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THE GRADUATE CHRONICLE
* 4 *
when you plan for Canada's future
_. .
"
when this war is ended,will
stand on the threshold of a splendid
and challenging opportunity. The need
will be there, the time will be ripe, for
vast, unprecedented development.Wil1ing hands willbetherea-plenty
accumulated wealth will be there,
national res\ources andthe power to
convert them to the general good will
be there. Let us plan courageously when
we figure out Canada's future.
Let us plan for lovelier, more laboursaving homes. . . plan for spacioua and
beautiful towns. Let us plan for wider,
safer highways, well-graded and well-lit
..for modernizedrailroads, for greater
electrification . . . for new bridges, new
clover-leafs. Let us plan the spread of
rural electrification until its benefits
reach every farm and every hamlet.
Let us plan with vision
for a richer
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While there must not be the slightest
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THE GRADUATE CHRONICLE
The GRADUATE CHRONICLE
Published by the Alumni Association of
the University of British Columbia
JUNE, 1944
Editor: DARRELLT. BRAIDWOOD,
M.A., Barrister a t Law
Associate Editor: A. D. CREER,M.E.I.C., M.1~sr.c.E.
Assistant Editors:
DOROTHY
TAYLOR,
B.A.; DONALD A. C. MCGILL,B.A.
Business Manager: W. E. G.MACDONALD
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T H E GRADUATE CHRONICLE
By R. S . LYND,
Chairman of the Department of Sociology in the
Graduate School of Columbia Universit 11.
Editor‘s Note: This artick first appeared in the March’ 26, 1944, rdition. of PM, N e w
York. I t is’ tbe Cbronicle’s policy to present as m n y ziews as 11ossible on czrrrent !roblrms and we feel that this article c.vi?resscs one of those zliews. The matcrial hcrrwith is
used by /~rrrnissionof the author.Limitations
o f sparehavewnfortunatcly necessitated
some condensation o f the origirzul articl,?.
Awide,and I believe disastrous,gapexistsbetween
what
thedecent peopleof thedemocraciesarehoping
for out of
this war and what the
pressure of circumstancesandorganized powerunderthesurfaceindemocracymayforceupon
them. Both here and. in England these people hope that something reallybetter
will comeout of thewar,butprivate
thinking tends to be brow-beaten by the need to get on with
the war.
We Americans lag somewhat behind Britain in our awareness of the extent of impending change. O u r mood-and our
American soldiers inBritainshare
it-is
like that of aman
driving along a broad concrete road a t 50 miles an hour who
has come to a barrier marked Detuur-Road Under Repair; so
he is now,duringthewar,bumpingalongat
15 miles a n
hour in the field beside the road; but he takes it for granted
that right up ahead behind that clump of trees he’llbe back
on the concrete.
In England, on the other hand,
as they bump along over
the rough war road, everybody takes it for granted that there
will be extensivenewroad-building
ahead. Ifour hopes are
for a better “world in general,” the
people of Britain see their
ownnationalinstitutions
as also involved.
But I felt in England, as I feelhere,a basic unpreparedness and helplessness of the ordinary folk to implement their
hopes, and, the strong likelihood that the pressure of circumstances-specifically,
the need for swift, effectiveaction,and
the pressure of organized power groups-will
force upon them
concurrence in a world they never intended.
I am reluctantly skeptical of the great plans of liberal intellectuals and of the hopes of liberal citizens for a brave new
world out of this war. I am skeptical because I believe.democracy is unreadyand, especially, unorganized to state its program positively and to see that program through by organized
action. I believe that it is now 1 1 : 5 9 p.m.andeventshave
an accumulated momentum that probably cannot
be stopped
or even seriously deflected inthisfinalminute
of feverish
effort.
In attempting to appraise the future, I make the following
assumptions:
1. One may not expect new and better things
of the postwar world merely because men of good will all over the world
are fed up with war, depression and unemployment, aggressive
nationalism, and fascism.
2. There is every likelihood thatthedominantdirection
of thrust of economic and political institutions before the war
will primarily determine what we get after the war.
J U N E , 1944
3 . Howinstitutionsoperate
depends primarilv
upon
rnrho
,
*
haspower-not
theoreticalpower butfactual power todo
decisive things.
4. In so far as war or any other emergency puts
pressure
on this factual structure
of power to change conditions, the
tendency of thoso in control is either to intensify their power
to makethe
tacticsenough to beatdowntheoppositionor
least possible changes necessary t o keep thegoingsystem
running.
I t becomes cruciallyimportant,therefore,
to ask: Who
really wields controllingpowerinanindustrialnation
like
theUnitedStates?Andwhataretheyafter?Asdemocrats
we Americanshave believed that politicalpowershould
be
has no indediffused among all adultcitizens.Thestate
pendent power, but holds its power from the citizens.
to marry political
LatentwithintheAmericanattempt
democracyandprivatecapitalism
was a majorconflict
between majority rule and minority property rights.
The preponderant weight of economic power in the Constitutional Convcntion, while conceding the outward forms of
at
political democracy, went on to cripple democratic power
the source by parcelling up this power by a marvellously dexterous system of barriers to its expression. And political power
was diffused among the people on the unstated, but factually
double-locked,assumption that i t was not to beused to diffuse equality in the economic sphere.
Actually,ournation was foundedin a backswing of revulsions fromcentralizedpower.Suchpower
wasviewed as
a thing to be feared,not used,. The problem of powerwas
stated negatively. And our political democracy
has, all down
through our national life, been casual to the point of recklessness aboutthepositivedevelopment
of itsownauthority.
Formally, the democraticstate
has held all theaces;
but
actually as time has passed, to use Harold Laski’s words, “The
disproportioninAmericabetweentheactualeconomiccontrol and the formal political power
is almost fantastic.”
Despite intermittent guerilla skirmishes between state power
andprivateeconomicpower,Americandemocracyhas
been
sluggish about recognizing the challenge
to its very existence
involvedingrowingeconomic
power. Several factorshave
encouragedthiscasualattitudewithindemocracy:
1. The issue between democraticpowerandprivateeconomicpowerhas
been viewed primarilyonly as aregional
issue betweenagrarianandeasternindustrialstates.
2 . Again,
the
fact
that
American
democracy
began
coincidentallywiththeamazingproductiveadvancewecall
7
the Industrial Revolution and the opportunity to exploit the
vast internal empire of the United States made it easy for the
citizens of democracy to take democracy for granted, as essentially completed, whereas we had made only a beginning; and
to turn their backs on democracy’s unfinished business and to
plungeintothegrandpersonaladventure
of growingrich.
3. TheAmerican way-loose-jointed,
wasteful,evoking
of preprodigies of energy from men in the raw frontier era
to a
emptand exploit-has
yielded asumtuoustake.And
nation
manifestly
growing
rich,
the
growing
insecurities
withinsuchapredatoryinstitutionalsystemhaveprompted
us to seek security not through re-examining the system and
its contradictions but through the simpler
process of reaffirming the perfection and finality of the Constitution.
Such has been the theory of power held by us hopeful and
busy Americans. But what is the fact of power inindustrial
societytoday?
1. First, power is indivisible and economic power is politicalpower.
The effort to viewpoliticalpowerandeconomic
power as separatethings is, has been, andalwayswill
be a
recognizing
fiction. Democracies have been able to avoid
this unified nature of power because theyhavefosteredthe
illusion that the State represents the common interests
of the
people.
Inconnectionwiththe
weakrole of the generalpublic,
let me stress the fact that
powermeanseffective
power,and
effectivepowerinmodernsocietymeansorganizedpower.A
crucial problem democracy faces today
is its lack of effective
its affairs. We have proceeded, all
organization tocarryon
down through our national life, on the casual assumption that
menarerational,free,andknowwhat
is best for them; and
that no positivephilosophy of social organization is therefore
needed, because men can be counted on to recognize the need
for organizing themselves wherever that need exists and to go
ahead and organize themselves.
The catch is that that assumption about human behavior
just isn’t true. And, as a result, the social organization of the
UnitedStatestoday
is a shamples,characterizedbygrossly
unevenorganization,with
business andind,ustryincreasingly
extensivelyandeffectivelyorganized,withlaborrising
in
organization t o meet organized business, and with organization
behind other interests of the peopleof democracy lamentably
I submit, is adesign for democratic
weak andspotty.This,
impotence.
Thepower
of the meagerly organizedorunorganized
people of democracytends t o become chiefly thepowerto
protectraggedlyafterthefact,after
a fait accompli, likea
man futilely running after the ever-receding rear platform
of
atrain.
2. A second important aspect of power in
industrial
societytoday is itstechnological base. Powerinearliereras
was founded on land; later it was
based on finance, the control of free capital; but today the
basisof power is control
I mean is t h a t the business system of
over technology. What
power thatcontrolsgianttechnologycontrolsthecore
of
power in industrial society..
.
Look atthewaybigindustryhas
moved inontheGovernment in this war and
is coercing the Government to run
business
the war effort as business itself dictates. In England
61 officers in
hassimilarlymoved
intoWhitehall;thereare
theMinistry of Supplyholdingseniorpostsremunerated
at
f 6 0 0 a year or more whose services have been made available
by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd.,
alone.
3 . Thecentralpoliticalfactintheworldtoday
is the
candid merging of state power with this technologically-based
economic power. Theday is past,forever,whenanation
couldafford t o view what businessmen do as primarilyonly
the concern of businessmen.
IntheUnitedStates,operatingunderprivatecapitalism
8
andwith some fifteenbilliondollars
of newwartimeproductive plant-super-efficient
andbuiltfor
mass production
-the structure of our industry has been seriously altered by
the Far; and foreign trade in greater volume and variety will
be an absolute essential for even approximateeconomicstability. And if weare in thisbox, I need notelaboratehow
desperate is Britain’s need to crowd the tradeways of the world
with her product.
is
What this s o r t of thing means, in nation after nation,
that business, on the one band, is less and less willing and able
to tolerate checks on its activities by the State;
whereas the
State, on the other bmd, havingdelivered its welfare, und
fundamentallyitsinternational
f i v e r , wer into dependence
upon the welfare of its business system, needs increasingly the
utmost efficiency from i t s business men.
So from here on out, business must be in politics, and the
Statemust be in business. Neither of themcananylonger
tolerate the frictions and inefficiencies of the kind of legalized
guerillawarfarebetweenstateapparatusandeconomicapparatus that has been characteristic of anti-trust actions, NRA,
NewDeallaborandother
social policies, andwartimecoercionsandrecriminations.Andtheresultingtrend
is unmistakably toward the monolithic
power structure of the totalitarian state.
Not, mark you, because certainmenarewickedoreven
necessarily seeas yet that they are being forced toward such
totalitarianism;but
because the logic of gianttechnology,
operatingwithinnationalismandcapitalisticrules
of the
game, nolongerallowsanyotheroptionthancentralization
and.themergingofstateandeconomic
power. We people
who talk of a better postwar world must face, and face unflinchingly, the fact which liberal democracy
has never dared
of
really t o face: namely, that industrial capitalism in an era
giant technology is an intensively coercive form of organizaof
tionof’societythatcumulativelyconstrainsmenandall
their institutions to work the will
of the minority who hold
and wield economicpower;andthatthis
relentless warping
of men’s lives and decisions and all of their forms ofassociation becomes less and less the result of voluntary decisions by
good and bad men and more and more an impersonal web
of
coercionsdictated
by thestark need to keep “thesystem”
going.
What this means is thatHitlersarenotthemselvesprime
causes, but are a type of role thrust forward by the
pressure
of eventswithinindustrialsociety,eventsdemandingsolutions-political
solutions, bold solutions,solutions thatbrush
the plans of idealistic men aside like fliesoff atable.
When
these things happen, they are not the work
of evilmen, but,
rather, the grim moves of hard-pressed players in the gigantic
internationalgame
of pokerinwhicheveryindustryand
every nation must play if it is to survive.
Modern war, as a mass human experience, does a variety
of contrastingthingsto
us:
1 . Wartime is a time of enormouslyenhancedpressure,
pressure to get things done-even
things that seem impossible
of accomplishmentunderpeacetime
institutions-and
to get
them done immediately. And since the game
is for keeps and
the stakes are survival, there is a tendency to create and foster
a temporary and somewhat phony sense of national unity; and
a tendency to disregard in the intensity
of short-run, wartime
or
preoccupations-the
chronic cleavages withinAmerican
English society.
2. A t the same timewar alsodoes aseemingly contradictory thing. By shattering the lock-step preoccupation with
habitualinstitutionalways
of doingthings, it invites some
men to speculate as regardsnew goals and a betterworld.
Humble men’s imaginations in England have been caught and
aroused by the vision of Russia as anationinwhichpeople
are being allowed to fight this war all-out.
T H E GRADUATE CHRONICLE
’
Likewise, some intellectuals turn afresh, under the stimulus
of war, to the development of plans for international co-operatino. Thuswar,instead
of merely encouragingthe glossing
over of social problems, can also jolt and stimulate men of all
classes t o reach for newgoals
and tochart novelcourses
towardsthem.
3. But let’s not deceiveourselves. War does stillanother
thing. Common folk dream their
hopes and intellectuals spin
their plans, yet still other men are learning other things from
this war. Big businesscontrollers of industry areperceiving
theirterriblejeopardyinthepostwarworld;andthey
are
getting a dress rehearsal in organized power tactics free from
the constraints of serious governmental controls.
a t theprobableraw,bareAs big business looksahead
fisted battle royal forworldtradeand
economicsurvival in
the postwar world, it is learningthevast
profitableness of a
business world that largelystaffstheGovernmentwithits
own men.
Big business will emerge from this war enormously better
organized,moresure
of the direction itmust go, andmore
powerfulthan everbefore.
That goes fortheUnitedStates.
business is notspendingtime
Andit goes forBritain.And
spinningprettyhumanitarian
plans for a League of Nations
andaninternational
policeforce.
Thesort
of plans it is
making may beseen in The National Policy for Industry put
1942. Faith
out by 120 BritishindustrialistsinNovember,
inthe power of humanitarian reason totranscendstarkinterest isn’t going to stop such powerhouse tactics.
a desperate
one
for
The
only
remaining
option-and,
democracyin its presentpoorlyorganized
state-is whether:
”organized economicpowerwilltake
overstate power
and run the nation primarily for the
goals of bigbusiness under an American and British version of fascism;
”--Or thedemocraticstate
willtake
overtheeconomy,
socialize it,andrunitforthewelfareof
the mass of
the people.
So there is a war within a war going on inside each nation
that
living under capitalism.
I t is this “war within the war”
leaves theGerman people coweringunitedunderour
bombs
because we haveoffered themnowholeheartedalternativeto
Vansittartism.
We live in one of the climactic eras of history, as crucial
And it is characas therevolutionary era of 150 yearsago.
teristic of such a time that i t is a time of extreme ideological’
.national
confusion.Fascistmonopolisticcapitalismcallsitself
socialism. Russian socialismstill hangs in the balance, apparently a largelysocialist-aimed economy within a dictatorship
by the Communist Party.
Whether the Soviet Union will, after this war, renew, with
the newconfidence in itselfand. itsinstitutionswoninthe
magnificent people’s effort of its Stalingrads, the march toward
democracy promisedin
theNewConstitutoin
of themid1930’s remains to be seen. I profoundly hope so.
Here in the UnitedStates, again a manifestation of this
ideological confusion,organizedindustry
opposes organized
laborinthe
name of democracy.Andcharacteristic
of this
confusion is thefactthat
weAmericanstend,
t o identify
democracyandcapitalisticfreeenterprise
as two aspects of
the same thing-a
disastrouslynaivebelief!
Fortheworld
issue today, the thing Hitlers stand for,
is a counter-revolution against democracy.
And,
again
characteristic
of the
world-wide ideological confusion, the menwho in a country
like theUnitedStates
coerce democracyinthe
name of free
enterprise do so not as cynical Machiavellis, but as men who,
for the most part, honestly believe in democracy.
I amafraid that we people of democracyaregoing
to
come out of this war with our democratic ideals badly soiled,
and well on the road to less democracy here a t home. I don’t
believe that, eitherinEnglandortheUnitedStates,the
solIUNE, 1944
dierswill return prepared to fight positively for democracy.
The mood of soldiers and civilians a t war’s weary end will be:
“Thank God! Now let’s get out the old car and begin to live
again!” Bothamong soldiersand,civilians this relaxedmood
of war’s end will present a powerful weapon to the forces Of
reaction.
In England, Winston Churchill’s history
of World War I
shows clearly that, as a Tory, he grasped the political signifiNOcance of themood of popularrelaxationthatfollowed
vember 11,19 1 8 . Andit is no accidentthattodayhe
is
consistently fighting off social reform during the war, thereby
postponing the issue to the time when it will be no unmanagethat period of rejoicing whenthe
able issue. For,during
public ceases momentarily to care for anything but the fact
that the fighting has ceased, Tory power will quietly gather
hold its power. And
up the reins and commence the drive to
that in a country wherethere is anorganizedLaborParty
andwheremencan
callthemselvessocialists
without loweringtheir voices! So the signals seem set foranexhausted
peace dictated bypower.
