W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
www.NortonEbooks.com
WORLDS TOGETHER
WO R L D S A PA R T
THIRD EDITION
Robert Tignor, Jeremy Adelman, Stephen Aron,
Peter Brown, Benjamin Elman, Stephen Kotkin,
Xinru Liu, Suzanne Marchand, Holly Pittman,
Gyan Prakash, Brent Shaw, and Michael Tsin
third edition
Worlds Together, W O R L D S A PA R T
Ro b e rt Ti g n o r
Jeremy Adelman
Stephen Aron
Peter Brown
Benjamin Elman
Stephen Kotkin
Xinru Liu
Suzanne Marchand
H o l ly P i t t m a n
Gya n P r a k a s h
B r e n t S h aw
M i c h a e l Ts i n
third edition
Worlds Together, Wo r l d s A p a r t
A H i s t o ry o f t h e Wo r l d f ro m t h e B e g i n n i n g s o f H u m a n k i n d t o t h e P r e s e n t
B
W • W • N O R T O N & C O M PA N Y
N E W YO R K • L O N D O N
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Worlds together, worlds apart : a history of the world from the beginnings of humankind to
the present / Robert Tignor … [et al.]. — 3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-393-93492-2 (hardcover)
1. World history. I. Tignor, Robert L.
D21.W94 2011
909—dc22
2010036837
ISBN 978-0-393-11968-8 (pdf ebook)
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110
wwnorton.com
W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London W1T 3QT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Contents in Brief
C h a pt e r 1
C h a pt e r 2
C h a pt e r 3
C h a pt e r 4
C h a pt e r
C h a pt e r
C h a pt e r
C h a pt e r
C h a pt e r
C h a pt e r
C h a pt e r
C h a pt e r
C h a pt e r
C h a pt e r
C h a pt e r
C h a pt e r
C h a pt e r
C h a pt e r
C h a pt e r
C h a pt e r
C h a pt e r
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Becoming Human 3
R i v e r s, C i t i e s, a n d F i r s t S tat e s, 4 0 0 0 – 2 0 0 0 b c e 4 3
No m a d s, Te r r i to r i a l S tat e s, a n d M i c ro s o c i e t i e s,
2000–1200 bce 85
F i r s t E m p i r e s a n d C o m m o n C u lt u r e s i n A f ro - E u r a s i a ,
1250–325 bce 125
Wo r l d s Tu r n e d I n s i d e O ut, 1 0 0 0 – 3 5 0 b c e 1 6 1
H a n D y na s ty C h i na a n d I m pe r i a l Ro m e, 3 0 0 b c e – 3 0 0 c e 2 0 5
S h r i n k i n g t h e A f ro - E u r a s i a n Wo r l d, 3 5 0 b c e – 2 5 0 c e 2 4 1
Th e R i s e o f U n i v e r s a l R e l i g i o n s, 3 0 0 – 6 0 0 c e 2 8 1
N e w E m p i r e s a n d C o m m o n C u lt u r e s, 6 0 0 – 1 0 0 0 c e 3 2 1
B e c o m i n g “ Th e Wo r l d, ” 1 0 0 0 – 1 3 0 0 c e 3 6 3
C r i s e s a n d R e c ov e ry i n A f ro - E u r a s i a , 1 3 0 0 s – 1 5 0 0 s 4 1 1
C o n tac t, C o m m e rc e, a n d C o lo n i zat i o n, 1 4 5 0 s – 1 6 0 0 4 4 7
Wo r l d s E n ta n g l e d, 1 6 0 0 – 1 7 5 0 4 8 3
C u lt u r e s o f S p l e n d o r a n d Pow e r , 1 5 0 0 – 1 7 8 0 5 2 5
R e o r d e r i n g t h e Wo r l d, 1 7 5 0 – 1 8 5 0 5 6 1
A lt e r nat i v e Vi s i o n s o f t h e N i n e t e e n t h C e n t u ry 5 9 9
Nat i o n s a n d E m p i r e s, 1 8 5 0 – 1 9 1 4 6 3 1
A n U n s e t t l e d Wo r l d, 1 8 9 0 – 1 9 1 4 6 6 9
O f M a s s e s a n d Vi s i o n s o f t h e Mo d e r n, 1 9 1 0 – 1 9 3 9 7 0 7
