Fall of Yugoslavia
Bosnia 1992
BACKGROUND
GUIDE
UNCMUNC VIII
Nov 18-20, 2016
Letter from the Chair
I remember walking through the smoky streets of Sarajevo the summer of 2015, looking up at
the mountains that surrounded the city and the white pillars that clumped together along the mountainsides, with dates ending in 1993, 1994, 1995, all evenly spaced with bodies beneath. I remember
visiting the old luge used in the 1984 Winter Olympics, and how the graffiti covered the broken concrete, a mere fragment of a time of peace, cooperation, and prosperity. I remember the bullet holes
that still appeared on the buildings, decades after they made.
As a child born in January 1996, I narrowly missed the the entirety of the Bosnian War, and
indeed, I knew nothing about it until I visited Croatia with my family in 2014. Our tour guide spoke
of the pain growing up in a war-torn country. The next summer, I found myself with twenty other
UNC students under the tutelage of UNC professor Bob Jenkins, learning through Honors Carolina
the intricacies of the fall of Yugoslavia, the Bosnian conflict, and the role of international powers in
the Balkans. After spending a summer visiting the former Yugoslavia, meeting with various representatives of OSEC, EU, and multiple other groups, and writing a research paper on the privatization
of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, I realized that if one thing was true it was this: Bosnia and
Herzegovina (BiH) was and still is a mess.
I do not mean to offend with that statement. The people were wonderful, kind, and the land
was absolutely stunning. I felt more at home spending one week in Sarajevo than I did after 3 weeks
in Vienna.
What I mean by calling BiH a mess is that the constitution, the end to the bloodshed reached
in Dayton, Ohio in November 1995, did nothing to stop the animosity between the warring groups.
One of the biggest factors contributing to BiH’s current state is nationalism. The Balkan wars were
worst on BiH because it was the most diverse of the republics, holding ethnic Serbs, Croats, and
Bosniaks. The three-way fight, built still into the Dayton Accords, keeps the country from working
together to improve the overall well-being of the country. The divisions leave room for politicians to
take advantage of the system, leading to corruption. The politicians speak of dividing, rather than
unity, and they prey upon the fear of the people to maintain power.
UNCMUNC VIII
International organizations are still present in BiH, although few people probably are aware of it. In
America, after the Dayton Accords ended the bloodshed, BiH moved out of the news and was soon
forgotten. But even when fighting ends, conflict does not, and the stalemate brought about by these
international players continues to have a tremendous effect. Groups like the EU and the OSCE still
actively work to bridge the divide. The project of bringing economic stability is nowhere near completion.
There is a reason why those bullet holes are still visible on the buildings throughout Sarajevo;
nothing has been done. There has been no healing process. So as we explore nationalism and the
conflict resulting from it, take note of the consequences. Realize that it can be effective, but sometimes in terrible ways. Finally, consider this experiment the way I considered the decision to study
abroad: as a chance to explore something new, meet new people, broaden my horizons, and have fun.
Best,
Will Duncan
2
History
The two components of this JCC will be: The Federation (Bosniak and Croat delegates from BiH) and
the International Community (generals and diplomats representing various countries for the UN,
NATO, and the EU).
UNCMUNC VIII
History
Pronounciation Guide (SeCr - English)
j – “y”
Borisav Jović – “Boreesawv Yovich”
c - “ts”
i – “ee”
ž – “zh” (garage)
š – “sh”
č - “ch”
ć – “ch”
đ – “j”
Franjo Tuđman – “Franyo Toojman”
Slobodan Milošević – “Slobodan Miloshevich”
Alija Izetbegović – “Aliyah EEzetbegovich”
Caco – “Tsatso”
Ljubljana - (Lyoob-lyana)
SR-Socialist Republic
SAP-Socialist Autonomous Province
BiH-Bosnia and Herzegovina
CP-Communist Party
A-H - Austria-Hungary (Austro-Hungarian Empire)
Origins and Early History
Slavic tribes probably originated in
Montenegrins all speak mutually intelligible
Central Europe around the 6th Century. They
dialects of Serbo-Croatian. The Croats and Bos-
quickly expanded south throughout much of the
niaks write solely in the Latin script while Serbs
Balkan peninsula and east to the Volga river. The
write in both Latin and Cyrillic letters (named
proto-Slavic language split into three regional
after Saint Cyril [Kirill in Slavic pronunciation],
groups comprising West Slavs, East Slavs, and
a Byzantine Greek who, along with his brother
South Slavs. Poles, Czechs, and Slovaks are the
Methodius, was instrumental in converting Bal-
largest West Slavic groups. Russians, Belaru-
kan Slavs to Christianity from Paganism in the
sians, and Ukrainians are the largest East Slavic
mid-800s and who helped create the early Slavic
groups. The South Slavs who inhabit the Balkan
Glagolitic alphabet which evolved into the mod-
peninsula include speakers of Slovenian, Ser-
ern Cyrillic alphabets).
bo-Croatian/Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian (BCS),
Turkic Bulgars conquered much of the
Macedonian, and Bulgarian. Bosnia & Herzegov-
Balkan peninsula from the Byzantine Empire in
ina (BiH) has three main ethnic groups: Sunni
the 800s. The Bulgars later assimilated into the
Muslim Bosniaks, Catholic Croats, and Eastern
Slavic-speaking populations they conquered and
Orthodox Serbs. Croats, Bosniaks, Serbs, and
now give their name to the Slavic Bulgarians.
4
History
The
Sunni Muslim
Ottoman Turks
began expanding into the
Balkans from
Anatolia in
the mid-1300s.
In 1389 they
fought an epic
battle with the
Serb kingdom
at Kosovo Polje.
