t/o rl d co u n tr ie s
i n cl u oi n g
located
in
lea ds
rvi I I
riO
\ rv
in te r na l
to
th e
n nt
f a.r
of
dc ; a rt u: ' e
e
h6^ .
L4
i mj sti C
_ f/vJv
fo:
t he
O ne
a n a ly s i s
On
m o re res o urc e s
that
i.f i gc
in
p os it ro n
tO
Uv
t:Ul r U,C
beCaUSe
s o me im a ge s
c o u nt ri e s ,
e nt eri n g
mev
ttLAJ
bet
VUUUU!,
ter ._
r, ^f f o n i .r1i
- : . e c t j. o n .
*
rr:
t
a n ii
t o ro rn i
out
thc
as a re s u it
of
a nd
at
the
e] /en
g Vt
Let
top
f e j- nfOf
CC
u s t h en
s o me p os s ibl e
t h e NI E O a n d
i.ns iru.ments .
The b a si c a r qu m e nt wo u ld b e t h a t I ' ' I I E C v rill
jnt e:'nal
ch an s es in T htr d ' , , ' o rlc r c o u n t rie s ,
ani
vr il- l
r
*nq
- r - ....
o f m os t T h l: " d W o rld
idrl
r\ ,sI *vr ur.r
f lrnc A
i c
I\r
1n ti re o p ito r ,;i te, li re c t io n
rcl-ated
d
., onand 'i
.
T h irc
Jr l( &Jtr
c o nc lu si o n
alr ..,1rcaq a .in :;t th i r
r\Lr
i i 4 Ffr - or o n*
" le a s t o n e h u n c l re d o f t h e lt h ird
i n c a t eq o ry I , a n c t ih a t rn o s t o ne
na.i n+on
t,v\r
!u!
imd clev el o n th e r n fi l rtn e r "
tten ds
at
r ea l .i tie s
cJ
urr ,rr,'?nrrfav
no'
l .r
\,^J
the
\ (o rld c o un t ri es - a re
18
IV. About half of the category I regimes are miliiary.
category
al-:r1.p
v
uu!
u
vri
s oc i a lis t
th e
a s a p oi n t
1t takcs
the
tha t
a re l o ca te i
oo ze n
rr"rho ni
uf
nn
v .r *i
s a rn e a lt h o u g h
oi l t li at c iim e n s io n .
And the
d i nrc n r j . o n i s h iq h ly rk ew e d ; i t t e c rn s
a ssu m e th at
tc
n ia lr b e t n e
l o cat e C
is
a lo n f
re ason ab l e
'no
r n rr rr
cc un tr y
di str ibuti o n
of
c on cl u sio n s
t he
i :' tii r e ci ly
b ri ng
about
these
c h an g es l
to a h ie h e r le v e l
o f l iv in g
f o r ih e m as se s
j-f
an rl r leer r :a se C l n eq u ii i ty
i ; hc y v , ' il1 n c t d i rec t iy ,
cven
s no r t ter ni , itar r e - i ,hi. s e f i lc ci .
T : ne re i; i e s e v e ra i ro s s ib l-e i n t e rm e C i a t e
j r er e ,
va.rj ab le s
of
i ea d
s cm e o f
t h e ln t rrc n '1 , ; : -c n cjii-r-.l' i i : e ra i
ih e o ry ,
so me
.l n m a r ri r s;t th e or : . y "
then
:r rhu l , 1 i ,bs r q.! d cv c- l .on n c : -: : ' e . ijt . l . r i , , : ; l:
:o.nt
t o t h e g e ne r a i
irn pa ct nf la i j-za . i: , o c , . - f c : : c -i -nr: in o ro I 'n o c i e rn rr at t l t u d es
o: no cn - ic .
l n ci us tr .,l" lj zi r .: : :
- i : iJ t c : : -y : . n o Ce o f p ro d u c t i on ,
it
is
to
othe :r se c' to :r ; o f
c';:lnrlr'.f,.)
vu!..44
a is o
,
a mo d e o i
r:v -^i"er
p
v
L u
intr odu ctio n
li .r jn, i i, an i t h i s Q a t t e rn of li f e
:o c j e t y an a c e ! . ri: eb a s lc c h a n g e .
lrp
r^ r.-i' l
ch a n ee i t,
to D atie rn s
qen er al -.
oi
of
c h e . l l e ng e s
I u lo re p ar t i -
fto m
to adapt
t he
the
ev e ii in v e n t n c w ie c h l , ol o g y t h a t wi ll
-i; h a t in ru-i rn wi ii
cr ea ti vi t;v
b e n e f it p e o n le
l e aii
in
pe rh a p s mo re
o f v le w t h e e rn p ha s i s wil l
cl - as s r el a ,ti on s
t h a t t ' ri il f o ll o w
iri t h e wa k e o f t he
l'r'r:n a in a r xi st
intr odu ctio n
r es rtl t i rrvar
rrr l-
ci i cct :
o f rn o d er n te c h : ro io g y :
tcch -n cio f:y,
be on th c
s :ni r i -g ff
, ,yr - ^
w ou l ri s p ree C
of
a n in d us tr ia l
p o i nt
th ls
typ e
pr o l eta r i a t
of
t e c ir: , o 1 c g y ,
, If
the
t h e ris e
, o a rt ic u i-a rly
p ro l e t ari a t
is
i n du s t ri a l
seen ts i a 1 .l lto g r es si vc f orc e ,
a fo rce
o f b u il cin g
.*)
in C u str ia l i za tio n
chain
--)
b e c a u s eit
c al a b le
revo lu tj .o n
w i lf
is - t h ro u g h re v o lu t i on -
a s c c ia l is t
society,
then
p ro le t a ria t
i nd u s t ri r, rl-
b e on e s u c h mec ha n i s m ,
ca us ar l
the
--l c la s s s t ru gg le
i t t ak e s t im e.
e v e n if
Aga i n st th e li b e ra l h o we v e r, i t na y be a rg u e d t h at
t h e o ry ,
i f this ."/ er e th e ca se r o n e s i' ro u . l-dh a. re t n e e f f e c t
a lre a c ly s in c e
j.
n
v
e
s
t
nre
n
"
t
'de st er n p e ne tr a tio n
t h.r ou g h
g o o d s is f a r
in c a n it a l
fr om a n ev / ph e n r: me n o n i n t h t , T h rrL i v o r: l-d . rt is a lre a d y m o r e
than a c e ntu - :y o 1 l i n man y c f t h o s e c o n n t rie s
a n c r re g io n s a n d &s
yet
tho se
e ffe cts
encap su la ti on
theo ry:
h a ve n o t
e ffe cts
n n n t io n e d
mu c h e xp e r :ie n ce
pr o let ari a t
cou nt rie s,
di st a:r ce
a s a n ' fi nd u str ia i
b e tr ve en th en s el v e s
tb e
ment to
br i nq
in eq ua lity
in cu r r ec l
ab o u t
- but
ty p e
w i tlt
T:re n th er e
is
of
rvo:1c n ol - l tic al
I) rof,r ese i ve T lr r r d
Ar'-( a
t
-f nnn i-!vLvLr rf)
tne
f,o r il L
rrl
tVrhenr
L'.
io
uv
r, ro u ld a l s o
b e ra is e d
is u s e C a s a n in st ru -
l-i v ir. a
c o s t -b e n ef j
s u f f e rjn , s
sc e: ,e, an d t h ' L s i s
?r r o *q h
i n du s t ri a l
a n d de c r-e a s e d
c os t -be n e f . L t a rra ly s : s s h o u lri
h a s r n a . n a , r; e ct o
an d i ntc :n.r tl v.
of
th e arg S -rm e n t t h a t
so ii ca r it y
Worl ,d
i)i ie c t ic n s
le v c i
tr em e n do us
its
the
n a rx is t
the
wh e n a re irc lu ilo n
cou r{r e b e b al - a nc ed a qa i ns t
r: ocie ty
t ha t
t he
c c p f i e r o f t h e s e P e rioh e r; 7
v
a ri. s t c c ra c y , , l
r. " 1 , i. n g a c l ea : :
a r: rl i-le t ru e p ro l-c t a ria t
of t n e
a hi g h e r
th at
because of
A nd a s t o t h e
in c l ic a t e
i nt c
the i :u ::a l ma s s es .
c o sts
po s s ib l; r
above,
s e e mir t o
be co m e s c o- c ; t e d
Th ird . llo r l d.
ab ou t
come about,
t
a n a ly s is
p : rec c nt
of
d u e t o rv iie -s p re a d
t h rou g n
c re a t e a
c o ll ec t iv e
m aj o :
n ri s e ry .
ac t io n
actor
a a y n a m. c ac t o r,
of
Th ird
o n t he
e x t e rn a lly
s o J . i o" a rJ . t lr : . rlc a f f ir i . t y t he mo re
c o t t t -t r* c :
intro i uc c
IIl UM.UU( ;
r; , l J - * n : ll u e nc e t h e
Jon e
ul /l.l c
le s s
rhg UJer p hw
i :ec ^:r -' .: s m rn
WIIc;L
l.tgU,-d JIr i )IL t
p roq r e ss ivc
r;)t.LL
i :n:
-,l r r . :
J-!- d,J
5;ene ra te d at th e bo tto m re rn a i . ns a t t h e b ot io m a n d s u rp lu s e n t e i. ing
at the to p is , a t le a .l : b to s c rn e rj: (t c : rr: e Cis t rib u t e d"
do w nw a :: C . ; .
'
c
"
.
r.
t
'i lr cr c na y be so r n eth :n g to t l . L : ,
t rl e re is a ls o an i m -c o : t ant
en pir ica l
c ou n te r -a r g i;.n e n t :
t , ^re c o u n t rie s
in c at eg o ly I V ( C h in a,
"lo:'th Ko r e a, l l ol ' th
AIger ia ,
'Ia n za n la ,
some o th e rs )
beca u:;e o f
m ea sur es.
in sni tc
and then
i j::i . L a n k a ; , . it i a c e rt ai n
Or 0 n o i
i mp r o ve d
. l u t r' ,
\' ie tn an ,
o ev e l-o n t re ir
te r m s
of
p : re s e n t
s u c , : c o u n t z . ie s
n e rio C
in t e rn a l
as
P e ru r? . rld m a y be
s t ru c t u re
t ra o . c o r s im i l-a : r in t e rn a t io n : r1
Th e c ha n g er to c i< -o 1 a c c t h lo u g ; : in t e rn a l
an a
s t ru gg l e
( o r n p ' "h ar r s rra
n f \vr
v lJ l v
(a d v e rs e
bv _ecucau
lk uv s e
e x t reglrrne
s e-r f
v L, h e r
vo
L,/f )
v4uL
13
extern al
Iir i
co n di ti o ns .
.t ,an ka s e rv e
ll e v e rt h e le s s
to d e m on s t ra t e
the
t h . "t
cases of
a re v o l-u t io n
rr ense may n o t be a ne ce ss a r: y c o n di t t o n .
may have r rs o ftrr e l ite s
wh o f o r" s e v e ral
pr ofou nd
id e n tifi ca ti o n
the m ( an d o the r
en ou gh to
thi s
be ca u se of p r es su r e
se ttl ng
it
solid a rity
family
a n d th e
rnay play
li o far
in
Order l
some roler
th e
id e a
qu e sti o n ,
not
lo o k e d
c o nmu n it y
m ay c o m e
this
of
t h e Un lt e d
N at i on s
2O
a flow of progressive id""".
re la t i on s
of
t h e i' ie w I n t e rn a t io n a l
rv i t h in
c o u nt ri e s
b e t we e n c o u n t ri e s
r e l a t io n s
un d e rly i ng
T : b le
rc s u lt
an d i n
T h i rd- lJ o rld
t ira t
at
1 to
ge t
E c o n om ic
O n e m i gh t
?
s o me in s i g nt
" is T ab l e ', )-z
lVir at happe ns to the economic surpl us between countri es' ?