Th e Th r e e - Wo r l d O r d e r , 1 9 4 0 – 1 9 7 5 7 4 5
G lo b a l i zat i o n, 1 9 7 0 – 2 0 0 0 7 8 5
E p i lo g u e, 2 0 0 1 – Th e P r e s e n t 8 2 3
v
Contents
Preface
The New Edition xxxii
Our Guiding Principles xxxiii
Our Major Themes xxxiv
Overview of Volume One xxxv
Overview of Volume Two xxxvii
Innovative Pedagogical Program, Made Better xxxix
Resources for Instructors xl
Resources for Students xl
Acknowledgments xli
About the Authors xlv
The Geography of the Ancient and Modern Worlds xlviii
z C h a pt e r 1
Becoming Human
P r e c u r s o r s to Mo d e r n H u m a n s
4
Creation Myths and Beliefs 5
Evolutionary Findings and Research Methods 6
Early Hominids and Adaptation 8
The First Humans: Homo Habilis 11
Early Humans on the Move: Migrations of Homo Erectus
Th e F i r s t Mo d e r n H u m a n s
3
13
15
Homo Sapiens and Their Migration 15
Cro-Magnon Homo Sapiens Replace Neanderthals 18
Early Homo Sapiens as Hunters and Gatherers 19
vii
viii
Contents
A rt a n d L a n g uag e
Art 21
Language
21
22
Th e B e g i n n i n g s o f Fo o d P ro du c t i o n
Early Domestication of Plants and Animals
Pastoralists and Agriculturalists 25
24
24
E m e rg e n c e o f Ag r i c u lt u r e i n O t h e r A r e a s
25
Southwest Asia: The Agricultural Revolution Begins 28
East Asia: Rice and Water 28
Europe: Borrowing along Two Pathways 30
The Americas: A Slower Transition to Agriculture 32
Africa: The Race with the Sahara 35
R e vo lut i o n s i n S o c i a l O rga n i zat i o n
Settlement in Villages 36
Men, Women, and Evolving Gender Relations
C o n c lu s i o n
39
Key Te r m s
41
S t u dy Q u e s t i o n s
z
36
39
41
C h a pt e r 2 R i v e r s, C i t i e s, a n d F i r s t
S tat e s, 4 0 0 0 – 2 0 0 0 b c e 4 3
S e t t l e m e n t, Pa s to r a l i s m , a n d Tr a d e
Early Cities along River Basins 45
Smaller Settlements around 3500 BCE
Pastoral Nomadic Communities 48
The Rise of Trade 48
44
45
B e tw e e n t h e Ti g r i s a n d E u p h r at e s R i v e r s :
M e s o pota m i a 4 9
Tapping the Waters 50
Crossroads of Southwest Asia 51
The World’s First Cities 51
Gods and Temples 52
The Palace and Royal Power 53
Social Hierarchy and Families 54
First Writing and Early Texts 54
Spreading Cities and First Territorial States
57
Th e I n du s R i v e r Va l l ey: A Pa r a l l e l C u lt u r e
Harappan City Life
Trade 61
59
58
Contents
“ Th e G i f t o f t h e N i l e ” : E g y pt
62
The Nile River and Its Floodwaters 62
Egypt’s Unique Riverine Culture 63
The Rise of the Egyptian State and Dynasties
Rituals, Pyramids, and Cosmic Order 64
Religion 66
Writing and Scribes 68
The Prosperity of Egypt 69
Later Dynasties and Their Demise 69
64
Th e Ye l low a n d Ya n g z i R i v e r Ba s i n s :
East Asia 71
From Yangshao to Longshan Culture
Liangzhu Culture 75
71
L i f e o n t h e M a rg i n s o f A f ro - E u r a s i a
Aegean Worlds 75
Anatolia 77
Europe: The Western Frontier
C o n c lu s i o n
82
Key Te r m s
83
S t u dy Q u e s t i o n s
z
75
77
83
C h a pt e r 3 No m a d s, Te r r i to r i a l S tat e s,
a n d M i c ro s o c i e t i e s, 2 0 0 0 – 1 2 0 0 b c e 8 5