Sultan Murad
I and his forces faced off
against Serbian
Serbian populated areas that were once part of
the Bulgarian Empire were re-conquered by the
Byzantines around 900. Serb kingdoms later
gained independence from the Byzantines. The
origin of the Croats is less certain, but they similarly came to inhabit the Balkan peninsula in the
600s. Croats were not part of the Byzantine Empire at the time of the East-West Schism in 1054
and they became Roman Catholic while Serbs
on the other side of the border became Eastern
Orthodox.
Ottoman Era
Prince Lazar
and his army. Both Murad and Lazar died in
the battle, along with the majority of both their
hosts. Serbia was conquered by the Ottoman
Empire soon thereafter. The Battle of Kosovo
Polje is integral to Serbian national identity and
legend. In 1453 Ottoman conquest of the Byzantine Empire was completed with Sultan Murad
II’s conquest of Constantinople.
The Ottoman Empire expanded throughout the 16th and 17th Centuries, reaching the
height of its power in Europe before the 1683
Battle of Vienna. Many Slavs in Bosnia converted
to Islam during this time, as did the majority of
UNCMUNC VIII
History
ethnic Albanians. There were ethnic and reli-
not fulfilled. In 1908, Austria Hungary formally
gious clashes, but religious diversity was largely
annexed BiH. In 1912 the First Balkan War broke
tolerated by the Ottoman government. Ottoman
out, leading to the loss of most remaining Otto-
power declined throughout the 18th and 19th
man territories in Europe, including Albania,
Centuries as the Empire lost wars to neighbors,
Macedonia, and southern Bulgaria/northern
particularly the Russian Empire and, to a lesser
Greece. The Second Balkan War broke out in
extent, the mostly Catholic Austrian Empire,
1913 between a dissatisfied Bulgaria on one side
which controlled the Croat-inhabited Dalmatian
and Serbia, Greece, Romania and the Ottoman
coast. After losing to Russia in 1774, the Ottoman
Empire on the other. The war confirmed Serbian
Empire signed the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainar-
rule over Macedonia.
ji, giving Russia the right to protect Christians
living in Ottoman territory. In 1832, with Western
European support, Greece achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire. Multiple Serbian uprisings against the Ottoman Empire in the
early 1800s led to recognition of the semi-auton-
Nationalism and
Indepedence
omous Principality of Serbia in 1815.
In 1878, the Ottoman Empire lost another war to the Russian Empire and
was forced to allow Austro-Hungarian occupation of BiH and to recognize a fully independent Serbia and
the creation of a semi-autonomous
Bulgaria at the Treaty of San Stefano.
The Treaty originally provided for
the creation of a Greater Bulgaria,
including Macedonia (Bulgarian nationalists considered Macedonians
“Mountain Bulgarians,” while Serbian nationalists considered them
“Mountain Serbs”), but this goal was
6
History
ous wars against the Ottoman
Empire, A-H feared Russian
expansion into the Balkans, and
was especially threatened by
pan-Slavism because the empire
contained so many Slavic-majority regions. Unlike pan-Slavism,
which advocated union of all
Slavic peoples, Yugoslavism
advocated the union of all South
Slavs, including Bulgarians. Serb
nationalism proved most threatening to A-H as it expanded
Europe 1938
south through formerly Ottoman lands and annexed BiH.
Nationalism grew in strength in Europe
In 1914 the Serb nationalist Black Hand
throughout the 1800s, threatening multinational
member Gavrilo Princip, who supported Yugo-
empires like Austria-Hungary and the Russian
slav (“South Slav”) independence from the Aus-
Empire. During this time pan-nationalist move-
tro-Hungarian Empire, assassinated Austrian
ments also appeared. Pan-Slavism advocated
Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, sparking
the union of all Slavic peoples; this ideology was
events that led to the First World War, which in
more popular among South Slavs living in the
the Balkans pitted Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria,
Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires and
and the Ottoman Empire against Serbia, Greece,
among Russians and was less popular among
Romania, and the Russian Empire. When the
Poles who felt oppressed by their Slavic Russian
Austro-Hungarian Empire dissolved in 1918,
cousins. Tensions rose between Austria-Hunga-
Serbia was free to expand into South Slav terri-
ry and Russia during the 1800s. Russia tried to
tories once ruled from Vienna. The Kingdom of
quell Polish nationalism within Russian Poland
Serbia merged with Montenegro and incorporat-
but felt that A-H was not doing enough to crack
ed the formerly-Habsburg territories of Slovenia,
down on Polish nationalism across the border
Croatia, BiH, and Vojvodina, becoming the First
in Austrian Poland. As Russia fought victori-
Yugoslavia or the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and
UNCMUNC VIII
History
Slovenes. Not all groups were happy with this
Italy annexed parts of the coast and expanded its
arrangement, and there were moves by Croats in
protectorate in Albania to include ethnic-Alba-
particular for national unity and independence.
nian Kosovo, while Germany annexed Slovenia,
Occupation and
the Second
Yugoslavia
The Second World War broke out in Eu-
rope in 1939. Also in 1939, the Banovina of Croatia
was formed to solve the Croatian question in
Yugoslavia. Germany invaded Yugoslavia in 1941,
less than three months prior to the invasion of
the Soviet Union. Yugoslavia was partitioned;
Bulgaria annexed Macedonia, Hungary annexed
the ethnic-Hungarian north in Vojvodina, an
‘independent’ Croatia run by the fascist Ustase
was created, and Serbia itself was put under German occupation. The Ustase ran a campaign of
discrimination and genocide against Serbs living
in its territory as it struggled to achieve an ethnically pure Greater Croatia. Guerilla activity in
former Yugoslavia was primarily done by ethnic
Serb communists living inside independent Croatia (modern-day Croatia and Bosnia). The Red
Army crushed the Nazi armies in Eastern Europe
in 1944-1945, liberating/occupying most of Eastern Europe and the Balkan peninsula. Yugoslav partisans were the only
group in Eastern Europe who liberated their own country with relatively
little help from outside Allied forces.