2.
countrv
r s i nv e s t e i
stay s there
nvvv!ua
nr r - n A r .
i r
vq!
im p o rt a n t
f ro m a b ro arl ,
S urplus generated in tne richer
\4 4
tr ansnortedto ri ch er
c ou ntry
.lrrl nl
c o u nt : i es
in i t ia t e
i m p os s ib le
facilitating
a n d t hc
wo rd s ,
_ id e a 1 -is ; ma nd
Some of
a nd e x p e rie n c e s
i nt er n a t lo n a l
v re h a ve on l y
re p e at
t ni s
Tabl e
s t ru c t u re s .
ce rt ain ly
b u t w ha t a b ou t
to
into
o n t h e wa ll ),
Th ir :c l i ^ / or l - d a s a re s u lt
the
try
is
c la s s lca t
, q e n era l b e ln g a . mon g
t he y a re en l iq h t e n ed
b e in g t h a t
s e e th e h an d "w ri t in g
do m e sti c
re as on s ,
the
in
L : r o t h er
a nd
t h e n eo p l e i n
o n es p o s s i b ly
cha ng es 1 n the i r
ab ou t
wit h
T a nz an i a
etc.
nnt
- , r . tvrr rJ r
vv4 r4
ex D r o 1- E
.] - s. i
rr c
v!qlr
g nnrr- ntorr'
.ln
iiiJ
|, \' rrv
tne
rr u!a,J
nn' t].tr) F
nni
rhthl r
vv yJr
v!
dutua]1
D
the re
y
ind
[h e assu m p tio n
but
that
th a t
is
o ne of
tn e m i s
oth e r .
sen se ih a n
th e
gen er ate d,
an d th e
it
sta ys
at
spor ted
in
the
it
is
is
in v e rs t e o ,
g iv e n
c o u nt : : y .
That
or gra n t s
a s lo a n s
c ou n t ry
w ill -
q u e o t : o n i s r' rh c t h e r i t i s
o f f ' r j. n t o t h e ric h e r
c o u n t ry ,
"si p ho n e d
c o un tr y.
T h rs y ic ra s
out
n ra o e b e t v re e n t r, ro p o s s ib i li-t i e s :
an d t h e
u o wa r d s,
r ela.t ions h io s
c ou n t rie s,
a re T ] rlrd ' , io rld
ri c h e r,
h a s m ore ' ras s e t s , in t he c o n v e niio na i
T h e p ro b l em is wh a t h a p p e n s t o t h e su r p l-u s
the p o ore r
s o me su r p lu s,
D oo r e r
t i, v o c o un t ri es
d i sti n ct io n
h o m er o r
of v,r ha te ve r in tc
gen er ate
th e
o f wh i c h
no.
(i )
f ou r
c o n b lr: a t io n s ,
an d n o .
(1 ")
a ls o
t ra n o r s t a ys
four
^ r os si ble
a re u nl 1 ire 1 y,
' i4 a nd ( i i- i )
( f i)
an d n os.
the l atte r .
In
i n en erg y, o r
th e
a re h ig rJ y
l ik e J -y ,
c a s e s u rp lu s
fo r me r
r a w m a te r la ls ro r
is
invested,
m a rk c t in g
in
f o rme r
t i le
mo re t h an
f or
ins t a n ce
an d
i nf ra s t ru c t u re ,
sur pl us
co m es b a ck - th e a s s u mp t io n be i n g t h a t t h e la ' t t e r
su r p lus
rrbu
s
i
n
e
s
s
r'
.
cxce ed s th e f or m e r so a s t o a d d u p t o
T h is u r a y
le la tions
(o r
of
g r ou p s
de p e nd e n cy a re
r vi th in
b o th
an d eve n e xp an s io n
thC r el a tio n
tine
ti on ately
th e
in tr od uce d
of
this
r i ch e r
o ne .
e x p lo it a t iv e, n e a n in g
In
ends up in
c o u n t rie s :
At
the
s a me
the
that
on e o f
r, ra y a n o t h e r
that
a m on g d ev el o pin g
c ou n t r i e s
both
e c on o n ii c c y c le .
of
type
s urp lu s
th e
\ ' ra J rs :
both
l' ri 11 c le p e n rl o n t h e ma i nt e n a Ln ce
co un t ri e s )
1s us ua lly
more of
usua ll y
c re at e d ,
d is p ro p or -
c ou n t rj. ec ,
t y p o lo g y
c an b e
o r1 t o p a nd t h o s e
those
at the bottom of ec onomic { glg_b:!gnq (not merely difference s).
relation
that
c ou n tr ie s
these
'- ,'irst i/o r l d
mean ing fu l
such top
rvas relatively
w a s m i ni ma l
m e tr op o l ita n
a s tr ad e
no s iti o ns
be Brazi l
fo r
L a tin
(an d p os si b ly
Jra n
Wester n A si a ,,
rro we rs ) l T it r"" " a s in g ly
the
e x p a n r"i.
o r1l n
c a n d id a t e s
-i)o s s i b le
l iig e r: ia
for
J a u o . i-A ra b ia )
fo r : S ou t i : -, \ s ra ,
Singa po r e ) for :j o u th- r l as t
ito ng I',o ng ) fo r ,l as t A si a
b e c o min q
f o r'
T h irc l li orl d " e c o n o m ic h ie ra rc hi e s
A m e ric a ,
a l so
fn di a
meaningless as long as trade a".nong
(be c a u s e t h ey a l-l t ra d ed wit h the
r el a .ti o n s
in
T hi s
A s ia ,
for
l io re a
t rc n
south
of
S a h ar a,
t h e A rab lv o rlc i a nc i
(a n d p o s s i b ly
f n d . on e s i a
Joutn
oi
a ll
/ rf ric a
v r ou lC
(a nd p o s s ib ly
e ; c e n t ia l ly
f o l lo r, v in g
i-n
til e wa lce of th e co un tr y t h a t s t ari e o
it a ll o r-r" t s id e t h e c l as s i ca l
r,','eslt: Japan.
These are also bi-g countries, bigness compensatingfor poverty.
]t
sh o r- r l d b e n o tec l t h e rt t irc rc
1 anci ?'.
t.,'ir c1oq, ies in ' r ' ab l ' es
catceor J.' ( ::- .i) in ' l 'i r .b l.e
2,
it
is
a. re la t -ro n
t o b e p a rt
io : l r. c o u n t ry
ii as ; t c
b e t we e n t it e
of
lt a v e a n ec on o mic s t ru . c t ur . e
r- i categ o ::1 / I in Ta b le i.
! o b e a b l e t o o p e ra t e in t e rn a t io n a l i l r
-bir er :eh as to b e e \. co n ce n tra t l on
o f e c o n o mic re s o u rc e s a t c e n t ra l
po :-nts
in
an d oih e r
nal Jy,
co u nt:r y an d e l-j-t e s rt i t h
th e
sk il l s
If
c ap a b le
su rp l u s
i rotto m a n cl tha t
of
h a n d li ng
q e ne r a t e d . a t
w h ic h
ent e rs
the
re s o u rc e s
the bottom
ten.ds to
ro p t e nd s
4v!vrtrrr
ral1 ;g fa vo r
qu e $ tio n
c a n be rai s e d
o r l m pe d e th e
c a p it a l ist i c
t n es e
practices
etc.,
thr ou g h v re l fa re - sta te
'flnr.oirrn irrrlo pOl-iCy Ofiented. el|teS
,4.,3 ai n th c
b u rea u c ra t i c ,
t h ere
to
stay
be shifted
lv i ll
tO handle
i nt e rn a t i o d . ol r ry ir , , . rar ds
b e t oo lit t l e
f or
for investment purposes.
o f v rh e t h er I { I I O wi ll
e n x e rg e n c e o f
a.t the
s u c h s t ru e t u re s .
g en eIn a
- la
sen se tii c
the
a n sw e r i s
tir p oJ - o,g y of
con nt ries
T ab 1 .e 1 :
r ,r he r :e th e
h 'e a pro b l em
g iv en
r"ry s lo n c r: i' t h e
1 ' lI l , lOf ac ili t a t e
if
s u rp lu r:
ac eu rm rla t e s
d " o v rit l i
of w ha t to
a. i t iil y s e s f o ll orv i . n g l
s t i : e e n erg e n c e
at
b he t o p ,
t l t e s u rp lu s ,
of
vrill
t h e rc
a -n d . t h e lim i t at i o n
o n how m uc h ca l,t b e a b so r b e C in
a br ca d. i s
in
lu , . : u -ry c o n s u mnt io n .
f n v e s t men t
a n c l jn c re a s e d T h ird r; i o rld c o o p e rat i o n
o n e p o ssi b il i ty,
tr ade
a nd fi n an ci a l
flo ws; in to
v , ril l d i re c t
tra n s a c t io n s
] , ' / o rld e c o n o mic c y c l es ,
i n tr a- T hi r d
douc asymmetri.es
beti,','een and vrithin
cou-ntries
al mo st
b ou n d to b e co me e. : rp lo it a . t i v e ,
il or t ha t re a si o n jt is p ro b a b le t h a t
ou tspo ken
a d he r e nt s
th e r ic h er
n e op l e
no t
ti re p o o re r
in
th e
p eo p l e
G iv e n t h e
1n the coot'er
T hj rd
are
t h e m a n y re a s o n s
v ri ll-
e xp l oi ta ti ve
, 1 orl d c o un t rj es .
Onl y a fe ', v ye a.r s a go the y
Fir st
\'/ or l d. .
solr da .ry
di alccticc
w i tii i n
rc Cu c e d ,
of
s o c ie t ie s .
c lo m in a t e d b y t h e
not
t h e l ea s t
due to
rr-i ll
e me rge , a n d n ew s o c i a l
a n d b et w ec n c o u rt rie s r
& s js t o b e e : : p e c t e d .
co r u te cti on
a s a c od i fic at io n
.22
syste m. - *
is
ne w re l at io n s
And t l,"e I' te vr ,i nte r n at io n al
r ol- .e irL tlr i .s
w e re a l-} s o c ie t i es
A s thr a tp r es s ure
a cti o n ,
a n d p ro g re s s iv e
s o c i e t le s
be
c e rt ai n . ly
'Io co n cl uc le : w e e n d u p w it h a t y c o lo g ; r e 1 t h re e t y p e s
Thi rd 1' /o r ld co u nt ri e s : d . o m in a n t , e x p lo rt a t iv e
s o c ie t ie s ;
do mi na te d,
m e nt io ne d. .
c o n e t h e m os t
to
e c o n o m ic c c o p e ra t io n
T h j rc l ' , io r1 d c o u n t rie s ,
ri c h e r
t rem en -
th.e cycles
t h e y e a rs
in
e c o n o m -i - c
i / o rl c t
T h ird
of
for
the
of
th e
. ' J c o n o mic O rd " e r v ; i ll
nnr * l
l UaI
e x is t in c
.r
Uf !y
i r
lil
i *e
t UD
t re nd s
n la y
1
r r rl r
v .1l
v vr
in
l \ cr
Iv. -{l
i ht- U
a s ig n i f ica nt
r r .rrLl ,r l
gr
t h e wo rld
nn r *1 t / I -\ rr
- \J ( 1.L
e c o no m i c
1b
2.
0n the impact of MEO on rich countries
;i o far
we h a ve o n l y
v . ' rra t a b o u t
i 7 or l cl co u nt r ie s l
bet r,;een Th i rd
wi t irin
d . is c us s e d t h e re l a t io n s
a nd
li k e ly
the
effects
of
ir
. lic o n o m ic O rrle r a n d re l a. t e d me as u re s
the i ie w t*n te r na ti o na l
*lr a r i nh in d u str i al i ze d
ijh a t w ill
c o u n t rie s ?
b e t h e e f fe c t
in
a v ro r ld l,i th
r
r
vi rt
t he i 'i e st,
in
gen cra l,
a n cl in
so ci ety p
as w e lm o w lt,
cl i scu s s
expr essio n
in
wher e a la r g e
nart
on e thi.n g :
the
go od s -
o th er
hel -u of
in
ali sm
of
r vo r r ls p ro c e s s i n g
0f
co u rs e,
q ets
s at ur a te d.
the n a ti on a l
abr o ad
not
fi n d. a m ar k et
to
p::od.uction
factors
in
ma k e s it
-
i nd u s tr i p ro d uc e
to
t h e f a c t o ry
s o me pe r i od
after
ravr material-s,
t he
ra w m at e ri -
of
a n d t i lc re is t h e n e c e s s i t y
f o r t h e p rod u c t s ,
a n d al s o
ravr forn
wit h
rro s s ib l e
a p p lie s
to
ma n u f a c t u re d
in t o
but under
t ire n n a rk e t a ro u n o
T h e s a n e a is o
m ar ke t,
devoted
o n a m a s s s e a le ,
h u m a n s o c ie t y ,
o n ly
t he
s t u d . y t h a t pro b le n
s o c ie t y "
is a s o c ie t y
s o m e t ra ns f o rm a t i on
b e en i n
th a t
me a n in g o f
to
rarv na t e ria . l -s
a s a sy ste m m a ss pro d u c t io n
qu icirl y
to
and
s o c i-e t y
in d u s t ria l
im a -q e a s t o t he
tr a n sfo r ma t ron
h a s a l wa y s
on such a sca l e
of
A n " in d u s t ria l
e c o n o m ic s y s t e m is
th e t o t a l
of
m a ch in e s.
a.ls ther e
f u t u re
the
s o e ie t y " ,
'r i n du st ri a l
a glo b al
co n tex t.
in
a rro ro a c h - c o il p €t : n g
t h e T h lrd r' , / o rld i n
t h e W es t ?
in
o n e h a s to h a ve a c le a r
tod ay,
t h e , i es t ern
(a nd . l c c o n d) r' rorl c ls ro n i n d us t ri a l
lr i r st
on e iv an ts to
If
ma n v J a pa n s
t t ', ro , t h re e,
o wn c o u n t rie s ,
th ei r
th e
but
one,
p rac t i s in g
co u .ntr i e s
non -l 'i cst er n
wi th
o n ly
no t
of
g oi n g
to
f in d
the
supple-
often
m en teo by " ra w c ap i ta lr '
a n d ' t T a v r la b o rrt (u n s lc i1 le d la b o r).
