RANGE-WIDE STATUS OF BLACK-TAILED AND MULE DEER - 2015.
Mule Deer Working Group. Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to provide a general overview of the current status
of black-tailed and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) population status and general
abundance trends throughout their range in North America. The Mule Deer Working
Group (MDWG) consists of representatives from the 23 state and provincial agencies that
comprise the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA). The
purpose of the MDWG is to provide a collaborative approach to finding solutions to
improve black-tailed and mule deer conservation and management. One of the most
common types of information requested of the MDWG is regarding the general
population status and trajectory of black-tailed and mule deer populations. Stakeholders
are interested in whether mule deer are still declining or in the process of recovering. To
provide a quick snapshot of the status of this species, we assembled this information by
having each agency MDWG representative provide a current population status, as well as
general survey and harvest
information for their respective
jurisdiction. All states and
provinces use very different
methods to survey and estimate
populations parameters and
harvest. Some have more
scientifically rigorous processes
than others, based on their
resources and management needs.
Black-tailed and mule deer
populations are below agency
goals in all but a couple
jurisdictions, however, only a few
are currently declining. Most
states and provinces report their
populations are stable or recently
recovering from previous
declines. The last year has been
favorable with several state and
provincial mule deer populations
showing noticeable improvement.
2
Range-wide Status of Black-tailed Deer and Mule Deer ~ 2015.
Table 1. Range-wide estimation of population size, harvest, and hunter numbers of mule
deer provided by member agencies of WAFWA, 2015.
Alberta
Arizona
British Columbia
California3
4
Colorado
Idaho
Kansas
Montana
Nebraska5
Nevada
New Mexico4
North Dakota6
Oklahoma5
Oregon
Saskatchewan
South Dakota7
Texas
Utah
Washington8
Wyoming
Yukon
1
Estimated
Population1
125,000
90,000 - 100,000
100,000 - 168,000
Total Harvest
12,435
7,576
14,301
% males in
Harvest
46%
99%
87%
Hunter Numbers
35,967
61,680
52,036
450,000 - 550,000
424,000
281,500
51,000
264,546
77,000
99,000
80,000 - 100,000
13,260 (Badlands)
38,755
33,018
31,835
2,408
34,481
9,239
8,978
9,809
2,729
98%
75%
76%
81%
97%
81%
80%
99%
75%
175,381
75,818
87,403
18,678
No Estimate
15,000
22,643
39,314
7,787
1,500 - 2,000
225,000 - 235,000
30,000-60,000
167
20,127
7,000
96%
99%
47%
730
64,657
10,500
66,000- 142,000
209,732
355,600
90,000 - 110,000
353,000
5,400
8,565
30,790
10,097
26,086
82%
90%
92%
90%
84%
58,400
24,838
83,007
120,488
48,426
1,000
12
100%
12
Estimated populations may be presented as ranges to denote the difficulty and levels of
uncertainty in gathering an estimate over a large spatial scale.
2
All data presented are from the most recent year available.
3
Black-tailed and mule deer numbers combined. “Hunter Numbers” is actually “number of
tags issued” so the actual number of hunters will be less.
4
Population estimate, harvest, and hunters include white-tailed deer (which are
approximately 5% [CO]) of the estimates and cannot be easily removed
5
numbers are difficult to estimate as many permits allow the take of mule deer or whitetail
deer.
6
Population estimate only for the Badlands, which is the primary range.
7
Hunter number includes whitetail hunters.
8
Total deer hunters. Do not estimate hunters by species/subspecies.
3
Range-wide Status of Black-tailed Deer and Mule Deer ~ 2015.
Table 2. Range-wide estimation of population size, harvest and hunter numbers of blacktailed deer provided by WAFWA member agencies, 2015.
Alaska3
British Columbia
Hawaii4
Estimated
Population1
333,000-346,000
98,000 - 157,000
1,000-1,200
Total
Harvest
14, 237
5228
36
% males in
Harvest
81%
87%
100%
Oregon
300,000 - 320,000
21,965
90%
98,281
Washington8
90,000 - 110,000
11,336
88%
120,488
Hunter Numbers
11,361
10644
1
Estimated populations may be presented as ranges to denote the difficulty and levels of
uncertainty in gathering an estimate over a large spatial scale.
2
All data presented are from the most recent year available.
3
Alaska estimated population estimate is provided from our population objectives, rounded up to
the closest thousand. These objectives were derived based on a combination of habitat capability
modeling and expert opinion panels.
4
Population estimate includes only public hunting areas, not private land.
Alaska
Sitka black-tailed (SBT) deer are native to the wet coastal rainforests of Southeast
Alaska, which comprises Alaska Fish and Game (ADFG) Region 1. Due to historic
transplant efforts, SBT deer also now have established populations in parts of South
Central Alaska (ADFG's Region 2), including Prince William Sound and on Kodiak and
Afognak islands. Deer density on the mainland has historically appeared lower than on
the islands, presumably due to lower habitat quality. Because of the island geography,
varying weather patterns, different predator guilds, and differences in the extent and
pattern of forest logging, deer densities can vary greatly from one game management unit
(GMU) to another, and even within GMU's. Population size or density has been a
challenge to calculate throughout Alaska, due to the difficulties of employing various
techniques in the remote and densely forested habitats that characterize deer range in
Alaska. As a result, population objectives were set for each GMU based on expert
opinion and analyses of habitat capability. These objectives constitute our best guess of
what populations levels may be in each GMU, but they are imprecise, and cannot be used
to monitor changes in abundance. Based on these objectives, deer populations in Alaska
as a whole would ideally range from 333,000-346,000. Due to the difficulty of
measuring actual population size or density, since the early 1980’s ADFG has attempted
to index changes in deer abundance by using pellet count surveys to look at multi-year
trends within various watersheds. More recently, ADFG has used fecal DNA to conduct
mark-recapture population and/or density estimation, and is evaluating the efficacy of this
technique for long-term use. Lastly, yearly harvest and hunter effort data provides
information across multiple geographic scales. Prior to 2011, information was collected
4
Range-wide Status of Black-tailed Deer and Mule Deer ~ 2015.
through a voluntary mail-out survey of ~30% of deer hunters, with an expansion factor
applied to estimate total harvest. Approximately 65% of those surveyed responded each
year. Since 2011, a deer harvest ticket system with mandatory reporting has been in
place, but response rates have remained similar.