No m a d i c Mov e m e n t a n d t h e E m e rg e n c e o f
Te r r i to r i a l S tat e s 8 6
Nomadic and Transhumant Migrations 87
The Emergence of Territorial States 90
Th e R i s e o f Te r r i to r i a l S tat e s i n E g y pt a n d
S out h w e s t A s i a 9 1
Egypt 93
Anatolia and the Rise of the Hittites 96
Mesopotamia 96
The Community of Major Powers (1400–1200 BCE)
No m a d s a n d t h e I n du s R i v e r Va l l ey
101
R i s e o f t h e S h a n g S tat e ( 1 6 0 0 – 1 0 4 5 b c e )
State Formation 106
Metalworking, Agriculture, and Tribute 108
Shang Society and Beliefs 110
The Development of Writing in China 110
100
106
ix
x
Contents
Th e S out h Pac i f i c ( 2 5 0 0 b c e – 4 0 0 c e )
111
Seafaring Skills 112
Environment and Culture 112
Microsocieties in the Aegean World 113
Seaborne Trade and Communication 114
Minoan Culture 116
Mycenaean Culture 116
E u ro pe — Th e No rt h e r n Fro n t i e r
E a r ly S tat e s i n t h e A m e r i c a s
C o n c lu s i o n
121
Key Te r m s
122
S t u dy Q u e s t i o n s
z
117
119
122
C h a pt e r 4 F i r s t E m p i r e s a n d
C o m m o n C u lt u r e s i n A f ro - E u r a s i a ,
1250–325 bce 125
Fo rc e s o f U p h e ava l a n d t h e R i s e o f E a r ly E m p i r e s
Pack Camels 127
New Ships 127
Iron 127
Th e N e o - A s s y r i a n E m p i r e
130
Expansion into an Empire 131
Integration and Control of the Empire 132
Assyrian Social Structure and Population 133
The Instability of the Assyrian Empire 135
Th e P e r s i a n E m p i r e
135
The Integration of a Multicultural Empire 136
Zoroastrianism, Ideology, and Social Structure 137
Public Works and Imperial Identity 139
I m pe r i a l Fr i n g e s i n We s t e r n A f ro - E u r a s i a
Migrations and Upheaval 141
Persia and the Greeks 142
The Phoenicians 144
The Israelites and Judah 144
Fou n dat i o n s o f Ve d i c C u lt u r e i n S out h A s i a
(1500–400 bce) 147
Social and Religious Culture
Material Culture 147
Splintered States 148
147
141
126
Contents
Castes in a Stratified Society
Vedic Worlds 150
148
Th e E a r ly Z h ou E m p i r e i n E a s t A s i a ( 1 0 4 5 – 7 7 1 b c e )
Integration Through Dynastic Institutions 152
Zhou Succession and Political Foundations 154
The Zhou “Mandate of Heaven” and the Justification of Power
Social and Economic Transformation 156
Occupational Groups and Family Structures 156
Limits and Decline of Zhou Power 157
C o n c lu s i o n
158
Key Te r m s
159
S t u dy Q u e s t i o n s
z
152
154
159
C h a pt e r 5 Wo r l d s Tu r n e d I n s i d e O ut,
1000–350 bce 161
A lt e r nat i v e Pat h ways a n d I d e a s
E a s t e r n Z h ou C h i na
162
166
The Spring and Autumn Period 166
The Warring States Period 166
New Ideas and the “Hundred Masters” 168
Scholars and the State 169
Innovations in State Administration 169
Innovations in Warfare 171
Economic, Social, and Cultural Changes 172
Th e N e w Wo r l d s o f S out h A s i a
173
The Rise of New Polities 174
Expansion of the Caste System 175
New Cities and an Expanding Economy 176
Brahmans, Their Challengers, and New Beliefs
C o m m o n C u lt u r e s i n t h e A m e r i c a s
177
182