Th us t her e i s a n ob vi o u s li n k a g e b e t we e n d e g re e o f p ro c g s s r4g
(horv much the original
rarv ;r.ate::ials have been changed.), the
t h e o ro d u c t io n
a n d t he
o u t p u t ),
i r ro c es si n,, : ( si n p ly
(me a n in g t h e g eo 6 raof th e cc _ on o m ic c y c l e. in v g l v e o
v.o lun e o f
esFen sio n
nh- Lca l ex te ns io n
a;:d " lr od u cts
of
tn e
a re a wi t . irin
wh ic h
ra r, . rf a c t o rs
a re
f e t ch ed
a r e m ar k ete d ).
'lhe v ia y w or l d e co no m j. c h is t r: r; r' h a s d e v e l op e d n o t on l y
distr icis
vr itn i .n co r :n tr ies r
b u t al s o c o u n t rie s ,
e v e n re gi o n s
p 1 a ;r d .i .ffere n t ro le s in t h e s e i nc rea s i n g ly
of co 'rntr i e s,
v ror l - den co mpa ss in g e co n o mi c cyc le s .
In
pro cessin l l,
t h e o ro d u c t s
f actor s,
atte nti on
u ne ve nl y
so m e n ar ts
n a r tic u la r ly
on c o' " rn tr i es
re c e iv e
f e v r wo rd s :
; 'a v r m a t e ri a ls .
th is
If
me a n s t h a t
v rh e r e i n cl us t:' ia l iz a t io n
is
s o m e p a rt s
do the
a n d p rov ld e
the
r, 'rec o n c e n t ra t e
the
c o u n t rie s
c o n c e rn e d ,
h a v e d e. , re l op ec l
le a d in g
1' !
to pa tterns o f vgrtica l .4ivision of labqg whereb;1rsome countri e s
d o the tasks of an industr lal
soc iet;,r, others do tasks assocl ated . wi th non-indu strial
soc ieties
- leading to the div ision
tha t today often is expressed uslng the wor d"s: I'mo re developed
c ountti esrr and. rrle ss dev eloped countrj-e srr, l'DCs and T..,DCs.
It shou ld be emp hasized that ther e is no loglcal necessity why
it is so r One eould also imagine a development leading to
horizontal
division
of labor, whereby each country would be
industrialized.
to about the sa:ne degree, but at the same time
specialized so that they could engage in an exchange with each
other.
To a large extent this is l,rhat takes place within the
industrialized
world and it accounts for much of the world trade,
bu t i n the rvo rld of today it is the vertical
tra de, or lnl ers ector tr ade, vrith pr ocessed goods flowing in one dlrection an d
ra w material-s in the other that is po litically
most sensitive
a:nd i mportant,
It is thls tra de whicr is the foeus of.
the IIew fnternation al
lconomlc O rder - and the nur oose of thls
pa per i s to g ain some perspective on it.
Thus r ?s a po int of d.epar tu re a trade composition index
mlght serve as a useful gUide.
The inclex is based on th'e forelgn
trade of all countries in the worlil, an:"ci
measures the extent to
w hi c h the country is on the top of this vertical
clivisioa of
l abo r, expor tin g only or mainly proces secl goods, importing on1 ;r
or naj-nly raw materials and semi-processed" good.s. The results
ar e as follovrs:
?able J:
1 . Japan
2. TTlaF
?
)
a
Tf--fv a
T rad.e coniositic::
r-t
4 , ffiny.
-r'ed.Rep.
- F".-...#-_
flongKong
).
6. K o::eao South
' 7, Cz echoslo vakia
B . Swi tze rland
9 , Gernrany,l)em.Rep.
10. Framc e
1.7
I
l
a
lT-(F-?rUar/a:1
.
ind.ex: so me s elected
+ 10 6,5e
+
+
+
+
+
78 14?
74r5C
67 .+2
63 .32
58.44
ql
4|
E)
a|
40
+
+
+
30 .16'
29,52
13.52
/L
/Ja
a J1
' 7t' t
l v'
111
'8, .
112,
1i3.
114.
.1
4-i1)
o
116.
117 .
118.
co'.:.ntri es- F
U.S,S .R.
Niger
Z ambia
Ethio pia
Burma
Yenezuela
Gamb ia
Ilganda
China
xFimres calculaied blr
Amalendu Guha for tr'forld. fndi-cators
C ha i r i n Confllct and Peace Research, Unlvers ity of 0s1o.
4 6 , 42
14 0. 7 2
144 . A6
14 4. 5 2
14 4, g B
14 5. 2 4
14 8 , 14
16 2 , 7O
20 0. o o
Program,
-
18 l,'e ha ve presen 'ced da ta from only 20 orrt of 118 cou- ntri es
for the conc lusion is ob vious: on top of the Ta ble are the
cou ntrie s that enter in' ternational trade as industrialized
ccun tr ies , at the bottom are ihe complementary economies that
enl;er international
trade as markets a:td supplj"ers of ravr
(A ctua1ly, we sh ould also have d.ata a bout the other
m ater ials.
rrr aw rrfactorg -Itraw
c apitalrf an.d-Itraw laborrf
but such d.at a
a re extremely di.fficult
to get 1n any sy stematic man ner).
As can be se en from the Table the indus tr ialized
countri es
a re i ndeed un ihe top of this index of vertical
div ision of
l a bor: w ith Japa n not only belng num ber one, but alsor &s
j udge d by the figures, far ahead of the next in line, Italy,
United Kingdom and. the Federa.l fi.epub1ic of Germany. It shou.ld
a l so be notice d that after these four leadin g industiial
pol er s
come two other countri-es that have served. as location rather
than generation of industria]
productlon - i{ong Kong and ,south
Korea - then tv,ro of the co'*iitrjes in social_ist Durope and of cou.rse - fivritzerland.
Cnfy tiren comes France, and the
U nl ted States is way dovrn the list as number 17, to the surpr i .s e
o f ma ny. T he explan ation i.s simplerhoweverl US exp orts a
surprisingly
irigh amou-nt of ravr materials and semi-processed
go ods, a .n d also imports a considerable amount of pro cessed goods
- not the least
from Japan,
1( ) -
At tLre bo ttom of the list
eight countries have been
i nc l ud ed, ending w ith the Peoplers ,1epub1ic of China. The
c ountrj-es p receding Ch.ina on the 1ist, with the exception
of Ve nezuela, are all v e ry poor countries .
Chlna is not,
nor i s V enezuela, but the intertrational
trade of thes e two
co untries takes tire for m of being at the botton of vertical
di vi s i on labor as far as trade r'.s c oncerned.
conclusions can be drawn from this
I,r/hat kinil of
type of fable for the future, meaning by that the years leading
i n to the 1 980s, 1r othe r words the near fu tu re?
Some ideas about what is going to happen can be obtained
by studylng the combinations of the six countries unclerlined
i n the T.able. For one thlng, these six countries were the
ones that met 1n R.ambouillet fall
of 1915, and issued the
Rambouillet lbclaration,
emrhasiztng the importance of continued.
eco no mic grow th and har mony anC cooueration among all countri e s
of the 'nrorld.
In a s ense that vras a very stgtus Eo oriented.
decl a r ation,
extolling
the irirtues of the old international
econ omie order, only calling -essentially
- for mor e of the
sam e. T his, of course, is not strange when one considers the
top position of fou r o f the six countries ancl le ading positi on s
of the other two: w iren one is oir top of a system, the likelihood
i s tha t or :e w ants tne systen to continue.
A deep er persp ective o r th is cal^lbe qained by dividing
th e s jx countries into two grouns wiih three of them in eac h:
Japan, Italy and the feoeral Renublic of Germany in onei UK,
France and ll'!l in the other.
l'ihat makes rhese groups of countries
s o i mportant?
Answ er: thei:' contri bution
to internatlonalwarfare during the last generation.
group was the
Tne first
Axis powers, challenging tire iregemony of the second group over
the world economy in the big contest lceown as the Second \,/orld
war.
r t is probab ly safe to say that the Axis powers had no
ob j ecti on to ver tical
dlvlsion of labor 1n the wor ld, only they
wanted themselves to be on -bop of the sy stem. rn r94D they
were a ll thr ee defeatedr so how com e that they are neverthel es s
on top? Again the ansv/er i-s sinple: it roay pay to be d.efeated.
c api tal equipment is dest:oyed but the uno.estroyable skills
r0
in
th e
h u m an m ln d s
mo de rn c ap i ta l
of
a co mp a ny th a t
cl e cl ar e s
can star t
a cl e an
wi th
P ho e n ix .
an d i niti a tiv e s
to
this
thr e e
all
th e
O b v i o us ly
ru l e ,
Italy
no r
b ellig e re n
a.:rd the
Federal
th e w ar -
as;rm me tr ic a ll y
d "iv id e d
gr ou p
Thir d
the
sa i d
de r iv e s
l' o r ld
to ta l
of
)A
a re
b e t h at
on e s l ro ul d
S e c o nd wo rld
the
o p e ra t io n s
t o w ard s
Republlc
f or
the
t ra d e
b et w e e n c o lo n ie s
rv a r t h e s e
in v o lv e d
us e d t o
a dd
in
m a in ta l n
F or
c o lo n j-e s .
Germary the whole world
of
i nt e rn a t io n a l
s k i l-l s
c o n s i d era b le
a n d h e nc e w e re n o t
t
lik e
d id n o t
have to
be
a n d n on -c o l on i e s .
it i s a ls o o b v i o us f ro m wh e re t he s e c o n d
its far n e j- n re c e n t y e ars : t h e s e a re t h e c o u n t ri e s
mo r e th an
tha t
cue to
o b li g at l o n s
the
m a c h ine ry
, a n d as 4 c o ns e qu -e n c e o ne
the
f ro m t h e a s h e s lik e
n a y a ls o
a nd i t
that
\ tlas ope n a fte r
Ha vi n g
t h e re
h a d n o c o lo n ie s ,
th e m or e o r l e ss
Japan,
a ri s ; in g
s la t e ,
c ir cu m sta n ce
c a n be e ra s e d
b a n k ru pt
it s e l f
i nv o lv ed,
co u n tr ie s
colo ni al
o b li g at in n s
fn te rn a ti on a l
t h e mo s t
s o o n o u t d "o i n g t h e wo rn -o ut
e q r ri p n en t rv e ry
th e al l ie s ,
fam ou s bi r d
a n d c a n b e u s e d t o p ro du c e
s u::v iv e
th is
a n y o th er
w ar ,
the
at
l e a st
l on g
c o : . rn t rie s
h a v e p a rt i c ip a t e d
a n d s a d s e rie s
1 1 6 wa rs d u rin g
the
in
o f wa rs a f t er
3 0 y e ars
the
1 94 5 ,
p e rio d
' 1945 -1 97;:
Most of these wars were wars of na tio nal lndepend. enc e
or - seen from tire other angle - wars to maintain col- onial ru l e
or minority rulel
a nd the three co-.::itries mentioned were the
m ai n par ticipants.
Hence, wh en these six eountries come together in plac es l i k e
Ra mbouillet and issue declarationq the rest of the world wi l l
p roba bly expe ct the con tent of thes e declarations to be in the
d i rection of maintainlng status quo. Or put dlffe rently:
wh at
o ne cannot obtain throu gh warfare or coionialism, one tries t o
o btai n through declarations and negotiatlons.