In Alaska, populations fluctuate predominately with the severity of winters increasing during a series of mild winters and sometimes declining dramatically after one
or more severe winters. Habitat change resulting from timber harvest affects deer by
increasing summer browse (and browse available in mild winters with little snow) for
about 30 years, before forests enter a stem-exclusion phase. Where deer become
overpopulated with regard to the remaining primary winter range available to them,
populations can plummet quickly when deep snow returns, and may stay at low levels if
winter range is damaged from over-browsing. Predation by bears and wolves can also
slow recovery of deer after these events. Harvest by deer hunters is believed to be
compensatory in Alaska as a whole, due to the remoteness of most areas and lack of
extensive road networks. However, where logging roads exist adjacent to communities,
low snowfall in the fall or early winter may allow hunters prolonged access to deer range,
and can lead to site-specific higher hunter harvest. In contrast, heavy snowfall can
concentrate deer at low elevations or on beaches, and can lead to higher harvests in areas
easily accessible by boat. When conditions seem to warrant, management have included
closing specific areas to hunting, lowering bag limits, and temporary restrictions of “any
deer” hunts to “buck only” hunts.
In Southeast Alaska, Sitka black-tailed deer are fairly ubiquitous, and the most
frequently pursued big game species. Southeast Alaska experienced 2 severe and 1 above
average winter between 2006 and 2009, which led to substantial declines in the deer
population and management actions such as doe harvest closures were taken in parts of
the region. Subsequent to the high harvest in 2006-2007, pellet-group counts went down,
and much lower harvest levels were experienced. Some of this lower harvest was a result
of lower effort on the part of hunters, who indicated they wanted to allow populations
time to recover. From 2010-2015 we have experienced average to below average winter
severity across most of the region. Overall hunter harvest and effort trends appear to be
rebounding from those previously mentioned lows. Similarly, pellet group counts and
populations estimates (in the limited areas where they have been conducted) indicate an
increasing or stable trend in most areas. However, deer densities remain a concern in
GMUs 1A and 3Z. The reduced number of deer in these areas from historical highs is
thought to involve the effects of periodic severe winters, reduced habitat quality, and
predation slowing deer population recovery. Intensive management (predator control)
proposals were reviewed and approved by the Board of Game in 2013. In 2013, research
commenced to assess deer population status and habitat conditions in certain watersheds
to better evaluate the potential causes of the decline of deer in these areas. Initial DNA
mark-recapture efforts failed to produce population density estimates due to a low
recapture rates in this area, where the number of pellet groups seen was approximately
70% lower, and the number of fresh pellet groups collected was 90% lower, than in areas
where the technique was successfully employed and deer numbers are believed to be
higher. Research efforts continue to evaluate whether a higher effort in a smaller
geographic area could produce a density estimate. Efforts to evaluate changes in habitat
5
Range-wide Status of Black-tailed Deer and Mule Deer ~ 2015.
as well as habitat quality also continue. At this time there is no plan to initiate predator
control until preliminary research indicates it is warranted.
In South Central Alaska, the weather patterns can differ substantially from what is
occurring in Region 1. During the winter of 2011-2012, the effects of winter severity in
GMU 6 was the worst in 30 years with over 27 feet of snowfall recorded in Cordova.
Winter mortality was estimated at >50% overall, and was likely as high as 70% in areas
of western Prince William Sound. Deer congregating on beaches due to early and heavy
snowfall increased hunter success in winter 2011-2012 to a record high, but subsequent
effects of this harvest combined with high winter mortality caused a decrease in harvest
numbers of approximately 80% after the winter of 2012-2013. Hunting seasons were
modified in regulatory years 2012 and 2013 to reduce harvest while the population was
recovering. Deer numbers are still lower than prior to 2011, but signs of recovery are
noted with improvements in winter survival and body condition. GMU 6 researchers are
planning to implement DNA mark-recapture to obtain density estimates in some areas.
In GMU 8, the deer population of the Kodiak archipelago also declined due to the same
severe weather winter of 2011-2012. For reasons similar to those stated for GMU 6,
harvest for the winter of 2012-2013 was down by over 40% from the previous year. Deer
mortality was greatest on the northern portion of Kodiak and the western side of Afognak
Island. Since then deer populations have been rebounding with mild winters during 20132015. No regulatory action is anticipated for either GMU 6 or GMU 8 in the upcoming
years.
-Karin McCoy, Alaska Department of Fish and Game
6
Range-wide Status of Black-tailed Deer and Mule Deer ~ 2015.
Alberta
The current provincial population estimate is 125,000 mule deer. For the 2015
hunting season the provincial population will support close to 25,000 hunting
opportunities for residents, with antlered mule deer licenses making up 35% of that
opportunity.
Interest for mule deer hunting opportunity continues to increase in the province,
with the number of applicants last year up approximately 4% from the previous year. In
the 2014 license draw, 99, 819 resident hunters applied for antlered and antlerless mule
deer licenses. Over two-thirds of those applicants were interested in antlered mule deer
licenses. Alberta also supports a healthy commercial hunting industry, with
approximately 1,500 antlered mule deer licenses available for non-residents through
outfitter-guide allocations.
Chronic Wasting Disease is present along the eastern border of the province.
Disease surveillance remains in place to determine prevalence and spread, but there are
no effects to populations detected at this time.
-Kim Morton, Alberta Environment and Parks
Arizona
Mule deer populations reached the most recent peak in the mid-1980s. Mule deer
declined through 2000 and since then have increased gradually. Total mule deer harvest
reached the most recent low in 2003, with a harvest of only 4,638 (all weapon types). In
2014, 7,567 mule deer were harvested, representing a 63% increase in harvest from that
historic low point, but still only 43% of the 1986 peak harvest of 17,413. Population
parameters indicate the statewide population has increased by about 30% in the last 10-15
years. Most deer populations within the state were surveyed annually using fixed-wing
aircraft or helicopter with supplemental ground surveys used as well. Mule deer were
surveyed during the breeding season to estimate buck:doe and fawn:doe ratios.
7
Range-wide Status of Black-tailed Deer and Mule Deer ~ 2015.