The Soviet forces that had liberated
Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Eastern Germany,
and Eastern Austria remained in
those territories well after the end of
the war, but there was no Red Army
presence in the re-united Second Yugoslavia run by the Communist Party
of Yugoslavia under the dictator Tito.
8
History
made no efforts to incorporate majority-ethnic
Serb areas in Montenegro, Croatia, and BiH into
Serbia. They also created
two autonomous areas
within the SR Serbia:
Kosovo and Vojvodina.
Kosovo was mostly populated by Sunni Albanians
while Vojvodina had a
very mixed population of
Croats, Serbs, Catholic
Hungarians, Orthodox
Europe 1942
Tito
In 1948 Tito and Stalin split, partly due
to continued assassination attempts by Stalin
agents against Tito. Yugoslavia pursued neutrality between the West and East in foreign policy
throughout the Cold War period, joining neither
NATO (est. 1949) nor the Warsaw Pact (est. 1955).
Inside Yugoslavia, Tito advocated Brotherhood
and Unity (Bratstvo i Jedinstvo) between all the
peoples of Yugoslavia. Unlike the first Yugoslavia,
Communist Yugoslavia was a federation; it included the Socialist Republics of Slovenia, Croatia, BiH, Montenegro, Serbia, and Macedonia.
The Communist Party, wary of Serb nationalism,
Romanians, and other
groups. These autonomous regions had effective
veto power over legislation meant to affect the
whole of SR Serbia since the adoption of the
fourth Yugoslav Constitution in 1974. This caused
political deadlock in Serbia throughout the late
1970s and the 1980s because, among other things,
it gave Kosovo and Vojvodina increased veto power in Serbian Parliament. Belgrade continued to
simultaneously be the capital of SR Serbia and
Yugoslavia as a whole.
Democratization
and Resurgence
of Nationalism
UNCMUNC VIII
History
Josip Broz Tito died in 1980
and was succeeded as president by a
number of short-reigning CP members of various ethnicities throughout the 1980s. During this time,
nationalism began to resurface in
Yugoslavia. AR Kosovo experienced
ethnic tension between Albanians
and the declining Serb population
there. Some Kosovar Albanians
wanted Kosovo to become part of a
Greater Albania while others wanted to increase or maintain their autonomy. Serbs viewed Kosovo as an
integral part of Serbia – the region
contained ancient Orthodox monasteries and was the site of the 1389
Battle at Kosovo Polje.
CP official Slobodan Milošević traveled to Kosovo in 1988 to address a
crowd of Serb nationalists who claimed Kosovar Albanians were making life unbearable for
Serbs living in Kosovo. With the absence of Tito,
who repressed any idea of nationalism during
his time in power, Milošević was able to begin a
movement that put Serbian nationalism at the
forefront. Rather than quell the crowd’s anger,
he agreed to meet with the nationalists, giving
them a sense of credibility. While the meeting
was taking place, a fight started outside between
the ethnic Albanians and the ethnic Serbs. The
Serbs began throwing rocks at the police and
claimed that the police were attacking them. Milošević went outside to address the crowd, saying
“you will not be beaten again.”
A few days later, Milošević led a meeting
with Serbia’s top leaders, in which he ousted the
Serbian President Ivan Stambolić’s close ally
who spoke against Milošević. His movement
spread from there to Vojvodina, where, backed
by an angry crowd, he called for the resignation
of opposing party leaders. Successful there, he
next placed pressure on leaders in Montenegro
to resign and replaced them as well with Serbian
nationalists. Milošević tried to get power to quell
10
History
Kosovar Albanians’ protests by orchestrating
led by the nationalist Milošević. Kucan still led
a rally in Belgrade. The pressure of the angry
Slovenia, but Croat nationalist Franjo Tudjman
Serbs swayed the Yugoslavian President Raif
won power over the new communist party in
Dizdarević to tell party leaders to give Milošević
Croatia. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the three
power of the Yugoslav army in Kosovo.
main parties were the HDZ, the Party of Dem-
ocratic Action, led by ethnic Bosniaks, and the
The Yugoslav army started going after the
Slovenian press company Mladina for publish-
Serbian Democratic Party. Radovan Karadžić
ing anti-Serb information and a transcript of a
co-founded the Serbian Democratic Party, and in
Yugoslav CP meeting. Slovenian President Milan
this committee, will be considered the leader of
Kucan proposed changing the Slovenian consti-
the party as well.
tution to keep Serbia from taking control of his
On June 25, 1991, Croatia and Slovenia both de-
republic. When Milošević tried to get the ethnic
clared independence from Yugoslavia. The 1992
Serbs to rally in Slovenia to do essentially what
Bosnian Conflict committee will begin on June
was done in Montenegro, Kosovo, and Vojvodina,
26, 1991.
Croatia prevented the ethnic Serbs from crossing
their border to get to Slovenia.
On January 20-22 1990, the Yugoslav Com-
munist Party held a Congress to crush the Slovenes’ proposed amendments. Because Serbia
controlled so many votes, rejecting the amendments was easy. At the end of the voting session,
however, the Slovenes got up and announced
that they were leaving the Yugoslav Communist
Party. The Croat delegates, unwilling to accept
a Yugoslav party without the Slovenes, also left.
