LANKESTERIANA 13(3): 259—282. 2014.
i n v i t e d p a p e r*
New species and records of Orchidaceae from Costa Rica.
III
Melania Fernández1,2,4, Diego Bogarín1,2, Adam P. Karremans1,3 & Daniel Jiménez1
Jardín Botánico Lankester, Universidad de Costa Rica, P. O. Box 302-7050 Cartago, Costa Rica.
2
Herbario UCH, Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí, 0427, David, Chiriquí, Panama.
1
Naturalis Biodiversity Center - NHN Universiteit Leiden, The Netherlands.
4
Corresponding author: [email protected]
3
Abstract. The establishment in Costa Rica of the great naturalist Charles H. Lankester in the 19th century
brought a tremendous increase in the knowledge of Costa Rican Orchidaceae. His desire to leave the collections
kept at his farm for a scientific and educational purpose was finally accomplished in 1973 with the foundation
of Lankester Botanical Garden (JBL). Since then, JBL has followed Lankester’s legacy with its consolidation as
a leading center for the study of Neotropical orchids, resulting among others in more than 180 new Costa Rican
species and records in the last 12 years. This manuscript includes the description of four new species and seven
new records, as part of JBL’s contribution to the completion of the Costa Rican orchid inventory.
Key words: Epidendrum jorge-warneri, Platystele tica, Platystele catiensis, Platystele sylvestrei, new species,
new records, Orchidaceae, Costa Rica
Costa Rica has witnessed the emergence and
consolidation of some of the finest botanists and
naturalists of the Americas at the beginning of the
last century. Names like Alberto Manuel Brenes,
Charles H. Lankester, Henri Pittier,Adolphe Tonduz,
Karl Wercklé, can be found among those who made
significant contributions to the knowledge of Costa
Rican flora. All but one of them shared a common
scientific background. Charles H. Lankester (18791969) first arrived in Costa Rica at the end of the 19th
Century, hired for three years by the Sarapiqui Estates
Ltd. coffee company. Captivated by the natural richness
of the country, he came back from England a few years
later to build a life in Costa Rica His inclination and
acute observation of natural creatures and phenomena
in general, and of epiphytes in particular, soon brought
the attention of some of the greatest orchidologists and
botanists of the time: Dr. Oakes Ames (University of
Harvard Herbarium), Paul C. Standley (Director of
the United States National Museum) and Robert Allen
Rolfe (curator of the orchid herbarium at the Royal
Botanical Gardens, Kew), with whom he shared his
many findings, product of his trips to botanically-rich
areas in the region of the Cartago province. Lankester’s
tremendous passion for plants, great capacity to
recognize details, and extraordinary horticultural skills
made a significant contribution to the foundation of
Costa Rican orchid studies. His last dream to preserve
the botanical collections held in his farm and to make
a contribution to conservation came true in 1973 with
the foundation of the Lankester Botanical Garden.
This paper is the third part of a series aimed towards
the completion of the Costa Rican Flora Orchidaceae.
In the last few years knowledge on the Costa Rican
orchid flora has grown substantially (Bogarín et al.
2008; Karremans et al. 2012). Bogarín (2011) reported
1519 species for the country, which meant up to 20
additions per year in the last decade. That trend
was expected to be maintained by Karremans et al.
(2012), but even though the country already hit the
1600 species mark (Karremans & Bogarín 2013), the
novelties might increase rather than decrease in the
* This contribution was prepared as part of the special edition of Lankesteriana dedicated Lankester Botanical Garden´s
40th anniversary.
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coming years. Here, we describe four new species and
report the presence of six new records, illustrated with
both photographs and detailed line drawings. Although
Sobralia bletiae Rchb.f. was previously known to
occur in Costa Rica, an illustration and photograph
based on a Costa Rican specimen is also included.
1. Epidendrum jorge-warneri Karremans & Hágsater,
sp. nov.
TYPE: Costa Rica. Puntarenas: Buenos Aires, Buenos
Aires, Olán, cumbre del Cerro Tinuk, 9°17’29.1”
N 83°10’11.2” W, 2417 m, bosque pluvial
premontano, epífitas en bosque de páramo, 25
julio 2012, A.P. Karremans 5545, D. Bogarín, D.
Jiménez & V.H. Zúñiga (holotype, CR!; isotype,
JBL-Spirit!; figs. 1, 14a).
Epidendro anoglossoido Ames & C.Schweinf.
simile sed planta minore, caulis complanatis, folia
breviore, floribus majoribus, sepalis et petalis
longiores, labello lanceolato longiore differt.
Epiphytic, sympodial, caespitose, erect herb, up to
20 cm tall. Roots from the base up to above half the
length of the stems, fleshy, filiform. Stem 15-20 cm tall,
branching conspicuously, cane-like, laterally flattened,
erect. Leaves up to 5, distributed along the stem, mostly
close to the apex as the basal ones fall off with time;
leaf sheath tubular, rugose, 1.5 cm long; blades 2.8-3.6
× 0.8-1.3 cm, elliptic to narrowly-ovate, obtuse bilobed,
articulate. Spathaceous bracts lacking. Inflorescence
apical, mostly from lateral branches, distichous,
flowering only once; peduncle up to 2 cm long; rachis
curved, laterally flattened. Floral bracts equal to longer
than the ovary, acute, flattened, 1 cm long. Flowers 2-4,
simultaneous, resupinate, brownish-yellow; fragrance
sweet during the day. Ovary 8.0-8.5 mm, laterally
compressed, prominently inflated throughout. Sepals
free, spreading, the dorsal prominently bent inwards,
narrowly-ovate to elliptic, acute, 9-veined, margin
entire; the dorsal sepal 15 × 3.5 mm; the lateral sepals
15 × 4.0-4.5 mm, oblique. Petals 13.0-13.5 × 1.5-2.0
mm, spreading, strongly bent backwards, ligulate to
narrowly-elliptic, obtuse, 3-veined, margin entire.