Hunter harvest was estimated using a voluntary post card questionnaire that may
be returned with postage prepaid or responses may be entered online. Currently, we
receive about 35–55% response rate, with about 15–20% of all responses online.
Buck:doe ratios for mule deer were managed at 20–30:100 and currently the statewide
average is 32. Alternative management units were managed at higher buck:doe ratios
with added guidelines regarding the age structure of the harvest or hunter density. These
units approximate about 5% of the opportunity offered annually. The statewide number
of fawns per 100 does is 48 which is within management guidelines (40-50).
Recent wildfires created situations that were favorable to improved growth of
deer populations, yet limited land management actions (e.g., prescribed fire, thinning)
benefitting forage production are implemented annually. The Department has initiated a
wildlife habitat enhancement initiative targeting habitat improvements in Units 16A and
21. During fiscal year 2015, about $800,000 will be spent in these units ($400,000 each),
with an additional $1,000,000 in fiscal years 2016 and 2017. The goal of this initiative to
effect a population-level change due to the habitat improvements implemented on the
ground.
-Amber Munig, Arizona Game and Fish Department
British Columbia
Mule deer abundance in British Columbia remained relatively stable from 19942011 with slightly lower numbers in 2014 than 2011 but similar to previous years. This
may be representative of lower mule deer numbers in localized areas in south-central,
southeast, and northeast parts of the province. Lower deer numbers may be attributed to
increased predation by wolves, cougars and bears, declining quality and quantity of
forage and severe winter conditions in some areas. Stable to increasing mule deer
populations in other parts of the province may be due to frequent mild winters and
increased forage availability resulting from large wildfires and other disturbances. Mule
deer harvest is managed with a general open season for bucks and some opportunity for
antlerless harvest through limited entry hunts. Buck harvest has ranged from about
10,000 to 19,000 from 1987-2013 and remained relatively stable in the last five years.
The recent large-scale mountain pine beetle outbreak with associated pine-tree mortality
and salvage logging in central and southern portions of the province has resulted in
increased density of roads and thus increased hunter access to deer habitat. Continued
increases in hunter numbers and access, combined with reduced habitat quality, could
challenge future management objectives under a general open season.
Provincial black-tailed deer numbers had a similar trend to mule deer numbers in
that they also declined slightly from 2011 to 2014 but were similar to previous estimates.
There continues to be concerns of increased predation from wolves and cougars on blacktailed deer and some need for effective measures to conserve high quality habitat.
Estimated annual black-tailed deer buck harvest was about 10,000 in the early 1990s and
has dropped to 4,000 to 6,000 from 1996-2013. There are limited opportunities for
antlerless harvest, most of which occur in agricultural areas. Overall, increased predation
combined with hunter access to remote areas and extensive second growth logging
activities in much of the black-tailed deer range has negatively impacted deer numbers.
This has resulted in challenges for maintaining the current hunter harvest especially if
8
Range-wide Status of Black-tailed Deer and Mule Deer ~ 2015.
adequate winter ranges are not present. In areas of intensive forestry activity, increased
road density was assumed to result in increased predation rates and hunter success.
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
1994
1997
2000
2003
2008
2011
2014
Mule deer population trends in British Columbia
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
1994
1997
2000
2003
2008
2011
2014
Black-tailed deer population trends in British Columbia.
-Gerry Kuzyk, British Columbia Ministry of Forestry, Lands and Nat. Res.
9
Range-wide Status of Black-tailed Deer and Mule Deer ~ 2015.
California
California’s deer population estimates are showing an overall stabilization of deer
numbers following the recent decline that began in the early 1990’s. Individual deer
populations may not conform to this generalized trend due to the diversity of habitats and
factors impacting deer and their ranges. Populations are estimated by hunt zone using a
predictive population model that estimates post-harvest adult deer population levels. Deer
population performance is measured using hunter success, buck ratio data, and overwinter fawn survival (where appropriate - mainly in migratory herds in areas that
annually receive snow). Harvest is conservative in California, with 98% of deer taken
being bucks. Hunter success statewide averaged about 21.6% in 2014.
Estimated Statewide California Deer Population
(Using 3 year average)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
900,000
800,000
700,000
600,000
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
0
-Mary Sommer, California Department of Fish and Wildlife
Colorado
The statewide post-hunt 2014 deer population estimate is 424,000, compared to
391,000 in 2013 (Figure 1). This is the first increase in the statewide total population
estimate since 2005. Population estimates are still far below the sum of statewide
population objective ranges of 500,000 - 556,000 spanning 55 deer herds. Annual
population and sex ratio estimates are compared to long-term population and sex ratio
objectives for each herd to establish harvest quota recommendations for the next hunting
season.
10
Range-wide Status of Black-tailed Deer and Mule Deer ~ 2015.
Population estimates are produced with spreadsheet models using data from age
and sex classification, harvest surveys, and survival monitoring. Colorado Parks and
Wildlife (CPW) has a desire to stabilize, sustain, and increase deer herds which have
experienced recent declines. CPW is in the process of implementing the West Slope Mule
Deer Strategy which consists of seven Strategic Priorities.
While there’s reason for concern in many western herds, others are performing
well. The diversity of deer habitat types and environmental conditions around the state
create considerable geographic variability in population performance. Most deer herds in
the central and northern mountains are performing well, and population sizes and license
numbers are increasing. Many plains deer populations remain relatively stable and are
providing good hunting opportunity.
CPW intensively monitors annual adult doe survival and winter fawn survival in
five mule deer herds. Additionally, we monitor buck survival in two of those herds.
Survival rates from these herds are used in deer population models. Survival rates in all
five monitoring areas were high during the winter of 2013-2014, and remained high this
past winter. Many records for high survival have been broken the last few years. The
combined long-term averages for annual doe and winter fawn survival rates are 83% and
70%, respectively. Buck survival has averaged 84%.
CPW conducts post-hunt herd inventories with helicopters to estimate the sex
ratios of males/100 females and the age ratios of young/100 females. In addition to
survival rates, these ratios are needed to estimate population size using population
models. The average of sex ratio objectives for deer herds statewide is 30 bucks/100
does. During the post-hunt herd inventories in 2014, biologists classified 69,000 deer and
observed an average sex ratio of 35 bucks/100 does compared to 33 bucks/100 does in
2013. The statewide average observed age ratio from helicopter inventory was 60
fawns/100 does.