I have suggested that this present moment in time is 11: 59
p.m. The cause of democracy is probablyduefordefeatin
thisround.Butthehands
of theclockwillmove
on! What
have we learned?I
believe this:
1. That, if theinternalwarwithincapitalistnations
is
left un-won by democracy, democracy’s cause cannot be saved
by creating international laws and Leagues of Nationsfor
international society.
2. SO thetest of the good faith of our current thinking
about a better world is whether it includesplans for immediate and fundamental extension of democracy to our internal
economic institutions.
3. Lazydemocraticcitizenshipthat
comes up for air to
vote only once every four
years can never curb an economic
power that is working all the time.
I believe profoundly in the eventual victory of democracy
”over the long future. But the
road backwill be long, and
American democracy carries no lucky horseshoe in its pocket.
Arecent issue of theLondon Economist says, “Democracy
in the twentieth century needs fire in its belly.”,
That kind of fire does not happen. N o r willvotingout
onePresidentinNovemberandvotinginanotherkindleit.
energies of all the
It can come only as theimaginationand
inthedirectwork
of
millions of our citizensareenlisted
buildingmore d e m o c r a c y a n d a lot more. Thething will
have to happen which those in power have been afraid to let
happen here in the United States during this war:
a genuine
people’s movement,all-outandhell-bentforaction.
There is nomysteryaboutwhatmenwant,exceptsuch
mystery as those opposed to more decracracy choose to invent.
Men want a chance to work at jobs they believe in, and under
conditions in which they can share responsibiltiy and exercise
initiative, rather than merely laboring as “hands”; security of
the sort that enables a man to trust his weight onto life and
to grow ahead; more and better education for themselves and
their children; better housing; better health; an end
t o arbitrary class bottlenecks in living; no more phony “social problems”created by nothing more substantial than vested propertyrights;anendtothisshabby
business of democracy’s
fearingtotrustthe
people of democracy;directmovement
together toward concrete kinds
of mass welfare, and a cessation of the.policy of regarding public welfare as an incidental
slopover from profitable private business.
To get these things democratic men will have
to learn to
standtogether,everywhere,
a t thegrass-rootswhere
life’s
meanings are big; and together they will have to thrust against
the power that now divides and curbs them-and
never stop
thrusting.
INDUSTRIES
of British Columbia
[ E a c h month the Gradzlate Chronicle will include i n its editorial material a describtivex
stmy of the formation and growth of one industry identified with the industrial Progress
of the Prwince.
Britannia Mining & Smelting Co.
1
Like “OldFaithful,”theBritanniaMining
& Smelting
Company’s copper mine has been a spectacular fixture in British Columbia’s mining scene for so many years that it is
almost taken for granted. Yet its story
is comparatively little
known, and many facts concerning the property make it even
now, after nearly forty years of operation, one of the Pacific
Northwest’soutstanding base metalproducers.
TheBritannia,locatedonfiord-likeHowe
Sound which
lentits name totheparentcompanycontrollingthe
mine’s
as one of the
affairs, wasuntilcomparativelyrecentlyrated
biggest copperpropertiesintheBritishEmpire.
I t is still
large, althoughshortage of manpower has resulted insharp
curtailmentduringthe
pastyear or so. Since Britannia has
been contributing metals for the United Nation’s war program
detailedfigures onrecentproduction
are not available. Some
hint of themagnitude of the company’soperations is given
in the fact that the property
has produced some 720,000,000
pounds of copper from about 33,000,000 tons of ore.
Low Grade Ore.
Apart from its size and record of production the Britannia
is notable as probably the only copper mine in the world handling such low grade ore in underground operations. I t is still
primarly a tunnel mine, withverylittlehoisting,andthe
whole flow of production is by gravity. This,
of course,has
made Britannia an unusually low cost producer, which
it has
had to be with recentmillheads averagingonly .8 to 1 . 1 per
cent copper.
I n spite of its comparatively long life, Britannia probably
still has many goodyears left. Mine officials believe that the
property has passed its production peak and that‘from now on
4500 tons of ore daily will probably represent about the top.
This is considerably higher than the rate attained a t present
due to difficulty ingettinganadequatenumber
of miners,
and i t is far from the all-time record of more than 6,000 tons
a day achieved about five years ago.
But the brakesnecessarilyapplied
to production now, although deplored bythemanagement,
will of course tend t o
lengthen the future life of the mine, and present developments
indicate that there are still
some important ore bodies locked
away in the rugged section of the Coast Range batholith dominatedby
Britannia’s group of holdingsthatextendover
25,000 acres.
The current development of the company’s 4100 haulage
level is an indication of the promise that the future may hold
for Britannia. This level, which is the lowest from which ore
can be fed into the mill on a gravity basis, is extendedpast
the No. 8 mine, cutting three separateore bodies. The outlook for volume and higher grade
in the No. 8 mine is hope10
ful, and, the company is nowproceeding
with the sinking
of
a shaft to open up that section and later to handle ore, men
and supplies. The hoist t o be installedwill
.be an8-foot
doubledrumCanadianIngersoll-Randunitwith
450-h.p.
Canadian Westinghouse motor.
President of Britannia Mining & Smelting Company is H.
H. Sharp of NewYork.Thecompany
is one of theHowe
Sound Company group which also comprises the Chelan Mine,
a copper-gold-silver property a t Holden, Wash., ahd El Potosi
a t Santa Eulalia,
Mining Company silver-lead-zinc operations
Mexico.
Directly in charge of the whole operation is C. P. Browning, who joined Britannia as a young mining engineer in 1913,
fresh from the Columbia School of Mines and a brief term of
practical experience withthe Miami CopperCo.inArizona
andthe Tennessee Copper Co. in Tennessee. Mr. Browninghas been on the job since the company’s infancy and he has
seen and participated in most of its expansion.
Mine superintendent is G. C. Lipsey, withBritanniafor
1 9 years, and A. C. Munro, another Britannia pioneerwhose
association with the company dates back to 1922, is mill superintendent. C. P. Charlton is secretary-treasurer and purchasing agent; E. C.Gillingham, chief accountant; Wm. Hatch,
E.
metallurgist;PaulEverett,assistantminesuperintendent;
C .Roper, chief mine engineer;
W. A. Matheson in charge of
stores;George H. Mead, mastermechanic; J. B. Hamilton,
mineelectricalsupervisor;
C. H. Watson,electricalsupervisor a t the Beach operations.
Discovered in 1 8 8 8.
The history of the mine, 30 miles north of Vancouver by
boat, goes back to 1888 when Dr. A. A. Forbes made the discovery. Thestory goes that thedoctorshotabuckandin
dragging it down the hillside its horns scraped the moss from
a rock, exposing a green stain. Upon
closer investigation Dr.
Forbes noticed, float nearby and he was so impressed with what
hesaw what he returned two or three summers in an attempt
to prove it up. Nothing came of this, however, and not until
oA
ten years later did a trapper named Oliver Furry, tipped
by Dr. Forbes and backed by a Vancouvermerchant, go to
thetrouble of staking fiveclaims.
F. Turner of Vancouver
became interandBoscowitz & Sons, Victoriafurtraders,
ested,locatedother claims and established a camp. When an
150 feet failed to locateoretheproject
was
adit driven for
discontinued, and not until 1900, when Joseph Adams and H.
C. Waltersinspectedtheprospect,
was the Britannia Copper
Syndicate,forerunner of today’s organization,formed.The
syndicate purchased a seven-tenths interest from Turner and
Boscowitz andthree years later took overtheremaininginterest.
Deuelopmmt.
It was about this time that Grant B. Schley, the New York
banker, becameinterestedandbackedtheenterprise
with his
THE GRADUATE CHRONICLE
-
-
personal fortune.He
financed the building of a200-ton
concentratorandan
aerial tramway.Theconcentrateswere
shipped to Crofton on Vancouver Island for smelting and in
1905 the newly organized. Britannia Smelting Company, controlled by Howe Sound Company, acquired the smelter. The
Co. weremerged
BritanniasyndicateandBritanniaSmelting
in1908and
the'name was changed to BritanniaMining &
Smelting Company,*which has prevailed ever since. The smelter was closed downin1913,andsincethenmost
of the
concentrates have been shipped to the Tacoma smelter of the
American Smelting & Refining Company.
Most of the ore bodies are lenticular in shape and
lie in a
majorshearzone
that follows the general strike of the foris chalcopyrite,which
mation. T h e principalcoppermineral
is accompaniedbypyrite.
The minesareaboutthree
miles
from the concentrator which was built on the steep
slope of
a hill t h a t drops down to the Beach on which the company's
stores, office buildings and community have
been established.
Exploration is done by drifts, crosscuts and raises, the different shafts serving as centres for such work.
Drillingequipment
is selectedaccordingtothespecific
conditionsencountered.Machinesnowin
use arefurnished
by the Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co., Canadian Ingersoll-Rand,
Hoyman,Gardner-Denver,and,theSullivanMachinery
Co.
Most of the driftingandstoping
is done with 3 >/2-inch
machines.
The Britannia property is a consolidation of several mines
-including the Jane, No. 8, West Bluff, East Bluff, Fairview,
Empress and Victoria. West
Bluffis a t presentthebigproducer. The Fairviewhasaccounted
formost of thecompany's pastproduction,
butit has seen itsbestdays.The
Victoria has been comparativelyrich,butit
does notrank
with the others in size.
Mining.
The 4100 haulage tunnel commences a t the Victoria shaft
which, as the accompanying diagram shows,is the most distant
from the mill. Ore is drawn through raises to a crusherinstalled on the 3900 level and the ore therefrom is trammed by
20-car trains, each car having a 19-ton capacity.
Severaltypes ofraises
are used inthemine.All
raises
over 57" are timbered and contain
a chute lined with +inch
planks, and a manway. These are separated by
a row of stulls
tht: manon 5 t o 7 footcentres.Astrongbulkheadcovers
way.Just
below thebulkhead a chuteplan is leftoutto
facilitateentrancetothefaceandallowsmoketo
escape
after blasting, which is generally done a t the end of the shift.
In general, the raise is advanced 20 feet above the bulkhead
before the stulls, chute, and bulkhead are
raised, and staging
Raises
rests on round, sprags from 4 to 6 inches in diameter.
under 57" generally are untimbered. Usually, they are driven'
from a b.ulldoze chamber at 5 0 to 57", with the broken rock
the
flowingback tothechamber.Bulkheadscoveringhalf
raise are placed each 50-foot advance.
The ladders used in this
work are made from
3 by +inch fir with 1-inch
pipe rungs
over %-inch rods. In the raise they are held in place by Ushaped brackets made from old steel.
The different mining methods employed in the mines are
determined by the character
of eachindividualblock of ore
to be mined.Theseincludesurfaceglory
holes, shrinkage
stoping, shrinkage with powder drifts for primary breaking,
horizontalcut-and-fill,horizontalsquare-setting,open
rills,
and the Britannia method
of mining, a large-scale retreating
shrinkage system frequently combined with powder drifts for
primary breaking.
to meet the
The Britannia mining method was developed,
necessity for lowcostsandincreasedsafety.
After some experimental work a section of the West Bluff mine was laid out
JUNE, 1944
forstopingbythismethod,andintheearlypart
of 193 1,
when it was decided to mine the v e q hard East Bluff orebody,
the method was modified to fit this work.
Britannia Stoping.
The general scheme of operation is:
1. Establishmentanddevelopment
of a bulldoze-chamber
level or an alternative level for chute drawing.
2. Completeundercutting of a section of theorebody.
The orebody is usually cutfromfoottohanging
wall but
may be laid out i.n various ways, depending upon its
size and
shape.
3 . Development of block for use of powder blasts.
4. Control of ore drawing.
In undercutting, the practice is similar to that employed
in the big shrinkage stopes.
In the East Bluff large areas can
be excavatedsafelywithbutfew
pillars, intheWest
Bluff
more
frequent
support
is necessary.
However,
unless
the
ground is very soft there is practically no limit to the size of
the block that may be undercut if adequate pillar support is
provided. The only limitation is thatindividual pillars must
be conveniently drilled and
not be so large that they cannot
blasted outinoneoperation..Themethod
is thus adapted
to a widerange of groundconditions.Undercutshave
been
made u p t o 200 feet in width.
For the development of the block one or more service 'raises
are necessary accord,ing to the size of the block t o be mined,
but within fairly wide limits the positions
of these raises do
notaffectsubsequentminingandmay
be selectedmoreby
convenience of service.
The numberandlocation of such raises aregovernedby
thesubleveldevelopmentthatfollowsandareconsideredan
individual problem for each stope.
The Britanniamethod has thefollowingadvantages:
1. Flexibilityandcontrol.
N o t onlycanthesystem
be
freely modified to suit conditions in the original planning
of
the stope, but it can also be readily adapted to meet changing
conditionsencountered as mining progresses.
2. No permanent pillars are left to be recovered by auxiliary methods.
3 . Incarryingontheminingworkthere
is a constant
retreat from the worked-out
areas into virgin ground.
4. Safety.As
all workingexcavationsfollowingundercutting are of minimum size, the risk of injury from falls of
ground is greatly reduced.
Gloryhole mining was first practised in
the Bluff orebody
where the deposit itselfwaslargeenough
to warrant its use.
Later large gloryholes were opened
up in the upper Fairview
section,wherethe
closely spaced,parallelveinswithsome
mineralizationbetweenthemmadelarge-scalebreakingpreferable to expensiveselectivemining.
In both mines gloryholing was originallycarried out by
a system of benches. Drilling was done by pluggers or tripod
machines.
Milling.
Untilthe presentcriticalmanpowershortagedeveloped,
the Britannia concentrator was handling five or six thousand
tons of ore a dzy,assaying less than 1 per cent copper.
Adeparturefromtheusual
process is the removal of
primary slimes by washing and subsequent flotation
in a sepais designed to effect the following:
ratemachine,which
1. Removal of sticky mud from the ore, thus simplifying
the mechanical problem of getting tonnage through the crushing plant equipment; and
2. The elimination of a large part of the slime from the
flotationmachinesinthemaincircuitmateriallyincreasing
11
-
over-allperformance.Anotherfeature
is the floating of a
the subsequent
bulkconcentrate of pyriteandcopper,and
separation of the two sulphides after dewatering and. regrinding of the coarser particles.
Britannia ore consists of a mixture of chalcopyrite and pyrite in a relatively hard schist or quartz gangue. Zinc blende,
goldandsilver
also occurinsmallamounts.Theminerals
can be released from oneanotherandfromthegangueby
moderatelyfinegrinding,
but the ore is remarkablyhard, as
indicated by high steel consumption for roll crushing and fine
grinding.
The mine-run ore is crushed t o 6 inches before being transported to themillthroughasystem
of underground raises
and haulage ways. Further reduction is effected by three 5 !hfoot SymonsConecrushers set to %-inch and thence
to 72
inchesand54inches
Traylor Rolls. The rolls arein closed
5/32circuitwithtenHum-merdryscreensdeliveringa
inch undersize product.
An unusualfeature
of thecrushingoperationconsists
of washingand wet scheening of theoreafterit
is drawn
fromthe
receivingbins
to removeprimary
slimes, which
otherwise would build u p on the rolls and blind the Hum-mer
screens. The physicalcondition of the ore is suchthat efficient crushing would. be quite impossible without this washing operation.
The undersize product of the wet screens is further classified into a sandandslime,thelatterproductcontaining
large amounts of soluble salts, which are very detrimental
to
flotation. The primary slimes and their contained soluble salts
arethussegregated
fromthemajorportion
of theoreand
given special and intensive flotation treatment.
Final reduction of the 5/3Z-inch product of the crushing
plant is accomplished in Traylor ball mills, using as grinding
media 2-1/16-inchdiametereuteticcast
steel balls, manufactured, a t Britannia Beach. Theseballs arequick-quenched
are lined with6-inch secforhighhardness.Theballmills
tions of the quenched runner gates obtained in the casting
of
thegrinding balls. This type of lining is set on end to the
mill-shell in a 50-50sand-cementslurryandgivestwo
to
three years useful life.
’
Two-stage Flotation.
T w o flotationconcentratesareproduced,onecontaining
the copper mineral and the other pyrite, the latter being
sold,
to acidmanufacturersfor
whenevermarketsareavailable,
its sulphur content. Concentration
is effected in two stages,
in the first of which a bulk concentrate, containing both the
chalcopyriteandpyrite,
is floated.Thisbulkconcentrate,
Dorr tanksandregrindinginAllisafterthickeningin
Chalmers ball mills, is then subjected to differential flotation,
from which operation is recovered, first, a high grade copper
a middlingwhich is retreated,and
concentrateand,second,
finally a pyrite concentrate low in copper. Several advantages
may be claimed for this practice. The most important
is due
to the fact that much finer grinding
is necessary to free the
copperandironmineralsfromoneanotherthantoliberate
eitherfromthegangue.Bulkflotationfollowedbyregrinding,therefore,allowsarelativelycoarseinitial
grind-50
er
cent minus 200 mesh-without impairing final recovery. l%e
use of larger amounts of powerfulreagentsintheroughing
circuit is also permissable, since differential conditions
do not
have to be maintained.