Lip 12.5 × 5.5-6.0 mm, united to the column, ovatelanceolate, slightly 3-lobed, margin wavy, embracing
the column, completely covering it; callus Y-shaped,
prolonged into a central rib extending to the apex of the
LANKESTERIANA 13(3), January 2014. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 2014.
lip; lateral lobes hemi-rhomboid; mid-lobe triangular,
acute, apiculate. Column 3.5 mm long, straight, with
two apical somewhat rounded wings. Clinandriumhood short. Anther narrowly ovate with a prominent
central rib, 4-celled. Pollinia 4, obovoid, laterally
compressed, caudicles granulose. Rostellum apical,
slit. Nectary penetrating the ovary up to near the base.
Capsule not seen. Note: Description based only on
Karremans 5545.
Distribution: known only from Costa Rica.
Eponymy: The name honors Jorge Warner, current
Director of the Lankester Botanical Garden of the
University of Costa Rica. With more than a decade in
his position he has been paramount in the development
of the research center at the garden, and in the creation
and execution of the research projects, which allows
for this and most other findings.
Habitat in Costa Rica: Known only from the plants
found on the summit of Cerro Tinuk, Costa Rica. It
grows epiphytically and lithophytically in a small area
of isolated “paramo”, at around 2400 m elevation.
Phenology: flowering recorded at least in July.
Epidendrum jorge-warneri belongs to the
Ramosum Group which is characterized by the
monopodial, branching stems, the spike-like, distichous
inflorescence, and the single callus, and the Rugosum
Subgroup which has a branching habit with fewflowered inflorescences from short, secondary stems,
the leaf-sheaths rugose. The species can be recognized
by the laterally compressed stems, the laterally
compressed rachis and ovary, the 2-4, large, brownishyellow flowers and the lip which embraces the column
completely and the “Y” shapped callus of the lip..
Epidendrum anoglossoides Ames & C.Schweinf. is the
most similar species, but it has much smaller, up to 9,
greenish-yellow flowers, sepals and petals 7.5-9.5 mm
long, lip 6 mm long, and callus of the lip tri-dentate.
2. Lepanthes ankistra Luer, Orquideología 16(3): 12.
1986.
Type: Panama. Prov. of Chiriquí: epiphytic in cloud
forest on Cerro Colorado, alt. 1500 m, 15 February
1985, C. Luer, J. Luer, R.L. Dressler & K. Dressler
10534 (holotype, MO).
Fernández et al. — New species and records of Costa Rican Orchidaceae. III
261
D
E
B
A
C
Figure 1. Epidendrum jorge-warneri Karremans & Hágsater. A — Habit. B — Flower. C — Dissected perianth, flattened.
D — Column and lip, lateral view. E — Anther and pollinaria. Drawn by A.P. Karremans and J.M. Ramírez based on
A.P. Karremans 5545 (JBL-Spirit).
LANKESTERIANA 13(3), January 2014. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 2014.
262
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B
A
E
D
C
F
Figure 2. Lepanthes ankistra Luer & Dressler. A — Habit. B — Flower. C — Dissected perianth, flat. D — Column and
lip, lateral view. E — Lip, spread. F — Pollinarium and anther cap. Drawing by D. Bogarín and D. Jiménez based on
D. Bogarín 9698.
LANKESTERIANA 13(3), January 2014. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 2014.
Fernández et al. — New species and records of Costa Rican Orchidaceae. III
Distribution: endemic to the Cordillera de Talamanca
in southern Costa Rica and western Panama.
Etymology: from the Greek ankistra, “fish-hooks” in
allusion to the shape of the lower lobes of the petals.
Habitat in Costa Rica: epiphytic in premontane wet
forest, on the Pacific watershed of the Cordillera de
Talamanca from 1500 to 2147 m of elevation. Plants
were found growing in primary oak forest.
Phenology: Plants were recorded in flower in June and
July.
Costa Rican material studied: Puntarenas: Coto
Brus, Sabalito, Zona Protectora Las Tablas, 13 km al
noreste de Lucha, Sitio Coto Brus, Finca de la familia
Sandí-Hartmann, camino hacia la fontera Costa Rica
Panamá, 8°57’15.5” N 82°43’50.6” W, 2147 m,
floreció en cultivo de Daniel Jiménez, 12 julio 2012,
D. Bogarín 9698 (JBL-Spirit!; figs. 2, 14b). COSTA
RICA-PANAMÁ. Puntarenas-Bocas del Toro:
Coto Brus-Valle del Risco, línea fronteriza sobre la
divisoria de aguas ingresando por el camino de la
Finca Sandí-Hartmann “El Capricho”, 8°57’12.34”N
82°43’32.69”W, 2154 m, bosque pluvial montano
bajo, 11 Diciembre 2013, D.Bogarín 10741, A.