11
Range-wide Status of Black-tailed Deer and Mule Deer ~ 2015.
All mule deer hunting in Colorado is by limited license. In 2014 we issued 83,000
deer licenses, 97% of which could be drawn with 0 to 3 preference points. High fawn/doe
ratios and high over-winter fawn survival the last few winters have had the combined
effect of increasing populations and buck/doe ratios in many herds. Based on these high
observed post-hunt sex ratios and high hunter success, which averaged 48% for all rifle
seasons in 2014, overall buck hunting continues to be good. Barring a difficult winter,
high buck/doe ratios should translate into increased hunter opportunity in the future.
-Andy Holland, Colorado Parks and Wildlife
Hawaii (Kauai Island: Introduced Black-tailed Deer)
Since the introduction of the Oregon black-tailed deer to west Kauai in 1961, its
range has expanded to south and east sections of the island. The deer population on
Kauai’s public hunting areas is estimated to be between 1000 to 1200 animals. Population
estimates on private lands are not known at this time. Kauai uses the Aldous (1944)
browse survey method which was modified to better fit Hawaiian environments. Kauai
experienced 2 major wildfires in 2012, the Kokee forest fires consumed just over 1000
acres of State Forest Reserves and severely impacted much of the deer hunting range.
The 2013 deer hunting season was again restricted to portions of the range that recovered
from the wildfires. All black-tailed deer hunting units were re-opened in 2014 due to
adequate habitat and population recovery to justify full open season. The average body
weights improved slightly from the previous season and the overall health of the herd
appeared to be very good. Starting this year, there will be changes in 2 of the 8 deer
hunting units. The changes include year-round hunting and increased bag limits. The
increased hunting pressure is needed to reduce the ungulate numbers including feral pig
and feral goat to protect the native forest watershed from damage. These hunting units
contain a large number of threatened and endangered plants and forest birds. The other 6
hunting units remain seasonal hunts during the fall.
Trends in harvest of black-tailed deer from 2003 to 2014 on Kauai public hunting areas.
Year
Buck
Doe
Total
2003
45
19
64
2004
39
12
51
2005
32
8
40
2006
32
2
34
2007
32
4
36
2008
51
2
53
2009
29
0
29
2010
26
0
26
2011
30
0
30
1
2012
4
0
4
1
2013
5
0
5
2014
36
0
36
-Thomas Kaiakapu, Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife
12
Range-wide Status of Black-tailed Deer and Mule Deer ~ 2015.
Idaho
Idaho’s mule deer population appears to be increasing over the last four years
(2011-2014). The state is in the process of converting population monitoring to allow
total population estimates through a combination of sightability, survival estimates,
composition surveys and modeling. Although not all areas have yet been assessed, recent
winter population levels have likely been between 246,400 and 328,500 (281,502
midpoint). Short- and long-term objectives are to increase mule deer numbers. Postseason buck ratios exceed the statewide minimum objective of 15:100 does. December
fawn: doe ratios have shown increases over the typical (mid 50s to mid 60s), and fawn
survival have been high from 70% to 78%.
Mule deer harvest in Idaho has been stable to increasing since the mid-1990s
(average = 26,404 bucks) following a steep decline in harvest in the early 1990s. Recent
years’ license and tag sales data indicate an increase in nonresident hunters in Idaho.
Percent bucks with 4-point or better antlers in the harvest has remained at or above 40%
since 2010.
The next step of implementing our 2008 mule deer plan is to set population
objectives by population management unit statewide and to do a statewide mule deer
hunter attitude and opinion survey similar to the 2007 effort to be completed in 2015.
Idaho Mule Deer Model Estimated Population 2003-2014
300000
250000
200000
Total
150000
100000
50000
0
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Mule deer population estimate from the Salmon River drainage south. Estimates are midpoint of
Confidence Limits based on Integrated Population Model.
13
Range-wide Status of Black-tailed Deer and Mule Deer ~ 2015.
Population Parameters from Idaho mule deer surveys, 2003-2014.
Year
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
1
Fawn:Doe
56
63
61
56
60
61
61
55
63
67
67
Buck:Doe2 19
21
22
16
15
17
21
15
21
26
26
Fawn
Survival3 0.54 0.76 0.31 0.69 0.30 0.52 0.68 0.32 0.61 0.72 0.78
Adult Doe
Survival4
ND ND 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.95 0.82 0.95 0.97 0.98
3
Fawn Survival = overwinter fawn survival (December - May),
4
Adult Doe Survival = annual survival (June - May)
-Toby Boudreau, Idaho Department of Fish and Game
Kansas
The mule deer population in the west zone of Kansas in 2014 was estimated to be
1.9 mule deer/mile2 (95% CI: 1.1 - 3.2) using distance sample surveys while the density
in the eastern zone was estimated to be only 0.1/mile2 resulting in a pre-firearm season
population estimate of 51,000 mule deer. Hunters have taken an average of 2,654 mule
deer/year during the last 13 years.
Management for mule deer receives enthusiastic support from deer hunters. However, no
research estimates of survival, reproductive rates, or movement patterns of mule deer
have been made in Kansas. Hunting regulations in Kansas have been liberal for whitetailed deer while being restrictive for mule deer. Mule deer could be taken on 15.5% of
the either sex deer permits issued in Kansas last year. Landowners received 52% of those
permits. Each of those permits allowed only one deer to be taken and all permits that
allowed the hunter to take a mule deer were valid for a white-tailed deer. This practice
generally takes hunters out of the field earlier in the season compared to a mule deer only
permit system and takes pressure off mule deer while allowing approximately 19,000
people to have the potential to pursue mule deer. In an effort to expand and increase the
mule deer population, reductions in the permit quotas will occur for 2015.
14
Range-wide Status of Black-tailed Deer and Mule Deer ~ 2015.
3,500
3,000
Antlerless
Antlered
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
-
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Trends in the number of mule deer harvested in Kansas, 2002 to 2014.
-Lloyd Fox, Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism
Montana
Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks (FWP) provides an estimate of mule deer
numbers on our public website because of a statutory requirement that we do so.
