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WWII
• African American workers began to wield more
influence in the politics of northern cities.
• African American veterans demanded respect for
their service.
• Many northerners had their first real exposure to
segregation when the went into the military or
received training at bases in the South.
• Racial discrimination lost a lot of support after the
Holocaust put it in a different perspective.
The Civil Rights Movement
1950-1968
• In 1947 Jackie
___________________
Robinson joined the
______________________,
Brooklyn Dodgers becoming the first
African American to play major league
baseball. His success fostered pride in African
Americans and paved the way for others to
follow.
Robinson, an experienced athlete
and war veteran, was asked if he
would be able to endure racial
insults without responding. When
Robinson asked if management
wanted a player without enough
guts to fight back, he was told
they wanted one with enough guts
to not fight back.
• After WWII, millions
__________ of people were
ready to demand that the country live up to its
creed that all are __________
equal before the
__________.
law
African American Migration
• Remember the “Great Migration?”
• The demand for industrial workers, coupled with the
manpower shortages caused by the world wars, lured
many African Americans to move from their homes in
the South to Northern cities.
• Once in the North, which lacked many of the
discriminatory laws that oppressed them in the South,
African Americans began to wield more political
influence. Politicians began to find it in their interest to
respond to the community’s demands. FDR found them
a convenient target for weakening the Republican
Party’s traditional sway over the former Union states.
The New Deal
• FDR and New Deal Democrats courted black
votes to win support for their policies.
• The number of African Americans working for
the federal government increased significantly.
• Amidst these cultural changes, the National
_____________ for the Advancement of
Association
__________ People (“__________”)
Colored
NAACP worked
segregationlaws throughout
to challenge _____________
the country.
Plessy v.
• It tried to overturn the 1896 __________
Ferguson decision that allowed
___________
segregation in public places if the facilities
separate but __________.”
were “__________
equal
Homer Plessy
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• In 1951, Oliver Brown sued the school board
KS so his daughter could
in Topeka,
______________,
attend a nearby school for whites. After many
appeals, the case made it to the Supreme
Marshall
Court, with Thurgood
_______________________
arguing the Brown’s case. In 1954, in a
unanimous decision, the Court declared
_____________
school segregation unconstitutional.
Thurgood Marshall
• Their legal defense fund, led by _______________,
achieved many gains. One lawyer in particular,
_____________,
Oliver Hill succeeded in winning more than
_____________
$50 million in higher pay and better facilities
for black students.
Hill (1907-2007), an attorney from
Virginia, often volunteered his
services for civil rights cases
because the plaintiffs could not
afford to pay him. He received
threats to his safety but continued to
practice law for more than 60 years.
School Segregation in the 1940s
• The public’s reaction to the ruling was
__________. While African
_____________________
Americans
mixed
rejoiced, many __________,
whites especially in the
__________,
South reacted with fear and anger.
– Several Southern officials openly opposed
enforcement of the decision, while far more tried
to slow down and prevent implementation while
nominally accepting the ruling.
– Virginia provided an interesting case, since it
actually forbade state funding for integrated
schools (effectively shutting down several
districts) and channeled money to private,
segregated academies until courts intervened.
Case Background
• Oliver Brown was the lead plaintiff in one of
five cases decidedly simultaneously. His
daughter, Linda, was a third grader. She had to
walk six blocks to catch a bus to her
segregated school even though a school for
whites was only seven blocks from her home.
Kansas allowed, but did not
require, school districts to
segregate. This case embarrassed
many who lived in the state.
• In 1960, Ruby Bridges was the first African
American to integrate a Southern elementary
school. She had to be escorted by US
Marshals to her New Orleans school, her father
lost his job, and her family was shunned. Her
experience prompted Norman Rockwell to
paint a tribute.
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90 members of Congress issued a
• More than ___
protest known as the _______________________,
Southern Manifesto
asserting the Court exceeded its constitutional
authority.