Karremans, M. Fernández & L. Sandoval (JBLspirit!).
Among the Costa Rican Lepanthes, L. ankistra is
recognized by the hanging, dark green-purple leaves
with mucronate apices. The inflorescences lie upon
the surface of the leaves, within the central groove.
The flowers have pubescent petals with transverse
setiform lobes at the base of the upper and lower
lobes with sharply uncinate lower lobes. The lip
lobes are hiding the column and the appendix is
oblong, pubescent, scaphoid and conspicuous. This
species is closely related to L. brunnescens Luer,
an endemic to Cerro Jefe in central Panama, but the
latter species lacks the uncinate lobes of the lower
lobes of the petals. These Lepanthes species are
unusual in Costa Rica. They are indeed closely allied
to the South American L. mucronata Lindl., one of
the most frequent species of the genus in the Andes
(Luer 1996). Besides L. mucronata, there are at least
17 species from South America that may be related
to L. ankistra and L. brunnescens (Luer 1996). The
transverse setiform lobes at the base of the upper
263
and lower lobes, the lip lobes united and hiding
the column and the variously pubescent, scaphoid
appendices may group all those species.
3. Lepanthes otopetala Luer, Lindleyana 6: 76. 1991.
Type: Panama. Chiriquí, collected by A. Maduro,
without locality, flowered in cultivation by J & L
Orchids, Easton, CT, May 1990, C. Luer 14741
(holotype, MO).
Distribution: endemic to the Cordillera de Talamanca
in southern Costa Rica and western Panama.
Etymology: from the Greek otopetalon, “an ear-like
petal” in allusion to the ear-like upper lobes of the
petals.
Habitat in Costa Rica: epiphytic in lower montane wet
forest, on the Pacific watershed of the Cordillera de
Talamanca at around 2400 m of elevation. Plants were
found growing on primary oak forest.
Phenology: Plants were recorded in flower in April
and May.
Costa Rican material studied: Puntarenas-Chiriquí:
Coto Brus-Renacimiento, línea fronteriza hacia el
Cerro Pando, después del mojón N.338, 8°55’11.22”N
82°43’18.18”W, 2446 m, bosque muy húmedo
montano bajo, epífitas en bosque primario, 19 abril
2011, D. Bogarín 8715, D. Jiménez & A.P. Karremans
(JBL-Spirit!; figs. 3, 14c).
This species shares features with the members of the
Lepanthes disticha Garay & R.E. Schult. complex such
as the erect plants, blackish amplectent lepanthiform
bracts, the convex, elliptic leaves and inflorescences
developed beneath the leaf. However, the matt dark
purple leaves, the whitish flowers, denticulate sepals,
ciliate lip blades and the conspicuous ear-like upper
lobe of the petals, which is longer and wider than the
lower lobe easily distinguish this species (Luer 1991).
The voucher cited here was collected along the border
of Costa Rica and Panama.
4. Lepanthes truncata Luer & Dressler, Orquideología
16(3): 9. 1986.
Type: Panama. Prov. of Bocas del Toro: epiphytic in
wet forest between Fortuna and Chiriquí Grande,
LANKESTERIANA 13(3), January 2014. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 2014.
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B
D
E
A
C
Figure 3. Lepanthes otopetala Luer. A — Habit. B — Flower. C — Dissected perianth, flat. D — Column and lip, lateral
view. E — Lip, spread. Drawing by D. Bogarín and D. Solano based on D. Bogarín 8715.
LANKESTERIANA 13(3), January 2014. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 2014.
Fernández et al. — New species and records of Costa Rican Orchidaceae. III
alt. 350 m, 17 February 1985, C. Luer, J. Luer, R.L.
Dressler & K. Dressler 10618 (holotype, MO).
Distribution: endemic to the Caribbean lowlands of
Costa Rica and Panama.
Etymology: from the Latin truncatus, “truncate” in
allusion to the truncate apex of the upper lobes of the
petals.
Habitat in Costa Rica: epiphytic in premontane rain
forest, on the Caribbean watershed of the Cordillera de
Talamanca below 400 m of elevation.
Phenology: Plants were recorded in flower from May
to October.
Costa Rican material studied: Cartago-Limón:
Turrialba y Siquirres, Pacuarito-Tayutic, Parque
Nacional Barbilla, sendero hacia el Río Dantas
(Venado), 9°58’27.35”N 83°27’00.33”W, 382 m,
bosque pluvial premontano, epífitas en bosque primario
y secundario, 25 mayo 2012, D. Bogarín 9652, A.P.
Karremans & J. Sharma (JBL-Spirit!; figs. 4, 14d–e).
This species is recognized by the pendent plants
with satiny leaves, the inflorescence is developed
above the leaf, the flowers have entire, yellowish
sepals and petals and the lip is reddish-pink with
the blades separated, not hiding the column, and the
appendix is minute, pubescent. As noted by Luer &
Dressler (1986), the most distinctive character of L.
truncata is the broadly truncate apex of the upper lobe
of the petals.