However, that estimate is based on a crude model that uses harvest, fawn:doe and
buck:doe ratios as inputs and we have little confidence in it. For management purposes
FWP relies on population indices from aerial surveys of 102 trend areas across the state
that represent different habitats and populations and on harvest information.
Mule deer in many of the trend areas across Montana have experienced significant
declines in observed numbers since 2003. In Montana the most recent peak in antlered
harvest was in 2003 when 44,528 antlered bucks were harvested. Between 2003 and
2011 that harvest dropped 34.2% to 28,985 bucks. Since 2011 we have seen a slight
improvement in harvest to 33,509 antlered bucks taken, although this number is still well
below the long-term (1960-2012) average of 46,010. Mule deer populations in western
Montana continue to perform poorly and declines there have generally been more
noticeable than in eastern Montana. Harvest management responses have included
conservative adjustments to general license harvest opportunity (fewer either- sex season
types) and dramatic reductions in antlerless licenses. Harvest of antlerless mule deer
declined from 23,241 in 2003 to only 965 in 2014. With mule deer populations
recovering in many parts of the state FWP is offering more opportunity for antlerless
harvest in 2015 with either sex season types or antlerless-only licenses in some parts of
the state.
-Jay Newell and John Vore, Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks
Nebraska
Mule deer population trends are based on total adult buck harvest at Deer
Management Unit (DMU) level. Mandatory check of all harvested deer is required. More
than 4,000 mule deer are examined and aged by staff biologists annually. Barring
15
Range-wide Status of Black-tailed Deer and Mule Deer ~ 2015.
significant change in buck permit allocations this provides a consistent indicator of
annual population and age structure change at DMU level.
Management objectives for each DMU are based on: population trends;
agricultural damage complaints; age of harvested bucks; permit demand; deer vehicle
collisions and public input.
Harvest of mule deer buck harvest was 7,497 in 2014, up 9% from 2013 and
down 16% from the record high of 9,115 in 2008. Populations in most units appear to be
increasing in response to harvest restrictions on females and improved habitat conditions
due to increased moisture. Antlerless harvest of the past two years is the lowest recorded
since 1980-81. Additional antlerless mule deer restrictions in 2015 will result in further
reductions in antlerless harvest.
Trends in mule deer harvested in Nebraska 2004-2014.
14000
12000
10000
8000
Anterless
6000
Antlered
4000
2000
0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
-Kit Hams, Nebraska Game and Parks Commission.
Nevada
Nevada hunters purchased 22,643 mule deer tags in 2014 which was slightly
lower than the 22,992 sold in 2013. The decrease in tag sales was reflective of a decrease
in the 2014 quota and resulted in a total deer harvest of about 9,000 compared to the
9,400 deer harvested in 2013. Of the 8,978 deer reported by hunt questionnaires in 2014,
7,413 were bucks and 1,434 were does. The 2014 statewide hunter success for all deer
hunters was 44%, which was nearly identical to the hunter success observed during 2013.
The 2014 post-season aerial survey observations were down from the 2013 survey
with about 19,500 mule deer classified statewide compared to 21,400 in 2013, and 34,000
deer classified in 2012. Statewide fawn production was slightly higher during 2014 with
53 fawns:100 does counted for the fall post-season surveys. The post-season buck ratio
was measured at 30 bucks:100 does. This buck ratio meets the statewide management
objective and continues to provide a good balance of hunter opportunity and quality
16
Range-wide Status of Black-tailed Deer and Mule Deer ~ 2015.
experience. The 2013 spring deer surveys classified 16,460 deer compared to 27,888
during spring 2013. The survey results showed a slight improvement over the 2013
survey with 38 fawns:100 adults observed, likely due to extremely mild winter
conditions.
Nevada’s mule deer populations have been declining over the past several years.
The 2015 population is estimated to be about 99,000 mule deer, down from the estimated
108,000 in 2014. The drop in the model-generated estimate for the deer population may
not necessarily indicate the precise magnitude of the decline. Models were adjusted to
better incorporate recent trends in harvest data, survey results, and radio telemetry
information from several mule deer studies throughout the state. Nonetheless, the 2015
population estimate of 99,000 mule deer marks the first time since the 1970s that the
population has dropped below 100,000 animals. Tag quota recommendations have been
lowered in many areas of the state in response to this population change.
To address declining mule deer populations and concerns from sportsmen about
hunting opportunities across the state, NDOW has been working with our partners and
federal land management agencies to implement habitat enhancement projects throughout
the state and incorporate predation management actions where appropriate. To date,
more than 750,000 acres have been slated for restoration efforts and habitat improvement
projects over the next 5-10 years. Many of these projects are already being applied on the
ground. However, challenges remain with funding large scale habitat projects, and
complying with NEPA requirements can be challenging and time consuming.
Additionally, persistent drought conditions and lack of a significant snow pack in 2015
has exacerbated some of the stressors of rangeland conditions and mule deer including
competition for resources with other grazing animals.
The Game Division continues to conduct a large-scale research and monitoring
study that was initiated in 2011. The results of this study have provided valuable
information with regards to survival rates, body condition, and migration corridors. To
date over 800 radio-telemetry collars have been deployed on mule deer throughout the
state since the study began. During January 2015, NDOW deployed an additional 35
GPS satellite radio-telemetry collars in the Eastern Region and 25 GPS satellite radiotelemetry collars in the Western Region to gather baseline information on survival,
migration patterns, and habitat use. The data gathered will enhance our understanding
the relationship between habitat conditions, predator populations, and population
performance, especially given the challenges that mule deer herds face in the coming
decade.
17
Range-wide Status of Black-tailed Deer and Mule Deer ~ 2015.
Trends in statewide mule deer survey data and population estimate for Nevada, 2005 to
2015. Population estimates are generated using a deterministic spreadsheet model.
-Cody Schroeder, Nevada Department of Wildlife
New Mexico
Statewide surveys in New Mexico suggest long-term declines in mule deer
populations throughout most of the state, as illustrated in the deer harvest graph below.
Total harvest during the 2014-2015 season was estimated at 9,089 deer. Approximately
23% of hunters going afield during the 2014-2015 season successfully harvested a deer.