But against thl s
s tand the denands of the Third'dor lo a s form ul-ated" 1n the lfew
Inter nation al
Econo mic Ord"er: better term s of trade, better
c ontrol over al] points in the economic cyc le at home, and m or e
tra de amo ng th e per lo hery c ountries, the countries at the bott om
of th e scal-e of intern ational
tilvision of labor - the majori ty
of the countries of the world.
ImS,gine now tha t in tlie years to come the dem ands of thes e
c ountr ies are pr ogpessiv e ly inplemented into practice,
ch angi ng
21
interna tio nal
the eco nomj-cgeography of the vrorld, redirecting
If we re fer to the countrie s at the tcp a s center c ot:.nt r i es
tra de.
and the co untries at the b ottorn as neriphery countrie s, th ere i s
trade between c enter and peri pher y
on e si rn ple formula: the vertical
c ountri e s is the tr ad.e pattern that ic ;oing to be red.uced. And
tha t i s the tr ade pattern which is r efl ected in the Table abov e,
pr oces sed goods in one direc tion and semi-p rocessed goods/ra',v m at efnstead the less developed count r l es
ri a l s i n the other dir ection.
ar e goi ng to gain more control over the raw mater ials, the proc es si . ng
pl a nts and the distribu tio n
comrran ies at home, and use thls to
process for their o.mr markets and for inereased trade among themd j- vi s i on
s el ve s.
Ther e may be an intermediate phase where vertlcal
o f l a bor will be ma intalned at the price of better terms of trade
for
the less developed or' les s indu strial-ized countries , simpl y
me ani ng that the coun tr ies a t the top of the l1 st will have to pay
mo re for the raw materials (tire me ehanj-srsfor this, sueh as ind exa*i nn
o*oh
'i r i zat ion
U c LU -l I
c L t/IL Jlr ,
fun ds ,
bu f f e r
s toc ks,
are
w el l
l cl o vr n to day )
.
-
Vtr ha t w il l
in
t he
t ria l
is
c e nte r ?
It
cou n tr i es ,
certa i -n l y
joi nl ng
th e r e
t er m s
l ab or
m or e o f
- b ut
of
wi th
th e ir
like
u nd er
the
the
Th ird ,
j -s t ie
coun tri es
e n g a g e in wa rf a re
d i v is i on
also
f ro m
the
goods,
be i n g
e x po rt i ng
of
a l l,
of
i n cr ea se
th e m a jo r
th e ir
w ili
not
o n ly
pa y
rn uc h
t h e ir
for
not
a s b e ing ,
d " iv i si on
im p o rt i n g
s ol u t io n
c o u n t rie s ,
this
S e c o n d V , lo rld w a r,
nobody lcrows ful1y
these
th er e
a g a in ,
rnu c h mo re o f
a o . if f ic u l t
su r u o u nd i n g
is
c o u n t ri e s ,
althougn
th e m o u nt a in s
t l^ . a t t re y
in d u s -
the
e n g a g e in rn o re h ori z o n t a l
r r o n- in d u s t ria l
t od a yts
oc ea n f lo o r
w il l
F j-rs t
s im p le .
p o s s i -o lli t 1 '
b ut
tr a d e,
a n d th is
end to
s h o u ld , b e ru le d " o u t
lo s s i b ili t y
unllk e J -y a l n rc s e n t .
(tt re l a tte r
i ns id e
mea n t h e
c o u n t ries
t he
th is
Japan and Swltzerland",
be.fo u nd
that
wi ll
th e y
i nd u str i al
r aw maber i a ls
not
for
a l-I t h is
d o e s no t
is
th a t
e xtr e m el y
,l eco n d ,
b ett er :
c e rta l n ly
for g e ttl ng
fo r e es
for tun atelyr
c o ns e q ue n c e o f
h is to ry
the po ss ib l li ty
ti me
of
be th e
o v rn
c o u n t r ies
what
can
t o m e nt i o n
J a p a n ).
p o s s i b ili t y :
t ra d e
ju s t
a s t h e p er i p he r5 r
am o n g t h e ms e lv u u f 2 " *
t h e c e nt e r
ccun tri es d o, u si n g e ac {o i he r
a s mark e t s a nd s o u rc es o f rav . r ma t e ri als
t^^ r1^^-^
r
-a
d
y
d o to so m e ex t e nt ).
t s u t t h i s ru rF ag a i ns t
\as tne y a l r e
t he
q ue st J.o n o f r vh e th e r th i s is a v , ' o rk a bl e s ol u t io n .
I n o t he r wo r d s,
11.
to l vhat extent is the deman d for c apital goo ds and durable and
n on-r l urable consumer go ods 1n tlie more ind ustrialized
co untries
of the world really of such a magreitude, not th e leas t taki.ng
i nto consicleration the low l-evel of pop lrlation g"o*tf,5 tha t it
can abs or b the w hole imp act of a redi rection
of international
tr ade l vhereby the center countri-es fo cus on ea ch other ? And,the
equal l y dis tu rblng,question:
to wirat ex te nt are the center countr i es of the w orld r eally in a pos ition to supply the needecl
amount of raw materials,
not the least in the field o.f enerrsv?
And this lea ds to relatlveJ-y scep tic al predictions for the
l n dustri a lized
eountries, including Japan. lvhen procuction is
to o hi gh, there are u sually two possibilities:
elthe r to increa.s e
the
fn
de ma n d. ,
il.t leaSt
exten ia l
f,preo
rar
vv
an d
altd th ro u gh
.
1,r2\)'q
rr s.y
m afk etS
fad s
th e
v
.
th e rro d u c t l o n,
,
v .t
vJr r /sr .u r rr A
Urfu
for
i 11 tj --o*
the f ad in g
d e str u cti o n
T h e rl ema n d .c a n b e i nc re as eC
'n.rr erlnzy.rrj.in,o tlre
p a rti cu l a rly
m a r ke ts,
eXnandinC'tl^e
f ashions
to l ow e r
or
mafketS
r r te l
of
Ue
n e v , rp o pu l a t io n
ft ^,p n rr n ' n ^ta n ne C l
in
AE
and
th e
go o c l s ra s i n
in
f
1r
snace
€
t
Il lt\rl r-q-
S " o rrp ")r2
ObS Ol eS cn n c
f ad i ng
(f init ir:.s,
out
a v / & r.
7 1A\ ^ /
p ro d u c tsl
of
The prod uct i on
%
cgn be cut dovnr jn threg way_g: through unelnployment, through lower
pr oduc ti on
bec ause of less infiut in wor king hours per day, per
virrolr
nr,y.
rv v !
r.rnrr*w'n
;i
rrr vrr
erA
( 4ri s/f
/an
vI
n6?
_vVI
vc
9arr
q.:, J
ar .d
U.J.\t.
1nwg1
f
VW
pf OOU Ct iVi ty
(mOf e
la b Of-
f-rese are tre six clloices v rith
i ntens l ve moclesof uroductlo r).
w l ti ch th e rich industrial-ized ccuntries are confronted.
Needl es s
to s"Yr they are not choices in the sen-se that they are nutually
ex cl rts i ve. Quite ob viously , thes e cor-r.ntries have already made u-s e
of at l eas t
five
of tir e six, in recent years, the slxth one bei ng i nv/orK; or in other wo rds some kind of
c reas i n1 ;lylabcr-intens ive
reg enera tion, or recreatj.on, of rnore artisanal patterns of produc t i on,
as op pcsed to indu strial
moCes of prod.uc tion--to lo r^rarthpducbi v i f f,
But even if there is not a choice in the s trict
s ense of
the v rord there 1s a question of point of g ravity, and. it is
i ntere sti ng
to specu late on the ',,/estern option in that light.
rl -l ]^i'd
.a -5 '+
;
^
l-s
rhe conclusion from what has been said above that truly
-Lrruur rtr
ex pandi n g ma rkets in spqg e is a relativ ely
closd option, &t leas t
after a span o f te n yea rs oi so
for the simple reason that the
Thircl \''iorld. countries are going to produce for themselves.
rn
thi s p rocess the less advantag"d may - as mentione d be ex pl oi tec by the more advantaged, by the Brasils , the Nig erias,
the fra ns and the Indias
but that 1s an other matter and
does
, ..)
f ro m t n e p o in t o f v ie rlr o f
c o n d it io : t s
l-n e i . , io rid i s io o s m al l. f , if e o n . ' ia rs
co un tr i -es .
the incius tri a l iz ed
th e ab s en ce of 1 : f e wa s a ls o a n a b s e n c e o f e u s t o m e ? r. 2 7
too d ub iou sl
pr o du ce
n ot
mo r e fav o ra b le
r'-rna
be l ie v e
also
so be in
o believr
incl.ined
cl .i n e d tto
t ha t e x p a nd i n g ma rk e t s
\, rr u mi
urba'h.r' ,J al
j. n ti me is a r a the r cl o se d o p t io n :
i t h a s p ro b a bl y a lre a d y b ee n
exp an de cl to
t he
arnong youth
groups,
o bsol esenc e
a r e to da y
a sense
p o in t ,
s atu r a tio n
but
also
to b e m o re lo n g
amorg
co ns i-d "e : a b 1 e .
"F6y
rnany others
Japanese prod.ucts
shown the wayl
mo re s t u rd y
la sti n g ,
p a rt ic u l ar: --y
T h e re a c t j" o n s ,
t h an
planned
against
S h e J a o a . : res e h a v e i n
being by anrl large made
t h e p ro d uc t s
of
the
western co m p et ito r s.
t a lk e d a b out
' ih e d a y s rrrh e n t ho s e c omp e t it o rs
rrcheap Japa:iese imitatronsrr,
and rrsl:-odd;trJapanese good.srr are long
pa st r
so a re a ctu a l ly
Those wiro want
ab le
of
er pla na ti o n
the
Japanese
ar g um en ts,
to
a ls o
the
black-paint
fo r
Japan in
o wn d e f e at
industrial
su ch a s th e
days of
in
machine
env iro n m en t a l
f ron t
' rc h e a n J a p a ne s e l ab o i rr ,
order to prod.uce ar: acceptof
the
e c o n o mie s u c c e s se s
tod.ay |rave 16 oroduce
d e t e ri o rat i o n .
In
other
d o in g
so
the crl ti cs
are ce rtainly right,
the environment
deteriorated
2q
consid.erably in Japan--$ut tne argument 1s hardly mad.ein order
to help Japan out of an environrnental crisi-s, but in order to
maintain a 1ow image of Japan, from a platform of Western arrogance
Then, there is the option of lvar, and two reasons for war
hav e been indicated. above: t€n as a way of creating
(Second
vrorld i^rar) or naintaining
(fnira worl-d war) a position in the rvorld
ec onomi c str ucture,
and/or as a ?iay of destro ying a sufficient
amor rnt of processed go ods , ir::J-uolng ca._oital goo d.s, to start the
pr oces s a 11- over aga in ,
0f c ourse,
a v/ar would never be waEed
n:-rer'lir t:n .lo -n SUCh h ea dir 1g S
v
I
/
lr r44r.i
but
di sg U :_ S e C a S a W a rt tag a in S t
C On:,mr niS n]t
tragai n st te rrorisml'against
su'oversion ! a war"for freedom ft"for
econon"ricira3mony|' and so or1" uniilreiy,
but not to be ruled. out
'30
disastrous en ough to study al*l other options serious l y.
co npl ete ly-The rising unemplopaent is a vrell k:rown feature of the most
rec ent years 1 n several of the lvestern industrialized.
countries ,
arid should be seen as structural
rather tiran conjunctural unempl .oyni ent. The structure referred to is th e loss in position of
pollticalmilitary,
and economic power - and the unemployloent is
and la rge mor e felt in the t'Third r,Jorld war countriesrr (U,K.,
Fr anc e, U.S.)ih art in the r rsecond i,,torl-dwar c ountriesrt (Ja pan,
ftal y r
Federa l Rep ublig of German y).