The small amount of gold in Britannia ore is practically
all in the free state. Most of this free gold concentrates with
the copper, but a smallpercentage is retarded. In orderto
guardagainst losses fromthissource,thetailingsfromthe
roughingandsecondarycircuitsare
passed overblankets,
which are washed in place.
Roughing of theprimary slimes and of thegroundfeed
is carried on in8-footdeepair
cells, the slimes in a cell55
feet long and. the ground feed in a 100-foot cell in series with
a 40-foot cell, thelatter Deep-cellserving
as ascavenger
machine. A Deep air cell
is used as a recleaner.
Concentrates are settled in Dorr thickeners and American
discfittersare
used to dewaterthefinalconcentratesfor
marketing.
HydratedLime is added attheprimarymillsinsufficient
quantity to maintain a trace of free alkalinity in the rougher
tailings. Thisslightalkalinitybenefitsrecoverywithoutdepressing the pyrite.
Potassium Ethyl Xanthate and Pine Oil are applied at the
heads and centres of the roughers.
Cyanide is fed a t -the head, of concentrate regrinding to
depress the pyrite while the copper is being floated in the secondarycircuit.Verysmallamounts
of Pine Oil andButyl
Xanthate are required for this operation, after which
a relatively large quantity of Ethyl Xanthate is added to reactivate
the pyrite.
Filtered copper and pyrite concentrates
are transported by
belt conveyors to covered storage bins of 6,000 and 4,000-ton
capacity, from which clamshell buckets operated from overheadcranesloadthemontoaconveyordischargingdirectly
in the hold of the steamer.Sampling
is doneautomaticallywherever possible.
\
Community Life.
Fromthe stand.point of theminerBritannia
is amodel
community. There is a regular boat service daily‘to and from
Vancouver, and the wharf
is within a few hundred yards
of
the office buildings, stores, laboratories, dormitories,
mess and
recreation halls. For more than 2 0 years the Britannia stores
have been operated on a co-operative basis, employees participating in a total of $ 5 13,000 in rebates since the system was
inaugurated.
Apartfromsafety
measureswhichareconstantlybeing
improved and extended, employees are the beneficiaries of noncontributory life insurance to a total of $1500each.House
rentals to employees amount to only one dollar per room per
month.Thereare
schools, churches,gymnasiums,
libraries
and other facilities to contribute to the contentment and convenience of Britannia people, and those who have lived there
a considerable time often wonder why anyone should
be at‘tracted to jobs nearer the bigcities.
After nearly forty years of harmonious labor relations a t
Britannia without unionization the company early in September signed a working agreement with Local 663
of the InternationalUnion gfMine, Mill andSmelterWorkers’Union,
dffiliated with the Congress of IndustrialOrganizations.
Foroveryear
a Britanniahas
been operatingunderacontract arranged’with the Wartime Metals Corporation, a company wholly owned by the Canadian Government, under the
terms of which all thecopperproduced
is used inthe United
Nations’ war effort by sale to the Metals Reserve Company,
a U. S. government organization.
---Reprintedby Kind Permission of “The Mming World”
4
i
I
I
I
“Shewasbeautiful,too,”adds.Lt.GrahamDarling,
B.A.
’40, to his description of theTirpitzbombinginwhich
he
participated. Graham joined the R.C.N. immediately on graduation,andserved
two years overseas with the Royal Navy
before taking a flyingcourseinCanada.
He is now with the
Fleet Air Arm.
.
\-NEW’S
-
and
I
NOTES-
The Western branch of the Carter-Halls-Aldinger Companyhas beenreorganized as theCommonwealthConstructionCompanyLtd.Headquarters
of thefirmwillbeWinnipeg and, Mr. RALPH C. PYBUS has been appointed WesternManagerinVancouver.
Congratulations to Major J. B. HEDLEY, R.C.E.M.E., on
his promotion.Also
to GroupCaptain J. ALLANJONES,
who has been appointed Director of Construction Engineering
and Maintenance of the Division of Construction Engineering,
R.C.A.F. This Division replaces the old Directorate of Works
and Buildings.
The first person to make an,automobile trip over the
Skeena River Highway from Smithers to Terrace was Mr.
A. CUNLIFFE,AssistantDistrictEngineerfortheDepartment of Public Works.
new
S.
Major-General J. P. MACKENZIE, D.S.O., InspectorGeneral for Western Canada, is retiring from army service.
Members of the 1944 engineeringgraduating class going
on active service: H U G H ABBOTT, B. W. ANDERSON, 0.
W. BENNETT, C. A. CARNCROSS, R. G. CHESTNUT,
R. S. CROSBY, R. A. DAVIDSO,N, N. J. FILMAN, J. B.
GUSH, I?. S. JAGGER, D. A. LIVINGSTON, J. A. PORT E R and J. M. WALLACE.
Mr. J. A. WALKER hasreturned to the City from
Ottawa and is resuming his work as Town Planning Engineer.
Mr. N. E. NELSON, Consulting Engineer for the Granby
Company for many years, has joined the satff of the Wright
a t Kirkland
Lake,
Ontario.
T h e Chief
Hargreaves
Mine
Mine Engineer for the same company, Mr. C. H. BREHAUT,
a t Duparquet, Quebec.
is now withthe BeattieGoldMines
TheAssistantGeneralManager,Mr.W.R.LINDSAY,
is
now in Toronto.
Recently transferred to the Vancouver
oftice of the C. M.
& S. Company, is Mr. H. S. FOWLER, previously a t Trail.
Mr. C. L. BATES,ChiefEngineer
forthePacificGreat
EasternRailway,
is retiringafterseventeenyearswiththe
Company.
Faculty promotions a t the University include Major A. H.
FINLAY, now Professor of Civil Enginereing, and Mr. D. W.
THOMSON,AssistantProfessor,Department
of Mechanical
and Electrical Engineering.
I
Lieut. J. E. STOREY, 1941 graduateinMechanicalEngineering, is among those listed. as missing in the recent sinking of the H.M.C.S.Valleyfield.
Deepestsympathy
is extendedtoMr.andMrs.
L. J.
Streetinthe
lossof
theirson,Louis,who
died recently of
wounds received while serving with the Central Mediterranean
Forces.
WingCommander“Don”Macdonald,D.F.C.,known
as
the “ghost raider,” has recently left command
of the Intruder
Squadronandhas
been assigned to what is termed a “more
important task.”
JUNE, 1944
O u r sinceresympathy also to Mr. J. T. Coutts, whose
wife passed away on June 2nd.
Lenora Millerd, graduate ofU.B.C. and Montreal’s Royal
Victoria Hospital, was -the recent bride of Major H. C. Slade,
R.C.A.M.C., of Newfoundland.
Katherne (“Kay”) Brooke Hewitt was married last month
to Lt. Alfred Smith
of the RoyalNavy.Kaytookher
B.A.
in 1940 and her M.A. in 1941 from U.B.C.
Margaret Ecker, former Ubyssey pubster and the Canadian
Press’ onlywoman staff representative overseas, wasawarded
theCanadianWomen’s
Press Club MemorialAwardforthe
“best
personality
biographical
sketch”
published
in
1941.
Margaret is married to F1. Lt. Bob Francisand is a t present
livinginLondon,’England.
Ourcongratstoatop-drawer
newswoman.
RecentlyhomeinVancouveronshortleave-fromthe
MedicalCorpswas
Dr. F.WellsBrasonwhojustgraduated
fromtheUniversity
of Toronto Medical School. Dr. Brason
took his parchment from U.B.C. in 1940.
PhylisWayles,B.A. ’40,was married to Mr.Oliver Melvin Julson early this month.
Off toWashington, D.C., to take up postswithBritish
Supply Mission are Graduates Elizabeth (Bobby) Boultbee and
Joan Villiers.
To Lt. and Mrs. Rodney Poisson, April 27, 1944,a daughin English
ter, Renee. R t d was B.A. ’ 3 5 andaninstructor
a t U.B.C. from 1940 to 1942, whenhejoined
the Canadian
Navy. Mrs. Poisson was HelenFerguson,B.A.
’33.
Chang-Lu Quo, graduate of National Wu-han University,
and a M.A.‘from British Columbia, is returning to Chungking
Quo came to
for a post with the Chinese Foreign Oftice. Mr.
1941.
VancouverviaHongkongin
Vic Freeman, B.A. ’40 and a debater of some prominence,
is backinVancouveron
a shortholidayfrom
his medical
studies a t Toronto MedicalSchool.Alsobackinthe
city are
PeterBell-Irvingand W. K.Lindsay.
Intownrecently
was F1. Lt.W. C.(Bill)Gibson,now
with the No. 1 Clinical Investigation Unit, R.C.A.F., Toronto. Bill arrived a t the coast after lecturing a t the University
of Alberta on the physiology
of high altitude flying.
H e has
travelledextensivelythroughtheU.
S., England,Spainand
Russia, and wherever he has gone he has been one of the unito do some articles
versity’sgreatestboosters.He’spramised
for future editions of the Chronicle.
PeterFowler,
B.Ap.Sc. ’ 3 3 , has returnedtoVancouver
after a long session a t Trail with the Consolidated. Pete will
be in charge of explorations in the coast district for
his company *
OscarOrr,Jr.,
is nowin
large oil company.
the PersianGulf
area with a
Flight-LieutenantCampbellKenmuir
was inVancouver
on leave recently and
is now stationed a t Pat Bay.
13
,
.
d
KILLED O N ACTIVE SERVICE
PJO JACK SCRIVENER-Scout Master
*
of Kerrisdale troop.
Joined R.C.A.F. in March, 1942.
MISSING AFTER AIR OPERATIONS
.
SGT.OBSERVERALASTAIR
listed in January, 1942.
J. YOUNG, R.CA.F.-En-
W / C C.A.WILLIS,
R.C.A.F.-Wkknownforattacking
enemyshippingintheface
of heavyanti-aircraftopposition.
down three
F/L J. H. “JIMMY” WHALEN, R.C.A.F.-Shot
Japanesedive-bombersin
45 minutes over Burma during
1943, following a bag of three Nazi planes in the European theatre-the first wing commander of the Vancouver
Air Cadets, of which he was an original member-also the
first member of the league to graduate under the British
Commonwealth
Air
Training
Plan
after
joining
the
R.C.A.F.
SGT. GORDONPREECE, R.C.A.F.-Listed
missing after
hisseventhoperationalflightoverenemyterritoryon
March 31-went overseas in October, 1943.
F/L CHARLES MADDIN,
R.C.A.F.-Missing
erationsonApril
2 k n l i s t e d in 1942.
after air op-
MISSING ON THE FRIGATE
”VALLEYFIELD
F/O W. W. COLLEDGE,
R.C.A.P.-Killed
inactionoverseas-received
the
award
of D.F.C.-acceptedby
his
mother, Mrs. W. W. Colledge-awarded due
to F/O Colledge’s bravery in an action in which he was attacked by
fourenemyaircraft.Shotdownoneanddamagedtwo
others.
LT. E. JOHN EDMUND STOREY, B.A.Sc. ’41.
INJURED ON ACTIVE SERVICE
P/O CAMERONWESLEYMcKENZIE,
F 0 W.A.
T. WHITE, R.C.A.F.-Recently
promoted to
F/OfromP/o”is
a t presentserving withtheCoastal
Command a t a northern Scotland base.
R.C.A.F.-Spine
injury received a t Macled, Alta.
F/O
CHARLES
CLEVELAND
CUNNINGHAM-NOW
serving on active service on the Atlantic Patrol.
SGT. M. G. McGEER, R.C.A.F.
Sent letters in thanks for parcels received in prison camps-
CPL. J O H N B. CORNISH, R.C.A.M.C.-Returnedhome
after two and. a half years overseas-lost an eye in a bomb
explosion in 1 9 4 2 h a s been serving with the Basingstoke
NeurologicalandPlasticSurgeryHospitalinEnglandwas Edtior-in-Chief of the Ubyssey while a t U.B.C.
LAC BILL MUNRO, R.C.A.F.4verseas inJanuary, 1944.
P/O A N D R E W M. “MONTY” FOTHERINGHAM, R.C.
A.F.-Navigator
in England.
LIEUT. GEORGE KANE, British Army.
P 0 STANLEY H. JENKINS, R.C.A.F.-Stationed
F/L RALPH A. HENDERSON, R.C.A.F.
P
GERMAN PRISONERSOF
FLT. SERGT. EWART ALBERT
R.C.A.F.-B.A.
1936. .
WAR
SIM H E T H E R I N G T O N ,
P/O ,DAVIDDALE,
R.C.A.F.
overseas-Well-knownin
golfing circles.
SUB-LT. RONALDSINCLAIRNAIRNE,
R.C.N.V.R.Recently graduated from H.M.C.S. King’s College.
F/L MURRAY K. PICKARD, R.C.A.F.-Promoted
recently
16 Aonths service in Coastal Command,
from F/O-spent
West Africa.
F/O H A R O L D M. McDONALD, R.C.A.F.-Awarded
the
D.F.C.
W/C D. C. S. MacDONALD, D.F.C.-“Ghmtraider”
of
Vancouver-has left the command. of the Intruder Squadron to assume a more “important task.”
I
14
merside, P.E.1.-U.B.C.
grad.
0 ALBERT M. BUCKLEY, R.C.A.F.--Serving
a t Sumoverseas.
Navy Graduates from King’sCollegeP/O ROBERT G. McMYNN, R.C.A.F.
GENERAL NEWS OFSERVICEMEN
AND WOMEN
.
LT. EARL CUSHING, CANADIAN FORESTRY CORPS,
Died,HospitalShip“LadyNelson,”April,
1944.
,
Air ,Navigator GraduatesWILSON DUFF.
R. M. VOSBURGH.
F/O ROBERT GORDON CROSBY-Reported missing, now
safe in England-B.A.Sc.
1940.
BARBARADIETHER-TrainingwiththeWomen’sRoyal
a t Galt, 0nt.-Kappa
Kappa
Canadian
Naval
Service
GammaSorority.
PROB. SUB. LT.MARGARETW.CREELMAN-Inthe
193 1.
Wrens doing naval library work-B.A.
PROB.SUBLT.MARION
M. DIGNAN-Wrens-naval
writer inHalifaxandOttawa-madenavalhistory
by
beingthefirstwomantoaccompanytrialpartiesonin1936.
spection runs aboard new ships for the
navy.-B.A.
THE GRADUATE CHRONICLE
ADDRESS DELIVERED AT THE
FUNERAL SERVICE
CHRIST CHURCH CATHEDRAL
MAY 27th, 1944
BY L. S. KLINCK
The Chronicle ptrblishes h e r e w i t h D r . L. S . Kliuck’s
uddrcsy u f thefuneralscrr,icrfor
thr lute C h m c c l l o r o f
the U n i w r s i t y , hrltl Muy 2 7 , 1944, i n C h r i s C
t hurch
C u t h d r u l . T o the muny ,qrudrtutr,.r nnublr. t o bc present
ut this serl,itz,thisuddrt~.s ruill c.\pres.r tbeirutlnzirution
snd thpir
sorrom
o t his purring.
f oDr rM. c K c r b n i e
“Editor.
This afternoon, long-established traditlon has been departed from in that a layman has been requested
to speak from this lectern a t a memorial service. The explanation for this departure from accepted custom
lies in the character and work of the man whose passing we mourn today.
In our common sorrow, in our sympathy with the bereaved family, and in our common loss, my remarks will be simple, brief and direct.
Your presence here in almost unprecedented numbers is, in itself, the highest tribute which could
be paidto the esteem and affection in which Dr. McKechnie was held.
As onewho was privileged to know hiln longandintimately, i t is not possible for me to express, Gth
any degree of adequacy, the deep sense of my personal loss. M y remzrks, therefore, will be not so much
in the nature of a personal tribute as to attempt to express the convictlon of the thousands of citizens who
knew Dr. McKechnie as a physician and surgeon, as Chancellorofthe{Jniversityof
British Columbia, as a
man, and as a friend.
I t has beensaid that no two observers see the samerainbow, nor do any two critics see precisely the
same excellencies in canvas or marble. Nor do‘men, inthe same degree, see the virtues and abilitiesof
a great and good man. But what,by common consent, didDr. McKechnie’s fellow citizens see in his life
and in his work?They
saw a strengthof personality, a nobility of c+aracter, a professional proficiency,
an altruisticpublicspirit.