The 2014-2015 harvest appears slightly higher than the previous year primarily due to a
change in harvest reporting methods. Harvest reporting has been mandatory since 2006
in New Mexico; however, white-tailed deer and mule deer harvest are not reported
separately.
Annual winter surveys are conducted post-season to track sex ratios and fawn
survival throughout the state. During winter 2014 surveys the proportion of bucks in the
population increased to 31 bucks:100 does reversing a declining trend that ended in 2013
at 25 bucks:100 does. Yearling buck numbers were higher than normal likely resulting
largely from high fawn survival the prior year. Fawn survival to approximately 6 months
of age has followed an increasing trend over the last 2 years reaching a long-term high of
69 fawns:100 does. Increases in precipitation totals in many portions of the state from
2013 through 2014 has been the likely driver behind increased fawn survival.
Recent increases in precipitation may provide a temporary reprieve from falling
deer populations. However, many actions are being taken in New Mexico to address
long-term declines. These actions include over 100,000 acres of habitat management
projects, translocations, and research into predator impacts on deer populations. The
18
Range-wide Status of Black-tailed Deer and Mule Deer ~ 2015.
state is also testing new deer survey techniques that will allow populations to be more
closely monitored and permit establishment of focus areas for intensive deer
management. License numbers have also been reduced statewide by over 11%. With a
buck-only bag limit for the vast majority of the state, this reduction serves to more
closely match the number of hunters with the number of deer available for harvest with
the goal of increasing hunter success rates. Major impacts to the population are not
anticipated from this license reduction.
New Mexico Deer Harvest
60,000
Projected Number
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
License Year
-Ryan Darr, New Mexico Department of Game and Fish
North Dakota
North Dakota’s badlands mule deer population showed an increasing trend with
high fawn production from 1990-2007. Mule deer fawn production was typically greater
than 90 fawns per 100 does during these years. Winter weather conditions were mild
during this time period except in 1996. Mule deer numbers peaked in 2005-2007.
Following this population peak, North Dakota experienced three of the most severe
winters on record from 2008-2010. Consequently, mule deer abundance in the badlands
decreased by 50% and reached a population low in 2012. Record low fawn to doe ratios
were recorded in 2009-2012 following these winters. Winter weather conditions
moderated in 2011-2014 and mule deer population has increased since 2013. The 2015
spring index was 24% higher than the 2014 index, and 16% higher than the long-term
average. This is the third year in a row that mule deer have increased in the badlands.
Fawn production in 2014 was the highest since 1999.
The combination of eliminating antlerless harvest and milder winter weather
conditions in 2011-2014 is responsible for mule deer population growth in the badlands.
North Dakota has a limited quota license system and a goal of maintaining at least 30
bucks per 100 does prior to the gun season.
19
Range-wide Status of Black-tailed Deer and Mule Deer ~ 2015.
Mule deer buck to doe ratio has remained stable and above objective since 1999.
Mule deer are currently above the objective of maintaining at least six deer per square
mile in the badlands. A conservative harvest strategy without antlerless mule deer
licenses in 2015 will be used to encourage additional population growth of mule deer in
the badlands.
- Bruce Stillings, North Dakota Game and Fish Department
Oklahoma
Mule deer in Oklahoma inhabit a very small portion of the state, primarily in the
three counties in the panhandle with scattered pockets in the main body of the state. The
mule deer that are here are mostly found on private land. The result is that very little
opportunity exists to hunt mule deer.
Mule deer populations have fluctuated with drought conditions. At this time we
do not survey populations, however biologists and hunters have reported seeing fewer
animals in recent years. The only data we have to corroborate this anecdotal information
is harvest data. Regional harvest data for white-tailed deer has shown a decline the last
several years as well.
Harvest was fairly high, for Oklahoma, from 1993 to 2000 and then fell off
sharply. Harvest rebounded in 2004 to pre-1993 levels and fell off again in 2009. The
most recent decline is likely attributed to severe drought conditions in the panhandle.
20
Range-wide Status of Black-tailed Deer and Mule Deer ~ 2015.
Harvest
400
350
300
Harvest
250
200
150
100
50
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
0
In 2014, 167 mule deer were harvested. Oklahoma does not have a separate mule
deer license. They are considered as part of the season bag limit for the general deer
season. However, we do provide some protection for mule deer by not allowing
antlerless deer to be harvested during any firearms season. As a result, we have a very
low doe harvest rate, with bucks making up 96% of the harvest in the 2014 season.
-Erik Bartholomew, Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation
Oregon
Both mule deer and black-tailed deer are substantially below the long-term
statewide management objectives and benchmarks. Oregon’s estimated mule deer
population continues to hover around 225,000–235,000. Because of the difficulties with
surveying black-tailed deer we have been unable to develop annual population
estimates. However, in 1998 the black-tailed deer population was estimated at 387,000,
declining to 320,000 in 2004; the population seems to have been relatively stable since
that time.
Efforts to more rigorously estimate deer populations in Oregon continue. The
Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife is attempting to implement the mark-resight
estimator developed by Brinkman et al. (2010) to estimate black-tailed deer populations
at a unit-wide scale. Nearly 8,000 samples have been collected in 4 management units.
Lab analyses are currently being finalized. Black-tailed deer density estimates by land
management strategy will be available by late June 2015. Additionally, 227 black-tailed
deer have been radio-collared in an effort to better understand habit use and movement
patterns.
During a 12 day period in March 2015, Oregon radio-collared 499 mule deer
across much of their eastern Oregon distribution to refine herd range boundaries for data
collection and monitoring. Using results of the recently completed south-central mule
deer study, and pending information from the new collaring effort, the Department is also
21
Range-wide Status of Black-tailed Deer and Mule Deer ~ 2015.
developing a rotation for application of sampling based population estimators (quadrat
surveys, sightability surveys, distance surveys) coupled with a new modeling approach to
better track populations.
Initial activities for Oregon’s Mule Deer Initiative activities are complete. In
total, 266,139 acres of habitat were treated at a cost of $18,326. The Department is
currently selecting new areas of emphasis for continued efforts to improve mule deer
population in the state based on results of the first five years.