The Yugoslav party subsequently dissolved.
In April of 1990, Slovenia and Croatia had
elections where the Democratic Opposition in
Slovenia (DEMOS) and the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) won the majority respectively.
Meanwhile, Serbia in December 1990 turned
power over to the Socialist Party of Serbia, still
UNCMUNC VIII
History
Blue = Catholic Green = Sunni Muslim
Purple=Protestant
Red=Eastern Orthodox
12
Aspects of JCC to Consider
Economy and
Productivity
Since most individuals will be focused
on the war, money will play a more subtle role,
although that does not limit its importance and
influence. The mere presence of the war leaves
open opportunities for using money in ways that
would normally be scrutinized by the public.
However, if money is not used well, it can easily
cost you the war.
The more unrest within your region will
result in more displaced persons. Not only does
this affect the region and lower productivity, but
refugees can also cause crises elsewhere as they
flood into neighboring countries. Sieges can be
particularly brutal because they cut off access for
those within the city for supplies, they shut down
production within the city, and can affect the
amount of support for continued fighting. Troops
cost money, as does moving them, rebuilding
cities, creating barricades, and controlling the
media. Taxes are difficult to acquire when people are dying and being displaced. Money can
also be used as incentives to join the war and to
improve morale.
International communities may also take
economic interest in Bosnia, whether based on
resources or as a place for investment. Although
investing in countries can be risky, if the possible
reward is large enough, it may be worth trying.
Furthermore, cutting off economic supplies for
the other side could help prevent them from
completing their goals as well.
Another important aspect to consider is
what types of weapons are worth investing in.
Planes may be more effective, for instance, but
if Serbians have anti-aircraft weaponry, then
the planes may not be in service long enough to
make the investment worthwhile. Therefore, not
only is understanding your own economic situation important, but so is knowing your enemy’s.
Politics and
Foreign Policy
Weapons, supplies, and other forms of
support are essential to surviving a war. Being
aware of who your allies are can help secure the
things you need. Knowing who to go to for money, for weapons, and for supplies can alter your
dynamic with various individuals and groups. If
word of corruption or war crimes spread, inter-
UNCMUNC VIII
Aspects of JCC to Consider
national communities will face more pressure to
One of the most important players to appeal to
intervene or cease support.
are the Croats. A new Croatian state has been
declared, and they are just north of Bosnia and
The fall of Communist Yugoslavia is in-
credibly important particularly for the security
Herzegovina. There are 600,000 Serbs in Croatia
of Europe. Bosnia’s campaign for independence
that can also affect the actions of Serbia. If in-
could reduce ties with Russia and increase West-
deed a Serbian state is also being created, Bos-
ern ideologies. It will be very difficult, especially
niaks are in a particularly difficult situation, as
when bloodshed starts to occur, for international
their country is split between Bosniaks, Croats,
players to not pick sides. Serbian forces are also
and Serbs, much more so that Croatia. Croats
looking for support at the start of this war, and
need to decide whether to try to take off a slice of
depending on the side chosen, the war could
Bosnia for itself or fight in the communal push
serve as a proxy war between something greater
for independence from Belgrade. The interna-
than Serbs versus Bosniaks. This war can be a
tional community should also take an interest
chance to expand the European community, to
in Croatia’s actions and seek to use influence on
embrace a newer, stronger era. In many ways, the
them as well to achieve their goals. Keep in mind,
international community has a lot at stake with
most people in the world want the conflict to be
this conflict. Each international entity will need
resolved as soon as possible.
the Bosniaks and the international community
Military
to decide how they will react to it. And if they
to find various ways to exercise its influence on
the side they choose to support, and it is up to
do what was wanted, it is up to the international
entity to be more persuasive.
Do not expect the goals of those fighting
the war to align perfectly with those supporting
the war. Decide who you represent and remember it, whether it is yourself, your nationality, a
government, or collection of governments. Try
to gauge what others will accept, what they will
prefer, and what they will reject, and decide how
closely to adhere to what they want.
Having a safe location from which to dis-
cuss action and launch attacks will be important
if you want to maintain control. The conflict begins in the capital of Sarajevo, home to both ethnic Serbs and Bosniaks, and the location of the
major government buildings. Keeping control of
the city not only holds logistic benefits, but also
symbolic ones. If you lose the capital, think of
how that might affect your claim to legitimacy.
However, Sarajevo is not particularly close to
other Bosniak strongholds. Since there are Serbs
14
Aspects of JCC to Consider
in the city, it could easily be a major location of
Delegates representing various organizations
conflict. With limited resources and a war being
may send Crisis notes to see whether a certain
fought throughout the country, knowing where
major action can be accepted by the people they
to deploy troops and which cities to leave to the
represent. If you use troops without permission
Serbs will be of great strategic importance.
from your superiors in the international commit-
tee, major consequences can occur.
Bosnia and Herzegovina is a mountainous
country with few major roadlines. Mobilizing
troops can cause trouble, even without impediments like land mines and roadblocks to navigate through. Consider ways that either mobilize troops faster or that don’t require as much
movement. Supply routes are also important, and
finding ways to deliver them may take international help. The world community tends to react
strongly if people can’t get basic aid supplies, but
weapons may take more nuanced approaches.
Also keep in mind the layout of the coun-
try. Croatia controls the north and the west,
which cuts off any naval supplies. Meanwhile,
Montenegro and Serbia are to the south and east,
and likely where at least some supplies will come
from to support the ethnically Serbian rebels in
Bosnia. (Remember, the rebels are from Bosnia,
but are ethnically Serbian.) The Bosniak forces
will need to be placed in a way that protects their
holdings from all sides.