They saw a man whose interests and sympathies were as spontaneous as they
were catholic; a man gentle in disposition, quiet and unassuming in manner, constant in friendship, wise in
counsel, and tireless in his devotion to duty; a man who gave cheerfully and unsparingly of his scanty leisure
time to worthy community causes;onewhose
friendly smile and kindly eyes revealed his sympathy with all
that is good in life; a man whowon their confidence, comrnanded their respect, and retained their undying
affection. They saw a man of more thanpurely intellectualculture in whose person were happily blended
a strong will, a sensitive conscience, and a highly developed moral sense In him the ideal ofunselfish service was exalted.
Anything that was less inclusive than humanity itself was not sufficiently inclusive for him; anything
less comprehensive in its outreach, anything less restricted in its perspective, made only a secondaryappeal
to his generous nature. The quality of his life was such as to make him a t home in the best traditions of
the race. The leadership hegave had a distinctive quality and carried something of the impress of the winsomeness of his own personality.
During his long life, many signal, unsought honors came to him, all of which were borne with characteristic modesty. These honors bear testimony to the esteem in which he was held by those whose opinion
he valued most highly--namely, the foremost scientific men in his profession.
Though his voice is stilled, what this gifted and beloved man said, and did,, and was, will live long in the
,minds and hearts of his fellow-citizens, be they rich or poor, high or low. In his life there was the quality of
imm0rtality-a
spiritual insight whichinspiredconfidence
and infused new courage andresolution into the
hearts of men.
May we here assembledbe imbued with something of a like perspective; be supported by something
of a like poise; be imbued with something of a like spirit, and inspired by something of a like faith!
c
The Placer mining Industry
in British Columbia
By Hon. E. C . CARSON
Minister of Mines, British Columbia
Beforeendeavouring t o show the part mining has played
in the development of BritishColumbia,thepresentposition
ofthatindustry,and
some of the problems andprospects
which it faces today, it might be well to establish a few points
of reference by recalling that in 1 8 4 3 the Hudson’s Bay Company’s fort was established on the site of Victoria, that after
a period of government by the Company
as separate colonies,
the Vancouver Island and Mainland colonies were united under
one government, and a few years later in 1871 entered confederation as theProvince of BritishColumbia.Overlandcommunication with the rest
of Canadawasprovidedwhenser1886. Railvice over the Canadian Pacific Railway began in
ways were being built in the southern part
of the Province in
the ~ O ’ S , the line through Crows Nest Pass was completed in
1898, but it was notuntil 1912 thatcommunicationwith
thesoutherninterior
became possible entirelyoverBritish
Columbiarailways.
Thefirst of ourmineral resources to be utilizedonan
important scale was coal. In 1 8 3 5 anIndian is said to have
reportedexistence of coal onnorthernVancouver
Island t o
the blacksmith a t a trading post on Millbanke sound,
u p the
coastfromthenorthernend
of theIsland.Outcrop
coal
from deposits exposed onthe beach was obtainedfromthe
Indians for several years and was used in Hudson’s Bay Company steamersandinnaval
vessels. In 1849 theHudson’s
on the Island,southBay CompanyestablishedFortRupert
erlyfromwherePortHardy
is nowsituated,andattempts
weremade to minethecoal,
buttheunsatisfactoryquality
of the coal, and difficulties in mining it, caused the operation
to be abandoned. The difficulties includedopposition
from
theIndians,whoresentedthewhitestakingfromthemthe
hadenjoyed for several years.
source of revenuewhichthey
Discovery of the Nanaimo field also followed a reportmade
In 1850 a party, sent by Governor Douglas to
by an Indian.
investigatethereport,discoveredonecoal
seam andother
seams were soon found. In 185 1 a pit was started,coalwas
shipped to Victoria in 1852, andin 1 8 5 3 to San Francisco
where it is said to have sold for $28.00 per ton. The development of theinteriorcoal fields depended on thebuilding of
railways. TheCrows-Nest Pass field, nowourgreatestpro1896, while the railway was
ducer,beganproductionabout
being built.
2,500 men and produces
Coal mining now employs about
approximately 2,000,000 tons of coal peryearwithaverage
value ofclose to $8,000,000.
Indians also contributed to the first gold discoveries. Lodegold in a narrow vein on Moresby Island fo the Queen Charlotte group, was reported in 1 8 5 1 ; attempts to mine it were
not commercially successful. Discovery
of placer gold in the
ThompsonRiverandinbarsontheFraserRivernear
Yale
encouragedminers t o search farther in the interior.
By 1 8 6 1
discoveries had been made at QuesnelForks,KeithleyCreek,
AntlerCreek,WilliamsCreekandLightningCreek;andin
the southern interior at Rock Creek and Fort Steele and north
of RevelstokeontheColumbiaRiver.
Politicaldevelopmentswereforced
bythe rapid growth
of mining.Thegreatinflux
of gold seekers transformed
16
Victoria from a quiet trading post into a roaring boom town.
1 8 5 3 hadproclaimed
regulations
GovernorDouglas,whoin
governingdiggingormininggoldontheQueenCharlotte
Islands,undertook to collectlicence fees from the miners on
His firm handthe mainland and to maintain law and order.
ling of thesituationprobablykeptthecolonyunderBritish
control.
Fascinating tales have been written of life in the very raw
country-f
the stupendous efforts such as the building of the
Cariboo Road t o serve the placer mining camps of the Cariboo, of enterprising people whodrove
beef cattleupthe
Okanagan Valley and into the heart of the Cariboo country,
and of course of the unfortunate attempts to
use camels on
the Cariboo Road.
Placer mining in British Columbia has
yielded gold worth
of thefirst
25 years,
about $92,000,000. Theproduction
1 8 5 8 to 1883, had an estimated value of more than $54,000,000. By theend of &hat period theannualoutput
had declinedgreatly,andfromthattimeuntil
1936 theannual
value of placergoldrarely
reached $1,000,000. The lowest
year was 1929 with production valued a t less than $120,000.
The output increased to more than $ ~ , O O o , O O o in 1936 and
evenunderwartimeconditionstheoutput
had not again‘
fallen below $ ~ , O O O , O O O at the end of 1942.
Prospectors interested in lode-deposits had made some discoveries whileplacermining
was stilltheprincipalinterest.
The decline of placerminingandtheconstruction
of railways in the southern part of the Province tended to increase
prospecting for lode deposits. The 1 5 yearsfollowingthe
1886 saw the
completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway in
lode miningcampsin
discovery of most of theimportant
southernBritishColumbia:Slocan-Ainsworth,Nelson,Kimberley, Moyie, Rossland,Boundary, Field andTexadaIsland.
Withthedevelopment
of these camps,BritishColumbia
becameanimportantlode-miningProvince,producinggold,
of lodesilver,copperand
lead. By 1900 theannualvalue
mineproduction had reached $~o,OOO,ooo,and coal production was valued at more than $4,000,000.
Mining has continued to expand in volume and in value of
materialproduced,and
has also become the basis for a great
chemicalindustry a t Trail.
Wenowproduce
a longlist
of refinedmetals orhighgradeconcentrates, for export. We
alsoproduce,largely for
homeconsumption,
coal andbuildingmaterials,including
cement and clay products, in substantial quantity.
T H E GRADUATE CHRONICLE
.
For the 10 years ending in 1941 the average annual value
of production exceeded $56,000,000, divided between
Metals (refined or in concentrates) .....nearly $48,000,000
Fuel(refinedorinconcentrates)
....--..
nearly
..
7,000,000
Non-metallics
more than
800,000
Clayandclayproducts
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
300,000
Otherstructural materials ..._..___nearly
.....__.
1,500,000
...
Gold valued a t more than $16,000,000 constituted more than
a third of the metal and considerablymore than quarter the
value of all mineral products.
This IO-yearperiodincludes
theworst years of the depression, including 1932, when the total value of production
was approximately half of the average annualvalueforthe
10-year period. The increase in gold, production to anaverage of nearly $23,000,000 per year for the four years 1938 to
1941 inclusive,was
anextremelyimportantfactorin
the
total production.
A measure of the importance of -the industry is the number employed in it. The average for the 10-year period, computed as full-time employment, was 14,260 according to our
figures. The figures for the average number of employees in
all industries in 1941 is 97,300. For that year the total number employed in the three main branches of the mining indusof the total
t r y was 12,350, or rather more than one-eighth
for all industries. A Dominion Bureau of Statistics figure for
1942 places the average earnings of workersinthemining
allindustries.
When
industry a t 1 % above theaveragefor
fewer people were employed in highly paid war industries the
average earningsintheminingindustry
wereconsiderably
higher than the average for all industries.
Inthewar
years theminingindustryproduced
gold in
substantialvolume, whilegoldwasdesired
for foreignexchange. I t has produced refined lead andzincin
largevolume, a t prices from a third to a half of United States prices,
and copper a t the United States export price. The production
of these base metalsreached maximumfiguresin
1941 and
1942. TheProvince
has producedimportantquantities
of
tungstenconcentratesand
of refined mercurywhich
were
urgentlyrequiredforwar
purposes.British
Columbia is the
only important source of mercury within the Empire. Tungstenandmercuryarenowcomingfomother
sources and
British Columbiaproduction hasbeen stoppedordrasrically
reduced. Tin, stillinshortsupply,and
several othermetals
arebeing produced as by-products ofbase metal mining and
refining.
Gold.-minerswere urgedto increase or a t least maintain
their production in the earlier years of the war when foreign
exchange was needed. The peak value of gold production was
reached in 1940. Since 1941 production hasfallenoffand
for 1943 the amount of gold produced was less than 4 0 per
1940. Coal production has
cent of the quantity produced in
years but 1943
been set a t a higher rate than for the pre-war
production wasmateriallybelow
thatfor
1942. Lead and
zincproductionhave
declined inthelasttwo
years andthe
production of copper has fallen off greatly.
The reductions in output have beencaused by war conditions,principallylabourshortage,whichunderNational
JUNE, 1944
regulationsaffectsgoldminesmostseriously.
Mines ingeneral have been unable to keep up their development programs,
that is, theyhave been unable to devoteenougheffortto
searchingfor ore and to opening up ore-bodies whichhave
been discovered. To varying degrees production has been a t
the expense of developedore reserves. Thissituation holds
serious difficulties for the present and future; unlessore continues to be discovered, reserves shrink rapidly; and frequently
theefforttomaintainproductionresultsin
difficulties in
mining. The gold mines have met the difficulties of declining
a t a profitable
reservesor inabilitytomaintainproduction
level by reducing the rate of production, alternating between
productionanddevelopment,orshuttingdowncompletely.
The base metal mines, because of theurgent need of metal
a t high
for war purposes,have tried to maintain production
rates.
If a t theend of thewarour
orereservesareseriously
depleted and a t that time we face low metal ptices, the situation will be grave for the mining industry and this situation
will certainly be reflected by the Provincial economy in general. I t will be essential for the good of the Province that
new ore be made available. This can only be done by finding
newore-bodies
in established mining areas, andbyfinding
newareas whichcontaincommercial ore-bodies. To a degree
provision of transportationinunder-developedparts
of the
Provincemaycontributetothelatter.
To date our ore depostis have been discovered very largely
by prospectors whose hope of gain has depended on finding
sell.Someof
themhave
mineral deposits whichtheycould
been assisted by individuals or groups contributing toward or
meetingthe expenses. For someyears
thenumber of men
actively prospecting has been inadequate, accordingly in 1943
theProvincialGovernment
began to providegrub-stakesfor
prospectors. It is hoped that experienced prospectors willbe
encouragedtocontinueprospecting,thatotherswill
be a t tracted to prospecting, and that training and experience under
this program will benefit both the new recruits and the oldtimers.
Geological mapsandreportsare
of great assistance in
searching for ore, and
in planning prospecting programs. The
Dominion Geological Survey,andtheProvincialDepartment
mineralsocof Mines in a real mapping and examination of
currences havemade contributions of great value. However,
to meetpresent
andpost-war needs thistype of workwill
have to be increased.
SO far the mining industry has been based principally OD
the production of the metals-gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc,
fuel-and
structural materials. Mercuryand possibly tungsten,whichhave
been producedduringthewar
years,may
also make a contribution to our future mineral output. Utili
zation of our iron oredeposits, long a topic of interest, is to
the fore again with prospects that production of
pig iron and
of steel may be undertaken on a modest scale. With increasing industrialization and with
some demand for export, it
probable that production of industrial mineralsmay become
increasingly important.
17
THE UNIVERSITY AND STUDENT RESIDENCES
A t the present timethe University ofBritish Columbia is lackingin
one ofthe most essential elements in the lifeof a university-namely,
organized student residences.
N o completely rounded universityeducation can be obtained a t an
tnstitutionthat
ceases to have contactwith
the student body in late
afternoon and does not resume that contactuntil he followingmorning.
By no means all of the value of a university is to be found in the classrooms
Contactwith one’s fellowstudents and one’s instructors are all essenIndeed i t is a moot point
tialin the development of theundergraduate.
whether or not far more is learned outside the classroom than in it at an
average university.
Quite apart fromthe
advantages mentioned above, the economic
aspects of student residencesarethemselves
sufficient reason to make
such a housing scheme a ”must” on the campus. Our university is provincial in scope and of necessity hundreds of students must annually come
to Vancouver and spend long periods there. Those studentsmust have
room and board, and today they are faced with the well-nigh impossible task of finding that accommodation ip private homes in Vancouver. Thishit-and-miss method is as unsatisfactory as i t could possibly bc..
No standardization of either quality or costs of accommodation exists. Thestudent is entirely on his own
here and he takes his chance as to whether he will be fortunate or unfortunate in his search for a winter
home.
The solution lies in the establishment of university-operated residences on the campus. Suchare
the proposed plans of. the University but to date little has apparently been done about the matter.
in
Elsewhere in this issue will be found an account ofthegrowth
of thestudentco-operativeboarding
houses a t theuniversity.
Thesehousesare
proven successes and they point the way tothe establishment
of general residences on the campus.
TheAlumni Association has adopted as one ofits main current objectives theobtainingofstudent
residences. But residences will never be obtained unless the people ofthe province demand them. Now
is the time for Alumni in
every part of the province to contact their
local members of the legislature and
to make absolutely certain these elected representatives fully understand the problem,
I t is clear that pressure must arise from outside the university if the legislature and the university government itself are to’be forced into action.
There is much talk these days of post-war housing projects, Why should we not have a university housingproject a t theearliest possible moment? I f we are to have such an undertaking,the time to prqxtre
for It is now.
THECHRONICLE
IS YOURS
This magazine is devoted to the interests of university graduates in the province and, through them, to
the interests of the province as a whole. No such magazine can be successful without the full support of
those for whom it is intended.
TheChronicle welcomes contributions from its readers I f you have something to say, why notwrite
us an article or a t least a letter. Just send the material along to our office in the
Brock Building a t the
University.
In thesedays of wartimerestrictions, a wide subscription list is needed to ensure continuity of publication. If you know any alumnus who is not subscribing to this magazine, why not suggest that he or she
send along thetwodollarsubscription
right away
-
1:
THE GRADUATE CHRONICLE
THE
ENGINEER’S
VIEWPOINT
. . .
WHAT OF THE FUTURE?
Slowlyandsurely,
whether we like i t or nor, the society in which we live is crystallizinginto two
groups. Call themwhat you will, capital andlabor, employer andemployee, exploiters and exploited, nothing can be gained by a refusal to recognize this trend. The engineer: can become a useful and very desirable buffergroup between these two. The danger lies in emotional thinking, and the, engineer is by his
trainingtaughttoattack
his problems scientifically and without emot on. The real engineer is primarily
interested in doinga good job, and the profit motive has in the majority of cases a secondary place. The
major opposing groups are quitenaturally activated, under our system of economy,by self-interest.(We
usually add the adjective ”enlightened”-it
sounds better.)
For many years, confidence in the scientific reasonlng of the engileer hasbeen growing, and it isnow
an established custom for him to be the sole arbitratw in engineering contracts, although heis in the pay
of one of the interestedparties.
His ”certificate” of the valueand quantityofthe work done is usually
is liable
the primary condition of payment, and any attempt a t pressure by either of the interested parties
to lead to serious consequences.
Is i t too,muchto hope that before long those in authoritywill recgnize the immense possibilitiesof
theapplication of scientific thinking to
oL;r social problems?
I
r
A M A N E N G I N E E R . I n m y profession I take deep pride, but without vainglory; to it I owe solemn obligations that I a m eager to fulfill.
A s an Engineer, I will participate in none but hmest enterprise. T o
him that has engaged m y services, as employer or clieit,. I will give thc
l h n o s t of m y performance and fidelity.
W h e n needed, m y skill and knowledge shall btp given without wservation for the public good. From special capacity springs the obligation
to use it well in t h e service of h m a n i t y ; and I accept the challenge that
this implies.