– Although most Southern Congressmen supported the
declaration, there were a few prominent nonsignatories. Chief among these was Lyndon Johnson.
KKK also became more active and
• The __________
threatened those who accepted the Court
decision.
• Parks (1912-2005), like
most plaintiffs in the
civil rights cases, was
recruited for this protest
because she would be a
sympathetic plaintiff.
She had worked for civil
rights since the 1940s
and was the Secretary of
her chapter of the
NAACP. She was
arrested and fined a
total of $14 but
appealed.
50,000 blacks in the
• Over the next year, __________
city __________,
walked rode __________,
bicycles or joined
__________
carpools to avoid the buses. Despite losing
money, the company refused to change.
Finally, in __________,
the Court ruled that
1956
bus segregation was unconstitutional.
• Civil rights leaders in the city reacted by
Bus Boycott
organizing the Montgomery
_________________________.
They distributed __________
leaflets announcing the
plan, which called for blacks to avoid the
entire bus system until the company changed
its policy. A 26-year-old minister named
_____________________________
Martin Luther King, Jr. became
the spokesman
_____________ for the entire protest
movement.
– African Americans then constituted about 75% of
the systems’ ridership. Protestors hoped that
economic pressure would yield results.
• In 1955, the nation’s attention shifted to the
AL In
streets of Montgomery,
____________________.
December, ______________
Rosa Parks a seamstress and
member of the NAACP, refused to give up her
seat on a segregated bus when told to do so.
She was arrested
__________ and ordered to stand
trial for breaking the law.
__________
Faubus
• In 1957, Arkansas Governor Orval
________________
order if he
declared he could not keep __________
enforced _____________.
integration He posted
___________________
National
Guard troops at Central High
School in Little
_____________
Rock to prevent
nine
__________
black students who were supposed
to attend that school.
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• Since 1929, the League
__________ of United
__________
Latin American Citizens
(“__________”)
LULAC had been struggling to
achieve equality for Hispanics
___________.
Eisenhower viewed this as a
• President ______________
direct ___________,
challenge so he sent soldiers to
protect the students.
• The group helped finance a case, Delgado
__________ v.
_________________________________,
Bastrop
Ind. School District that
Mexican American
made segregation of __________________
children in __________
Texas illegal.
Delgado v. Bastrop:
The Mexican School
• In 1953, the federal government adopted a
policy known as ______________
termination which
sought to eliminate ______________________
Indian Reservations
and assimilate Native
_____________________
Americans into
mainstream American life. The policy was
eventually reversed.
Reformers thought that
reservations were the
racial ghettoes and that
Natives should be
encouraged to integrate.
They feared the loss of
their cultural identities.
Delgado v. Bastrop: The White School
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National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People - NAACP
Year
Founded
1909
Leaders
W.E.B. DuBois
Purpose or
Focus
Interracial organization that focused on
challenging the laws that prevented African
Americans from exercising their full rights
(especially voting) and pass laws against lynching
Significance Won many lawsuits challenging
segregation, especially in housing and
education
National Urban League
Year
Founded
1911
Leaders
None listed
Assist people moving to
major American cities in
finding homes and jobs
Purpose or
Focus
Significance
Promoted economic
opportunity for relocating
African Americans
Congress of Racial Equality CORE
Year
Founded
1942
Leaders
James Farmer
Interracial group that tried
to bring change through
peaceful confrontation
Played a major role in the
Civil Rights movement
Purpose or
Focus
Significance
Southern Christian Leadership Conference –
SCLC
Year
Founded
1957
Leaders
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Purpose or
Focus
Promote peaceful protests
against racist policies
Under MLK it won many
civil rights victories
Significance
• He graduated from Morehouse
_____________ College in
Atlanta and then __________
Crozer Theological
Seminary in ________________.
Pennsylvania He
ultimately earned a doctorate in theology
__________
from __________
Boston University in __________.