The basie reason for thi s
71
by
2.4 i s hi nted a t above. B ut the re is also at least one other factor
bettreen the rapid" declj.ne of the
as seen from the difference
ec onom i e posltion of Italy 1n the wor1d, and the way in which
Japan and the Federal RErublic of Germany seem to be able to
mal n ta in their position.-- I t is difficult
to find" an ad.equate
something to do rvith
word for this &.ctor, but 1t has probably
national
characterp the Japanese and the Germarrs sinply work
har d.er. An in jeetion of s uch pa tter tr s of puritanism, diligenc e,
j"n managerial and working classes al-ike
hard work and disciplirf
of ftaly and U.K. might very well keep tirose countries on top much
l ong er,
Ilow ever, it is the con te nt- ion of the p resent paper that
such factors can' only postpone vrhat is inevitable;
a more slmmetric
di v i si on of the capacity to p:ocess ravr ma te ri-als, in other word s
capacity, around. the world and - a.s a coneequence of
industrial
a relati-ve decline
this
l nr Lustr l alized countries.
in the comparative advantage of th.e
In short: the iniffo lima Declara t ior.17
This narrows the choice down to unemploynent and the oth.er ways
0f course, unemployment is
of d ecre aslng total. prod.uction.
al r eady decreased production
of the vrorki-ng stock as a whol e mai n ta i ning the o1d produc tivitl'
of the emoloy ed, mixi-ng it vi i th
a z ero produc tio n
of the unemnlo;'edr laying ihe m off by means
of unenploylnent -i-nsurance and othe: ixeasures in ord.er to maintain
an average productivity
adapted to the prod.uctlon volume dema:rd,ed..
From tJre point of viel of the u:iemployed this is alrr unaceep*abl-e solution;
and it can only appear acceptable to" those who
have a managerial vjlew of the
as a vrhole - be that in tbe
"gtiety
pr:ivate or the pubi-ic sectors
" Tt is unacceptable even when the
unemlloyment insurance is 9Q'iLor lCOi; of the salary normally obtained
for the simp l-e reason thai ha vlng a job, being able to work, is
linked to the digrrity of huma^r-r
inextricably
ieings?5
Itisa
ri ol r * n n* ^'1Y a dut;r to contribute to the productionr an d thereby
w el farer of the collectivity
tc which one belongs.
Cons equentl y,
some solution will have to be found vrhereby the total- nroduction
to be earried out
is divided mucll more equally between the
w ork ers at all le vels vr hose task it is to produce.
As produ.c ti on =
oroduc'bivi.t;y x number of vrorkers x nu-inber of working hours the
rcethod r,rou-ld'be to cut down on the tnird factor rather than the
se cond , keeping the fi,rst one as it was,
.)
For thi.s to happen there are,general-lyr6any solutionsl
maj.nper hour, but wor king fewer hours per year ,
tai n i ng. the productivity
or per hunan liferfor
that matter. In practice this cou ld" take on
several forms: a six hour rather than eight hour day, a four
days rather than five day week, a three week. rather than four
week month, a ten month rather than el.even month working year
and so or - and some combination of these .55 Th. net result ivou-ld
divided over the annual calendar in all
be increased leisure,
klnds of fashions, perhaps also leaving it to the worker at all
is
levels to d.ecide for him-or herself how the leisure-pattern
The idea of fiexi-time,
now freque ntl y found
to be ciistributed.
countries,
is preparing the ground for patterrrs
in lndustrialLzed
of that typer. and so jlre increased. educatj-on and early retirement. tT
a ma jor probie mvrith t|lis solution is obvj-ous :
whereas unemplol;ment is something one hooes to do ahray with in
or j.ncrea sed 'nrod.uc tio n output,
o rder to r eturrr to th e or ig inal
Po litically
m ai ntai ning or even incr easinE the oroductivity,
re d.uction of
annual 'oroduction
has tne ciraracter of being a more permanent
m easu re
like the introduction
of the 4 8 and 40 ho urs weeks .
On ce i ntrod uced it is h ar d to reve::t to the old pattern.
0f cou rse, the re 1s
the possib ility
6f com pensating for a
decrease in the nunber of vrorking hours per year by an increase
I
infproductivj tv per hour - and that may constitute
some kind of
rle asure in soc ie ties that will not ea sily adnit that
tr ansi tl on
the d"ays in vrhich thel' cotrla, saturate the whole vrorld witir their
p roduc ts a re e oming to an end.
Ilovrever, there is also a:rother dlfficult;'
with the f,orrnrla
o f i ncr e asing le isure
for the lopu :.lation at large: it m ay wel l
be that increased. leisure is not r,ritat neople want or will want,
If w e postulate a need" to create in hunan beings, then m ost
i nd.ustrializecl modes of pr oductionr and mo re or less ind.ustrial i z ec l
o r cor unercialized mode s o f leisure, are antithetical
to crea ti.v ii y .
\,rhat they amount to is a combina-bion of routine r^lork vrith standard "i zed l eisure p atter nsr'n/he theit
takes the forn of org anized
h obby -i sm or mas s-tourism.
At this point m ore labor-intensiv e
nodes of prod"uction may appear attractj.ve
to mamy: simply the
i d ea o f putting more labor and less capital into the finished
pr od.uc ts. rt 1s gener ally con ced"edthat this leads to added
.l o
q ual i ty
of the p roducts;
&s verir clearly seen in such sectors
a s fo od, clothes , houslng, ir ealth and education where it is
v ery e asy to point to fields where the qual-tty of goods and s e r vj - c es
o ffer ed seem to rle cline steadilS/,- In add.ition to thi s there i s
so often forgotten in ind"ustrialso the hi-ghly irnportant factor,
al i z ed coun tr ies, that @ ociaI
act, ani ac t of
lost in standard.communication between human beings very easlily
lz ed mass production vrith vrorl-d-encom passingecono mic cycles,
patterns of
and equally easily regained in more labor-j-ntensive
production vrhere the factors as vrel1 as the products move in very
smal l economic cy cles.
Thi.s Is the difference between the
Ch ri stmas and" N ew Yearrs cakes baked by oners own rn otherand thos e
bought in a supermarket, probably never even touched" by a human
hand".
It is more d oubtful whether this type of reasoning ap pl i es
to the prod"uction of, sayr cars or TV set - but recent experi m ent s
i n s uch factories as ,lory in Japar and .'olvo in fjwed"enclearl y
i n dl cate tha t very interestlng
conpronises can be found. betw een
and artisan al modes of oroduction , ultinately
i n dustri al
even
leading to the car or a 'lV set that wil-I carry the signature of
the wo r ker mainly res ponsible fo r it.
The ,clirec t consequenee
of a hi gher 1 evel of labor -intensity
is not nec essarily
standardization,
however - workers can also be trained
per{o^rm
highly routinized
tasks in a capital-saving
to
*
4
//Q - l^ .
pr oces s. lThe lmportant challenge to wes te :s l industr ial
would be to derride rnodes of prod.uction vrhereby not only
less
like robots
production
societi es
labor-
i nten sr' .ty is incre;ase d but also crea tiv ity
at the Bam e time na.k in g it poss ible for eve r;'rbody (n ot only ir-tel-lectuals )
to
pr oduc e in a non-a 1-r.enating v ray, so tiet the product is a proj ec ti on
is very
of on er s ow n creativitS'.
lihai tiris means jn lractice
see n w hen apllj.ed to one particular
fie1d of producti on:
the ty pe of proces sing of paper lc to ,,v nas vrriting an article
or a
bo oi r. ft is highly labor- intensiv e,
and us ually considereC as
a cr eatlve enter prise.
ff th"e industrial
mod.eof production l '/er e
pra cti ced in tb.e field of intellectual
prod uction, intellect';al s
ni gh t vrell be orderecl io produc e e;:a.ctly the sane articler
s?y r
each iiednesda]' - nej ti:er llith
any variation
fron or:e intellec1.aal
tc.r another, nor with any variation
over time - siraply because the
c l earl y
- zi
I'Bu r ea u fo r
in
tha t
p r od uc ers
c ou r se t' ye s , b u t
of
ansv/e r i s
the
The poin t
in
de m an d "n o t
to
h a v e a rjg h t
t he v
\^r
,,*aJr r
n
urf
n
n .*u-rirg
i r.r
a
up
c o n s ci o us -
of
Cis t rib u t io n
of
s o c ie t y ,
bu t
t he
the access
a c o mb in a t io n
for
to
of
la b c r-i nt e n s
mrrnh
0
so ci et ie s .
ind u str i al i ze d
the
rfnuI
of
of
.*'
c rea t i v e
re c e n t t y . 4 2
a n cl i n c re a s e d
incre ase d" l ei su r e
e
g o in
l-e v e l
the
p ro c e s s
d i st rib u t -io n
to
T o c on c lu d .e :
t h e p c p u la t i o n? "
of
a mo re f a i r
only
co n si de ra b ly
wor iq ha ve i n cr e as e d,
ho
re s t
pro d u c t io n
to ta l
th e
the m or e e q ui ta b le
nnrr l r i
t he
b e e n o ug h e m p h as iz e o s in c e
c an n o t
pa rti ci pa tio n
al so
w o rk t ha n
a l ie n a tin g
ne ss an d re a d in e ss
in
w h . v s h o ul d
A1
to ha ve le s s
of
T o t h e o b, i ec t i o n
"o t O
w o r. rld n o l o ng e r be ln t e l -l e c t ua L s
ca se th e
th i s
s a v ii
a . rt ic l e s I
of
st an o .a ri za ti o n
it y / c re a t iv i t y
hi cr ho 'r .
The other
f o rm u la s
the
n r r ql if r r
nf
o p t io n s :
l if o
a c om b i na t i on
a no s e a rc h f o r ra w m a t e ri a ls
fr om al l o ve r th e w o rl d ,
th e e v e r i n c re as j "n g p re s s u re t o b u y a n d
con su me , to di s ca rd a nd w a s t e a n d p o ll u t e,
a n d al l o f t hi s c om b ine d
of un em plo ym e n t,
with
an e ve r
p r e se n t
hrr
n] i *i
C al
ur,
^lr ts n
lJ V fr
(b ecau se th ey
e nd str ee t.
are not
is
lt
take
the ri sk
i nto
the
it
is
s t u p id )
th a t
pu r su e d
w i ll
th is
co u n tri e s
as b y b ei n g
d e p r iv ed
b ein e
r fenr i ve d
the r :i g ht
of
e no ug h to
ch an g e th e
structur e
of
the
ha p ne n th ro u g h
eve nts
t h at
n ot
u n f a v o ra b le
p u rs u ed
is
t h at
l C rOWl e d .ge
the
c o n s t it u t e s
t h is
a dead
b e w ill in g
d ire c t io n
to
le a d in g
c re a t iv e
wo rk ),
str u ctu re
of
t h e wo rld
s oc ie t ie s .
a mo r e e vo lu t io n a ry
el i te s
b e a m a j or
c mat er ial
t o wo rlg a s we ll
c o n s t it u t e
ta sk to de v is e
at
th e p op u l at io n
a s we ll
as the
l ih e t h er
t h is
la rg e,
e x t en t
c o u nt ri e s
w ill
c ou r s e
up to
the
c h a lle n g e :
p ro d "u c t io n ,
a n d mo re c om p a t ib l e
U c o n omi c O rae ri 4
in t e r nal
t h em s e l -v e s .
n o m i n or
n e w mo d e$ o f
as
s oo n be c o me s t ron g
t o a la rg e
ind u s t ria l iz e d
s h o u ld
s im p lis t i
i nc l. i i st r i-
o r a m o re re v o l ut i o n ary
to be s ee n . T h i s i s
i n the
of t hi s
s o mu c h in
ri g ht
to
t h e no n-
T h e d e ma rd s o f
qro u p s i n t h e
q u a ra n t e e d
i nd u str i al i z e d
r em a i ns
th e m a l l
of
lrl ,)a AU
to
- ^+i^r
^n+aU-U"I.y
th e em enr r i np l Je w In te r n ati o n a l
.) O
Wi th
b e d o n e.
( n on - p ri vi l e g e rl
term s
wj1l
e \re n
an d n o n -pri v il eg e d
cou n tri e s
it
c o u rs e
of
c h a : ' rE in g t h e
ha v e ' t o
al -i ze d
An,1 f or
a ra t h e r
fr r tl rr e .4 J
i nd ustri al iz e d
pr ivil eg ed
li k e
b e e au s e n o b o d y s e ems t o
o f sy ste m ati ca ll y
A nd ye t
of
type
t h is
S Ome ti meS
leaderS,
v 4!
o f wa rr lo o k s
th r ea t
A n d y et
al ter na tive.
ma rk e t i n g
ag g r es si ve
mor e
with
28-
5.
On the irnpact of NIEO on the relatlon
pooq q gq4taies.
between rich
and.
Inagine now that the scenarios indicated. in the two
p rece di n g sections unfold themselv es. Wha t, the n, would relati on s
between the two groups of countries look like?