UN Peacekeepers, NATO, and other in-
ternational forces can be used, but their powers
must not only be consistent with what has been
laid out by the international organizations, but
A Special Note
Genocide and other war crimes were com-
mitted during the conflicts in which this JCC is
set. In any conflict, innocent civilians are usually
killed on all sides and war crimes are often committed. Crimes committed during the conflicts in
former Yugoslavia and in BiH in particular were
especially horrific. Most war crimes, including
use of concentration camps, campaigns of ethnic
cleansing, and acts of genocide were committed
by the military leadership and soldiers of the
VRS (Army of Republika Srpska) against Bosniak
Muslims. It has been decided that out of respect
for the victims and the delicacy of the topic at
hand, these topics may be touched upon by Crisis Committee and reacted to by delegates, but
delegates may not initiate motions, directives, or
crisis committee notes that advocate or order war
crimes to be committed. The normal and more
general military and political aspects of this conflict (including sieges) may of course be touched
upon by delegates and used in creative manners.
must also be agreed upon by the powers within.
UNCMUNC VIII
International Entities
Committee Makeup
The International Entities Committee
more widespread ways than through the EU and
will be made up of Generals and Diplomats
NATO.
representing three major international organi-
Individuals can still send Crisis notes and act
zations: the UN, the EU, and NATO. Directives
on their own and on behalf of their own coun-
can be passed only through these three facets.
try, whether they are Generals or Diplomats.
This means that NATO, the EU, and the UN can
Remember that your actions can and will affect
work separately on directives and will pass them
reelection and even impeachment of your coun-
only between those who represent that faction.
try’s’ leaders. All members are encouraged to
Furthermore, if delegates wish to pass directives
contact individual members of the Bosnia Com-
under the EU or NATO, all eligible members of
mittee as they see fit.
the respective organization that is voting must
vote unanimously. So, for example, if members
focused primarily on NATO and can only vote
Generals (or Secretaries of Defense) are
EU wants to set up a directive for them to create a on NATO actions (except for Russia’s General,
trade embargo, all four members must vote to do
who would only take part in NATO discussions
that. In that case, only members of the EU would
if invited by the other NATO allies). Up until
be affected by that vote.
1991 (the start of the committee), NATO has only
conducted military exercises and has never been
If delegates wish to pass a directive under
the UN, then the vote must pass by over ½ ma-
involved in an active conflict. If NATO Gener-
jority. The UN, in this case, will act as the Secu-
als hope to take military action in Bosnia, they
rity Council. Therefore, Diplomats of Russia,
will have to set up the infrastructure first. In the
USA, and the UK still hold veto power. (China
meantime, they can work with the diplomats
and France’s Diplomats are considered absent so,
of their own country or of others to negotiate
by default, will not count in the vote.) The UN
on behalf of their countries. Generals may also
has generally had a peacekeeping role in most
influence their own countries’ military policies.
international conflicts, and moving away from
that can impact how the world views you. The
can be received with hostility as that previously
UN has limited economic, political, and mili-
has never been an aspect of NATO.
tary power that can be leveraged in effective and
Diplomats (or Secretaries of State) will represent
Remember that moving to military action
16
their countries in more political and economic
ways. They can influence their countries’ foreign
policy and can vote as the UN Security Council.
Diplomats whose countries are in the EU (UK,
Germany, Italy, Spain) can also vote as the EU.
The EU has considerable economic power in
Europe and is seeking to expand its power.
Positions
Positions
UK Diplomat: Lord
Peter Carrington
Born on June 6, 1919, after graduating the
Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, he joined
the Grenadier Guards as second lieutenant. He
became a Military Cross recipient in 1945 for his
service during WWII. Afterwards, he took his
seat in the House of Lords. Soon, he began serving the conservative governments as Parliamen-
UK General: Peter
Inge
tary Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture and
from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, he
tion in the House of Lords, at which point the
Born on August 5, 1935, after graduating
became part of the Green Howards, part of the
British Army, in 1956. He moved up to the rank of
General Officer commanding of the First Corps
in the UK by 1987. Among the places he had been
deployed up to that time include Hong Kong,
Germany, Malaya, and Northern Ireland. While
Food until 1954. He then worked as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Defense until 1956.
From 1964 to 1970 he was Leader of the Opposiconservatives controlled the House of Lords and
he served as British Defence Secretary between
1970 and 1974. Afterwards, he acted as British
Foreign Secretary between 1979 and 1982 and as
the sixth Secretary General of NATO from 1984 to
1988. Lord Carrington is requested to lead diplo-
also commanding troops, he has worked as an
matic talks to end the conflict as soon as possible.
By February of 1992, Mr. Inge became Chief of
out need for bloodshed.
Instructor at Staff College. In 1989, he became the The British Government believes that Yugoslavia
can be broken up by the various republics withCommander of NATO’s Northern Army Group.
the General Staff, which leaves him in charge of
the British Army. His job falls directly under the
Chief of the Defense Staff, who is in charge of all
British Armed Forces. The UK looks to both Mr.
Inge’s vast experience and knowledge to know
how to handle the conflict that is arising.