Jealous of the high repute of m y calling, I will strive to protect the
interests and the good name of any engineer thatI k n o w to be deserving;
but I will not shrink, should duty dictate, from
disclosing the truth
regarding anyone that, by unscrupulous act,has shown himself wzworthy
of the profession.
Since the Age of Stone, haman progress has been conditioned b y t h e
genixs of m y professional forbears. B y t h e m h a v e bee)? rendered usable
to mankind Natwe’s vast resources of materialandenergy.
By them
havebeenvitalizedandtzuned
to practical n c c o m t the principles of
scienceandtherevrlatiorls
of technology. Excep,t for this heritage of
accumulated experiellce, m y eflorts wmdd be feeble. I dedicate myself
t o the dissemination of ettgitleeringknowledge, a d , especially, to thc
instruction of yozuzgernzcmbers of m y profession in all its artsand
traditions.
T o m y fellows I pledge, in the same full measure
I ask of them,
to the
integrityandfairdealing,toleranceandrespect,anddevotion
standardsandthedignity
of our profession; with theconsciousness,
always, that mu special expertness carries with it the obligation to serue
hxmanity with complete sincerity.
“Engineers’ Council for Professionul Deuek*@artzt.
L
THE PROFESSIONALENGINEER
A
ANDWARTIME
LABOR RELATIONSREGULATIONS
P.C. 1003 recentlypromulgated under theWar Measures Act is ;I document of extremeinterest not
only to professional engineers but to all professional men. Its main object is the prevention of strikes and
lockouts and i t recognizes freedom of bott- employers andemployees to organize. In fact, it is almost compulsory so to do.
The W.T.L.R.B. on April
12 last, ruled as follows: “Forpurposes of the regulations, persons employed
in a professional capacity shall be deemed to be employed in a confidertial capacity, with the Board reserving i t s right to review the decision in six months.”
Under the regulations, persons employed in a confidential capacit!/ are excluded fromthe order, so,
until October 15, professional engineers wkien they are actingin a professional capacity are excluded.
What is ”a professional capacity’‘ and what is ”a confidential capacity”? We would welcome some
definitions from our readers.
J U N E , 1944
19
THE STONE
BY PETER M~ARTHUR
W e @&ish
uith jleasure the following article
which has been forwarded t o us by
A . L. Carrutkrs, M.E.I.C., ChiefEngineer,Department of Public Works, Victoria. It
concerns the obvious neglect of the “stone in the road, the wicked stone, the disturbing
stone,thestumblingblock.”Needless
t o add,thelongerthestoneremains,the
more
dificwlt it becomes to get someone t o remove it. Mr. Carruthers refers t o its author as
the wiseoldfarnzer-philosopher.Themoral
of this phllosopbic e f w t maywell
be
applied to all the important little things that impede the progress of our orderly Nonomic
expansion.-Editor.
A man! A man! There isa m a n loose in Canada!
A man of heroic mound,a ”throwback” of earlier ages,
Vigorous, public-spirited, not afraid of work!
A doer of deeds, n o t a dreamer and babbler;
A man, simple, direct, unaffected,
Suchaone
as W a l t W h i t m a n w o u l d h a v e g l o r i e d
in,
And made immortal in rugged man-poetryV a s t polyphloesboean verses such as erstwhile he bellowed
Throughroaringstormwindstothebull-mouthed
Atlantic.
And yesterday the man passed among us unnoted!
Did his deed and went his way without boasting,
Leaving his act to speak, himself silent!
And I, beholding the marvel, stood for a space astonished,
Then threw up my hat and chortled,
And whooped in dithyrambic exultation.
Hark t o m y t a l e !
On the sixteenth sideroad of the township of Ekfrid,
Justsouthofthesecondconcessionline,somerods
from the corner,
in t h e road,a stumblingThere wasa stone,astone
block;
A jagged tooth of granite dropped from the jaw of
a
glacier
In an earlier age when the summers were colder;
A rock that horses tripped on, wheels bumped on, and
sleigh-runners scrunched on,
And n o m a n in all the land had the gumption to
dig
it out.
Pathmaster after pathmaster, full of his pride of office,
Rode by with haughty brow, and regarded it not,
Seeing onlythe
weeds in thefieldoftheamateur
farmer,
And scrawling minatory letters or ordering them cut,
But leaving the stone.
Oft in m y h o t y o u t h I, riding in a lumber wagon,
By that lurking stone was catapulted skyward,
And pickedmyself up ragingandvowingto
dig it
outBut dug it not. I didn’t have a spade,
Or, if I had aspade, I had a lame back-always
an
excuse.
And thestonestayed.As
passed the years-ood
years, bad years,
years,
Years that were wet or dry, lean years and fat
in short,
Roaringelectionyears(mouthingreforms);
a l l years
in stock-theregrewa
That oldest inhabitants keep
tradition
20
About the stone. Men, it was said, had tried to moveit,
But it was a stubborn boulder, deep sunk in the earth,
And could only be movedby dynamite-at vast cost to
the council;
But every councillor was a watchdog of the treasury,
And the stone stayed.
Since the memory of man runneth the stonewas there.
It hadstubbedthetoeoftheAlgonquin
brave, and
haply
Had tripped the ferocious, marauding Iroquois.
I t had jolted theslow, wobbling ox-cart of the pioneer;
Jolted the lumberwagons, democrats, buggies, sulkies;
Joltedthe
pungs, crotches,stoneboats,bob-sleighs,
cutters;
Upsetloadsofbolts,
staves, cordwood,loads oflogs
and hay;
Joltedthreshingmachines,tractionengines,automobiles,
Milk wagons w i t h cans o f whey, envied of querulous
swine;
It hadshatteredthedreamsoffarmers,
figuring o n
crops;
Of drovers planning sharp deals;
Of peddlers, agents, doctors, preachers;
It had jolted lovers into closer embraces, to their bashful delight;
But mostly it had shaken men into sinful tempersA wicked stone,
a
disturbing stone,
a
stumbling-
b IOC
kA stone in t h e m i d d l e o f t h e roadInsolent as a bank, obstructive as a merger!
Year after year the road flowed around it,
N o w t o t h eright side, now to the left;
But always on dark nights flowing straight overit,
Joltingthebelatedtravellerinto
apassionblack
as
midnight,
Making his rocking vocabulary slop over
With all the shorter and uglier words.
Boys grew to manhood and men grew to dotage,
And year after year they did statute-labour
By cutting the thistles and golden-rod, milkweeds and
burdocks,
But left the stone untouched.
There is a merry tale that I heard in my childhood,
Standing between my father‘s
knees, before the open
fireplace,
Watchingthesparksmakesoldiersontheblazing
backlog,
W h i l e t h e shadows danced on the low-beamed ceiling;
A pretty tale, such as children love, and it comes to
m e now;
THE GRADUATE CHRONICLE
Comes with the sharp, crisp smell of wood smoke,
The crackle of flaming cordwood on the dockers,
Thedancing shadows andthehandonmytousled
headA clear memory, a dear memory, and ever the stone
AS it lay in m y p a t h in the roadway brought back the
storyThe loving voice, and, a t t h e close, the laughter.
"Once upon a time there was a king, a mighty ruler,
Deep in the lore of human hearts, wise as a serpent,
W h o placed a stone in theroad in t h e m i d s t o f h i s
kingdom,
On t h e way t o h i s palace, where all men must pass it.
Straightway the people turned
aside, turning t o right
and to l e f t o f it,
Statesmen, scholars, courtiers, noblemen, merchants,
Beggars, labourers, farmers, soldiers, generals,
men of
a I I classes
Passed the stone, and none tried to move itTo clear the path of the travelling multitude.
But one day came a man, a kindly poor man,
W h o t h o u g h tit a shame that the stone should be there,
A stumbling-block to the nation. Bowing his back
H e put his shoulder to it, and behold, a marvel!
The stone was but a shell, hollow as a bowl!
A c h i l d might have moved it.
And in the hollow wasa purse of gold, and with
it a
writing:
'Let him who hath the public spirit to move the stone
Keep the purse and buy a courtly robe,
And come to thepalacetoservethe
king as prime
minister.'
So the kindly poor man who had public spirit
Became the chief ruler of all the nation.
When the news was told to them, all men rushed to
the highways
And movedawaythe
stones, but foundnopurseof
gold;
But they cleared the roads of
stones, and the 'Good
Roads Movement'
Went through without cost because the king was wise
And well understood our weak human nature."
Ever when passing the stone I remembered this story
And smiled, touched by memories of childhood,
But knew there was no purse under it; there might be
a n angle-worm,
B u t I was not going fishing-and the stone stayed.
N o w m a r k t h e sequel, the conclusion of the matter!
Yesterday
a
man wentby-whetherneighbouror
stranger
I have questioned widely,
do him honour,
N o m a n c a n t e l l me, though
Questioned eagerly, longing to
To chant his name in song, or cunningly engrave it
In monumental brass w i t h daedalphantasiesT o m a k e it a landmark, a beacon t o a l l f u t u r e ages,
This good man, earnest, public-spirited,
Not fearing work, scorning tradition,
Doing his duty as he saw it, not waiting an order,
Dug out the stone and made it a matter of laughter,
For it was no boulder, deep-rooted, needing dynamite,
But just a little stone about the size of a milk-pail,
A c h i l d might have moved it, and yet it had bumped us
For three generations because we lacked public spirit.
I blush with shame as I pass the stone now lying
In the roadside ditch where the good man rolled it,
And l e f t it whereallmenmay
see it-:
symbol,a
portent.
Tremble,yeOppressors!Quake,yeFinancialPirates!
is a m a n loose in
Yourday
is athand,forthere
Canada!
A man to break through your illegal labyrinths,
A Theseus to cope with your corporate Minotaurs,
A Hercules to clean out your Augean stables o f g r a f t ers,
A man who moves stones from the path of his fellows,
And makes smooth the way of the Worker!
And such a man maymoveyou!Tremble,
I say!
r
DREDGING
H A R B O R WORKS
BritishColumbiaBridge
W. G . McKENZIE
President
J U N E , 1944
CONTRACTORS
TO
THE GOVERNMENT
*
& Dredging Go., Limited
GENERAL CONTRACTORS
540 HOWE STREET
MArine 645 1
VANCOUVER, B. C.
21
Post- Discharge Rehabilitation
B
By DONALD A. C. McGILL, B.A.,
Assistant
Editor
of the
Chronicle.
B
The Record So Far !
Editor’s Note:Mr.McGill
is himself a former
~nemberof the Armed services. H e h a s written for
11s an artirle on one of the most important of our
current problems, the rehabilitation of military personnel to civilian life.
Soldiers returningtoVancouverfrom
overseas service
recentlyweremorethancasuallyconcernedabouttheirreturn to civilian life. To put it mildly, they were deeply worried. “Whataboutrehabilitation?’they
asked reporters a t
the station. “What are all these rumors about allowances and
grantsforeducation?Hasthegovernmentdoneanything
while we’ve been away?”
A lot of people have been under the impression that men
andwomeninthe
services werebeingkeptinformed
of the
various measures implementedbythefederalgovernmentfor
their post-discharge re-establishment.
If this has not been the
case, it does notindicateinactiononthegovernment’spart.
Before criticizing Ottawa for lack of foresight and planning,
been done.
therefore, i t is well to examinewhathasalready
SinceDecember, 1939, thegovernmenthas
hada
large
group of the country’s best educators, sociologists and medical
men actively at work on discharge problems. In
view of the
it
confusion attending demobilization following the last war,
was thoughtpreparationsforre-establishingmenincivilian
be undertakentoo soon. A General
lifethistimecouldnot
1940, under the Department
Advisory Committee, set up in
of Pensions andNationalHealth,found
six bigquestions
requiringstudyand,
decision. They were:
1. Re-employment of ex-service men;
2. Resumption of interruptededucation;
3 . Vocationalandtechnicaltraining;
4. Retraining of special casualties;
5 . Landsettlement;
6. Preferences in public and private employment.
on each of. these items.
Sub-committeesarestillworking
Nevertheless,inconnectionwitheach,thegeneral
problems
have been overcome,principles
agreed uponandprocedures
adopted. It is needless topointouthowfarthevarious
sub-committees have improvedupontheappallingconditions
1919.
Thefirstthreeitems
were givenvery
prevailingin
scantattention, while of the 25,000 veteranssettledonthe
despair. Buttheauthoritiesdid
land, 13,000 gave upin
valuable work in retraining casualties, and many of the
same
methods are being followed today.
As a result of thepresentgovernment’sefforts,anew
kind of civilservant has emerged. H e is theVeterans’ Welfare Officer. Chosen for his experience with educational techniques,knowledge of employmentrequirements,and
his capacity to understand human problems,he is the key man in
rehabilitation. The atmosphere of his office andtheattitude
of his staff is friendly and courteous. Interviews with applicantsarelong,anddevoid
of the impersonalbrusqueness
commonly associated with the civil
service. A Welfare O&cer is located in each district Unemployment Insurance cornmission Office, and he works closely with voluntary citizens’
To thisofficer go discommittees set u p in variouscenters,
for adviceand assistance onemchargedmenandwomen
ployment,resumption
of education,andall
problems associatedwithrehabilitation.
22
Latein
1941 thegovernment
issued, P.C. 7633, now
known as the
“Post-hscharge
Re-establishment
Order.”
Amendedand putintoactiveoperationinApril,
1943, the
Order is the basis for the extensive program of education and
vocationaltrainingnow
available to anyonedischarged from
any branch of the armed forces of Canada. To personnel dischargedfromactiveservice,home
defense, service with British
forces, the C.W.A.C.’s, the Women’s Division of the R.C.A.F.,
the“Wrens,”theorderentitlesfreeeducationplusaliving
is called a n “out-of-work
benefit,”
allowance. Thelatter
since i t is a type of unemploymentinsurancepayable
to a
veteranunabletosecureemployment,whether
he elects to
accept training or not.
With regard to university education, the order is perfectly
clear.Foranyveteranwhohas(a)completedhigh
school,
(b) joined up beforecompleting
his undergraduatecourse,
(c) joined up whileactually engaged inpost-graduatework
orotherwise
signified his intention of doingpost-graduate
work, the government provides both education and allowances
of service in
for a period notexceedingtheveteran’slength
theforces.Length
of service,however,
is givenliberalina veteranwith
terpretationundertheorder.Forexample,
session a t
six months’service to his creditcanobtainafull
the University, but ifhis work is outstanding in the government’s opinion, benefits will
be extended for another session.
The desire of the government is to afford the student-veteran
every opportunity for getting the most out
ofhis education.
Therecord
of rehabilitationafterthelastwar
shows too
many cases wherepromiseandambition
were frustratedby
narrowandrestrictivetechnicalities.
The present session of parliamenthasgivenconsideration
to theallowances paid undertheorder.In
response tothe
forVancouver
agitation t‘aised by F1. Lt.Sinclair,Member
North, i t is likely that the $44.20 now paid monthly to single
men will beraised toaround $60.00, whilethe $62.40 now
paid monthlytomarriedmenwithnodependantswill
be
$90.00. Allowancesare
also paid forchilraised toabout
drenunder
16 andfordependentparents.Thereasoning
behind Sinclair’s agitation is simpleandsound.
H e contends
thegovernmentshouldpayaman
as much whiletraining
himfor peace as it does whiletraininghimforwar.And
Sinclair used the same reasoning to persuade the government
t o raise clothing grants and discharge gratuities.
Many oldtimers, who are disioclined to look upon veterans
of thiswar as veterans at all, sniff at this“molly-coddling”
Not a few of theseruggedindividualof youngCanadians.
8 0 percent
of the last war’s veterans
ists maintainthat
re-established themselves without
any
government
“handouts,”whilethe
2 0 per cent who needed assistancewere not
worth the trouble and
expense lavished on them. That
is t o
say,makingamostconservativeestimate,
some ~ O , O O Oveterans of the last war were not worthy of help and guidance.
It is fortunate, indeed, that this type of mind is not in charge
of rehabilitationthistime.
Human resources are too valuaable to be dissipated, in ablindenthusiasm
for rankestindividualism. Anymanorwoman
is worth all the patience,
or her to
help and expense which will ultimately restore him
a useful and happy position in our post-war society.
The education which the Post-Discharge Re-establishment
Exorder makes possible is nothandedoutindiscriminately.
cept in the caseof casualtiesrequiring special training, most
THE GRADUATE CHRONICLE
5
veterans are being advised to stick as close as possible to their
pre-enlistment
environment.
A railway
section
hand,
for
example, is advised to resume employmentwiththerailway,
same rateof
but not necessarily at the same joboratthe
pay. H e is encouraged to learn a trade which will both better
his position and keep him in a line
of work with which he is
familiar.Unlesshe
has shownanaptitudefor
some other
type of work since enlistment, he is discouraged from farming
or fruit-growing or employment that is strange to him. After
thelast war; the emphasis on shifting men into totally
ncw
occupations had direresults. I n the same way, veterans with
partialstandingsare
advised nottomakedrasticchangesin
their courses.