On the one hand
a Thi rd worl-d, increas in gly divid ed by the processes of Tables 1
a nd 2 i nto thr ee groups :
the dominaxrt, exploitativ e
soc i.e tie s l
the d.ominated exploitative
socie tie sl
group of
and a (n inority)
progressi-ve societies that might tend. in the directions
of the
other two, and on the other hand a First world exposed. to the
processes to which Table 7 is a guid.e - how would. they relate
to each other ?
In the shorter run we would assume that the 01d Interdominate the picture sufficlently
national Economic Ord"er would still
for the cha nges to be less pronounced. In other word.s, th e ofd
center countries will exereise whatever leverage they still
have
particularly
left,
related to patterns of uneven development,
In this phase, aIso,
to r etai - n, in some case s to regain, co ntrol.
acrimonj.ous as the First world
the debate will become increasingly
countrj-es fail
to yield sufficiently
to the demands for the integr ated. commodity progra m, the buffer stocks , the debt reli-ef,
Some of
the acc es s for manufactured goods , and inc reased aid.45
thi s de bate is already visible and audible, and highly und ers tandab Le. Thus, ir the present author's experience 46 the fo llowi ng
ten lines of thought are heard with increasing frequency:
nuclear power as a source of energy,
why should we relinquigh
or as a d.eterrent, w hen you do not - o r before y ou do?
to the impact on the
why should we pay mmch more atiention
than you did in the
environment of our industrialization
same phase?
why should we offer our workers your standard.s of salaries
and. working conditlon when you d.id. not in the sane phase of
d.evelopment?
why do you suddenly etart talking so much about rtbasic human
ne edstr wh en you paid so 1i tt1e attention to it when you were
in our phase?
a tactical
is the basic human need"s approach not, in reality,
for
trartsfer
attention
less
on
the
need"
focus
move in order to
on
within
societies
?
an
d
m
ore
the
transfer
s
ocleties,
betw ee n
-? 9
is the b a si c h u ma n n e e ds ap p ro a c h n ot r i n re a li t y ,
o n e mo re
&Dproacr: to a world managerialism
whereby ihe countrj-es that
co mm eu i dm o st r es ou r ce s c a n o n c e m o re p la n a nd d. ire c t ,
even
co mm an r i, the e co no m i e flo ws be t w e en a n d wi t h in
c o u n t rie s ,
this
time in the name of ttthe bottorn 4Of"" ?
is the ba si c h um a n n e e ds a p n ro a c h n ot , in rea l it y ,
even a
p r etext
fo r i n be r ve n tio n
wh e n
in in t e rn a l
a f f a i rs ,
e s p e c i a lly
eoupled to an aggressive
human rlghts
approach?
is the "you in the Third world are far below the minimum l-evel
ap p r oa c h n o t a c o v e r f o r t h e e q u a ll y ,
of sa ti sfa cti o n rr
or much
more importalt,
fact that t'you in the Flrst
world are far above
of satisfactionil
approach, turnlng
the maximum level
attention
a wa y fr o r n th e il ls
o f th e ri c h s o c ie t i e s
t o t h e s ho rt c o min g s
of th e po o r so c ie ti es ?
o n cha n g i ng l if e -s t y l -g s ,
is noi i n si ste n ce
a: rd rf s mal l 1 s b e a ut i ful rr -i .n yo u r o ' ,r mp a rt of t i: e v ro rld
a n d , in t h e W e s t e rn t ra d ia i so p re a ch e d for t h e re s t o f t h e wo rld
tion,
n o t s o me t hi n g
you ha, ve in ve n te d j us t b e c a u s e y o u a re n o l o n ge r a b le t o b e a s
an d " r n ord e r io p re v e n t u s f ro m b ec o mi n g b i g?
big as b e for e ,
b ef o::e w e we r e p o or , to a l arg e e x t e n t b e c a u s e y o u b e e a me ri c h
a t ou r ex ' oe n se ; n o w y ou a re in d i f f lc u lt y
b e c a u s e o f t h at ,
and you use your problems as an argument why we shall not
rr r ock th e b o at rt I
T h e l is t
co nsld er a'b le
a ssu mp tion
wi th
c o ul d
th a t
1f
on e i r- :r n s "it a ll; n r--,
co ur ses
of
t otally
tr a .n sfo r me d
lo se
s;rmptona-i:,c of
we al th,
th e
of
lack
i :- i lu d e d
dia lo gu e
in
b y d e v e l-o re d
a re n o t
as the
i ru e
e x p l o it a t i o n
n ev r
(y e t )
mo d el,
a re
accumulation
of
t h os e u s e d b y
of
s e if -re li a nc e
tne
rig h t
t h e \ f e s t e rn
goa1,
g r a nted " a n c l t h e me a ns , a re
to ab o ve re s o iv e s
c o u nt r i e s ,
a s e n s e t h e a rg u m e n t s
sel-f-rel-iance
i ns er tin g
t h e u nd e rly i n g
d e v e lo p ln g
c o ng ru -e n t wit h
ev e n i n c iu d in g
i n fa ct ,
the
because tney
pa t t e z ' n s
i n v al i di t y .
- n os si bl y
de ve lo pe c).
pr e c is e ly ,
in to
is; i a .ke n fo r
llest
o ne a c c e p t s
have
-: o i. re v e t , a n d s a y s t h a t
a - u ii ou e
c ira n c e t o c h a rt
have
co u n tri e s
o ev el o p me n t
A l -1 a rg u m en t s
i, , ril l- b e o n e ru rs u e d
r a r ia ti on s ,
ir e ve i op i n g
ar g rn e nt
if
d e ve J- op men t ; : at h f o r
th e
n ow'b he
t he
b e e x t e n de d .
pa r t ic u la rly
va li o it y,
some mi n or
eo un tri cs.
e a si ly
t h e le a s t
j n t h e i mp lic i t
c o n t ra d "l c t lo n s :
b a s lc
ne er ls
ap pr oa ch r
.- 'r _ e :r : b ut d e pe n c e nc e o n t he rj c h v rorl d t o im p le me n t
A n d th i s a l-s o : n p li e s
wi t h ho l -di n g
f ro m t h e lirst
thj -s g oa l, n o .
w or lcl nu clr c f
l-u xur y
ou t
i ts
the r a w m a te ri a ls
co n :r" rn p ti on
(n u m er o u s)
-
o th e r wis e
l r o bl e m s
in
(in c l u c li ng
le a v in g
to
a s e l f -re l ia n t
s oi l)
the
t he y
F irs t
(a b )us e
wo rld
* ro rr"" . 4 7
to
for
s o rt
'1 A
a . n d -ac t io n
c i ia . io g u e s b e t we e n t h e
Th j .r r l vr o r lc ls (a c l ia lo g u e j. n v rh ic h t h e S ec o nd ,
Ti ru .s, r ?. s th e v e rb a l
Fi rst
an rl th e
soci ai. ist,
il ; ve r y
wo r l d
a n d i ts
anti -ca. ri ta.r ' js m
e a "u g h t b e t we e n i d eo l o gi c a l
s il e r: . t ,
o r^ rnpu rs u i . t
of
g o a ls )
c an i t a lis t
d e e p e ns ,
spi J -t b e twe e n th e th r ee g ro u ps o f T hi rd wo rl o s o u n t rie s wi l l
b ec o ne
c o un t ri e s
wi ll- j-n c re a s in g l y
also d.ee ne n . Th e p r og r e ssiv e
t he
self- relia "nt ,
o .s a n e ce ss ary
beco me /ren a i n
p ro g r es si ve ,
self- re li a nt
co u nt ri e s,
of
wo rl -d cap it al i st
sys te m,
tvro groupsr
tre other
the
s u f f ic ie n t
not
c o n d it i o n
e v e n c o n s t it u t i ng
to
on ly
?h e b a sj -c cl ue s tio n,
C hin a.
if
s o mc k in d
s o ne e x t e n t
o pt in p ;
attached
it
to
exploitative
o f b l oc
of
out
the
l ik e
n ra rgi n al ly ,
b e c o me s wh a t wi ll
t h en ,
to
h a p pe n t o
and exploitative
dominant,
do min ateci c ou n tr ie s?
Th e re a r e
seen f: :om tl i e
se v er a l
f ol l ow i nE
i ' o ssi b le
Tab le 4.
po s s i b le
a n s we rs t o
that
q u e s t io n r
&s
Tab 1 e :
b et we e n rrirs t
r e l ati o n s
v ro rlo a n d T h ird
w o rl - d
co untries
Ca tnro -nv
|
" ' i .I
:^*i*^t..;s
(tur
lrlIld, -
TT- i i
-F^
tr t.;F
U,L ,y
T
-r t
-: -i
I- L
d nm -i 'n.'' t i t-t ct
.1,
Thi li
w o r 1C
n^+^
T
f
l, clt -rr f- L JiJ
i -;
t
ll
imnor i
+Ir1/v!
e
a
* .i
r
: Ca t e g o ry
Thlr d vr o r ld
sub im p e r ia l i
wo rlc i
i
T; - i.i
t/IfIt' )
n,
I , iii
--
Thiz'a vrorld"
imlerialis m
wo rld
ll
i cm
r uriv.r.
rri rs t
I C a t er ' o rv
.l^ mi n^ *i rr
\LU llr IfIC -
e
worlil_l
l'TIIrd
-i ;r '
i n^ +^
luaEe gory l, r.r-l
lcionlnating
I
i_.. !
I
Third wor.J-c ,
i^
l ri n n' i z ra ted
tY Y l l l i j l a' " *
domi,nateo
Fi rst
TT
ua l eg o r.y
'i { U
^6 U l _Lr r a u - r 1r t !
L
',t
I
,----f
-9
uItrS
.l
fh i-rd wor1cl
,n^
\,c 1
.;
r r_ , .t
L
n ^+ ^
i
lr_.+_l
world
Iirs t
w or i ci
l'irs t
:
!
,v
: T h ird w o rld
C a t e go ry i, ii
:
idnrr irr rti rc rV{l l<
--------T---------+
*,
v'
T h ird w o rld
l UUl r rl l rG
ea*ecrnrr r
T
i i
d o min a t e d
first
and Thlrd w orl d
imperialism
sm
0n the top ar e the ''lie ster n iniustrial,
ric h., lvelfare states
(the l a tter: more or less so);
then the e::n1oj-tatlve, dom inant
bu t
anc l at the bottom the exp loitative,
Th i rd wor ld cou rtries,
Io the left
donri n ated T hird w orfd countries.
, then, is the eur r eni
0II0 p attern , using ce rtain T hird. v rorld countries as bridgeheads
fun ctions.
In the m i ddl e
l nto r eg io ns, p ossibly also with milltary
rrt
he
merging IYIEOModeifr: Third wor ld
i s wh at mieh t be ca lled
u ni ty on rel-atively equal terms with the rich We stern countries
of consid erable mag ni tud. e.
as a b 1oc, bu t w ith intern al verticalities
An d on t?re r ight
w orl d countrie s
cl as si ca l
hancl side is a not unlikely model with some T h i r d
co-op te d into the First wo r1d, joining with the
tr'irst world. in explo itin g
the r est"
)r
should be noted t ha'; there are two m ocrels that are
not in cl ud"ed 1n Tab le 4:
t he classical old ee onomic orde r rnodel
world countr y explo itin g a sat, its set, of
w i ti r one first
It
Thi rd w or l-d co untries and with no rel-ation among th se c ountri esl
and a to ta lly
horizonta.l Th-i-ravrorld, c onsisting o f countries in
a p atte rn of interactic n
for not on ly mutiral, but equal benefi t,
hor i zontall.y related to the F irst worio.
The former belongs to
is, h opefully, for the future, but for a
the pa st;
the latter
more di stant futur e.4 8
Bu t wha t about the short term pr ed.ictj - on,
w hi ch model 1s more l1ke 1y?
Probably a mixture, with the point of gravity movj.ng from
the l eft to the rlght in Table 4; and the process is already
ff we assu me that the Charter of Ec onomic Rights and
unfol di ng"
D rti es of S tates to some extent is a magna ch arta for the elitee
i n the r ich er Th ird world countries to carry out themselves, what eve r i nternal and external
to get even with the F irst
exa ctl y
thls.
expl oitati on
there is to b e done, an d
wo rld, then the second m odel expres s es
H owever, the que stion 1s how s ta ble the pattern i s.
There ar e do ubts abou t the ability
of the Thir d wor} d as s uch
to rfc atch upil in thls garne of porver - not about the ability
of
political-economic
so me countries to exercise sufficient
c lout to
enter th e Club at the top.