Russian Diplomat:
Andrei Kozyrev
Originally born in Belgium, he attended
Moscow State Institute for International Relations. After graduating in 1974, he went on to
work for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, eventu-
UNCMUNC VIII
Positions
ally serving as head of the Department of Inter-
Divjak, an ethnic Serb, attended the Mili-
national Organizations. In 1990, he became the
tary Academy in Belgrade from 1956 to 1959, and
Foreign Minister of the Russian Soviet Federative continued his educated at the Ecole d’Eat Major
Socialist Republic, serving under President Boris
in Paris from 1964-5. Finally, he was in the Cadet
Yeltsin. As Russia’s first Foreign Minister, he ad-
Academy in Belgrade, and after his attendance
vocated for the end of the Cold War and support-
there, he continued to serve in the War and
ed increased cooperation between Russia and the Defense Planning School at the Cadet Acadenation’s neighbors. He was a leader in the deci-
my from 1979 to 1981. Divjak became the Deputy
sion to peacefully dissolve the Soviet Union, and
Commander of the Territorial Defense forces of
was a proponent of maintaining good relations
Bosnia and Herzegovina, and oversaw the de-
with the newly independent states of the former
fense of Sarajevo. He strongly supported promot-
Soviet Union.
ing the multiethnic character of the Army. He is
Bosniak: Haris
Silajdzic
one of the few non-Bosniaks remaining in the
Silajdzic served as the Bosnian Foreign
Minister starting in 1990. He was counsellor to
Reis-Ul-Ullema, or the head of the Muslim faith
high ranks of the Army, along with Stjepan Siber,
a Croat.
Bosniak: Ejup Ganic
The founder of the Sarajevo School of Sci-
in Yugoslavia. He graduated in 1971 in Benghazi
ence and Technology, Ganic served in the Presi-
at the Faculty of Arabic and Islamic Studies, and
dency of Bosnia and Herzegovina during the war
spent a year living in Washington for his doctoral
and is second in command to Alija Izetbegovic.
studies on US-Albanian relations. He had a close
He was a member of the Party of Democratic
relationship with Granic, the Croatian Foreign
Action (SDA), with one faction that generally
Minister, and also got along well with the US
looked more to the West for assistance, in oppo-
Envoy, Redman. He was a very large supporter of
sition with the Sandzak faction of the SDA, who
the Muslim faith in Bosnia, and his background
wished to handle the conflict internally. Ganic
in Islamic studies made him one of the largest
was a member of the Sandzak faction, and also
and most well-connected Muslims in the Bos-
identified as a conservatist. He advocated for the
nian government.
Bosniaks to join the Serb side, as he believed that
Bosniak: General
Divjak
Bosniaks are just “Islamized Serbs.”
Bosniak: General
18
Halilovic
Commander Halilovic attended the mil-
itary academy in Belgrade from 1971 to 1974, and
the military school in Zadar where he joined and
became an officer in the Yugoslav People’s Army
(JNA). Between 1980 and the start of the war, he
served in Vinkovci as an Army security officer.
He created the Patriotic League, and planned
the defense of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He has
recently been appointed by Ejup Ganic as the
Commander of the Territorial Defence Staff of
Bosnia and Herzegovina, making him the most
senior Military Commander of the Army of
RBiH. He also acts as a member of the War Presidency, and functions as the Chief of the General Staff. He does not advocate for a peaceful
solution to the conflict; rather, he advocates for a
more brutal end to the war.
Positions
was then appointed as Head of the Training and
Operations Organ of the Territorial Defense of
RBiH after requesting to leave the JNA in 1992.
After working with the TO on arranging security
in RBiH, Delic formed and became president of
the Visoko Tactical Group. He was appointed as
the Acting Head of the Department of Operations Planning and Training of the Army of the
Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Sefer
Halilovic.
Croatia Diplomat:
Pres. Franjo Tuđman
Born in 1922, Franjo Tuđman is the first
President of Croatia following their declaration
of full independence in the summer of 1991 from
Yugoslavia. During World War II he fought with
the Yugoslav Partisans, an anti-Axis resistance
Bosniak: Rasim Delic
group. After the War, he often clashed with the
goslav People’s Army (JNA) in 1967, and served in
multiple times for being involved in anti-com-
Delic began his military career in the Yu-
an artillery division of the JNA based in Sarajevo
from 1971 to 1985. Between September of 1984
and August of 1985, Delic was the Chief of Staff
and Deputy Commander of a joint artillery regiment. He was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel
on 22 December, 1987. Between 1990 and 1992,
he was the Assistant Chief of the Department
for Operational and Training Services in the
command of the JNA 4th Corps in Sarajevo. He
Yugoslavian Communist Party with his outspoken views on Croat nationalism, being arrested
munist propaganda. He helped found the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) in 1990, a political
party that won the first free, democratic elections
in Croatia, ending communist rule in the country. Following the elections, efforts were made to
create a federation of former Yugoslavian states;
with that failure, Croatia declared full independence with Slovenia in 1991. Croatia finds itself in
a struggle for true independence, facing threats
UNCMUNC VIII
Positions
from within and abroad. The Croat people in
coverup for being a nationalist Croat. In March
your country and in Bosnia look directly to you
1991, Boban became the vice president of the
to protect them.
HDZ BiH, but he also became the first president
Croat: Jure Pelivan
of Herzeg-Bosnia in Mostar, a state declared
Mr. Pelivan led the Socialist Republic of Bosnia
does support BiH autonomy, Boban has stated
and Herzegovina as Prime Minister in its final
that, if BiH falls, Herzeg-Bosnia should be “an
days as a part of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia
independent Croatian territory and merged with
and Herzegovina. Before the war he worked ten
the Croatian state, but at a time and at a moment
years in the branch of the National Bank of the
when the Croatian leadership … decides that this
Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in
time and this moment are ripe.”