The Chavín in the Andes 182
The Olmecs in Mesoamerica 183
C o m m o n C u lt u r e s i n S u b - S a h a r a n A f r i c a
The Four Zones 188
Nubia: Between Sudanic Africa and Pharaonic Egypt
West African Kingdoms 190
187
189
Wa r r i n g I d e a s i n t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n Wo r l d
New Thinking and New Societies at the Margins
A New World of City-States 193
192
190
xi
xii
Contents
Economic Innovations and Population Movement
New Ideas 196
C o n c lu s i o n
199
Key Te r m s
200
S t u dy Q u e s t i o n s
z
194
201
C h a pt e r 6 S h r i n k i n g t h e A f ro - E u r a s i a n
Wo r l d, 3 5 0 b c e – 2 5 0 c e 2 0 3
Po l i t i c a l E x pa n s i o n a n d C u lt u r a l D i f f u s i o n
Th e E m e rg e n c e o f a C o s m o po l i ta n Wo r l d
204
208
Conquests of Alexander the Great 208
Alexander’s Successors and the Territorial Kingdoms 209
Hellenistic Culture 210
Jewish Resistance to Hellenism 214
The Hellenistic World and the Beginnings of the Roman Empire 214
Carthage 214
Economic Changes: Plantation Slavery and Money-Based Economies 215
C o n v e rg i n g I n f lu e n c e s i n C e n t r a l a n d S out h A s i a
Influences from the Mauryan Empire 217
The Seleucid Empire and Greek Influences 220
The Kingdom of Bactria and the Yavana Kings 220
Nomadic Influences of Parthians and Kushans 223
Th e Tr a n s f o r m at i o n o f B u d d h i s m
224
India as a Spiritual Crossroads 224
The New Buddhism: The Mahayana School
Cultural Integration 227
225
Th e Fo r m at i o n o f t h e S i l k Roa d
228
A New Middle Ground 229
Nomads, Frontiers, and Trade Routes 229
Early Overland Trade and Caravan Cities 229
The Western End of the Silk Road: Palmyra 232
Reaching China along the Silk Road 234
The Spread of Buddhism along the Trade Routes 235
C o m m e rc e o n t h e R e d S e a a n d I n d i a n O c e a n
C o n c lu s i o n
236
Key Te r m s
239
S t u dy Q u e s t i o n s
239
236
216
Contents
z
C h a pt e r 7 H a n D y na s ty C h i na a n d
I m pe r i a l Ro m e, 3 0 0 b c e – 3 0 0 c e 2 4 1
C h i na a n d Ro m e : H ow E m p i r e s A r e B u i lt
242
Empire and Cultural Identity 243
Patterns of Imperial Expansion 243
Th e Q i n D y na s ty
244
Administration and Control 244
Economic and Social Changes 246
Nomads and the Qin along the Northern Frontier
The Qin Debacle 248
Th e H a n D y na s ty
247
250
Foundations of Han Power 250
The New Social Order and the Economy 253
Expansion of the Empire and the Silk Road 257
Social Convulsions and the Usurper 258
Natural Disaster and Rebellion 259
The Later Han Dynasty 259
Th e Ro m a n E m p i r e
261
Foundations of the Roman Empire 261
Emperors, Authoritarian Rule, and Administration
Town and City Life 267
Social and Gender Relations 270
Economy and New Scales of Production 272
Religious Cults and the Rise of Christianity 274
The Limits of Empire 275
C o n c lu s i o n
277
Key Te r m s
278
S t u dy Q u e s t i o n s
z
266
279
C h a pt e r 8 Th e R i s e o f U n i v e r s a l
R e l i g i o n s, 3 0 0 – 6 0 0 c e 2 8 1
U n i v e r s a l R e l i g i o n s a n d C o m m o n C u lt u r e s