1955
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee –
SNCC
Year
Founded
1960
Leaders
Robert Moses
Purpose or
Focus
To give young African
Americans a greater role
Became a strong and vital
(but increasingly radical)
force
Significance
Atlanta Georgia, in __________,
1929
• Born in __________,
King experienced segregation daily. His father
and grandfather were both prominent
Baptist
preachers
_____________________.
Coretta Scott
• There he met and married ________________.
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• As he became more involved in the civil rights
movement, he was influenced by the beliefs of
______________________.
Mohandas
Gandhi
Gandhi led the movement for
Indian independence from the
British Empire. He recognized
that the Indians would not defeat
the British militarily. Indians
could appeal to the British sense
of justice and morality, however.
King thought that African
Americans could use the same
approach for equal rights.
Bus Boycott
• As a result of his role in the ______________,
King gained national prominence and played a
key role in almost every civil rights event,
including the March on Washington in 1963.
nonviolence
• They shared a philosophy of _____________
as the only way to achieve victory over
_______________.
stronger
foes Those who fight for
__________ must peacefully refuse to obey
justice
______________.
unjust
laws
Nobel Peace Prize in
• He received the ______________________
1964.
• This philosophy resembled American author
__________________________’s
Henry
David Thoreau example in
advocating civil
_____________________.
disobedience
TN in
• He was assassinated in Memphis,
________________
1968.
Thoreau, the famous American
author, once went to jail rather
than pay a tax that would have
helped finance the MexicanAmerican War. Thoreau thought
the war unjust and therefore
paying the tax would have been
tantamount to cooperating with
evil. He went to prison until a
friend paid the tax for him.
James Earl Ray was
• His killer, ___________________,
convicted and died in jail.
Ray (1928-1998) had a prior
criminal record going back
several years before he killed
King. After shooting King he
abandoned his rifle and
binoculars, from which his
fingerprints were lifted. He was
caught and confessed to the crime
but later recanted. He died
maintaining his innocence, but
few believed him.
• What were “sit-ins” and why were they
effective?
– During sit-ins, protestors would occupy an
establishment (usually a business that refused to
serve minorities) and refuse to leave unless they
were served.
– Owners had a few choices. They could have the
protestors arrested for trespassing and risk a
public-relations backlash (especially if it was a
national chain that did business in non-segregated
areas) or allow the protestors to stay, offending
local customers and losing business. Finally, they
could break the law and serve the protestors.
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Robert Kennedysent
• Attorney General ___________________
____________________
federal
marshals for protection and
then pushed for desegregation of all
interstate transportation
______________________________.
Barnett however,
• Governor Ross
________________,
personally blocked him from the admissions
office.
Barnett (1898-1987) had
vowed during his campaign for
governor that no Mississippi
schools would be integrated
under his administration. He
eventually relented under
threat of arrest and a fine of
$10,000 per day of refusal.
• President Kennedy
__________ then sent __________
marshals
to enforce the decision, which caused riots that
required army
______________
troops to restore order.
• In 1960, the Supreme Court expanded its earlier
interstate buses
ban on segregation of __________________.
The following year, SNCC and CORE organized
Rides to test southern
the Freedom
__________________
compliance with that decision.
• The first participants encountered violence in
___________, where their bus was burned and
Alabama
they were beaten. Their journey ended with
arrest in Jackson,
________________,
MS but about
300
protesters continued the protest.
_________________
• In 1962, the Supreme Court ruled that
___________________,
James
Meredith an African American Air
Force Veteran, should be allowed to transfer to the
all-white University
_____________________________.
of Mississippi
Meredith faced significant
adversity at school. He was
ostracized by his fellow
students and suffered
harassment in various
forms. He graduated in
1963 and continued his
activism.
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Shuttlesworth
• In 1963, Reverend Fred
______________________
invited MLK and the SCLC to visit
_____________________,
Birmingham, AL which King
described as “the most segregated
_____________ city in
America.”
• They started with nonviolent protest marches
__________
and __________.