5. Platystele catiensis Karremans & Bogarín, sp. nov.
Type: Cartago: Turrialba, Turrialba, Campus del
Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y
Enseñanza (CATIE), orillas del Río Reventazón,
9°53’38”N 83°38’55.5”W, 639 m, bosque muy
húmedo premontano, epífitas bosque secundario
detrás del edificio principal, 24 Mayo 2012, A.
P. Karremans 5442, D. Bogarín & J. Sharma
(holotype, JBL-Spirit!; isotype, JBL-Spirit!; figs.
5, 14f).
Species haec P. oxyglossa (Schltr.) Garay similis, sed
floribus minoribus, petalis et labello quam sepalis
aequilonguis, minutissime glandulosis, acutis, labello
ovato-elliptico glanduloso differt.
265
Plant minuscule, epiphytic, caespitose, erect,
up to 2.0 cm tall, including the inflorescence. Roots
basal, flexuous, filiform. Ramicauls erect, slender, 1-2
mm long, enclosed by tubular, imbricating, slightly
compressed, membranous sheaths, becoming brownish
and papery with age. Leaf elliptic, erect, conduplicate,
subacute, emarginate, abaxially keeled and terminating
in a short apiculus, 5-8 × 2-3 mm, narrowed at the base
into a conduplicate petiole. Inflorescence racemose,
distichous, successively flowered, with one flower
open at a time, up to 1.2-1.3 cm long, peduncle to 6-8
mm long, pedicels 1.0-2.0 mm long. Floral bracts
acute, conduplicate, to 0.5 mm long. Ovary terete,
smooth, to 0.4 mm long. Flowers sepals and petals
transparent yellowish-green, lip and column reddishorange, about 4.5 mm in diameter. Dorsal sepal
narrowly lanceolate-elliptic, spreading widely, acute
to shortly acuminate, marginally glandulose, 2.2-2.3 ×
0.7 mm. Lateral sepals subequal to the dorsal sepal,
lanceolate-elliptic, spreading widely, acute to shortly
acuminate, marginally glandulose, 2.0-2.1 × 1.0 mm.
Petals spreading widely, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate,
acute to shortly acuminate, margins glandulose,
1-veined, 2.1 × 0.4 mm. Lip ovate-elliptic, shortly
acuminate, glandular-hirsute, especially at the apex,
with a small glenion at the base, 1.5 mm x 0.7 mm.
Column short, sub-cylindrical, 0.4 mm long. Anther
apical, stigma subapical, transversely bilobed at each
side of the anther. Pollinia 2, ovoid. Note: Description
based on Karremans 30, 5442, 5443 and Bogarín
9661.
Paratypes: Costa Rica. Cartago: Turrialba, Turrialba,
CATIE, río Reventazón, tramo Bajo del Chino–
Espaveles. 9°53’44” N 83°39’27” W, 600 m, 30 de
enero del 2004, A.P. Karremans 30 & J. Velásquez
(JBL-Spirit!). Turrialba, Turrialba, Campus del Centro
Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza
(CATIE), orillas del Río Reventazón, 9°53’38”N
83°38’55.5”W, 639 m, bosque muy húmedo premontano,
epífitas bosque secundario detrás del edificio principal,
24 mayo 2012, A. P. Karremans 5443, D. Bogarín &
J. Sharma (JBL-Spirit!). Cartago-Limón: Turrialba y
Siquirres, Pacuarito-Tayutic, Parque Nacional Barbilla,
sendero hacia el Río Dantas (Venado), 9°58’27.35”N
83°27’00.33”W, 382 m, bosque pluvial premontano,
epífitas en bosque primario y secundario, D. Bogarín
9661, A.P. Karremans & J. Sharma, 25 Mayo 2012
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266
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D
B
E
F
A
C
Figure 4. Lepanthes truncata Luer & Dressler. A — Habit. B — Flower. C — Dissected perianth. D — Column and lip,
lateral view. E — Lip, spread. F — Pollinarium and anther cap. Drawing by D. Bogarín and D. Solano based on D.
Bogarín 9652.
LANKESTERIANA 13(3), January 2014. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 2014.
Fernández et al. — New species and records of Costa Rican Orchidaceae. III
267
B
A
E
C
F
D
Figure 5. Platystele catiensis Karremans & Bogarín. A — Habit. B — Flower. C — Dissected perianth. D — Column and
lip, lateral view. E — Lip, spread. F — Pollinarium and anther cap. G — Sepal margin. Drawing by D. Bogarín and
J.M. Ramírez based on A.P. Karremans 5442 (JBL-Spirit).
LANKESTERIANA 13(3), January 2014. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 2014.
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(JBL-Spirit!). Heredia: Sarapiquí, Puerto Viejo, Finca
La Selva, 3 km SE of Puerto Viejo de Sarapiquí, 50150 m, 22 Nov. 1979, C. Todzia 1035 (CR!). Sarapiquí,
Puerto Viejo, Estación Biológica La Selva, OTS field
station near junction of Puerto Viejo and Sarapiquí
rivers. Elevation 40-100 m. Camino Circular Lejano
(CCL) 950. 11 Mar. 1991, K. Richardson (CR!).