E m p i r e s a n d R e l i g i ou s C h a n g e i n We s t e r n
A f ro - E u r a s i a 2 8 6
The Rise and Spread of Christianity
The Christian Empire 291
286
282
xiii
xiv
Contents
The Fall of Rome: A Takeover from the Margins 291
Byzantium, Rome in the East: The Rise of Constantinople
Sasanian Persia 296
Th e S i l k Roa d
294
299
The Sogdians as Lords of the Silk Road
Buddhism on the Silk Road 302
299
Po l i t i c a l a n d R e l i g i ou s C h a n g e i n S out h A s i a
The Transformation of the Buddha 303
The Hindu Transformation 304
A Code of Conduct Instead of an Empire
305
Po l i t i c a l a n d R e l i g i ou s C h a n g e i n E a s t A s i a
Northern and Southern China
Buddhism in China 307
C o n c lu s i o n
317
Key Te r m s
318
S t u dy Q u e s t i o n s
z
306
306
Fa i t h a n d C u lt u r e s i n t h e Wo r l d s A pa rt
Bantus of Sub-Saharan Africa
Mesoamericans 312
303
310
310
319
C h a pt e r 9 N e w E m p i r e s a n d C o m m o n
C u lt u r e s, 6 0 0 – 1 0 0 0 c e 3 2 1
Religions and Empires
322
Th e O r i g i n s a n d S p r e a d o f I s la m
323
A Vision, a Text 324
The Move to Medina 324
Conquests 325
An Empire of Arabs 326
The Abbasid Revolution 327
The Blossoming of Abbasid Culture 330
Islam in a Wider World 332
Opposition within Islam, Shiism, and the Rise of the Fatimids
Agriculture in the Muslim World 338
Th e Ta n g S tat e
340
Agriculture in China 340
Territorial Expansion under the Tang Dynasty
The Army and Imperial Campaigning 340
Organizing an Empire 343
An Economic Revolution 345
340
337
Contents
Accommodating World Religions
The Fall of Tang China 348
E a r ly Ko r e a a n d Ja pa n
346
348
Early Korea 348
Early Japan 349
The Yamato Emperor and the Shinto Origins of the
Japanese Sacred Identity 350
Th e C h r i s t i a n We s t
352
Charlemagne’s Fledgling Empire 352
A Christianity for the North 354
The Age of the Vikings 356
The Survival of the Christian Empire of the East
C o n c lu s i o n
359
Key Te r m s
360
S t u dy Q u e s t i o n s
z
357
361
C h a pt e r 1 0 B e c o m i n g “ Th e Wo r l d, ”
1000–1300 ce 363
C o m m e rc i a l C o n n e c t i o n s
364
Revolutions at Sea 364
Commercial Contacts 365
Global Commercial Hubs 365
S u b - S a h a r a n A f r i c a C o m e s To g e t h e r
369
West Africa and the Mande-Speaking Peoples 369
The Empire of Mali 369
East Africa and the Indian Ocean 372
The Trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean Slave Trade 373
I s la m i n a Ti m e o f Po l i t i c a l Fr ag m e n tat i o n
Becoming the “Middle East” 374
Afro-Eurasian Merchants 375
Diversity and Uniformity in Islam 376
Political Integration and Disintegration 376
What Was Islam? 378
I n d i a a s a C u lt u r a l Mo s a i c
Rajas and Sultans 379
Invasions and Consolidations
What Was India? 380
378
380
S o n g C h i na : I n s i d e r s v e r s u s O uts i d e r s
China’s Economic Progress
Money and Inflation 382
382
382
374
xv
xvi
Contents
New Elites 383
Negotiating with Neighbors
What Was China? 385
384
C h i na ’s N e i g h b o r s A da pt to C h a n g e
385
The Rise of Warriors in Japan 386
Southeast Asia: A Maritime Mosaic 386