400,000
Estimated Oregon Mule Deer Population
0.80
300,000
Population Size
0.90
0.70
250,000
0.60
200,000
0.50
150,000
Mule Deer
Buck Ratio
Management Objective
Fawn Ratio
100,000
0.40
0.30
Population Ratios
350,000
1.00
0.20
50,000
0.10
0
0.00
Year
Trends in Oregon’s mule deer population size and structure, 1979 – 2015.
-Don Whittaker, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife
Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan mule deer populations continued to show some impact from the
severe winters of 2010/2011 and 2012/13, particularly in the core prairie (WMZs 1-30)
region of the province. In Saskatchewan, snow depth plays a key factor in determining
winter severity on mule deer annual mortality, especially in prairie and farmland regions
where winter forage can quickly be made unavailable by a major snow event. Recent
survey data suggests some sign of population recovery relative to 2013 however, likely
through improved fawn recruitment following consecutive mild winters. In 2014, mule
deer draw harvest quotas were reduced from previous years in many wildlife
management zones and the open mule deer archery season was shortened in response to
concern over mule deer population decline. Antlerless mule deer hunting opportunities
remained, although bag limits were reduced to one antlerless mule deer in zones with
quotas of 50 or fewer. As a result of reduced mule deer hunting opportunity, harvest
estimates were below long term averages, although draw-either sex mule deer harvest
success rates were high, estimated at 71%.
Despite a reduction in harvest and some evidence of increasing deer density
compared to recent years, it may yet take a series of mild winters before mule deer
populations will rebound to satisfactory population levels in Saskatchewan.
-Tom Perry, Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment
22
Range-wide Status of Black-tailed Deer and Mule Deer ~ 2015.
South Dakota
Record high deer harvest rates in the early to mid-2000s followed by 3
consecutive, severe winters in 2009-11 decreased mule deer populations throughout their
range in South Dakota. Current population models estimate 9,400 (6,000-12,700) mule
deer in the Black Hills and 94,800 (60,200-129,500) on the prairie. Pre-season
recruitment estimates have shown declining trends over the past 5 years, but increased
slightly in 2014 in both prairie and black hills areas to a statewide average of 69 mule
deer fawns:100 does. Pre-season sex ratios were 38 bucks per 100 does.
Annual survival in 2014 for radio collared adults and fawns in the Cheyenne
River breaks was estimated at 95% and 42%, respectively, and annual fawn survival in
the Fort Pierre National Grasslands was estimated at 47%. In 2015, approximately 150
adults and 150 neonates will be radio collared and monitored to determine annual
survival rates, over-winter mortality, and harvest mortality. These vital rates will be
valuable for the current development of an Integrated Population Model and Data
Analysis Units.
Hunter survey cards are mailed to selected license holders in order to estimate
hunter success, deer harvest, and related information for each season. Hunters may also
report harvest information through an internet response. Approximately 5,400 mule deer
were harvested in 2014 (4,400 males, 1,000 females; Figure 1). Substantial hunting
season changes occurred in 2014 to address low deer densities, including further
reductions of prairie hunting deer tags (56% reduction) and no mule deer antlerless
firearm or archery/muzzleloader licenses were available. These restrictions were
successful and will continue in 2015. Loss of land enrolled in the Conservation Reserve
Program and other grassland/rangeland-to-agriculture conversion continues to be a
concern for mule deer management.
Mule Deer Harvest
20,000
18,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
TOTALS
Doe
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
Buck
Mule deer harvest from all hunting seasons in South Dakota, 2000-2014.
-Andy Lindbloom, South Dakota Department Game and Fish
23
Range-wide Status of Black-tailed Deer and Mule Deer ~ 2015.
Texas
Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) conducts post-season helicopter
surveys for mule deer utilizing a stratified random sampling design within monitoring
units. In 2011, a sightability model was initiated to improve population estimates. The
data are used to determine population trends, estimate population densities, and document
herd composition to evaluate the impacts of regulations and management actions on mule
deer at an ecoregion and monitoring unit scale.
Trans-Pecos
In general, the Trans-Pecos population is trending downward primarily from
extended and expansive drought conditions during most survey years after
2005. However, the 2014 survey estimate (141,006) indicated a 30% increase from 2012
(108,739), primarily from improved range conditions and fawn production/recruitment
over the past two years. Surveys were not conducted in 2007 and 2010. The estimated
2013 and 2014 fawn crops of 47 and 35 fawns:100 does, respectively were better than the
2012 estimate of 32. The sex ratio for 2014 was 36 bucks:100 does, and has remained
somewhat stable since 2011.
Trans-Pecos
170,000
Population Estimates
160,000
150,000
140,000
130,000
120,000
110,000
100,000
90,000
80,000
2005
2006
2008
2009
2011
2012
2013
2014
Year
Trends in mule deer population estimates in the Texas Trans-Pecos, 2005 to 2014.
Panhandle
The Panhandle population trend has been stable to increasing since 2005. The
2014 population estimate of 68,726 was similar to estimates in 2012 and 2013. Fawn
production has increased significantly in 2013 and 2014 compared to 2011. The sex ratio
for 2014 was 21 buck:100 does. Sex ratios have varied from 21 to 32 bucks:100 does
since post-season surveys were initiated in 2005. Sex ratio data indicate a higher harvest
rate on mule deer bucks than in the Trans-Pecos, but in most years the post-season sex
ratio has been above 21 bucks:100 does.
24
Range-wide Status of Black-tailed Deer and Mule Deer ~ 2015.
Panhandle
Population Estimate
130,000
110,000
90,000
70,000
50,000
30,000
10,000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Year
Trends in mule deer population estimates in the Texas Panhandle, 2005 to 2014.
60
Trans-Pecos
Bucks:100 Does
50
53
53
Panhandle
50
45
40
40
30
32
29
20
32
32
28
24
21
37
36
34
26
22
21
2013
2014
10
0
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Year
Trends in the number of mule deer bucks per 100 does in the Texas Panhandle
and Trans-Pecos area, 2005 to 2014.
25
Range-wide Status of Black-tailed Deer and Mule Deer ~ 2015.
80
Trans-Pecos
70
Panhandle
70
60
Fawns:100 Does
60
59
50
40
47
46
36
35
30
31
39
37
39
33
32
30
35
20
10
16
13
6
0
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Year
Trends in the number of mule deer fawns per doe in the Texas Panhandle and
Trans-Pecos area, 2005 to 2014.