Sarapiquí, Puerto Viejo, Estación Biológica La Selva, at
the confluence of Río Sarapiquí and Río Puerto Viejo,
Atlantic slope. 10°26’00”N 84°01’00”W, 50-100 m,
growing on twigs near major treefall along Camino
Circular Lejano, 12 Oct. 1990, M. Grayum 9994 (INB!).
Limón: shores of Caño Perreira; periodically inundated
swamp forest, Priora dominant. 20 Mar. 1897, W.D.
Stevens, G. Herrera & O.M. Montiel 25151 (INB!; MO).
Other Records: Costa Rica. Heredia: Sarapiquí,
Puerto Viejo, Estación Biológica La Selva, O. Vargas
2148 (Digital Photograph!).
Distribution: known only from Costa Rica.
Etymology: the name honors the Centro Agronómico
Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), where
this species was first observed by the authors. CATIE
is, like Lankester Botanical Garden, celebrating its
40th Anniversary in 2013.
Habitat in Costa Rica: epiphytic in primary and and
mature secondary humid premontane forest, at around
300-650 m elevation. It is known from the Caribbean
lowlands, especially the Sarapiquí, Siquirres and
Turrialba areas. The species grows on the protected
dense mature vegetation right behind the main building
of CATIE, where it is found on small branches that fall
from the large trees in the “Espaveles” path, which
descends to the Turrialba-Reventazón river. Likewise
on the path that descends to Dantas river in the Barbilla
National Park.
Phenology: flowering recorded from January to
October, however it is likely it flowers all year round.
Platystele catiensis has been confused in Costa Rica
with the apparently widely distributed and variable P.
oxyglossa. The latter is also found in the country (Luer
1990), but P. catiensis is typically found growing below
elevations of 650 m in the Caribbean lowlands (vs.
growing at an elevation of 1000-2500 m in the Central
and Talamanca Cordillera), it has a much smaller plant
LANKESTERIANA 13(3), January 2014. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 2014.
that grows up to 2 cm including the inflorescence (vs. 6
cm tall), a denser and shorter inflorescence which is up to
1.3 cm long (vs. a stingy inflorescence up to 5 cm long),
with 1.0-2.0 mm long pedicels (pedicels 2.5-7.0 mm
long), with less than 5 mm between each one (distance
between pedicels 2.0-5.0 mm long), and smaller flowers
with sepals and petals up to 2.3 mm long (vs. up to 3.5
mm long), and the lip up to about 1.5 mm long (vs.
2.5 mm long). From the Guatemalan type material of
P. oxyglossa, P. catiensis can be distinguished by the
shorter (2.2-2.3 mm), shortly acuminate and marginally
glandular sepals (vs. sepals 2.5 mm, long acuminate,
glabrous), the petals and lip are longer, subequal to
the sepals, the petal margin is glandular, while the lip
is elliptic, and completely glandular-hirsute, especially
near the apex (vs. sepals and lip 1.5 mm, much shorter
than the sepals, and are glabrous, the lip is ovatelanceolate). It might well turn out that none of the Costa
Rican material can be referred to P. oxyglossa. In that
case the larger species found in the Central Cordillera
should be referred to as Platystele schulzeana (Schltr.)
Garay, described from La Carpintera. For the time
being we only segregate the easily distinguished and
morphologically constant P. catiensis, and point out
that the name P. oxyglossa has been applied to two
different species in Costa Rica. A few Brazilian species
have been placed under synonymy of P. oxyglossa, but
from what we have seen they are most likely not the
same species, and certainly are not the same as those
found in Costa Rica. The recently described Platystele
paraensis Campacci & da Silva has the typical general
flower morphology of the P. oxyglossa complex, and
is as tiny as P. catiensis. It can be distinguished by the
single flowered inflorescence, the sepals that are long
caudate, that have an orange mid-vein and are much
longer than the lip, which is apically yellow-orange.
Flower morphology and size is similar to Platystele
psix Luer & Hirtz, however the Ecuadorian species has
cellular-pubescent sepals and petals. Another similar
species occurs in Panama and Ecuador, Platystele
taylorii Luer can be however recognized by the lip that
is long acuminate and exceeds the glabrous sepals.
6. Platystele sylvestrei Karremans & Bogarín, sp. nov.
Type: Costa Rica. Cartago: Paraíso, Orosi, Tapantí,
Parque Nacional Tapantí, camino entre el portón
del Mirador hacia el Río Humo, Proyecto
Fernández et al. — New species and records of Costa Rican Orchidaceae. III
Hidroeléctrico Tapantí, 9°41’32.9”N 83°47’03.2”
W, 1650 m, bosque pluvial premontano “supra
arbores et ad truncos prostratos vetustos ad
sylvarum versuras ad viam flumen Humo in
Tapanti”, 18 Noviembre 2010, D. Bogarín 8240,
R. Gómez, A.P. Karremans, B. Klein, G. Meza & F.
Pupulin (holotype, JBL-Spirit!; fig. 6, 7).
Species haec P. oxyglossa (Schltr.) Garay similis,
sed planta majore, floribus autogamus albus, sepalis
petalisque angustissimis, labello angusto-ovato
lanceolato differt.
Plant medium for the genus, epiphytic, caespitose,
erect, up to 12-13 cm tall, including the inflorescence.
Roots basal, flexuous, filiform. Ramicauls erect,
slender, 5-8 mm long, enclosed by tubular,
imbricating, slightly compressed, membranous
sheaths, becoming brownish and papery with age.