They s hould not be to o many, howev er ,
other r,vise ther e wou ld be nothing left to exploit.
This would l e ad
to tw o stra te gies:
the inclusion of some few and selected Third
r,,.ro ,l .d
c ou ntries for rnembe rship at the top, anC the exclusion of som e
of t,;, l j,rst w orl-d countrie s la gging beh:-no.. Thls type o f proc es s
i s v' r6 11i: -^ 'i':i.from domestic sccia l order, a qr adual substitution
of el l tes admli;i;.i-ngnew ca tegories
at the wclrld level.l'9
and c ould v rell be r eplieated
Rega rdless o f w hich moo.ei domj-nates the picture the do mi nat ed
Third worl-d countries, witf, el-iies that go in for category I as
the b asi c social m,:del, wiil suffer, ano the poor people in al l
eateg
f coun tr ies w ill rem ain in their misery.
No doubt thi s
wiil conti.nue to create considerable social ferment, taking eounc ategory IV bl oc .
trl es out of categor y I and into the sel f- reliant,
Corr espond ingly, ther e will be efforts to read.jus t the exploitati on
chains wlthin the Third world wlth client countries trying tcr
es cape , a nd str ong countries
reinforcing
domination,
the Third world
To believe
that
or creating
patterns
should be less
of
capable
) a-
'
cf
extern ai
w lth ou t
.a n C i. n t e rn --: . 1re
- p re s s t o n ,
d.o m i na ti o n
e co no n - L c e xo l c;i ta tion,
is
we rvoulcl A$riume marry patterr,s
rac is t , )o
or
bo t h wl t h
Tn other
lo:or'orr particuiarly
wo rd s ,
well
from
the
l/estern
wor.l-r1 to reappear in ihe Thi:rc worl-C", and more so the
rnrtr-6rthoir i: :r*-g cvci, tjle ^,/es1;er,r-r
Jeve]-o Ofient fncdei.s as thev will
aln osi
be fo r ce d
mo Cel "''- {
In a ll
to
of
keep 1t s
es se n tla l
tegi ca lly
o n the
Je a g g re s s iv e
h o w w ill
th is ,
b e c a u s e t h is
the
F i rs i
is
a rrart
w orl -d a c t ?
of
t he
T ry in g
to
p r iv il e ge s
y i e ld in g
a s J -o n g a s p o s s ib le ,
strate rr ;s c f ' 6 rad e f ro n t
in o rd e r t o k e e p t h e v e r t i c a l
s o os ta
g ra di e n t s
un even dev el o p me n t
s til i
W he n t li is
p ay s o ff,
tr y
di vi si on
of
no long er
then
Thi rr l
l a bo r s
expanding
wo rl d .
acij ustm ent
First
the
If
o p , : : ra t e c e n -i; e r+ p e rip h e ry
t' o r s i J me y e a rs t o c o ne . ' -^ /
to
with
world
does not
th a t
t ^ ro rld t ra d . e ,
u p in t ra -f irs t
step
some new nembers from
wo rk e it h e r,
m ec h a^ n is ms a l lu r l"e o . io
in
and the
in
qi
what
name that
vrar will
the
t h e p re c e d. -i n g s e c t io n
be foueht:
in
the
but
in t e rn a l
wa l .
a re not se r i ou si y
en g a ge d in o r f o un d in s u f f ic ie n t :
iri in m.r :nr l
n :rff s1 .n s i n U S f o re i gn
mig h t a l-s o g iv e
l o iic y
as to
of
e it h er
R e ce nt
S om e h in t
name of
human
r i- gh ts " 'T {o rv e ve r, th is
tro rf .i;i .,ate lr r - th e r e
than r asi; h is to ry
a \': .'':=- r'lc.r . ," ' r- i ife
is
o nly
c l n e amo n g ma J r. yp o s s i b ili t j. e s .
i - s r n o r:e s e n s e a v a i ia b ie
sh o ul d
r na k e t n e
h as ai r ea d . y
b e li ev e
? io n e o n f o r
i" n t h e F irs t
and the
, ; o n e t im e ,
w orl d .
s e a rc h
for
a nd . c o nt i n ue s
4 . C on cl -usi o n "
Thu s, It
will
be in
lea st
n a y v e ry
i,'irst
iire
o rr e th i.n ks
if
w e l _ i b e t ha t
world
in
ratlie::
of
ter ns
Ti: er e 1s .. .oi n e thi - n g pa r a d ox ic a L
r fm od er nj z,e :;tt, wh i ci r i s, a n o t h e l
Fir st
c , u a iit a t i v e iy
n e w d e v e lo p m e n t s .
j-n t n ls :
a s t h e f h ird wo rld
wa . ; vi: f l ia y i ng rri, \ ' e $ t e rn iz e s t r,
wor' 1 d r na ;r u n Ce r g o tr a n s f o rma t ic ns
ti vely
that
di ffe re n t.
T h is wl ii
ha s a lr e ad y
it
After
a l l,
of
th e
si x
Eve n tu a ll y
rich ,
pe r iod
of
to b e i n
te rr n s o f
wo l ic i
Thi rd
In
an d t )' ie y + re p u rs u ed v , ri t h g re at
a iii g he :
bui
c o un t ri es ,
th e
wc rl d
T h ird
co u i- i tr ie s,
is
for
in
t h rc u g h
a
f , ro re lik e l y
a nd b e t we e n t h e
d o n in a n c e
ml s e ry
e n e rg y.
of l-if e
o n ly
imp a c t
wl t hi n
of
c on t rrril € c
c u a ii t y
c ro b a b ly
the
in e q u a lit i es
i n cr ea se d
co u n tri e s,s ol - id i f j-c a t io n
an d b et ween th e
a re ma n y s i g n s
t he s i $i s
a re n o t u n a m b i E : ou s.
5 --i: * : l; . . j : -: ; io r: -e o, f i -, / e a re e s s c n -c j-a i ry
t,h .i s n ay i e a . o io
cr i se s.
a n d t h e re
a . i t ho u q h
ltr a te
i n d us tr ia l iz ed
the
iri* r, o s o rn e t h in g q u a li t a -
t e , iie t ime ,
sta r te C,
quo ma i nta i n in g ,
stat us
the
rh e rc a j o r im p a c t o f I { I E O
than j-i'l the ilhird r*orld, at
wi t h in
re la t io n s
t h e ma s s e s in
mo st
cou n ti:.i e s a n d a co mb t n a t ic n o f t wo pro c e s s es :
l nd i v id u a 1hu ma n b e jn E s, a n d i n di vi o ua i
c o u nt r: l e s wil l
b e c o m e ric h a n d pas s
of
th e
the
bo r:<le r f.in e
fr o m pe r i nhe ry
a n d in d i v id u a L s
a nd
a .l- i r e w ii l
o p t o u t o f t h e s y s t e rn a nd b e c o me more
r 'n o r :ettF i' og re s s iv e t t a s i it : is c a iie o in T a b le 1.
som e cou n t::i es
sel f-r el -i an t
r .rf j r ^ t€ il i ati o n ai
tr n te rr ls
c e n t erl
to
p c 1 i i, -ic : '
t . : -i-. ' ib e c o ii ie s a , l ue s t io n
of
ii r e OI C; wo r ' l- c l o ir -i-; s : , --irg = ". -i-v -e s ,
t h e S o v ie i rv o rid ,
fn tr : ii: i : c : c c n e s l : rc n o l rc rl' it b e c o mes a
o i: .,h € Ctii - r: ri .w o i: ic i.
o oti ng
for
q ue :rr ,,
- rf
o p' "" r n.- 3fo r
a ce n t ra li . z e il
the
,i ;';;, .-
t) r ob a b ly
m o r e c on p a ii -n le
w.it h ;ac
aii: r.
a r c e c e n t ra liz ed
w i-t h t h e
systen
O E CDwo ria
tnan
^ ig r I- r ."a'' ;c r ir i "
i iu i
is
vs.
tn en
tir e ye
i ;.,:fs o
r, ne s iro n g ' J o s s . ib i iit y
p a r is i;:g n ir a se r .n t . " , ' ' : nrs t o ry
of
the
that
t h is
T h i rr1 wo rid " - a n d t ha t
- ,./eca r r s ee toa a ; " , -'-' , e t rre l' e ly i h e b e gi n n in g of ih e T h ira
v;orld - tnrough self-reliance
worl-C. eventu-eil.iy becon:-nq ii-s o',nri:.
ihs:;,r oces:l
i t is t h is k i nd o f
r eg ro n:, rl. n ai i o; :"a fo l o ca i a n L ln i. iv io u a l"
.i-n'ri i +r: ^rle shoul-c hone for and. v't,ork i*or * for the other
possibi iitre s
To
fr a nk iy
s t ea k i n g * n o t t oc a it ra c t i v e .
a re
iJ !.rJ;)*
L/-I-J -.:
o ro no te
U..
t;l r ;;
't '
i,y li a t w e ne e C mo re t h an
a n y t h in g
else
is
f ra n k
o is c u ss ion s,
oi . a log ue
my t h s , 1 n a wo rld -e n c o mp a s s in g
E n e ! p r" sen t
h o a v e n u el e f t
u n e x p l o r e d. .
u n q ue s t io n e or
wher e no a ss ,u mp ti o n is ie ft
o en ysti fyi n g
na st
- For we cer ta in l y
Go n o t
have the
a . n : jv / e rs , o n l -y s ome o f
the
q u es tio ns .
NOTli ri
j(
Th is
p r ep a r ed
ra ne r ,
Age ncy,
ha s a ls o
l,i ee ting
of Em i n en t
Di plo ma tic
la rl y
parti
to
C ou r "s e o n t ire lf e w i n t e r: na t i o na ]
in
th e
Ch a r le s
De v e l op m e nt
& t t h e LI N I D 0
at
t he U]' T I T AR
rlc c n o m ic Or c 1e r
V i en n : 1 . , l{ a y 3 1 t o J u ne 1 7 1 1 9 7 7, a n d
Sc a n u in a . rja n
a m in d e bte d
f
, B t l -e as t in p a rt ,
r/ i e nn a , i' ia 1 ; ' i 6-. 1 8 r1 9 7 7 ;
P e rs or :s ,
D i pi o m ac y,
a nur n be r of n l ac e s
l iew Ze al and .
t i re Ca n a d ia n I n t e rn a t io n a l
b ee n p ::e se n t e d
i ' r ai n in g
an d M ul tiiat er a l
fo r
to
A . i e a. nn e re t
c ou n t rie s ,
d is c us s a n t s
for
a ll
e n c o ura g in g
i n i ra n a n d .
pl a c e s , a n d p a rt i c u-
me t o u n d e rt a k e
t h is
cul-ar a-ssi qnment .
1.
We a re tn i nk in g
o f th e T )e c ia ra t jo n f ro m t h e , S i x t h S p e c ia l
sessi on of th e li N , il l ay 1 9 7+, a n d t h e c h a rt e r
o f E c o no mi c R ig h t s
ar rd D uti es of s tate s ,
a d or te d o n 1 2 D ec e mb e r 1 9 7 1 b y t h e U N G A .
T ,ater d ocu me n ts a r e i n stn i me n t s
p ro c e s s l
i n t h e n e g o t ia t j. o n
t he s e
two a re the cl e ar e st
e xp r es s io n s
o f irle a s a n rl i de a l s u n de rl y ln g
t he itTl llO. l for a s ho r ' 1; a n a l-rrs is o f t h e 6 ln n-'s;;;
rrmo n"t s q o p J O h an G a l t u ng:
sel r- Reliance La"[i"n;1;;;;;.4*p"iJun
"r rNew
;; ;
fruri J
Inter na ti on a l
l !co n om i c Crd e r! r ' r, P ao e rs . [ ] ha i r
Pe ace Rese ar e h , ll n i ve rs it y
o -f , O s l o , \ -c T 5 5 l , f 9 1 7 .
ons on the
i. "ti
n C o nf l ic t
a nd
2.
Th is h.v po th e si s i s us u a1 . 1 y i mn f i c : t .
f n mo s t s pe e c h e s t h e
r efer :ence j -s t o lr p r og r a ns
o f c ie v e l o pme n t f r, w h ic h is n o t n e e e s s a ri ly
t he sam e a.s r a .is in g th e l ev el - o f t h os e n o s t i n n e e o .