-Shawn Gray, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department
Utah
Mule deer populations are estimated using AIC models and have increased over
the past several years. The current statewide population estimate is 355,600, and the
population objective is 425,400. Fawn to doe ratios have been stable over the past 6
years, and have ranged between 61 and 65 fawns per 100 does. Since 2010, we have
radio-collared several hundred does and fawns annually on 7 representative units
throughout the state for monitoring purposes and to estimate survival rates. Doe survival
has ranged between 0.84 and 0.86, and fawn survival has ranged between 0.52 and 0.82
annually. Over the past 3 years, annual fawn survival has been around 0.80, resulting in
population growth in many areas in Utah.
Utah manages for diverse hunting opportunities and attempts to balance quality
and opportunity. We have 30 general season units that are managed for hunter
opportunity with a goal of 15-17 or 18-20 bucks per 100 does. Utah also has limited
entry units that are managed for increased quality at 25-35 bucks per 100 does. In
addition, we also have 2 premium limited entry units that are managed for 40-55 bucks
per 100 does with ≥ 40% harvested bucks being 5 years of age or older.
Over the past 20 years, buck to doe ratios have increased as a result of growing
populations and decreased buck permits. In 1994, roughly 97,000 public draw permits
were issued for general season units, and the post season buck to doe ratio was 8. Last
year 84,800 public draw permits were issued, and the post season buck to doe ratio
exceeded 21. For the 2015 general season, permits were increased by 1,750, which
represents the first substantial increase in general season permits since the 1980’s.
26
Range-wide Status of Black-tailed Deer and Mule Deer ~ 2015.
Utah Mule Deer Population Estimate
400000
350000
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Utah mule deer population estimates from 2005 to 2014.
-Justin Shannon, Utah Division of Wildlife Resources
Washington
Washington state mule deer and black-tailed deer populations have rebounded and
are doing well, with some exceptions. In north-central Washington (Okanogan, Chelan,
and Douglas counties) mule deer seem to be at the capacity that the habitat will support
and continue to respond positively to habitat improvements on WDFW Wildlife
Management Areas, state forest, and federal forest. Mild to average winters the last 5
years allowed for better over-winter survival and strong recruitment. The 2014 Carlton
Complex fire in Okanogan County substantially affected winter range. The population
remains stable due to the mild winter, but severe drought conditions in the region are a
concern. In the northeast, mule deer numbers have climbed slightly. More habitat
enhancement (e.g., prescribed burns, thinning) is being focused on public lands that
would benefit mule deer in the northeast. The Palouse and the Columbia Basin mule deer
populations remain stable.
Aerial survey work in the foothills of the Blue Mountains showed robust to
increasing mule deer populations associated with private agricultural land. Summers are a
critical time of year for deer in these portions of the state and conditions have been
consistently dry and hot. Wildfires have affected habitat slightly to benefit mule deer by
setting back succession and promoting early successional species. South-central mule
deer populations (Yakima and Kittitas counties) continue to show resurgence after recent
declines attributed to hair loss caused by exotic lice. Deer numbers are still below what
they were prior to the occurrence of hair loss, but are steadily improving.
The mule deer/black-tailed deer transitional populations along the Columbia
River gorge on the state’s southern border were stable, with harvest and post-hunt buck
numbers responding to more restrictive hunting season structures that were implemented
recently. Black-tailed deer in western Washington were stable. Some localized segments
27
Range-wide Status of Black-tailed Deer and Mule Deer ~ 2015.
of the population vary up and down due to forest production rotations. There is still
potential to increase black-tailed deer numbers if private and public forests were managed
for an increase in early successional habitat. Habitat loss due to human population
increase is also a factor for black-tailed deer in western Washington.
18,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Black-tailed Deer
Mule Deer
White-tailed Deer
Estimated deer harvest by species/subspecies in Washington State, 2001 - 2014
-Sara Hansen, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
Wyoming
Mule deer populations throughout Wyoming have declined since the early 1990s.
It is apparent, given declining production of mule deer fawns starting in the late 1980s,
populations were responding in a density-dependent fashion to decreasing habitat
availability and/or quality. Over the past 30 years, fawn productivity, on average, has
decreased statewide by about 20% and has been below 66 fawns:100 does 13 times.
Throughout Wyoming, mule deer populations have declined by an estimated 191,000
(35%) mule deer since 2000. After the 2013 hunting season, it was estimated there were
353,000 mule deer in the state. This is 36% below the statewide objective of 553,900
mule deer. Population estimates are derived using post-season fawn and buck
classifications in concert with measured harvest and synthesized in a spreadsheet based
population model.
28
Range-wide Status of Black-tailed Deer and Mule Deer ~ 2015.
Statewide Population Objective = 553,900
600000
Population
500000
544402
400000
300000
353316
200000
100000
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Trends in the Wyoming statewide mule deer population estimate, 1990 to 2013.
-Daryl Lutz, Wyoming Game and Fish Department
Yukon
There has been no formal inventory work on mule deer in Yukon although a
camera-based approach was initiated in the summer of 2015. Trends in abundance and
distribution are monitored primarily through sighting and motor vehicle collision reports.
Numbers and distribution have generally been on the upswing since first reports in the
early 1920’s but there are still likely fewer than 1,000 territory-wide.
The first deer hunting season was implemented in 2006. Licensed hunters in
Yukon must apply for a male-only permit through a lottery system. Interest in the deer
hunt continues to be high with 400 to 500 hunters applying for 10 permits issued each
year. As of 2010, two additional permits have been available annually to young hunters.
First Nation beneficiaries are entitled to harvest deer under their subsistence rights as of
the effective date of their settled final agreements. The licensed harvest in 2014 was 10
deer. Generally, the annual licensed harvest ranges between 4 and 8 deer.
-Sophie Czetwertynski, Yukon Department of Environment
Acknowledgements
Information in this report was provided by MDWG members from the 23 Western
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA) and compiled by Gerry Kuzyk and
Jim Heffelfinger. Contributors are listed after their respective state and province report.
We would also like to thanks Greg Sheehan, our WAFWA Director Sponsor and Miles
Moretti of the Mule Deer Foundation for their support.