City officials declared them
sit-ins
illegal because they did not have a __________
permit
court injunctionordering
and obtained a ___________________
them to cease. King disobeyed the order and was
arrested by police commissioner ____________.
Bull Connor
Theophilus Eugene Connor (1897-1973)
was an unsuccessful candidate for mayor
and governor but was very active in local
and even national party politics. He was
very aggressive against protestors, even
children, sparking an international protest.
Letter from a Birmingham Jail
Letter from a Birmingham Jail
• April 16, 1963
• MY DEAR FELLOW CLERGYMEN:
• While confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came
across your recent statement calling my present
activities "unwise and untimely." Seldom do I pause to
answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to
answer all the criticisms that cross my desk, my
secretaries would have little time for anything other
than such correspondence in the course of the day, and I
would have no time for constructive work. But since I
feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your
criticisms are sincerely set forth, I want to try to answer
your statements in what I hope will be patient and
reasonable terms.
• You may well ask: "Why direct action? Why sit-ins,
marches and so forth? Isn't negotiation a better path?"
You are quite right in calling, for negotiation. Indeed,
this is the very purpose of direct action. Nonviolent
direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such
a tension that a community which has constantly
refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It
seeks so to dramatize the issue that it can no longer be
ignored. My citing the creation of tension as part of the
work of the nonviolent-resister may sound rather
shocking. But I must confess that I am not afraid of the
word "tension." I have earnestly opposed violent
tension, but there is a type of constructive, nonviolent
tension which is necessary for growth.
Letter from a Birmingham Jail
Letter from a Birmingham Jail
• I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just
as the prophets of the eighth century B.C. left their
villages and carried their "thus saith the Lord" far
beyond the boundaries of their home towns, and just
as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and
carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners
of the Greco-Roman world, so am I.
• We know through painful experience that freedom is
never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be
demanded by the oppressed. Frankly, I have yet to
engage in a direct-action campaign that was "well
timed" in the view of those who have not suffered
unduly from the disease of segregation. For years
now I have heard the word "Wait!" It rings in the ear
of every Negro with piercing familiarity. This
"Wait" has almost always meant 'Never."
Letter from a Birmingham Jail
Letter from a Birmingham Jail
• I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned
about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice
anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are
caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied
in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one
directly, affects all indirectly. Never again can we
afford to live with the narrow, provincial "outside
agitator" idea. Anyone who lives inside the United
States can never be considered an outsider anywhere
within its bounds.
• You express a great deal of anxiety over our willingness
to break laws. This is certainly a legitimate concern.
Since we so diligently urge people to obey the Supreme
Court's decision of 1954 outlawing segregation in the
public schools, at first glance it may seem rather
paradoxical for us consciously to break laws. One may
wonder: "How can you advocate breaking some laws
and obeying others?" The answer lies in the fact that
there are two types of laws: just and unjust. I would be
the first to advocate obeying just laws. One has not only
a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws.
Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey
unjust laws.
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Letter from a Birmingham Jail
• As a senator from Massachusetts, Kennedy
__________ had
voted for civil rights without actively pushing the
issue. During his presidential campaign, however,
he won many African
____________________________
American votes
with bold rhetoric
__________.
• We should never forget that everything Adolf Hitler did
in Germany was "legal" and everything the Hungarian
freedom fighters did in Hungary was "illegal." It was
"illegal" to aid and comfort a Jew in Hitler's Germany.
Even so, I am sure that, had I lived in Germany at the
time, I would have aided and comforted my Jewish
brothers. If today I lived in a Communist country where
certain principles dear to the Christian faith are
suppressed, I would openly advocate disobeying that
country's antireligious laws.
• Yours for the cause of Peace and Brotherhood,
• MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.
• After more than a week, King was
__________. He then decided to let
released
________________
young people join the campaign. More
than __________
900 of them were arrested.