C h r i s t i a n E u ro pe
389
Western and Northern Europe 389
Eastern Europe 390
The Russian Lands 391
What Was Christian Europe? 392
Christian Europe on the Move: The Crusades and Iberia
Th e A m e r i c a s
393
396
Andean States 396
Connections to the North
397
Th e Mo n g o l Tr a n s f o r m at i o n o f A f ro - E u r a s i a
Who Were the Mongols? 401
Conquest and Empire 404
Mongols in China 405
Mongol Reverberations in Southeast Asia
The Fall of Baghdad 406
C o n c lu s i o n
407
Key Te r m s
408
S t u dy Q u e s t i o n s
z
401
406
409
C h a pt e r 1 1 C r i s e s a n d R e c ov e ry i n
A f ro - E u r a s i a , 1 3 0 0 – 1 5 0 0 4 1 1
C o l la p s e a n d I n t e g r at i o n
412
The Black Death 412
Rebuilding States 413
I s la m i c D y na s t i e s
417
The Mongol Legacy and the Rise of New Islamic Dynasties
The Rise of the Ottoman Empire 418
The Safavid Empire in Iran 423
The Delhi Sultanate and the Early Mughal Empire 425
We s t e r n C h r i s t e n d o m
428
Reactions, Revolts, and Religion 428
State Building and Economic Recovery 430
Political Consolidation and Trade in Portugal 432
417
Contents
Dynasty Building and Reconquest in Spain 432
The Struggles of France and England, and the Success of Small
States 433
European Identity and the Renaissance 433
M i n g C h i na
436
Chaos and Recovery 436
Centralization under the Ming 437
Religion under the Ming 438
Ming Rulership 440
Trade under the Ming 441
C o n c lu s i o n
443
Key Te r m s
445
S t u dy Q u e s t i o n s
z
445
C h a pt e r 1 2 C o n tac t, C o m m e rc e, a n d
C o lo n i zat i o n, 1 4 5 0 – 1 6 0 0 4 4 7
Th e O l d Tr a d e a n d Th e N e w
448
The Revival of the Chinese Economy 449
The Revival of Indian Ocean Trade 449
Overland Commerce and Ottoman Expansion
451
E u ro pe a n E x p lo r at i o n a n d E x pa n s i o n
The Portuguese in Africa and Asia
Th e At la n t i c Wo r l d
452
453
457
Westward Voyages of Columbus 458
First Encounters 458
First Conquests 459
The Aztec Empire and the Spanish Conquest
The Incas 462
The Columbian Exchange 464
Spain’s Tributary Empire 466
Silver 466
Po rt u ga l ’s N e w Wo r l d C o lo n y
Coastal Enclaves 468
Sugar Plantations 470
Beginnings of the Transatlantic Slave Trade
Th e Tr a n s f o r m at i o n o f E u ro pe
459
468
470
470
The Habsburgs and the Quest for Universal Empire in Europe
Conflict in Europe and the Demise of Universal Empire 471
The Reformation 471
Religious Warfare in Europe 475
471
xvii
xviii
Contents
P ro s pe r i ty i n A s i a
475
Mughal India and Commerce 476
Prosperity in Ming China 478
Asian Relations with Europe 478
C o n c lu s i o n
480
Key Te r m s
481
S t u dy Q u e s t i o n s
z
481
C h a pt e r 1 3 Wo r l d s E n ta n g l e d,
1600–1750 483
E c o n o m i c a n d Po l i t i c a l E f f e c ts o f G lo b a l
C o m m e rc e 4 8 4
Extracting Wealth: Mercantilism
484
N e w C o lo n i e s i n t h e A m e r i c a s
489
Holland’s Trading Colonies 491
France’s Fur-Trading Empire 491
England’s Landed Empire 493
The Plantation Complex in the Caribbean
Th e S lav e Tr a d e a n d A f r i c a
Capturing and Shipping Slaves 495