Rehabilitation is alreadya
mightyindustryinCanada.
The floodof men and women returning to civilian life (estiin
mated a t 2,000 a month) presentseveryknownangle
humanproblems.Here
is the case of anairforceveteran
who went away a junior clerk and
comes back a Flying Officer. H e has received trainingandaccepted
responsibilities in
the servicewhichhavechanged.
his whole frame of mind
towards his formeremployment.His
boss’s bargain to keep
his job open for him means little to this officer. Then there
is theC.W.A.C.sergeantwhowasa
housemaid incivilian
go beyondgradeeightin
school,
life. Her education did not
yet she hasdemonstratedintelligenceandleadershipinthe
army.
What
to
do
with
cases like
these?
Rehabilitation
authorities are examining all ‘the country’s educational facili-
ties and surveying all employment possibilities in an effort to
fit these youngcitizensbackintosociety.Surprisinglyfew
problems are being left unsolved.
The government has not attached extreme importance to
for the civilserrehabilitation merely to providemorejobs
vice. Thetechnologicaland
social revolution marly people
commonly associate withpost-warCanad,ahasalreadygot
underway, and it is thetask of rehabilitation to keep the
thousands of youngmenandwomennowinthe
services
abreast of these changes. The trained people needed byindustryandcommercearenotonlymachinistsandengineers
andaccountants,but
also economists,statisticiansandpersonnel specialists. Canada’s economiclife is becomingmuch
more specialized, and the rehabilitation authorities are anxious
to acquire
thatveterans be furnishedwiththeopportunity
more specialized trainingandeducation.
Also, thefact that
the depression madeeducation
a practicalimpossibilityfor
many now in uniform has convinced Ottawa that
these men
be held back on that account.
and women must not
Canada is far ahead of any other nation in the rehabilitation of itsveterans.
Nearly ayearago,PresidentRoosevelt
broadcast a program for the civil re-establishment
of American personnel, but he did not cover half the ground already
covered atthattimebytheCanadiangovernment.Nor
has
GreatBritain or Australia been so generous in their preparaIt is onemore case whereCanada
tionsfordemobilization.
has done something, but refused to be vocal about it.
S. ”BRITISH
S.
JUDGE”
A British tanker has steamed 20,000 miles with a hole as
had to be
large as a medium sized house inher side.She
nursed across two oceans-at
any time she might have broken
i n t w o - o n azig-zagcourse
that began in the Dutch East
Indiesand ended in Mobile, U S A . T h e s t o r y
began as the
Japanese embarkedonfull-scalewarfareintheFarEast.
With
Captain
Thomas
Gaffney,
of Colwyn Bay, onthe
British Judge sailed from Bataviabound
bridge,thetanker
for Colombo, Ceylon.
In the Sunda Straits, wave after wave of Japanese bombing
aircraft attacked the ship. Bombs fell all round the ship and
for six andahalfhours,
as thecrewmannedtheguns,the
ship fought her *ay through a hail of bombsandmachinegun fire.
She escaped unscathed, butthe
same night,insqually
weather,atorpedofiredfromasubmarinestrucktheship
side. The blastshattered
below thewaterline on theport
threebulkheadsand
thetanks flooded withwater.Theship
rocked over to starboard by the impact
of the torpedo, then
listed back to port and began to settle by the head.
But no move was made to ab,andon the ship. Asthe
engines stopped Captain Gaffney gave orders
to flood an after
even keel. The
tank of theship to bringherbackonan
engineswerere-startedandalthoughbadlycrippled
t:he ship
was brought safely into Colomboharboursixteendayslater.
The British Judge arrived at Colombo in good time to take
her part in beating off the Japanese when they attempted to
destroy
Colombo
on
April
16th.
Once
again,
the
crew
manned the gun and helped to drive off the enemy aircraftbut not before a near mine had damaged the ship still further.
As repairs could not
be carried out in Colombo, Captain
J U N E , 1944
Gaffney was ordered to make for another port, which he
did
without hesitation.A
few days out at sea, the ship ran into
monsoon weather. She shook from stem to stern asgiant seas
hammered against her sides and swept clean over her forward
decks. Her nose dipped beneath the seas, her stern lifted out
of the water, and to those on board, listening to the creaking
andgroaningfromhershatteredmid-section,
it seemed as if
she must break in two. Thirty feet of plating from the turn
of the bilge were torn away by the force of the seas, so, fearing for the safety of the ship, the Captain turned her round
to the nearest port-Mombasa.
and ran before the storm
A t Mombasa, port oficials did their best with the scanty
sea.
labourandmaterials
available, to makeherreadyfor
But it was overninemonthsbeforethe
British Judge, with
of her
her side still open to the sea, could face the next stage
passage. She set sail forCapetownandarrivedtherethree
, weeks later after calling at Durban.
It was decided at Capetown that the ship should
procced
to America for repairs. Taking a roundabout course, but one
that would keep the ship in calm seas, Captain Gaffney sailed
for Bahia, Brazil. A t everystage of the trip, great care had
to be taken to avoidunnecessarystrainon
the ship. Each
had to be
time a heavy beam sea was encountered,theship
it._ Thismeantthathundreds
of extra
turnedawayfrom
miles had t o be steamed-much
in the same way as awindjammer of sixty years ago had to tack.
of a ship,
The British Judge sailed alone-a battered hulk
defyingU-boatsoverthousands
of miles of open sea. From
to Mobile,
Bahia she madeforTrinidad,andfromTrinidad
Alabama, U.S.A. There she went into drydock where she was
repaired andmadereadyfor
sea again,and she is nowback
in service.
23
The future of Engineering
ShallItRemain a Profession?
An Analysis of the Subject
By JAMES F. FAIRMAN
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AI
For many momkhs the subject of Collective Bargaining has
been discussed bystate and chaptm units of N.S.P.E. The
author of this discussion, President of the N e w Ywk State
Socicty, has for s m e yems been in a position t o observe some
of the so-called independent unions at work. His observations
and hiscolaclusions have been applied t o an analysis of the
proposal to form colleciive bargaining units for professional
engineers. H e supports the p s i t i o n of President Nold and
many other members of N.S.P.E. wha believe that an apprenticeship in a large labor organizationonlystrengthenstbe
young enginem in his b r s u i t of professional status and ultima’e affiliation w i t h a professional study.
About a year ago, I was asked t o answerthis question“What will I get out of the Society if I join it?” My answer
a t thattime was--“Not a damnthingmorethanyouput
been
intoit.”That
is still my answer. Incidentally,Ihave
criticized for making that profane and undignified statement,
but I continue to make it becauseIbelieve it is a clear and
arrestingexpression of a profound truth. I know it sums up
my experience, notonlyinthis
Society but in all my other
activities.
“What will I get out of the Society if I join it?” Frankly,
gentlemen, nothing-if
you approach i t in t h a t spirit. Elaborating my answer I expressed the conviction that membership
in an organization such as N.S.P.E. is an opportunity for serI still think so
vice ratherthan a placein the breadline.
and I have been heartened by the continuing evidences t h a t I
am not alone in this conviction. For example, President Harry
E. Nold of the National Society put it this way in an address
before the Minnesota Society last June. H e said, “Membership
and work in the
Societyshould be approached in a spirit of
service; service to the public and service to the profession. I t
should’ be recognized that the value of such service cannot be
measured interms of increaseddollars inthepockets of the
engineers renderingsuch
service. We engineersare
just as
selfish as other human beings. The instinct of self-preservation
and economic improvement is strong, and rightly so, but we
must recognize that, to a large extent, the work we are doing
today is going to help the next generation of engineers, rather
than ourselves. We must be willing t o do much work for our
profession, acceptinginpayment,thesatisfaction
of having
To these remarks of ourNadonesomethingworthwhile.”
tionalPresident, I wholeheartedly subscribe.
MANUFACTURERS OF
ALL DESCRIPTIONS OF WIRE ROPES
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24
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VANCOUVER, B. C.
T H E GRADUATE CHRONICLE
an opinion as I have been bya numberofengineers,
a t the
present time I am constrained to tell them t h a t I believe the
experiment is foredoomed to fail because i t is SO unrealistic.
This is a curious commentary to make on the work of engineers whopresumably
are, bytrainingandinheritance,the
world’shardest-boiled realists. Canit bepossible t h a t their
realism is confined to the field of physicalphenomena
and
thct it does not extend into the realms of social and political
action?Inspite
of current evidence to the contrary, I hope
the answer to this question is in the negative.
Whatdo ImeanwhenIdescribethe
above notedcollectivebargainingplan
as unrealistic?Well, for example,do
you remember the so-called “company unions” and what happened to them?Who provided the real financialsupport of
You willrememberthedues
thecompanyunionandwhy?
were very nominal. Who is to provide the real financial support,indirect to be sure, of the localcommitteesunderthe
plan in ques:ion. Again, the dues of the supposed beneficiaries
of theplanareverynominal.Iwon’t
ask whybut some
governmentagency is sureto,sooner or later. I t is difficult
to makealtruisticanswersconvincing
to skeptics, especially
whenthe people furnishingthemoneyareinpartmembers
of that class which is clearly ineligible for the benefils of collectivebargaining.But
suppose there is no difficultyonthis
point, does anyonereally believe thattheverynominal
fees
proposed plus the indirect support in the form of several agents
for the whole country, can
suffice to holdthelineagainsta
union which h.as i t s heart set on organizing a given plant?
I do not pretend to be an expert on theexistingfederal
legislationregardingcollectivebargaining
but I haveexperitnceditin
some of itsworkingsand
I haveobserved it in
others and one thing
seems to be reasonably clear and clearly
reasonable. Theexactnature
of theindividual’sworkina
particular organization is a principal factor in determining his
eligibility for collectivebargaining. Is he working a t a trade
or is he working in a responsible professional of supervisory
capacity?Anyoneconnecteddirectlyandperhapsevenindirectly wi.h the management of an enterprise is usually not
considered eligible for collective bargaining.
So far as collectivebargaining is concerned,professional
status depends not upon the possessionof credentials to that
effect but rather upon the nature of the work performed. You
and I know thlt many licensed practitioners are working and
always will work in sub-professional or non-professional capacities. When they are so engaged they will undoubtedly continue to be under pressure to affiliate with the particular collectivebargainingunitintheirworklocation.
I t seems to
me this is something about which we should not become undulyexcited.Collectivebargaining
is not necessarily something evil. It is intended to, and does in most cases, perform
ausefuland
necessary function.As
a practicalproposition,
why shouldn’t everyone eligible for it benefit by it? It seems
If you were to ask me what I have gotten out of being
a member of the Society, I would say that, in addition to the
fundandthe
headaches, the good fellowshipandthehard
work, I have gained an entirely new and a much broader point
of view of our opportunities and our responsibilities as members of aprofession.
It is fromthispoint
of view that I
shall discuss theproblem of Unionizationand its relation to
engineers,aproblemaboutwhichmuch
discussion is being
had in our ranks and about which I have been asked t o speak
to you.
In any consideration of this problem by our chapters, by
our state societies and by our National Society, it seems to me
t o be of paramount importance that our deliberations should
be objectiveratherthanemotionalandthatweshould
deal
with facts rather than with fears. The manner in which we
treat this problem may be the supreme test
of our abili y as
a professional group wisely to handle problems involving other
I may have missed some very conthan physicalphenomena.
structive discussions of the subject but in those I have heard,
emotion seemed t o play too great a part. Nonetheless, I have
faith that engineers, by their training and inheritance, are
essentiallya
group of people morecapable
than the average
human being of taking adetachedobjectiveandlong-range
point of view in theirapproach to problems of this kind. If
we can’t do that,
weshallhave
to stop bragging about our
superiorobjectivityandaboutplacingour
cheif reliance on
a t our conclusions. Can wesuccessfully
factsinarriving
meet this challenge? I believe that we can and that we mus:.
It may perhaps be gratuitous, or even in questionable taste,
of anfor me to comment upon the recently announced plan
other Society of which I have so littlebackgroundand
so
littleinformationat
first hand.Myonlyexcuse
is that so
many seem to be talking about it.
I have read the report of
the Committee and the definition of professional engineering
employees preparedby the Commit:ee and I havelistened in
on some discussions among members of that Society.From
all of this I have an impression, which may
be erroneous, but
which seems to be heldbya
good many members of that
a t without benefit of
Society, that the decisionwasarrived
general open discussion. I have tried to understand that definitionofprofessionalengineering
employees and perhaps with
tounderstandit,but
I believe
f u r t h e r s t d y I shallbeable
one may question the practical administrative value of a definitionwhichrequiressuch
close study. I have been consoled
I have as yet found no one else who could
by the fact that
understandit. Moreover, it is difficult for me to follow the
logic involved in a proposal to set up a union for some people
who don’t want to join a union.
All of us will watch this experiment with interest and
I
hope that we shall watch it with open minds. There is always
a chancethatwemaylearnsomething.But
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tomeutterlyfutileto
hope that aseparateorganization
of
professionalmen,(assuming
thattheorganizationinmind
wasrestricted
to men possessed
of
professionalcredentials
which is not so in the instance under discussion) working in
sub-professional or non-professionaljobscouldhope
toget
anywhere by and for themselves through a small,
unaffiliated,
collective bargaining unit. Things just don’t work that way
in this life. This is one of the cold, hard facts which appears
to have been overlooked. Moreover, it is questionable whether
the government agencies charged with the adjudication of collective bargaining disputes would be inclined to recognize such
independent units. Even if all of these small units were banded toget her in some form of international union, their members wouldnot be impressive. Are we,whopride
ourselves
on being of apractical turn of mind,completelyblind
to
political realities? It may not be out of place to remind ourselves andour colleagues, whoarefearfulthattheymay
be
caughtupincollectivebargaining
processes, of the oldand
soundpoliticaladage,“If
you can’t lick ’em, join ’em.”
the promotion and protection
and of the United States.”
Note that our National Society is a n cducational institua bargaining
tion. Nothing is said or inferred about its being
agencyorapressuregroup.
To be sure,education is a slow
process but it is the only sound method in a democracy. Have
we lost faith in the methods of democracy? I hope not.
It seems to me in discussions of this sort it is good to remind ourselves of the purposes for which we were organized.
This is not to suggest that those purposes may not be amended
as experience indicates to be necessary, but rather that each of
our activities currently entered into should be tested against
our fundamental objectives to guard against the ever-present
danger that we may find
ourselves side-tracked without havingintended to leave themain line. We claim to be aprofession. We aspire to be rankedbythepublicwiththe
learned professions. It seems to be axiomatic that our aspiration can be realized only if we demonstrate by our words and
byouractionsthat
as individualsand
as a groupweare
worthy of professional status.
What is a profession?Webster
defines it; first, as an
occupation that properly involves education or its equivalent,
and mental rather than manual labor and cites as examples the
three learned professions; and second, as an occupation or calling involving special mental and other attainments or
special
disciplineandcites
as examples editing,acting,engineering,
andauthorship.
Manypersonsinthe
several professions have, fromtime
to time,triedtheirhand
at a morecompletedefinition.
Dr.
William E. Wickenden, President of the CaseSchool of Applied Science, in an address deliveredbefore theEngineering
Institute of Canada i n 1941, put it this way:
“What marks off the life of an individual as professional?
First, I think we may say that i t is a type of activity which
is markedlyhighinindividualresponsibilityandwhich
deals
with problems ona.distinctlyintellectualplane.
Second, we
may say that it is a motive of service, as distinct from profit.
joy
Third, is themotive of self-expression, whichimpliesa
and pride in one’s work and a self-imposed standard of workmanshi-ne’s
best. Andfourth, is aconsciousrecognition
of social duty to be accomplished,amongother
means, by
guarding the standards and ideals of one’s profession and adesreem, bysharing
vancing i t in publicunderstandingand
.advances in professionalknowledge,and by rendering gratui-
In thisconnection,it is my opinionthat,inthe
case of
young engineers starting at the bottom of the ladder, it will
of theirtrainingformore
responsible
be a veryusefulpart
positions t o have beena part of a collective bargaining unit
sometime in their career. It willgivethemaninvaluableinhis point of
sightintothe
problems of theworkmanfrom
view andinto his processes of rationalization. If ouryoung
engineers profit from this experience they should be able, later
to reduceindustrialstrife,
so much of
on,verymaterially
which seems to have been due to lack of sympathetic understanding of the other fellow’s problem and point of view.
I nt h e same add,ress by Professor Nold,fromwhich
I
quotedpreviously,he
says thattheNational
Societyshould
“protect for the engineering profession and all members thereof the right of theindividual to contract for his services,”
to the realization that
and that it should “educate engineers
the maintenance of professional status is based on the privilege
and right of the individual to exercise independent judgment
in his work.” H e repeatsthesesameremarksin
his message
on the editorial page of the January, 1944 issue of The AmericanEngineer.