Livno before moving to Sarajevo and eventually
Croat: Stjepan Kljuić
Born an ethnic Croat in December 1928,
becoming governor of the Bank. He is a member of the Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia
within BiH that is a show of Croatian solidarity
(but still recognizes BiH autonomy). Although he
Mr. Kljuić, a Bosnian Croat, was born in
and Herzegovina (HDZ BiH), and represents the
December 1939 and is a founding member of the
Croat population in BiH’s collective presidency
Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) with Fran-
system. An economist by training, he plays an
jo Tudman. He was president of the Bosnian
integral part in building Bosnia’s economy, and is
branch of the HDZ, until he were pressured out
looked to as an important bridge between ethnic
by the central leadership in Croatia in favor of
Croats and Bosniaks in BiH. His aim is to prevent
Mate Boban, who is more sympathetic to the
the army from causing too much destruction to
Croatian Republic. However, Mr. Kljuić still
its citizens.
serves as a Croat Member of the Presidency of
Croat: Mate Boban
the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and
a Croat within Bosnia and Herzegovina and a
Croat: Jadranko Prlić
Born in February 12, 1940, Mr. Boban is
member of the Croation Democratic Union of
Bosnia and Herzegovina (HDZ BiH). He attend-
argues for supporting a government led by Izetbegovic rather than one based on ethnic identity.
Born in 1959 as a Bosnian Croat, he re-
ed the Faculty of Economics in Zagreb for his
ceived his doctorate from from the Faculty of
college education. He was imprisoned for 2.5
Economics in Sarajevo. He has also recently
years for business fraud which he claims was a
been to America to study economics. In 1988, he
20
became a mayor of the ethnically croatian majority city of Mostar. Afterwards, he served as the
Vice-President of the state Executive Council of
Bosnia and Herzegovina. He also held the position of Acting President of the Bosnia and Herzegovina Government for a short time in 1990. Mr.
Prlić is part of the Croatian Defence Council and
is Prime Minister of the Herzeg-Bosnia government. His focus is on ethnic Croat interests.
Russian General: Pavel
Grachov
Born in 1948, Grachov joined the Airborne
troops in 1965. In 1972 he joined the Communist
Party and commanded parachutist units through
the 1970s. After attending the General Staff
Academy, Grachov was a Soviet General during
the Soviet war in Afghanistan. Grachov became
the First Deputy Minister of Defense during the
breakup of the Soviet Union. A personal friend
of the president of the new Russian Federation,
Boris Yeltsin, Grachov became the Minister of
Defense. He was also accused of being involved
in several military corruption scandals, none
of which have been proven. The Russians are
thought to be the closest allies of the Serbians.
However, they also are currently lacking in the
power they once had, and therefore would prefer
a peace deal while at the same time being able
to demonstrate the power and importance of the
Russian Federation despite the recent collapse.
Positions
Dick Cheney:
Born in 1941, heavy-fisted Cheney was
raised in the Midwest and originally considered
a career in academia. In 1989 however, he was
chosen to be a part of the Cabinet after an impressive career in Congress, where he served as
the House Minority Whip for the Republican
Party. Under President George H.W. Bush, he
served as the Secretary of Defense. During his
time in this position, he was involved with Operation Desert Storm and Operation Just Cause
(Panama). In 1992, as the Bosnian conflict was just
beginning to impact the world stage, he opposed
a strong U.S. intervention, such as ground troops.
However, he expressed interest in providing humanitarian assistance via air.
Richard Holbrooke:
Born 1941, the U.S. diplomat with a back-
ground in military service and investment. He
worked for both President Lyndon B. Johnson
and Jimmy Carter before stepping on as the
American ambassador to Germany for President
Clinton. In regards to the Balkan conflict, the US
sees Mr. Holbrooke as their chief negotiator. The
US’ goal is to end the war quickly and is willing
to use both military and economic means to
bring belligerents to the negotiation table while
trying not to seem like the “police force of the
world” as the US is often perceived. Therefore,
unilateral acts are looked down upon.
UNCMUNC VIII
Positions
Munib Bisic:
1990 elections. He won, along with his rival, Alija
fense minister of the Army of the Republic of
Abdic won more votes, but he did not assume the
Born in 1957, Bosniak Bisic served as de-
Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992, when it was
founded, onwards. Before the war, he was a
political science academic. The army had guns,
artillery, tanks, and anti-aircraft artillery in its
stockpile. He is strongly in support of a unified,
single Bosnian state, rather than one divided
along ethnic lines.
Izetbegovic. When the party members voted for
one of the two Bosniaks to become President, Mr.
role for reasons unknown. Mr. Abdic is popular
in both Belgrade and Zagreb, reinforced by his
own economic interests in the two countries.
France General:
Philippe Morillon
Nijaz Duraković:
doctorate in 1979, working as an academic before
foremost French military academy. In 1974 he
Born in 1949 as a Bosniak, he received his
entering the public sector. Before the Bosnian
war, he was a member of the communist party.
From 1992 onwards, however, he was the founder and president of the Social Democratic Party
(SDP). He is currently a member of the wartime
presidency of BiH. He is considered among his
peers as a humanitarian and as an important
Philippe Morillon was born on 24 October,
1935 in Casablanca, Morocco. In 1956 he graduated from Saint-Cyr military college which is the
finished the Army Staff College, which is focused
on training military officers in the administrative,
staff and policy aspects of their profession. Between 1984 and 1986 he was a military expert in
the National Assembly, which Is the lower house
of the bicameral parliament of France. In 1988 He
was appointed a Member of the National Assem-
contributor to education.
bly Delegation for International Relations. Most
Fikret Abdic:
the United Nations Forces in Bosnia.