Slavery’s Gender Imbalance 498
Africa’s New Slave-Supplying Polities
494
495
499
Asia in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth
Centuries 501
The Dutch in Southeast Asia 501
Transformations in Islam 502
From Ming to Qing in China 506
Tokugawa Japan 511
Tr a n s f o r m at i o n s i n E u ro pe
514
Expansion and Dynastic Change in Russia 514
Economic and Political Fluctuations in Western Europe
C o n c lu s i o n
521
Key Te r m s
522
S t u dy Q u e s t i o n s
523
516
Contents
z
C h a pt e r 1 4 C u lt u r e s o f S p l e n d o r a n d
Pow e r , 1 5 0 0 – 1 7 8 0 5 2 5
Tr a d e a n d C u lt u r e
526
C u lt u r e i n t h e I s la m i c Wo r l d
528
The Ottoman Cultural Synthesis 528
Safavid Culture 530
Power and Culture under the Mughals 531
C u lt u r e a n d Po l i t i c s i n E a s t A s i a
536
China: The Challenge of Expansion and Diversity
Cultural Identity and Tokugawa Japan 539
Th e E n l i g h t e n m e n t i n E u ro pe
536
542
Origins of the Enlightenment 543
The New Science 543
Enlightenment Thinkers 545
A f r i c a n C u lt u r a l F lou r i s h i n g
549
The Asante, Oyo, and Benin Cultural Traditions
H y b r i d C u lt u r e s i n t h e A m e r i c a s
Spiritual Encounters 550
The Making of Colonial Cultures
I m pe r i a l i s m i n O c e a n i a
557
Key Te r m s
558
S t u dy Q u e s t i o n s
z
550
552
553
The Scientific Voyages of Captain Cook
Classification and “Race” 556
C o n c lu s i o n
549
553
559
C h a pt e r 1 5 R e o r d e r i n g t h e Wo r l d,
1750–1850 561
R e vo lut i o na ry Tr a n s f o r m at i o n s a n d
N e w L a n g uag e s o f Fr e e d o m 5 6 2
Po l i t i c a l R e o r d e r i n g s
563
The North American War of Independence, 1776–1783 566
The French Revolution, 1789–1799 568
Napoleon’s Empire, 1799–1815 572
Revolutions in the Caribbean and Iberian America 572
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Contents
C h a n g e a n d Tr a d e i n A f r i c a
578
Abolition of the Slave Trade 578
New Trade with Africa 579
Economic Reordering
580
An Industrious Revolution 580
The Industrial Revolution 582
Working and Living 584
P e r s i s t e n c e a n d C h a n g e i n A f ro - E u r a s i a
Revamping the Russian Monarchy 585
Reforming Egypt and the Ottoman Empire
Colonial Reordering in India 589
Persistence of the Qing Empire 591
C o n c lu s i o n
596
Key Te r m s
597
S t u dy Q u e s t i o n s
z
585
586
597
C h a pt e r 1 6 A lt e r nat i v e Vi s i o n s o f t h e
N i n e t e e n t h C e n t u ry 5 9 9
R e ac t i o n s to S o c i a l a n d Po l i t i c a l C h a n g e
600
P ro p h e c y a n d R e v i ta l i zat i o n i n t h e
I s la m i c Wo r l d a n d A f r i c a 6 0 2
Islamic Revitalization 602
Charismatic Military Men in Non-Islamic Africa
P ro p h e c y a n d R e b e l l i o n i n C h i na
605
608
The Dream 609
The Rebellion 610
S o c i a l i s ts a n d R a d i c a ls i n E u ro pe
Restoration and Resistance
Radical Visions 614
612
612
I n s u rg e n c i e s aga i n s t C o lo n i z i n g a n d C e n t r a l i z i n g
S tat e s 6 1 8
Alternative to the Expanding United States: Native American Prophets