Police used fire
___________
hoses and trained
_____________
police dogs against them, and when they
beat
fell to the ground, police __________
them
before taking them to __________.
jail
• Even those unsympathetic
_________________ to the civil
rights movement were appalled
__________. In the
end, the ____________
protesters won as a committee
was arranged to ______________
desegregate city
facilities.
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2/25/2016
• Once in office, though, he moved slowly on
issues such as fair
______________
housing so as to not
offend Southern
_____________________.
senators He did
appoint many blacks to prominent positions,
including _______________________
Thurgood Marshall as a
Circuit Judge.
Marshall (1908-1993) was previously
highlighted for his NAACP work and
for arguing Brown v. Board of
Education. He eventually became
the first African American Supreme
Court Justice.
• He was deeply disturbed by scenes of racial
violence and embarrassed by them when he met
Soviet leader Khrushchev
with __________
______________.
Americans liked to
lecture the
communists on their
disregard for human
rights (speech,
religion, property,
etc.). The
communists greatly
enjoyed replying
with protests about
segregation.
violence in Birmingham in
• He responded to the
__________________________
Medgar Evers
a televised speech, but hours later ______________,
an NAACP
__________ worker, was murdered.
Evers (1925-1963) was a WWII
veteran and civil rights worker, killed
for his efforts to help African
Americans achieve equal rights. He
advised James Meredith during his
attempt to integrate Ole Miss. He was
buried with full military honors at
Arlington National Cemetary.
Byron De La Beckwith
• The killer, __________________________,
remained unpunished until __________.
1994
De La Beckwith (1920-2001) was
a WWII veteran who became a
salesman after the war. He joined
the White Citizens’ Council after
the Supreme Court ruling in
Brown v. Board of Education. He
was tried twice in 1964 but both
trials ended in hung juries. His
third trial ended in his conviction.
• After this crisis, Kennedy introduced a strong
___________________
Civil
Rights Bill designed to prohibit
______________ in all public
________________,
segregation
places
ban _________________
discrimination wherever
__________________
federal
funding was involved, and
advance school
_________________________.
desegregation
Opponents prevented the bill from coming up
for a vote.
King stood on the steps
of the Lincoln Memorial
and appeared to
extemporize the most
famous lines of his
speech after someone
behind him encouraged
him to talk about “his
dream.”
1963 and
• The march occurred in August
_______________
included more than __________
200,000 people. Some
famous marchers were:
- A. Philip Randolph
- James Baldwin
- Sammy Davis Jr.
- Jackie Robinson
- Joan Baez
- Bob Dylan
• To focus attention and build support for the bill,
__________
MLK proposed a march on
______________. Kennedy feared it would
Washington
alienate Congress
___________ and causeracial
_____________,
violence
but he ultimately embraced the proposal.
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2/25/2016
• Three months after the march, __________
JFK
was assassinated and the bill had not
advanced. President __________
Johnson was eager to
use his skills to pass the bill, which he
mentioned in his first
_______________________.
public address
• As Senate
____________________________
Majority Leader he had
previously passed a civil rights bill in
__________,
1957 and he let Congress know he
would accept no _______________.
compromise Although
Senate opponents delayed passage by engaging
filibuster the bill ultimately passed.
in a __________,
1964 Civil Rights Act
• Title I – banned the use of different voter registration
standards for blacks and whites.
• Title II – prohibited discrimination in public
accommodations, such as motels, restaurants, etc.
• Title VI – allowed the withholding of federal funds
from public or private programs that practice
discrimination.
• Title VII – banned discrimination on the basis of race,
sex, religion, or national origin by employers and
unions; created the Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission to investigate charges of job
discrimination.