Leaf narrowly obovate-elliptic, erect, conduplicate,
obtuse, emarginate, 20-35 × 5-7 mm, narrowed at
the base into a conduplicate petiole. Inflorescence
racemose, distichous, successively flowered, with
one flower mature (not necessarily open) at a time,
up to 12 cm long, peduncle to 7 cm long, pedicels
1.0-1.5 cm long. Floral bracts acute, conduplicate,
to 1 mm long. Ovary terete to suborbicular, smooth,
to 2 mm long (fertilized). Flowers cleistogamous or
autogamous (at least in the material at hand), sepals
and petals transparent whitish, with a violet blotch on
the base of the lip and violet markings on the column,
about 4 mm in diameter. Dorsal sepal narrowly ovate,
spreading widely, acute, glabrous, 2.3-2.4 × 0.5 mm.
Lateral sepals subequal to the dorsal sepal, narrowly
ovate, spreading widely, acute, glabrous, 2.3 × 0.60.7 mm. Petals spreading widely, linear to narrowly
lanceolate, acute, margin somewhat irregular,
1-veined, 2.0 × 0.2-0.3 mm. Lip very narrowly ovatelanceolate, shortly acuminate, glabrous, without an
evident glenion at the base, 1.6-1.7 × 0.5 mm. Column
short, thick due to autogamy, sub-cylindrical, 0.5 mm
long. Anther not noted, stigma deformed, apical.
Pollinia not observed. Note: Description based only
on Bogarín 8240.
Paratypes: Costa Rica. Alajuela: San Ramón,
Piedades, unpaved road from Piedades Norte to
Piedades Sur, San Antonio de Zapotal, 10º09’51.9”N
84º35’36.5”W, 1410 m, Caribbean watershed of the
269
Continental Divide, premontane cloud forest, 24
March 2005, F. Pupulin 5595, E. Salas-Pupulin, D.
Bogarín & A.C. Rodríguez (JBL-Spirit!). Puntarenas:
Reserva Biológica Monteverde, Ojo de Agua,
Finca de Leonel Hernández. Bosque pantanoso
semiachaparrado. Lado Pacífico de la reserva.
10º15’N 84º46’W, 1600 m. 14 nov. 1987. W. Haber &
E. Bello 7808 (INB!; Illustration-INB!). Puntarenas:
Puntarenas. Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve. Pacific
slope and continental divide, road to divide, swamp
along Sendero Pantanoso and Sendero Chomogo.
10º18’N 84º47’W, 1550-1600 m. Epiphyte. 14 Mar.
1990. W. Haber & W. Zuchowski 9798 (INB!).
Costa Rica - Panama: Puntarenas-Bocas del Toro:
Coto Brus-Valle del Risco, línea fronteriza sobre la
divisoria de aguas ingresando por el camino de la
Finca Sandí-Hartmann “El Capricho”, 8°57’12.34”N
82°43’32.69”W, 2154 m, bosque pluvial montano
bajo, 11 diciembre 2013, A.P. Karremans 6130, D.
Bogarín, M. Fernández & L. Sandoval (JBL-Spirit!;
fig. 7A). Same locality and date, D. Bogarín 10744,
A.P. Karremans, M. Fernández & L. Sandoval (JBLSpirit!; fig. 7b).
Distribution: known only from Costa Rica and
Panama.
Etymology: El Silvestre (the uncultivated) was the
name of Charles H. Lankester’s farm before becoming
Lankester Botanical Garden in the hands of the
University of Costa Rica. This species honors the
garden’s 40th anniversary.
Habitat in Costa Rica: epiphytic in mature humid
premontane forest, between 1410 and 1650 m
elevation. It is known from a few but distant localities,
Tapantí National Park in Cartago, close to San Ramón
in Alajuela, the Monteverde area in Puntarenas, and on
both sides of the continental divide close to the Costa
Rica - Panama border.
Phenology: flowering recorded at least in March
and November and December, considering the
successiveness of the inflorescence it is likely found
flowering-fruiting all year round.
Platystele sylvestrei probably belongs to the P.
oxyglossa species complex, however, it has a relatively
large habit, reaching above 10 cm when including the
inflorescence. The species can be easily recognized by
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B
D
A
E
C
Figure 6. Platystele sylvestrei Karremans & Bogarín. A — Habit. B — Flower. C — Dissected perianth. D — Column and
lip, lateral view. E — Fruit with persistent perianth, lateral view. Drawing by D. Bogarín and J.M. Ramírez from D.
Bogarín 8240 (JBL-Spirit).
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Figure 7. Platystele sylvestrei Karremans & Bogarín. A — A rare case of a fully opening flower, already pollinated
(Karremans 6130) . B — Plant habit showing the long lax inflorescences with the characteristic fruiting (Bogarín
10744). Photographs by A.P. Karremans (A) and D. Bogarín (B).
the lax inflorescence, the long pedicels, the whitishtransparent, autogamous/cleistogamous flowers and
the narrow, glabrous flower segments, with a narrowly
ovate-lanceolate lip.