Alternative to the Central State: The Caste War of the Yucatan 622
The Rebellion of 1857 in India 624
C o n c lu s i o n
628
Key Te r m s
629
S t u dy Q u e s t i o n s
629
618
Contents
z
C h a pt e r 1 7 Nat i o n s a n d E m p i r e s,
1850–1914 631
C o n s o l i dat i n g Nat i o n s a n d C o n s t ru c t i n g E m p i r e s
632
Building Nationalism 632
Expanding the Empires 633
E x pa n s i o n a n d Nat i o n B u i l d i n g i n t h e A m e r i c a s
634
The United States 634
Canada 638
Latin America 639
C o n s o l i dat i o n o f Nat i o n - S tat e s i n E u ro pe
641
Defining “The Nation” 641
Unification in Germany and in Italy 643
Nation Building and Ethnic Conflict in the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Domestic Discontents in France and Britain 644
I n du s t ry, S c i e n c e, a n d Te c h n o lo g y
643
645
New Materials, Technologies, and Business Practices
Integration of the World Economy 646
645
G lo b a l E x pa n s i o n i s m a n d a n Ag e o f I m pe r i a l i s m
648
India and the Imperial Model 648
Dutch Colonial Rule in Indonesia 650
Colonizing Africa 651
The American Empire 656
Imperialism and Culture 657
P r e s s u r e s o f E x pa n s i o n i n Ja pa n, Ru s s i a , a n d C h i na
Japan’s Transformation and Expansion 658
Russian Transformation and Expansion 661
China under Pressure 664
C o n c lu s i o n
665
Key Te r m s
666
S t u dy Q u e s t i o n s
z
667
C h a pt e r 1 8 A n U n s e t t l e d Wo r l d,
1890–1914 669
P ro g r e s s, U p h e ava l , a n d Mov e m e n t
Peoples in Motion
670
D i s c o n t e n t w i t h I m pe r i a l i s m
Unrest in Africa 675
The Boxer Uprising in China
678
674
670
658
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Contents
Wo r l dw i d e I n s e c u r i t i e s
681
Imperial Rivalries at Home 681
The “Woman Question” 683
Class Conflict in a New Key 687
C u lt u r a l Mo d e r n i s m
690
Popular Culture Comes of Age 690
Modernism in European Culture 692
Cultural Modernism in China 694
R e t h i n k i n g R ac e a n d R e i m ag i n i n g Nat i o n s
695
Nation and Race in North America and Europe 696
Race-Mixing and the Problem of Nationhood in Latin America
Sun Yat-sen and the Making of a Chinese Nation 698
Nationalism and Invented Traditions in India 700
The Pan Movements 702
C o n c lu s i o n
703
Key Te r m s
704
S t u dy Q u e s t i o n s
z
697
705
C h a pt e r 1 9 O f M a s s e s a n d Vi s i o n s o f
t h e Mo d e r n, 1 9 1 0 – 1 9 3 9 7 0 7
Th e Q u e s t f o r t h e Mo d e r n
Th e G r e at Wa r
708
709
The Fighting 710
The Peace Settlement and the Impact of the War
715
M a s s S o c i e ty: C u lt u r e, P ro du c t i o n, a n d C o n s u m pt i o n
Mass Culture 717
Mass Production and Mass Consumption
718
M a s s Po l i t i c s : C o m pe t i n g Vi s i o n s f o r
B u i l d i n g Mo d e r n S tat e s 7 2 1
Liberal Democracy under Pressure 721
Authoritarianism and Mass Mobilization 723
The Hybrid Nature of Latin American Corporatism
Anticolonial Visions of Modern Life 732
C o n c lu s i o n
741
Key Te r m s
742
S t u dy Q u e s t i o n s
743
731
717