• In 1964, civil rights leaders organized a
___________________________
voter
registration drive in
_____________. About 1,000 volunteers,
Mississippi
students
most of whom were college
___________________,
joined in the drive. There were several
80
murders, about __________
mob attacks, and
about __________
1,000 arrests. This period came
to be called Freedom
_____________________.
Summer
• Some Mississippians organized the
Mississippi
Freedom Democratic Party
_____________________________________
and sent delegates to the 1964 Democratic
_____________
National Convention, but they were rejected
after an attempt at compromise by
______________________.
President Johnson
• To help many still struggling for voting rights,
__________
MLK and other leaders decided to
Selma to the state
organize a march from __________
capital of ________________
Montgomery nearly
__________
miles away.
50
troopers on horseback charged
• State
_________________
into the crowd, shocking many people across
the nation.
11
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LBJ put the National
Guard
• __________
__________________
under federal control and sent marshals
__________ and
Army
helicopters
_____________________ to protect the
march. By its end, about __________
25,000
participated.
• In response to this march, __________
LBJ
promised a strong new law to protect
_______________.
voting
rights
24th Amendment,
• Ratification of the __________
which eliminated the poll
__________,
tax also helped
many poor people to exercise their right to
vote.
• His father, a minister who preached the
____________________
“Back
to Africa” message of
___________________,
Marcus
Garvey died young, leaving
the family to live in __________.
ghettos
The family home was burned in 1929, and Earl Little
accused a local white supremacist group. Malcolm
always maintained that his father and three uncles had
been killed by white racists, though given the legal
climate of the time that is hard to verify. His father’s
cause of death was listed as a “streetcar accident.” His
mother later became pregnant with another man who
then abandoned her, causing a nervous breakdown and
commitment to a mental hospital.
• The Voting
______________________________
Rights Act of 1965
allowed federal officials to register
__________ voters
in discriminating areas. It also effectively
ended _______________
literacy tests and other voting
barriers. This helped more than 400,000
__________
African Americans get registered to vote.
• Outside the mainstream
______________ civil rights
movement, more radical
__________ and
__________ leaders emerged. The most
militant
famous of these was Malcolm
______________,
X born
__________________
Malcolm
Little in 1925.
Little (1925-1965) was born in
Omaha, Nebraska. He was the
fourth of seven children born to
his parents. The family moved to
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the year
after his birth.
• He was arrested for burglary
__________ and served
seven years in jail.
__________
Malcolm had done well
in school until
adolescence. He lived
with his sister from the
age of 14 to 21 and was
involved in drugdealing, robbery,
prostitution, and
gambling.
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Nation of Islam to
• In 1964 he left the ___________________
found his own organization, Muslim
_________________.
Mosque, Inc.
– Malcolm upset many people when he seemed to assert
that Kennedy might have deserved to be assassinated.
Elijah Muhammad ordered him not to speak publicly
for 90 days.
– Toward the end of that period, Malcolm announced he
was leaving because the Nation of Islam was now
restricting his ability to advance. He also suggested he
was leaving because of Elijah Muhammad’s sexual
misconduct.
of Islam
• While in jail he joined the Nation
__________________,
a group often called the __________________.
Black Muslims
Led by Elijah
_______________________,
Muhammad they
preached _____________________
Black Separation and identified
their enemy as _______________.
white society
Elijah Muhammad
• Born Elijah Poole in Georgia in 1897, his family
moved to Michigan during WWI in search of factory
work. He was converted to Islam by a man who
disappeared in 1934; Elijah would tell followers that
it was Allah in disguise. Elijah preached that whites
were corrupted humans and devils. He built the
Nation of Islam into an economic and political force
and became involved in many controversies. He had
at least 21 children by multiple women and died in
1975.
• They embraced the concept of ________________,
Black Nationalism
a belief in the separate __________
racial unity
identity and __________
of African Americans.
Elijah Muhammad published a list of 10 demands in
1965. This list is still available on the Nation of Islam
website. It includes the following:
- 4. A separate state or territory for the descendants of
slaves.
- 5. Release of all Muslims from prison.
- 8. Exemption of all blacks from taxation until their
separate state is created.
- 9. Separate schools for boys and girls and only black
teachers for black children.