7. Platystele tica Karremans & Bogarín, sp. nov.
Type: Costa Rica. Puntarenas: Buenos Aires,
Volcán, 09°13’N, 83°26’W, ca. 450 m, bosque
muy húmedo premontano transición a basal en
bosque secundario muy alterado a orillas de un
riachuelo, 17 de abril 2012, A.P. Karremans 5315,
J. Cambronero & J. Geml (holotype, JBL-Spirit!;
isotype, JBL-Spirit!; figs. 8, 9, 14g–h).
Species haec P. oxyglossa (Schltr.) Garay similis, sed
planta minutissima, floribus minutissimis flavis, sepalis
petalisque acutis latiores, labello ovato acuto differt.
Plant minuscule, epiphytic, caespitose, erect,
up to 2.0 cm tall, including the inflorescence. Roots
basal, flexuous, filiform. Ramicauls erect, slender,
1-2 mm long, enclosed by 2-3 tubular, imbricating,
slightly compressed, membranous sheaths, becoming
brownish and papery with age. Leaf elliptic, erect,
fleshy, coriaceous, conduplicate, subacute, emarginate,
abaxially keeled and terminating in a short apiculus, 5-7
× 1.5-2.5 mm, narrowed at the base into a conduplicate
petiole. Inflorescence racemose, distichous, successively
flowered, with one flower open at a time, up to 1.5 cm
long, peduncle to 1.2 cm long, pedicels 1.5-2.0 mm
long. Floral bracts acute, conduplicate, to 0.5-0.8 mm
long. Ovary terete, smooth, to 0.3 mm long. Flowers
monochrome yellow, about 1.8 mm in diameter. Dorsal
sepal narrowly ovate-elliptic, spreading widely, acute,
glabrous, 0.9 × 0.5 mm. Lateral sepals subequal to the
dorsal sepal, broadly elliptic, spreading widely, acute,
glabrous, 0.9 × 0.7 mm. Petals spreading widely,
narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, acute, margins irregular,
1-veined, 0.9 × 0.3 mm. Lip ovate, shortly acuminate,
glandular, especially at the apex, margin irregular,
with a small glenion at the base, 0.8-0.9 × 0.4-0.5 mm.
Column short, sub-cylindrical, 0.3-0.4 mm long. Anther
apical, stigma subapical, transversely bilobed at each
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Figure 8. Size comparison of Platystele tica Karremans & Bogarín: A — The specimen that served as type material, in
situ, compared with a pencil. B — On the left Platystele microtatantha (Schltr.) Garay (Bogarín 10241), on the right
Platystele tica (Karremans 5929A). Photographs by A.P. Karremans.
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D
E
C
A
Figure 9. Platystele tica Karremans & Bogarín. A — Habit. B — Flower. C — Dissected perianth. D — Column and lip,
lateral view. E — Column, front view. F —Pollinarium and anther cap. G — Sepal margin. Drawing by D. Bogarín and
J.M. Ramírez based on A.P. Karremans 5315 (JBL-Spirit).
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side of the anther. Pollinia 2, ovoid. Note: Description
based on Karremans 5315, 5829A and Pupulin 2928.
Paratypes: Costa Rica. Puntarenas: Buenos
Aires, Volcán, Cacao, orillas del Río Cacao en
bosque secundario bajo el puente de la Carretera
Interamericana, 9°13’10.441”N 83°28’19.002”W, 449
m, bosque muy húmedo premontano transición a basal,
20 marzo 2013, A.P. Karremans 5829A, D. Bogarín, J.
Cambronero & F. Pupulin (JBL-Spirit!; figures 8 & 9).
San José: Pérez Zeledón, El Brujo, road to El Llano,
along the boarder of río División, 320 m, 9°25’40”N
83°54’58”W, epiphytic on tall trees along the river
shore, 21 Jan. 2001, F. Pupulin 2928, D. Castelfranco
& L. Elizondo (JBL-Spirit!).
Other records: Costa Rica. San José: Tarrazú. No
protegida. Cuenca del Naranjo y Paquita. Valle del
General, Longo May. Río Sonador, 1400-1800 m,
9°36’30”N 84°06’00”W, epífita, 16 may 2006, J. F.
Morales 13937 (INB!; INB-Spirit). Geographical
distribution, plant habit and size, and flower coloration
suggests that this specimen is P. tica, however, the
flowers on the dried specimen are too damaged to tell
with certainty and we were not able to locate the spirit
specimen.
A text and its accompanying photographs by Pontus
Aratoun featuring a Platystele species from Mecana
beach, Choco, Colombia (available through http://
miniorchids.wordpress.com), possibly represents the
same species.
Distribution: known only from Costa Rica. It may also
be present southwards into Colombia.
Eponymy: the name honors Costa Rica, country where
this minuscule species was found, and the people of
which are known as tico and tica. The nickname tico
or tica comes from the Costa Rican linguistic custom
of using it as a diminutive suffix, alluding thus as well
to the small size of this Platystele.
Platystele tica is without obvious close relatives in
Costa Rica. General plant morphology would suggest
affinity with the P. oxyglossa group, as does the lip
shape. The new species, however, lacks the typical
caudate sepals and the reddish-purplish coloring of
the lip. Flower coloration and size are somewhat
reminiscent of Platystele minimiflora (Schltr.) Garay,
however that species has a creeping habit. P. tica
has one of the smallest flowers in the genus rivaled
only by that of P. enervis Luer, P. ornata Garay and
P. umbellata P.Ortiz. It makes the previous Costa
Rican famous dwarfs, P. jungermannioides (Schltr.)