I believe theyaresignificant.
The Preamble to the Constitution of our National Society
states,“TheNationalSociety
of ProfessionalEngineers,recto profession is
ognizing that service to society, to state and
the premise upon which individual opportunity must be builded, does hereby dedicate itself as an educational institution to
1
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to the affairs of men
as a socia land economicinflhencevital
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T H E GRADUATE CHRONICLE
tous public service, in addition to t h a t for ordinary compensation, as a return to society for special advantages of education and status.
“Next, what are the attributes of a group of persons; which
mark off theircorporatelife
as professional in character? I
think we mayplacefirstabody
of knowledge(science)and
of art (skill), held as a common possession and to be extended
byunitedeffort.Next
we may place aneducational process
of distinctive aims and standards, in ordering which the professional group has a recognized responsibility. Third in order
is a standard of qualifications, based oncharacter,training,
and competency, for admission to the professional group. Next
follows a standard of conduct based oncourtesy,hon’or,and
ethics, to guidethepractitionerin
his relations with clients,
colleagues, andthepublic.Fifth,
I should p l x e a rnore or
less formalrecognition of status by one’s colleagues, and less
formalrecognition
of status by one’s colleagues orbythe
state, as a basis of good standing. And finally
:In organization
of the professional group devoted to i t s common advancement
and social duty r.ltherthan the maintenance of an economic
monopoly.”
a profession,Webster defines a tradc as a
Incontrastto
skilled or specialized handicraft, and explains thattheterm
is properly applied to pursuitswhicharedistinguishedfrom
unskilled
labor,
agricultural
employment,
commerce,
the
learned professions, andfinearts.
T h e same authority define.:
a trade union as an organized association of a.orkmen skilled
in any trade or industrial occuption formed for the protectionandpromotion of theircommoninterests,
eypecially the
increase of wages, better conciitions or shorter hours of labor.
Contrast this with our concept of our professional scieLy.
If words are to mean anything in these days of overworked
it would seem t h a t we
superlatives in the Hollywood manner,
canrender a service to ourselves andto t h e public by not
abusingthem.
If thc generallyaccepteddefinition
of a profession fits us, weshould use it. If it does not, if we are a
tradeand if we propose toadoptthepracticesandrnethods
of a trade with respect t o such matters as collective bargaining, let us frankly admit that weare a trade. We cannot be
both. Nor can we longstraddle the issue. A tradecharacteristicallyandperhaps necessJrily takes a short-term view of
itseconomicproblems;
a profession tltkes a long-range vielv
of theseproblems and places its prinury emphJsis on service
to society rather than on t h e immediateeconomicwell-being
of its members.
To quoteWickendenagain,“Theengineer
has been the
pioneer intheprofessionalizing
of industry,and his task is
only begun. Organized labor,
i t seems, is intent upon gaining
a larger voice inthecouncils
of industry; it wan.s t 8 D sitin
when policies are madc and to share in p h n i n g the schedules
of production.Manylabororganizationsnotonly
exercise
also in a position to
adirect voice inmanagement,butarc
accumulate immense surplus funds from fees and dues. These
fundsmay become onc of themajor sources of capital for
investmentsinindustry,makinglaboranimportantstock-
holder as well. If anysuchday
is ahead,themiddleman
of
management who can reconcile the stake of the investor, the
is going t o be the key
worker,thecustomer,andthepublic
man on the team. For that responsibility, the finger of destiny
points to the engineer. This makes it all the more urgent that
the engineer, while using every opportunity to gain a discriminating and even a sympathetic knowledge of the labor movement, should avoid being sucked into it by the lure of a quick
gain in income :md in bargaining power.”
If weare big enoughto seize theopportunitywhich
is
before us, we shall not only render a service to society but we
t h a t degree of publicrecogshall, incidentally thereto, attain
notion and economic welfare to which such service will entitle
.
us ::.
::The American Engirzerr, April, 1944.
Side view of “multi-laminar” wing spar, showing thirteen
laminations,scarfedand
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M.E.I.C., AlEiU. A.I.E.E.
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The Wartime Bureau of Technical Personel
monthly Bulletin
APRIL, 1944
University Science Students Regulations
Althoughthemonth
of Aprilwaslargelydevoted
to
preparation for and writing of final examinations, a considerablenumber of this year's graduating class, other than those
whowere selected for technicalappointmentsintheArmed
Forces,havealreadymadesubstantialprogresstowards
bethe
comingidentifiedwith
essential civilianactivities.By
end of April, some 300 permits had been issued forsuch
employment.
Reports received from the universities indicate that undergraduate students in science andengineeringwerehavingno
difficulty in securing summer employment which would best
aid the war effort and promote the training
of the individual.
Supply and Demand (Technical Personnel 1
With the completion of the third complete year of Bureau
operations it has beenpossible to gather some useful informaof
tion on such subjects
as the factors governing the supply
technical personnel. I t has now been established that additional technical persons are being created by university training a t the rate of about 1700 per annum (1350 men and 350
women). This increase in
the available supply has been completely offset bytheinduction
of anaverage of 1200 per
annumintheArmed
Forces intechnicalcapacity,andthe
death or retirement of some 500 others. This takes no account
of thesubstantialnumberwhohaveenlistedintheArmed
of
i'orces fornon-technicalactivities.Asthetotalnumber
technical persons availabel for civilian activity therefore tends
. o decrease, and as theengineeringandscientificstaffs
of
essential civilian undertakings can be built u p only by diversion fromothercivilian
fields, there is an obvious need for
presenting any avoidable wastage.
It has thus become necessary to scrutinizeevermore
closely on the grounds of priority, such inquiries as have been
received for technical presons. I t is also necessary to take
full advantage of the machinery set up under the Mobilization
2nd Labour Exit Permit regulations to prevent a serious drain
due to persons leaving the country to engage in civilian operations elsewhere.
Monthly Statistics
During the month, 1580 interviewsweregrantedbythe
Bureau staff, 114 questionnaireswere added to the .files, and
644 permits to employ technical personnel were issued.
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T H E GRADUATE CHRONICLE
*
T a m WORM
.
What is therelationshipbetweentheengineer,thearchitectandthesurveyorintownandcountryplanning?This
question was discussed at a conference held a t the Institution
of Civil Engineers recently.
In his openingremarks Mr. hfanzoni, Chief Engineer of
Birmingham, said thatinanyconsideration
of the respective
was
parts to be played byeach of thethreeindividualsit
essential to have a clear understanding of their basic training.
a scientist; much of his
The engineerwasfirstandforemost
work was based on the pure science of mathematics. In consequence his tendency was to be assiduous inthecollection
of factsandinapplyingtothemthemostrecentscientific
knowledge in thesolution of the problem at hand.
The architect was an artist, and art
was necessarily allied
more to imagination than to logic. The function of the architect was the creation
of beauty and its interpretation in the
materials a t his disposal to provideastructurewhichwould
be harmonious in an aesthetic
sense.
Thirdly, the estate surveyor, in addition to certain technical aspects of his training, was usually skilled in business managementand had much to do with the
economics of aplan.
Within the ambit of his control was a range of considerations
quite outside the scientific or the aesthetic.
The craftsman of bygone years usually combined ;ill three
duties.Rapidadvance
inthe scientific use of materials, industrialexpansion,
growingpopulationandtheincreasing
magnitude of workscarried out had led t o specialisation and
an unfortunate division of functions.
Today it was impossible foranyindividualto
be fully
competent in both engineering and architecture, and the problem was further intensified if the aspect of economic management was added.
Townandcountryplanning
had developed into a very
code.
comprehensivesubject.
It was n o longerarestrictive
asa
positive programmefor
Rather it wasbeingregarded
long-term construction, involving all the necessary necessities
of environmentinamoderncommunity.
Thesebegan with
industrial layout, and went through the stages
of regional and
to the design of thefactory,the
local detail, rightdown
dwelling,and the playgroundand even theirfurnishing.In
addition there were the considerations of transport, the utility
services and all
amenities.
A task of suchmagnituderequiredthespecializetion
of
all three professions, and of many more besides.
Occasionally one person of the trio may be found to have
some of the characteristics of the others, but generally speaking the best architects were not good scientists and engineers
made poor architecis. Therefore to get the
best of each aspect
of ascheme close co-operation was needed a t all stages.
Mr. Manzoniillustratedthispointbydescribinghowthe
various“partners”co-operatedintheplanning
of a small
estatenearBirmingham.
In that case the plan arose from considerations which were
purely sociological. The medical officerof healthreported to
thesurveyor
on thecondition
of certainexistinghousing
properties. The surveyor made investigations into the general
extent of property dilapidation in the area and got into touch
with the engineers.
Study of the map showed that the area selectedwasone
which could eaailybe isolated, and a survey of existingconditionsthere was begun.Thiswork
was donebythetown
a completesurvey
planningdepartment,who,aftermaking
of conditionsaboveand below ground, drew up an appreciation of the necessities of the area.
Next the engineers of the road department were brought
in to advise on traffic circulntion.Simultaneouslymatters
of
zoning for industry and residences together with the provision
of open spaceswere consideredby the town planning officer.
Then followed ;I request for detailed consideration by a number of persons an avariety of subjectsdrainage, gas, electricity, water, schools, medical services, etc.-the
various departmentsbeing asked to indicatetheirownrequirementsin
to them.
accordance with a draft road and zoning layout sent
From this point certain legal formalities had to be undertaken and financial considerations had
to be discussed.
The next stage was to hand the plans to the housing architect and he virtually took charge from that juncture, producingwhatmight
be described as a three-dimensional scheme.
Inthissection,
all theformerwork
had to be reviewed in
orderthatthe
whole could be fitteduogether,andcertain
sociological researches were pursuedintomatterssuch
3s
family analysis, income groups, and-a highly important matter-the
expressed wishes of the residents themselves.
The final stlge was the detailed design of buildings, roads
and services and landscape gardening, again involving
full coall the people hitherto consulted.
operativeactionby
In town and country planning projects the most controversial aspect h;ld been concerned with prestige; it centred on
the claim of oneparticular profession to be entrustedwith
the principal role. Mr. Manzer saidhis own opinion was that
it mattered not whether the
chief executive was an engineer,
an architect or ;I surveyor provided he had sufficient knowledge
of these subjects to keep aproperbalancebetweenthem.
a specialized local
Whoever did guide such a team should have
knowledge, sociological andeconomic, if he was to makea
real job of the whole conception and of its details.
In existingconditionsthe best qualifications for leadership
were held by menwho had thoroughtrainingandpractical
experience in one of the three professions and who, in addition,
had opportunitiesforgainingexperience
of theothersand
of the social and economic backgrounds of communities.
The worst xhing that could happen was that members of
the different professions should. cry aloud their own claims by
derogatingtheclaims of theothers.Thatwouldonlyshake
theconfidence of the publicintheirprofessional
leaders.1943.
“The OverseasEngineer,”November,
l
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DR. L. S. KLINCK
ThismonththeUniversity
bids farewell t o amanwho
has guidedher destinies forthe pasttwenty-five years. NO
other man has so long directed the province’s leading educaif anyintheprovince,have
tionalinstitutionandfew,
equalled his great contributions to the education of our people.
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MAIN
Dr. L. S. Klinckfirstcame to the University in 1914 as
professor of agronomy and Dean of the new Faculty of Agriculture. A t that time he was in his thirty-seventh year. Born
1877, hespent his timeuntil
inYorkCounty,Ontario,in
early youth in attending the
local schools and in working on
thefarmownedby
his father.Fromthistraininghe
developed agreatinterest
in scientific farminganddetermined
to go to college to study agriculture.
To raise the money to
;1 small
do so hespent several years as a schoolteacherin
Ontario community.
Theyoungfarmer-studentnextattendedOntarioAgricultural College where he received his B.S.A. degree in biology
in 1903. H e subsequentlytookapositiononthe
staff of
IowaStateCollege
as alecturer,atthe
same timeworking
towards hisM.S.A.
degree which he took in 1905. Shortly
after this he took charge of the cereal husbandry department
at MacdonaldCollege.Thisdepartment
was associated with
McGill University and the young farmer
was appointedpro-
VANCOUVER, B. C.
STREET
~~~
T H E GRADUATE
-
fessor in 1907. In his newposition
he didmuch
research
work in the agricultural field, among this being pioneer work
in Quebec corn and alfalfa.
In 1914 the board of governors of the infant University
of British Columbia brought him west in an advisory capacity.
Dr. F. F. Wesbrookhad been recently appointed as the University’s first president and
his influence on Professor Klinck
was enormous. T o this day Dr. Klinck speaks in the warmest
Dr. Wesbrookpersuaded
his
terms of the firstPresident.
young associate to remainwiththeUniversity
of British
Columbia, advising him to travel extensively in the province.
Thisadvice was takenandhaseversincestoodtherecipient
in good stead.
Following Dr. Wesbrook’s death, Dean Klinck, as he then
191 8, and
was, wasappointed- actingPresidentinOctober,
1919. Since thattimeDr.
was made
President
in
June,
Klinck,having received his D.Sc. in 1920 fromIowaState,
hascarriedon as administrative head of theUniversity.
He
has seen almost all stages of the University’s pioneer development.Indeedinthoseearlyyears
he spentthreesummers
living in a tentinthe
area that is thepresentUniversity
location.
H e has takena wide interestineducationinCanada.In
I924 theUniversity of WesternOntarioconferredanhonorary LL.D. on him. In 1928 he received the Order of Agricultural Merit from the Quebec Government. He
is a member of the Royal Sociery of Canada and in 1930 was made an
Officier de 1’Instruction Publique by the French Government.
The President has always been interested in aiding research
on the campus. Indeed he himself has taken a prominent part
in some of it, such as the development of No. 1 Alfalfa. H e
has led theUniversityinafullscalecooperationwiththe
Canadian government in so far as war research is concerned.
Dr. Klinck‘s work of recent years has been entirely administrative and he has tdken no personal part in the teaching of
his students.However,
he has a t alltimesfollowedapolicy
of obtaining the best possible instructors for the University.
His men have been carefullychosen to fit intothe general
scheme of the University.
is mostinvolvedin
Thework of aUniversitypresident
natureandperhapsone
of the best tributes to thework of
Dr. Klinck lies intherelatively even keel he has keptUniversitylifeonfor
these pasttwenty-five
years. Difficulties
there have been in profusion and mistakes too have been made.
Nevertheless theUniversitymachineryingeneral
has operated well and efficiently.
Onthe occzsion of his retirementDr.Klinck
has been
givenmanyhonoursandtesitmonials.One
of the most outstanding of these was undoubtedly the dinner given for him
by the Vancouver Board of Trade, a t which the Chief Justice
of theSupremeCourt
of BritishColumbia
paid glowing
of Dr.Klinck.The
tribute to theUniversityandthework
leaders of the commercial community of the lower mainland
showed theirinterestintheUniversityatthattime.This
interest by the people of the province is one of the most hearteningmanifestations seen by Dr. Klinck as he leavesoffice.
SPECIALISTS
At the Convocation dinner held in Vancouver in May
of
of
this year Dr. Klinck was made an Honorary Life Member
the Alumni Association of the University of B. C. O n behalf
of the Association Miss Mary Fallis presented. the scrollof
membership, the firstevergrantedbytheAssociation.
t,
:’
When he retires to his new home on the West Shore Dr.
Klinckwillwatchwithgreatinteresttheprogress
of the
University,forheit
was who has guidedherthroughher
days of infancyandyouth.Nowthat
somedegree of maturity has been reached,therewards
of thatearlyguidance
are ready to be taken.
been serving as
LT.-COL. GEORGE B. OKULICH-Has
Canadian military attache at
Moscow for the p a t year1933-M.S.A.1935
was stationed a t Kubyshiev-B.S.A.
-now in Ottawa to confer with government officials.
M a n u f a c t u r e r s of
STEEL FABRICATORS
PRODUCTION SUPPLY COMPANY
IN
CORRECT
LUBRICATION
1272 Richards Street
J U N E , 1944
H e believes t h a t a t longlast the people oftheProvince
itre
awakening t o a realization of how important the University is
and can be to the whole Province if it is used to the full and
given adequate public support.
LESS OIL
LESS OFTEN
Re)rrrrntirg
7hA
+
J h
OILS AND LEATHERS FOR THE INDUSTRIES
MArine 9 8 2 6
WITH
STAY PUT
LUBRICANTS
Vancouver, B. C.
31
-
P. D. MURPHY
D. D. CHISHOLM
T. CONNORS DIAMOND DRILLING
COMPANY LIMITED
744
-
W.Hastings
Street
Vancouver, B. C.
A Success !
Diamond Drill Contractors
PAcific 5953
I
By S. C. TODHUNTER
81x88
COEB BITS OF ALL
U D
DIAXOXD PO“
TOOLS
.-
B. C. Concrete Co. Ltd.
Manufacturers of
Hume Centrifugal Concrete Pipe
for
Sewers. Culverts and Water Supply Lines
Size 6” to 68”
OakStreetand
- Plain or Reinforced
B.C.