- 10. Interracial marriage should be prohibited.
• Malcolm X ridiculed other civil rights leaders,
and instead of preaching brotherly
_________________,
love
he rejected ideas of integration
_____________.
– He called MLK a “chump” and described his allies
“stooges” of the white oppressors.
– He called the March on Washington the “Farce on
Washington.”
pilgrimage to
• He also made a _____________
__________
________________.
Mecca in Saudi
Arabia This
experience supposedly changed his views, so
when he returned he was ready to work with
other civil rights leaders and even __________
whites
on some issues.
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2/25/2016
• One leader of SNCC who adopted Malcolm’s
message was Stokely
_______________________.
Carmichael As
he rose in leadership the group became more
__________. He called on SNCC workers to
radical
guns and wanted to reject
carry __________
_________________
white
activists from membership. He
Power”
popularized the idea of “Black
________________.
• The civil rights movement succeeded in repealing
______________________,
de
jure segregation but had more
de facto segregation
difficulty in addressing ____________________.
The former separation resulted from the force of
__________
while the latter resulted from
law
___________________
social
conditions such as poverty.
Carmichael (1941-1998) was an
immigrant from Trinidad who
became active in the Black Panther
Party and then in international
African movements.
1965 however, he was
• In February
_________________,
murdered at a rally in New York.
Malcolm’s killers were
associated with the Nation of
Islam. Many believe they
acted on orders from Elijah
Muhammad.
1966 a new militant
• In the fall of __________,
political party, the Black
__________________
Panthers was
formed by activists Bobby
_______________
Seale and
________________.
Huey
Newton They were inspired by
the words of Mao
_______________
Zedong and believed
that “power flows from the barrel
______________.”
of a gun
Their followers often found themselves in
___________________________________.
violent
encounters with police
Harrisburg v. Lower Paxton Twp.
US Census Bureau (2010 census)
Harrisburg had 49,528 residents
24.8% white (non-Hispanic)
52.4% black
Lower Paxton Township had 47,360 residents
78.8% white
12.2% black
CDSD (Under 18) 11,918 white v. 3,091 black
HSD (Under 18) 1,043 white v. 8,210 black
• In 1964, race riots occurred in Rochester
____________,
New
York and several cities in
____________,
_____________.
New
Jersey In 1965, one of the most
violent riots occurred in Los
______________
Angeles and
6 days By the time the
lasted for __________.
National Guard and local
___________________
_____________
police
finally gained control, __________
had died
34
and more
___________________
than 1,000 were injured.
Violence spread to other cities in __________
1966
and __________.
1967
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2/25/2016
• African Americans then rioted in more than
__________
120 cities, as a result of which nearly
__________
died. It took more than
50
__________
50,000 troops to stop the violence.
• The federal government responded by establishing
National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders
the ______________________________________,
also known as the Kerner
________________________.
Commission
– The Commission produced a report that determined the
rioting was the result of frustration at the lack of
economic opportunity. It advocated better housing,
education, and social-service policies.
– It’s most famous conclusion stated “Our nation is moving
toward two societies, one black, one white – separate and
unequal.”
• In 1968, __________
MLK turned his attention to
__________________
economic
issues in what he called the
_____________________________.
Poor
People’s Campaign He
March on Washington
began planning another __________________
and travelled the country seeking support. At a
stop in Memphis,
________________
TN to support
striking
garbage workers he was
______________________________,
assassinated.
• The movement yielded many victories.
______________ was illegal, and thousands of
Segregation
African Americans were able to __________.
vote
Between 1970 and 1975, the number of
African American officeholders climbed by
88%
__________.
• On March 16, 1968, ___________________
Robert Kennedy
decided to enter the race for the Democratic
presidential nomination, and his chances
LBJ announced he
improved when __________
would not seek the nomination.
• In June, while campaigning in California
____________,
___________________
Robert
Kennedy was assassinated.
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