Born in September, 1939, he started his ca-
reer as the director of Agrokomerc, an agricultural company to which he brought great economic
success. In 1987, he was imprisoned for alleged
financial improprieties. Afterwards, he joined
the Party of Democratic Action and ran for the
Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the
importantly, in 1992 he became a Commander of
Turkey General: Doğan Güreş
Philippe Morillon was born on 24 October,
1935 in Casablanca, Morocco. In 1956 he graduated from Saint-Cyr military college which is the
22
foremost French military academy. In 1974 he
finished the Army Staff College, which is focused
on training military officers in the administrative,
staff and policy aspects of their profession. Between 1984 and 1986 he was a military expert in
the National Assembly, which Is the lower house
of the bicameral parliament of France. In 1988 He
was appointed a Member of the National Assembly Delegation for International Relations. Most
importantly, in 1992 he became a Commander of
the United Nations Forces in Bosnia.
Germany Diplomat: Hans-Dietrich Genscher (Foreign Minister/Vice Chancellor)
Hans-Dietrich Genscher was born on 21
March, 1927 in Reideburg (Province of Saxony)
what later became Easr Germany. From 1982
until May 1992 he was a Foregn Minister of Germany. In 1991, Genscher successfully pushed for
Germany’s recognition of the Republic of Croatia
in the Croatian War of Independence shortly
after the Serbian attack on Vukovar. After Croatia and Slovenia had declared independence,
Genscher concluded that Yugoslavia could not
be held together, and that republics that wanted
to break from the Serbian-dominated federation
deserved quick diplomatic recognition.
Positions
Greek Diplomat, Foreign Minister: Karolos Papoulias
Karolos Papoulias was born on 4 June,
1929 in Ioannna, Greece. He obtained a law degree from the University of Athens, and a master’s degree from the University of Milan. He was
first elected to the Greek Parliament in 1977. As
president-in-office of the European Union and
member of the contact group for the former Yugoslavia he worked to bring about a resolution of
the crisis in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He signed
the Interim Agreement with the Former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia, aiming at the establishment of better relations between that country
and Greece.
Spain Diplomat: Carlos Westendorp
Carlos Westendorp was born on 7 January,
1937 in Madrid. In 1966, he joined the Spanish
Diplomatic Service. Between 1979 and 1985 at the
Ministry of European Affairs, he successively
served as Advisor to the Minister, as Head of the
Minister’s Private Office and as Secretary General. In 1986, when Spain joined the European
Communities, he was appointed its first Ambassador Permanent Representative. From 1991
to 1995 he was Spain’s Secretary of State for the
European Union.
UNCMUNC VIII
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24
Ethnic Makeups
Ethnic map Yugoslavia before wars
Pink - Slovene
Purple - Macedonian
Orange - Croat
Blue - Serb
Green - Bosniak
Light Brown - Bulgarian
Non-Slavic Groups:
Dark Brown Albanian
Yellow-Green - Hungarian/Magyar
In Vojvodina: Magyars, Croats, Serbs, Slovaks, Czechs, Roma
Slovenia
Capital: Ljubljana
Second City: Maribor
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Capital: Zagreb. Split is largest port.
Vukovar: mixed city on border with Serbia
Croatia
Capital: Sarajevo.
Banja Luka: Northwest of country, largest
majority-Serb city.
Mostar: Mixed Croat-Bosniak, south
Montenegro
Capital: Podgorica (Podgoritsa). Population
of Serbs and Montenegrins (also Orthodox,,
speak Serbo-Croatian, different identity partly due to history of previously independent
Montenegro before WWI). Strong political
and cultural ties to Serbia. Only coastal area
populated by Serbs.
Macedonia
Capital: Skopje. Northwest populated mostly
by ethnic Albanians. Mixed Albanian and
Macedonian population in Skopje, mostly
Republics
Macedonians in the rest of the country. Macedonians are Slavic people – a century ago
nationalist Serbs considered them ‘mountain
Serbs’ while nationalist Bulgarians considered them ‘mountain Bulgars.’ Nationalists
from both countries wanted to annex the
region. Greece takes issue with the name
“Macedonia”
Serbia
Capital: Belgrade (Beograd)
Niš: largest city in South
Autonomous Regions in Serbia
Vojvodina
Capital: Novi Sad. Mixed population. Mostly ethnic Serbs and Hungarians. Also Croat,
Romanian, Roma, and Slovak populations.
Formerly part of the Kingdom of Hungary,
lost to Yugoslavia after WWI. Retaken by Axis-aligned Hungary during WWII, returned
to Yugoslavia 1945.
Kosovo
Capital: Priština. Priština, central area and
south mostly populated by Sunni Muslim
ethnic Albanians. Small portion of north
around city of Mitrovica (“Meetroveetsa”)
populated by Serbs.
26
Republics
Srebrenica - 37,000 - B
Žepa - 2,500 - B
Banja Luka - 195,000 - S
Drvar - 17,000 - S
Prijedor - 112,000 - S
Bijelina - 97,000 - S
Zvornik - 81,000 - S
Gacko - 10,000 - S
Višegrad - 21,000 - S
Doboj - 102,000 - S
Livno - 40,000 - C
Neum - 4,000 - C - only coastal town in BiH
Cities in BiH
Sarajevo - 520,000 - B(50%) S(25%) Yugoslav(13%)
Note: Bijelina and Brčko are of extreme strategic
importance to Serbs
C(7%) Other(5%)
Mostar - 126,000 - B(34%) C(34%) S(19%)
Brčko - 87,000 - B(55%) S(20%) Y(13%) C(7%)
Travnik - 70,000 - B(45%) C(37%) S(11%)
Pale - 16,000 - S(70%) B(30%)
Ženica - 145,000 - B
Tuzla - 131,000 - B
Ilidža - 70,000 - B
Bihać - 70,000 - B
Jajce - 45,000 - B
Goražde - 37,000 - B
UNCMUNC VIII
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