77th AvenueVancouver,
Phone LA 0230
GENERAL MACHINEWORK
A N D REPAIRS
SHINGLE MILL MACHINERY
PULP MILL MACHINERY
CANNING MACHINERY
FISH REDUCTION
MACHINERY
TIREVULCANIZING MOULDS
I
Letson & Burpee Ltd.
Machinety Manufacturers and Founders
172 Alexander St.
Vancouver, B. C .
INTERNATIONAL NICKEL
CO.
LICENSEES I N B. C. FOR
NI-HARD AND NI-RESIST
IRON, BRASS,
ALUMINUM
A N D MONEL CASTINGS
ELECTRIC POWER EQUIPMENT
LIMITED
(F. J. BARTHOLOMEW, Pres.)
12 8 5 Homer Street
Vancouver, B. C.
Editor’s Note: OAe of the main Alumni Associationobjectivesatthe
moment is theestablishment
of dormitories on the cambls. In the c a n e of its
investigations into this matter, the Efecutive became
acquuinted with one of the most successful student
endeavors in campus history-the co-operative h o u s ing project. Accordingly we h v e asked Mr. Todhunter,theSecretary-Treasurer
of themovement,
to tell wur readers about the “co-op.”
Theco-operativeboarding
house movementsweptthe
campuses of CanadianandAmericanUniversitiesduringthe
late ’30’s. These residences haveproven so popular that they
arenowpermanentfixturesonalmosteverycampusonthe
continent.
Amongthelargeststudentco-operativeresidencesare
those a t TexasAgriculturalandMechanicalCollege,accommodating 1000; University of California a t Berkeley, operating some of thelargestapartment
houses inthecity;the
houses andacentral
University of Washington,withten
‘kitchen; andtheUniversity
of Idaho, with seven houses.
’3 8-’39 saw thebirth of the
Theuniversity sessionof
co-op idea in the minds of several U.B.C. students who were
batching in an apartment near 10th and Sasamat.‘
Thefollowingyearthesestudents,’with
the help of several campusorganizations, puttheir idea t o a practicaltest
a t U.B.C. Houseby startingthefirstco-operativeresidence
work was divided among the thirteen members.
During the ’40-’41term three men’s and one girls’ houses
wereoperated, the girls’ organizationfunctioningseparately.
In the summer of ’41 a constitution,subsequentlyapproved
by the Registrar of Companies,wasdrawnupandtheUniversity Students Co-operative Association was chartered under
the Companies Act.
Next year the girls’ and men’s organizations amalgamated
a plan of operationwhichprovidedfora
anddecidedupon
maximum of e6ciency of operation and economy. This plan.
modified slightly t o meet changing conditions, is still followed.
At the beginning of theSpringandFalltermsmembers
of each house elect a committee consisting of a house manager,
apurchasingagentandatreasurer.The‘managerorganizes
DELNOR
.
w
POWER PLANT DESIGN
AND CONSTRUCTION
MANUFACTURING A N D REPAIR PLANT
32
Co-operative
Bssociation
FOODS
Seventeen Varieties of Fruits and Vegetables
for All Types of Recipes and Servings
T H E GRADUATE CHRONICLE
tothestudents
of limitedmeans theopportunity of higher
houseactivities,thepurchasingagent
compiles a monthly
education. The members are quiteconfident that they will
groceryorder,andthetreasurercollects
the board revenue.
be able to surmount these problemsandare
doing all in their
Each house also has a house-mother who prepares the evening
power to insure the future success of the University Students
meal and makes day-to-day purchases.
Co-op. Association.
The management of the whole Co-op is in the hands of an
Executive Committee and a Board of Directors. The E X ~ C U tive Committee, consisting of managers from eachhouse and
thesecretary-manager,might
be called theactualgoverning
i t w e are at your sewice”
body. The Board of Directors, made up of five student members andthree
faculty members, is a policy-formillgand
advisory group.
The Association rents houses inthe neighborhood of the
Universitywhich, as nearly as possible, fill therequirements
of a co-op. There are as few rules as possible, and no curfew.
UNDER
DLANT AC
NH
Dl N G E S
each
Everyone is assigned approximately 30 minutes’work
NEW
BUILDINGS
CONSTRUCTION
day,rangingfrommakinglunchesandwashing
dishes to
Sea Island;
Sorg Pulp Co.Ltd.,Port
MelR.C.A.F.Buildings,
stoking the furnace.
loa; B. c‘
Paper cO’
H.M.C.S.Discovery,
Deadrnm’s
Large-scale buying allows the co-op toAlice.
keep the costs
Port well
Ltd.,
Island.
down, and this year the houses were able to offerboard and
room for $26 monthly, in spite of the rise in cost of living.
150 West First Avenue
Vancouver,
B. C.
Operating profits or losses are shared equally by
the members,
althoughliability
is limited to the amount of shares purchased. Each student, upon joining the Association, is obliged
to buy. ten shares a t onedollarpershare.Thesesharesform
ESTAELIIPHED 1912
theworkingcapital
of the Association andare used to purchase furniture and equipment.
In orderthat
members of various houses may become
acquainted, two students go twice monthly from eachhouse
MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
as dinner guests to another house. It has become the custom,
AND MANUFACTURERS
too, for the Co-op in the course
of the year to have two or
Mechanical Handling, Power Transmission and
three “bang-up” parties.
Contractors’ Construction Equipment
has operatedthroughoutthe
Forfour years theCo-op
MALLBABLE AND STEEL COXWYOE CIXAIXL
summermonthsduringwhichtheUniversity
is closed. I t
ROLLEE CEAIW DgTVES
hascatered to out-of-townstudentsandgraduateswho
are
working in Vancouver during the holidays, and to University
B. C . Distributors
Summer Session students.
Belt Chain
Co.
Rex Products
Continuity of operation has proven to be the Achilles heel
of the U.S.C.A. duringwartime.Thehousingshortagein
Vancouver makes itimperative t h a t theCo-op holdshouses
duringthesummerinordertohaveaccommodationinthe
fall.Lastyearthereweremanymoreapplicants
thancould
be accommodated-some
forty being turned away. This is
anunfortunateconditionanddefeatsthe
purpose of the
organization, that is, the provision of inexpensive and excelPrecision Instrument Co.
lent board to as many varsity students as desire it.
are now located in tbeir
The financing of an expansion program has proven to be
New Large and Modern
astumblingblockforthe
co-op. A t present,one house is
Premises a t
being purchasedontheinstallmentplan.
This method of
purchasingwouldprovehighlyunsatisfactoryon
a large
scale. The co-op hopes to build houses ordormitorieswhich
are suited to the particular needs of such an organization. T o
You are cordially invited
financesuchaprogramrequiresmorecapitalthan
t:he stuto drop in and
see u s .
dents themselvesareable to provide. A t present a committee
Same Phone Number:
is working on the problem of raisingcapital for such a venPAcific 6541 I
ture and hopes in the near future to discover ways and means
of meeting this situation.
PRECISION
INSTRUMENT
CO.
The solution of the two precedingdifficultieswillassure
(T.H. RICHARDSON)
1
the co-op a bright future and enable i t to do its share in giving
I Dominion Construction Co.
C. W. Brockley & Co. Ltd.
Announcement
1
569 Richards St. (I
I
~
Manufacturers o f
VALVES AND FITTINGS
Brass,
andIron
Steel
for
Corvettes,Frigates,
Minesweepers,
a d
Cargo Vessels
J U N E , 1944
2
J
WEBB
&
222 Front Street
GIFFORD LIMITED
New Westminster, B. C .
Phone 1026
33
JUSTWHATTHE
Doctor ordered.
DOCTOR ORDERED
Pharnlaciat5 t o d i s p c n x just w h a t thc
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. . . Bring
your next prescription to us.
Georgia Pharmacy limited
Choose a
CHALLENGER
The WATCH that
can “take it”
Shockproof, waterproof,dustproof,non-magnetic
models priced from $ 3 2 . 5 0 .
* * *
VANCOUVEK
MODERN
ENGINEERING CO.
W. F. K E N T
1695 West 5th Avenue
Vancouver, B. C.
sr
SUPPLYING
AIRCRAFT
TOOLS A N D PARTS TO
BOEING AIRCRAFT OF CANADA
34
By JANET WALKER, B.A.
HOVELS
U.B.C.INVADES
H e workedinautomobileandtireplants,and
as a salesman,anelectricalandmaintenancemanin
a machinecompany,andin
various other jobsacross
thecontinentfrom
Detroit to Los Angeles.
THE CAPITAL
Los Angeles, he met Norine Turner,
When he arrived in
a formerVancouvergirl,who
was attending college down
there. In 1924 they were married.
Inthe lastfew
years greatnumbers of former U.B.C.
people haveliterallyinvaded
Ottawa,our capitalcity.The
seat of government seems t o have exerted a strange fascination
over many graduates of Canada’s most western University and
indeed thenumber of residents of Ottawa who attended U.
B.C. a t one time or another is well up in the hundreds now.
We can by no means make reference to them all in this article
but we have chosen a few a t random in order that the great
body of U.B.C. graduates may see how much of Ottawa has
been “takenover.”
They came to Vancouver on a visit, and
liked it so much
they decided tostay.
“Maybe it was themountains,” says
Pearley.
H e took his junior matric a t Baines, in eight months, and
then went to U.B.C., from which he graduated in 1931 with
a bachelor of arts degree. H e majoredineconomics,
English
and, history.
“I didn’t have much time for any outside activities then,”
says Pearley. “I mas toobusy makingupforlost
time.
The U.B.C. Alumni Association recently held a dinner in
honor of President-elect Norman Mackenzie andabout 125
alumniturnedout.Thedinner
was underthechairmanship
of A b Whiteley, now president of the Ottawa Alumni Branch.
In his daytimeactivities A b is astatistical advisor to the
Department of Labour.Dr.Alan
Peebles, nowwiththe
UnemploymentInsurance
Commission, acted as cheerleader
a t the dinner. Among other
speakers was the popular U.B.C.
professor, F. H. Soward, who is doing important government
work in connection with relations
between the South American countries and Canada.
H e wasarticled tothefirm
of Robertson,Douglasand
Symes, of which he is now a partner,and s’tudied law a t
nights.
Conveyance, corporation, arid estate law is his forte.
Pearley is interestedineverything,although
special hobbies.
he hasno
Reading is one of his chiefdiversions-withnovels,
and
the occasional mystery providing the
leaven for more serious
subjects like social and political reform.
Margot Burgess, a recent visitor t o Vancouver, is a statisOil and Fat Administration of the Wartime
tician with the
Prices and Trade Board. Phyllis Turner, a grad of ’27, has the
really important position of Fats Administrator. Hec Munro
can be seen a t workintheTimberController’sdepartment
and Ross Tolrnie, a grad of ’30, may be foundinthe
legal
department of the IncomeTaxBranch.OzzieDurkin
is a
recent Ottawa arrivaland hecelebrated his arrival by being
married in the capital city.
Music in the lighter vein, not the so called “good music,”
a specialinterest.
is his favorite.Modernpaintingstooare
“Not surrealism, though.”
One of Pearley’s mainambitions
t o Europe.
is totravel,
especially
“Russiahasdefinitelyinfluenced
and is influencingthe
of
lives of all of us,” he says, emphasizingtheimportance
the Russian revolution in the history of the century.
As an antidote to all this serious cogitation, he gardens.
“Victory gardens?” we asked.
“Oh,no,just
roses,” says Pearley, whoapparently had
enough of the vigorouspick and shoveldays before he came
t o Vancouver.
Don Sage, Arts ’40, is with the Army in the historical research branch, and John Pearson, Commerce ’40, and a former
President of the Students’ Council, is an officer a t Ordnance
Headquarters. Bob Green, Sc. ’ 3 3 , is anEngineeringAdvisor
to the British Purchasing Commission.
I
MArine
LAUNDRYANDDRYCLEANING
41 31
SERVICES THAT SATISFY
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INSLEY
KWIK-MIX CONCRETE MIXERS
MORSE DIVING EQUIPMENT
LOGGING, MINING, MUNICIPAL and CONSTRUCTIOK EQUIPMENT
5 8 1 Granville Street
I U N E , 1944
PAcific 8 6 3 0
Vancouver, B. C.
I
I
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35
COMPLETE MINING PLANTS
INTERNATIONAL TRACTORS and POWER UNITS
MANCHA STORAGE BATTERY LOCOMOTIVES
EIMCO LOADERS
HOLMANMININGEQUIPMENT
PETTER DIESEL ENGINES
WHEAT ELECTRICMINER’S LAMPS
$r
Head Ofice
1 5 1 Howe Street
Vancouver, B.C.
CanadaChain & Forge to.
-
LIMITED
MANUFACTURERS
WELDED CHAIN
GRANVILLE ISLAND
VANCOUVER, B. C.
FAIRMONT
12 57
0
75 W. 3rd Ave.
Don Pyle, Arts ’40, is now Acting Secretary of the War
Labour Board, a position
of great importance in our wartime
labour organization. Mr. and Mrs. Henry F. Angus are now
Ottawa residentsandProf.Angushasrecentlybeenmade
economicadvisor to theExternalAffairsBranch.Dr.Hugh
Keenleyside, Department of ExternalAffairs,inOttawa,
is
backafterrepresentingCanada’sinterestsforsometime
in
Newfoundland.
Arnold Powell, ’32, is with the Sales Tax Division of the
Department of National Revenue. Dr. Norman Robertson
is
UnderSecretary of ExternalAffairsand
is one of themost
prominent of our Ottawa representatives.
From a political point of view the University is more than
adequatelyrepresented.
InthePrime
Minister’s office the
position of Second Secretary to the Rt. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie
King is held by James Gibson, former Rhodes’ Scholar from
U.B.C. “Jimmie” has gone farinOttawaafter
a career
whichhas beenpacked full of success. The Hon. Ian Mackenzie, Minister of Pensions and National Health, has recently
the person ofJames
acquired a newAssociateSecretaryin
Macdonald, Arts ’38, a graduate of Osgoode Hall and a forThe Hon.Mr.Coldwell,
C.C.F.
mer
Vancouver
lawyer.
leader, has also picked a U.B.C. man as his secretary.Alex
Macdonald,Arts ’39, holdsthisposition.Alexwasavery
prominentdebator a t U.B.C. in his day, as indeedwas his.
brother Jim mentioned above.
TheNationalFilm
Board has numerous B. C. people in
its ranks. Among these,
two of the more prominent are Dick
Jarvis, former head of thecampusFilmSociety,andJim
Beveridge.
This article has mentioned only a few of the many U.B.C.
people who liveandworkintheshadow
of theParliament
a goodlynumbermoreintheOntario
Buildings.Thereare
to almostdaily.If
cityandtheirnumber
is beingadded
you’re in the East and a bit homesick, just drop up to Ottawa
and walk down Parliament Hill. You’ll probably think you’re
a t Point Grey again.
NorthernConstruction
Company
82
J. W. Stewart Limited
Engineers and General
Contractors
\\
ENGINEERS
MACHINISTS
Tool and Die Makers
Plumbers’ Supplies
Everything in Metal
36
0
736 GRANVILLE ST.
VANCOUVER, B.C.
MArine 4 5 3 5
THE GRADUATE CHRONICLE
Custom Designing andManufacturing
of SpecialEquipmentand
Machinery
for the Basic Industries of western Canada
LOGGING SAWMILL =FISHING =MARINEMINING
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T O MEET CUSTOMER’S REQUIREMENTS
HEAPS ENGINEERING (1940) LIMITED
NEW WESTMINSTER, B. C.
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FIBERGLAS
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Complete mill tests on
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ENGINEERS
567 HORNRY ST.
VANCOUVER
The procedure of rock excavation on big
construction work bymeans
of diamond
drilling is somewhat novel. Drilling and
work onthe
West
blasting of therock
Cutof
the Raft-Finlayson Lake Canals
was planned and carriedout
by
Boyles
Bror. Drilling Co., Ltd., using Boyles Bros.
Diamond Drills. This sub-contract brought
our thefollowingdistinct
advantages for
the Diamond Drilling method:
0 Leaves smooth surface on sidewalls.
0 Excess yardage i s eliminated because
of the absence of overbreak.
0 Level floorat
mary shot.
grade i s assured a t pri-
0 Good powder distribution rends to the
minimum use of explosives.
0 Little secondary breaking is required.
When these factors are taken into consideration, the cost and speed compare
favorably with any othermethodof
rock
excavation.
This i s another instance oftheleading
parttaken
by BoylesBros.
Drilling GI.,
Ltd., i n more effective and wider applications of diamond drilling. Whatever
your
drilling problems, consult your nearest
Boyles Bros. Office.