I n t h e C h a r t er,
Ar t:- cl e i 4 , th er :e i s e xp li ci t
re f e re n c e
t o ili m' oro v e rn e n t i n t h e
w el- fa::e anr i ,i-i vi n :' s- cr r ri r "r . z . r' od fs ai i
c e op l e s , in p a rt i. c u l ar
t h o se
of ce velo pi:i g
o cu n - 0i :.r - e s' r . B u t ih e a rt i c l e g o es on t o s a y t ha t,
rr Accord i.n.e ly , a ll . ,i ta te s; s ho ul c c o -op e ra t e ,
in t c r .aTlTiai ,
t o w a rd s
t he nr cgr Lis sj vc
d i sm a n' o i jn g o f - o b s t a c re s t o f f iA €
- rv hi c h t o
r ni ln -v'',r /otll .i ib c si e e n :l s rr e r "y a n t it i re t ic a l,
a . t l ea s t
i n t h e s h ort r u n,
t o ttr c '1 :r .r o f : '- m p ro v i- n g t it e liv rn g
0 n t h . e ot h e r ha n c,
i t a r: la rC"
tO
J c all lr
fa .L i,,.
( t.-
i. ,. - " l i vi nrr st anderd.
UL,
, i
' i r l^
mi
O1 ' a
l rn €,C )- r)er
' 1i
iS
nOt
n 6) Ccs sa r
j - 'iv
t he
< :e r r r
'5
i:,,,:; .' t:i ' r ' 1 ,.r 7l ca p :- ta d o ub l -e d
" !llm:;, Yeriezii€],riii :rr:i"""t,".
of the ,1 u ati ":: uo l i:r g o i i - -i "r pr -ic e s , vr n i ch sn o ul o fo ]l o w
if
a bo ut on e ha .i fl o f tn e e L i r ;-r. o in r, i.
b ec au se
oi l
is
g i v e n t h e w ay h u man s oc i e t ies
Thl r; is n or e or .el ;l b ylie f i nj t io n :
+.
a re Jv.(:- t*fi e d . th e m aj o r ri y:s ; l: ' , ra li j' s e e n
a s n o t b e lo n g in g t o t ne
rrnless there is really
top and th.e najority
mlsEive unemplo;rment i s r esp on s:"- b ie for m cs ' b o f t he n ro c lu . c t j-o n o f go o d s a -: : d s e rv lc e s.
\'/e ai'e r"ctrial-ly thjnking
of i;l,/o ihing;s:
ttre snrplus
created.
t"
a t the to p, c8 . th r ou g h t he e x p o rt o f h ig h ly
c a p lt a la n d re s e a r c h i ntensj. ve te c;r n o) - o gy , a nd t h e s u rp lu s t h a t c o m e s i n a s p o s i t lv e ,
i f on ly sccl ;o ::i al ,
t ra d e ba la n c e s
c o n t ro ll ed
by the top even
i f not gene r a ie d b y th e m .
6.
It shou i d b e n o te o th a t t h e re p res s io n
d o e s n o t h av e t o be
jt co u ld a l so , si m p ly b e bu i it
vio le nt;
s t ru c t ur e,
in t o t h e s o c i a l
e S.r th r ou g h th e f,r a gm e n ta tio n me n t j, o n e d "
F o r a n a n a ly s i s
o f t h i s,
see Joh an Gai - tu ng : A S tr uc _t u la i
o
f
t
l
ev
o
lu
t
io
n
s
,
Ro
t
t
e
rdam ,
' i 'h e o ry
p
re
s
s,
Ro tte rd am Ti ni ve r si ty
1 9 1 j.
It j-:; nor s6l y tiie fo-r6:;c;.";;eiiiii.irlr?.:'i
fact l r - 1'or instance
38.
b y a s.r ;m la lh c i, i c f il n i; y
tha t a oia g n o si s
d oc 'c oi o . if f e rl ; f ro n l o n g
d.ista nce co m p ute r i ze o d "i agn o s i. s n a s e d o n rf: la m p le s rt .
I t is a l s o
. ^1 1o c* ia r ^" o iff er e li ce
i n p : c e u c t c u a li t y ,
e g . , b e t we e n a rt is an a lly
*
\a4v u
v { v rr
a nd. i ndu str i a]ly produc ed clothes.
For arn excel"len t discussion
o f the relation betv reen w ork s iructures and other a spects of
nnrt omnn-r''F Ir
? eo pl e
in dus tr ial
so c ie ty,
as M e 9_ L i _n 9 ,s,P e n gu in,
se e i ew ls _Y a bl o n sky,
S ,o bo p a ths ,
: ia lt . i-n ro : ' e , 19 7 2 .
After a i1 , th i s is w ha t i -' a . v e ry v ra s a n o is a b o u t
39 .
\r ar',r n r s cr r r r th e li m ita ti o ns
c f a r. -y f o ri: ru la e x io i iin g
alo ne .
- s h o win g
la b O r-in te n si t y
When u s in g th is e xa mpie in u n i . v e : rs lt j-e s t h e re are u s u a l ly
4 0.
stu de nts wh o Do l nt o u t i h at t h e c l c f e s s o r
wh o a l wa y s p u b li s h ed ,
same artlcie
ne'uJ, ineit rc:.orva'l reacty som-e oi them is noihing
b ut these ar e m a l: "ci o us stu d e n i s I
so rn e
t he
the exanpie can te ca:l.leC fu:r.ther.
Imagine a
41 . Aciual1y,
co mp uter p r o gr a m me d to wr i t e
a rt * c i"e . ; , i s * n 1 ; e rs in p u t s o n e h u n d re d.
key wor Cs ( su c h a s ' *n en r l oy me n : , : : ' o i; c
" i. t , rJ , d e man d . , ma rk e t , et c . )
p er nu ting
th en w ith au e r es p e c t t o rh e s 1' : : t a x o f ih e la n E ra g e ,
scan ni nS5 t he p o ssi b l- e o r .1t : u t s f c r ; -" ; , ' i-e (n o t t oo i on g p a ras , s o me
d istance b e tw ee n l ts es o f ii : e : a n u \ rorr. . , : rh . v t rn b a s e d o n lo n g p ar as
a nd sho rt se n ten ce s , a nd s o c : i) -: n ;
li . e : e i s a n im a g e of i n dus t ria l
arti cl -e-p rod u cti o n .
I' i a yb e ir: t e i: . e c iu a l s
v ro i. il c b e h a v e li lc e t h e
i ucid ites,
ee s ti:o yi n g s uc h ma c ri lr^ c s ? i no n ra y b e t h e y wo u lo . b e r i g h t
i n d oi ng s o
& s, p o ssi b ly ,
we re t h e iu i. c i t , e s r
s o o f t e n e o n s id . e re d
the fo ols o f h - is to ry v,' h o fa il e C
t o . an c e rs t a n d , rrn rog re s s rr.
n o t o r iJ -y t h e c on c ern o f le f t
win g in t e ll -e c t ua l s
4 2., That th ,i s;s
cal. be seen frorir the many strikes
nenanding not so much salary
a :. i - r .cr c:i .se s l n n ie a t : . n ; . : iu - w r: rk (a n d n o f c o u rs e , b et te r
i ncr ea se s,
workin g con d i ri o ns ;
"
: : a v e i -. . 1 . : -i: ' i : li; 1 t ; , ' h e re , 3 s lo n g a s o n e
43 " 1'lo d o r- r .b t d e r nk r ac ie s
a ssJme t th a t a l "l - de cl s ic n- r ; l; , : , --: 1 .t : i. -: : t ; -: . ,. ; c n -: re c t i on h a s io c o i ae
:'1,, - t ne t cp " T hi := 3i ^ ,;;- :.' ; ; . , . - . , -r ' t ' ; -. ' : Cr-i, i-" a e v a n t a g e f o : . C em o c ra cie s
i f ::,n iooi ts n o :e c lo ;e i y
a t ' " 1 . ' -:ir, . ? -.: l---. r : i : h es e s o c i et i e s : b e c aus e
:.
, e n or :^ ab i c ( o :, t: ' . -' . -: , . "---. : : ;
the r'
t n e y a re d. e n c c ra t i c )
' :1 ,,- :i;
t he y p€- '
o n ly C e ba te a ! . r, ' , . : ; r--e -: . : . _ r:
o ;ie m s , b u t a ls o c c n s ide rable €x_c€1^.:-i;;;:--.".-t.ii:rr * €8.r wi':-'. -:e.rr -ic:;ns of energy, new ways of
- l i* ,i- *
;- ,-r^ .- :.
.i .iv_L i!i : d,jt) q-;i r{ :i .. ic .ir l f;Il in e s c f a . r-l -i . , : ll, ; ), e t c
" f ro m wh i c h o t h e r s
,3 .;tr -;r -r Lth e n ^ a i-r-jc* e v e l .
r nla l/ b e i nsp :- r e cl
I 1 is t r* e t h a t a s oc iet y
ruied in a ncre autc.r:1..'i::-c ias:iic,r iras ihe poit/er on the top tc
make ,rnpoiul-az" riecisi,;;:s anrj. e:lfc-rce ihem without
nrnning the risk
o f not be i n;- ::e *c ic cte t
t h e: * b e . in g n o e l-e c t io n s .
B u t t h ey
ha','e sc nu ch .:e s s ca si s c t. wl: -; -i ; - ; c n a lt e o . e c i. s i o ns , n o t b e ne f i t t i ng
f ro m a .::ich de b a te a no a fl-o : a c i s o c ia l
e x p eri m en t s .
i{ e n c e g r e at
care slr ,- :l ].t be ta ke n b e fo re t h e. c ie s e n t
c : : is i s
: . s u s e d a s a n ar g lr ," tiArt
t. :r '.
r rer
i r ,n ,r
a,v lr l r
to s pi ? ir J n x s o rie l-1 f e c r; 1 le l n p lie a t io n s
4 y',, - 8o r o ne c ifo r t
of
rf ' ' it e rn a t it ' c
a l- -1 .ih "i ,s , se c i oh ;:n Ga l tun g ,
. L if e ; )t y le s i n Ric h
,{)oc;!6f,isr,-,tt,il }La:-c ;'1.:riin, ed,, 1,t-.Lq,t;ic;^
)e.relopment Ap.oroaches anci
Str ateffi es,
:n .r i )a q .{ a nm a r' s k ; a--C f f i
et.
For a n e ffo r t
45 .
the pa pe r r e fer r e d
tc
to
an a l -y z e -; iie s e ii e n an d s ,
i a bo v e .
i n fo o t n a t e
s e e | t Co n e lu s i o nrt
of
40
46 . Fr o m a high numbe r of conferences on these tcpic s d.uring
the l -a st year s.
T he Aspen workshop June 1 977 in G ajareh, Irart,
pa
rticu
larly
w as
useful b ecau se of the outspoken lranian partic i pants so well articula ted . this type of thinking.
47 .
For a n an a l ysi s
Pre j- swer k, eds.,
of
se lf -re li an c e ,
Se l.f-R elia nce,
s e e G a l t un g ,
0 rB rie n ,
G eorge, I.,aus anne, 1977.
48. On the other hand., a gla nce at liordic ec onomi-chistory las t
century or so, with Norway and Finland so much at the bottom, shows
may.be buif i; even if the point of
that horizontal
relations
(it did take som time, though).
depar ture is highly vertieal
49. On e might refer to the rise of the workin g class into pos l ti ons
of power; and imr neCiately add thai tiro se who got into elite
positions usually were forraer workers
analogous to trformerrr
Th i rd w orld countries .
to the Third wo r 1d.
50. Th e racis m o f the right usually attributes
m ore than its sha re of evil- characteristics;
the racism to the
The present a uthor does belie v e,
l eft r m:.chless than its sha re.
however, that there are cultures that are more or less aggressive
on mar. and nature and that the 'desterrr culture is more aggressive.
\fesiern culture, however, is evenl y
Th e c apa city to internalize
di stri b uted" on the races of the world.
51 . To re peat: how would they handle the proble m of ov erproduct i on?
W i l l they revert to pre-N fEO internal patterns when the produc ti on
supply far outstrips
the market demand?
see
52. Th e T,orn dC onvention may be seen ln th,s ilerspectiv e
C
onvention
L
orn6
a:ir1
Neo-Cap
lta
lismrr,
?aners,
Chajr
Conf
l i ct
in
' rThe
a nd. P eace R.ese arch, U niversl-ry bt Osl-o, f;o;?F'
+f
53. Moral-isn sho uid b e ieft to countries with
otherw i s e it might beco me l,'ery oangerous.
less power -