Garay and P. microtatantha (Schltr.) Garay, look large.
This species might not necessarily be rare, we have
observed at least a couple of specimens more in the
field and photographed by enthusiasts, but considering
the minuscule size of the plant and flower, the lack
of herbarium collections and habitat loss in the area
it grows, it is not unsurprising that it had escaped
description.
8. Ponthieva villosa Lindl., Pl. Hartw. 155. 1845.
Type: Ecuador. In montibus Paccha rarissima, T.
Hartweg s.n. (holotype: K). Syn. Ponthieva crinita
Garay, Fl. Ecuador 9: 214. 1978 (AMES!).
Distribution: Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador and
Peru.
Etymology: from the Greek κυστις, “bladder”, “cyst”
in reference to the prominent ventral vesicle behind the
perianth.
Habitat in Costa Rica: the only known specimen was
found growing as an epiphyte on a roadside close to
Tapantí National Park, in sub montane wet forest, at
about 1500 m.
Habitat: epiphytic in secondary forest in premontane
wet forest, between about 300 and 450 m (1400-1800
m?) elevation. It is known only from the Costa Rican
south-Pacific, in the Valle de El General area.
Costa Rican material studied: Cartago: Paraíso,
Orosi, Tapantí, sobre el camino a Tausito, unos 4 km
del cruce al Parque Nacional Tapantí, 9°46’27.82”N
83°46’54.57” W, 1513 m, epífitas sobre árboles al lado
de la calle, bosque pluvial premontano, 12 de febrero
2012, A.P. Karremans 5040 (CR!; figs. 10, 14i).
Phenology: flowering recorded at least from April
to June, however considering the slowly successive
inflorescences, each is likely to flower continuously
for months at a time.
The specimen here cited was collected singly, in
bloom, on a roadside of a frequented collecting site,
and was initially thought to be a novelty. However,
the illustrations of Ponthieva villosa from Ecuador
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D
B
F
E
A
C
Figure 10. Ponthieva villosa Lindl. A — Habit. B — Flower. C — Dissected perianth. D — Column and lip, lateral view.
E — Lip. F — Capitate hairs of the sepal margins. Drawn by A. P. Karremans and J. M. Ramírez from A.P. Karremans
5040 (JBL-Spirit).
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in Dodson and Dodson (1989) and from Colombia
in Ortiz (1991), and the type specimen of P. crinita
(which has been considered a synonym of P. villosa),
are so similar to the Costa Rican plant that we are
unable to distinguish them with the material and
information at hand. Unfortunately not much is known
about P. villosa in general, the original description is
quite superficial and we have not been able to see the
holotype. The specimen collected close to Tapantí is
in any case a species morphologically quite distinct
to any previously reported species of Ponthieva from
Costa Rica, and for now will bear the name P. villosa.
It can be recognized by the epiphytic plants that are
completely hirsute, from the leaves to the back of the
sepals. The leaves are quite narrow, with the margins
undulate. The sepals are greenish, while the petals
are yellowish-green with a large white spot above the
middle. The lateral sepals are almost entirely free. The
lip is prominently concave and glossy.
9. Restrepia aberrans Luer, Orquideología 20(2): 117.
1996.
Type: Panama. Bocas del Toro, epiphytic in forest
above Chiriquí Grande, alt. 350 m, 17 Feb 1985,
collected by C. Luer, J. Luer, R. Dressler & K.
Dressler, flowered in cultivation by A. & P. Jesup
in Bristol, CT., 26 Apr 1987, C. Luer 10612
(holotype, MO).
Distribution: Costa Rica and Panama.
Etymology: from the Latin aberrans, “aberrant”,
referring to unusual floral features that occur in no
other species of the genus (Luer 1996).
Habitat in Costa Rica: Known only from the
premontane wet forests of Costa Rican Atlantic
watershed between 350 m to 790 m of elevation,
growing on branches of Ficus sp.
Costa Rican material studied: Cartago: Jiménez,
Pejibaye, La Marta, laderas del río Gato. Reserva
Biológica La Marta, sendero Tepemechines, creciendo
en ramas de Ficus sp. 9º46’52”N 83º41’15”W, 790 m,
colectada por Daniel Jiménez en mayo del 2012, A.P.
Karremans 5069 (JBL-Spirit!; figs. 11, 14j).
Restrepia aberrans can be recognized by the
narrowly triangular dorsal sepal, concave at the base,
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the lateral sepals partially connate with erect sides
towards the base, the parallel petals slightly widened
at the apex, the trilobed lip with the lateral lobes erect,
oblique, and two inner, erect blades; the column is half
the length of the lip, widened towards the apex.
The specimen here cited was found growing in the
premontane wet forest of La Marta Wildlife Refuge,
located in the Costa Rican Atlantic lowlands. Based
on the available literature, the only specimen known
before this record was that of the type specimen, which
was coincidentally found in the Atlantic lowlands
of western Panama, near the border with Costa
Rica. Opposed to the type specimen, no evidence of
cleistogamy was observed in the Costa Rican plant.
Likewise, the lateral sepals of the latter remained
almost entirely connate until the flower decayed.
10. Sobralia bletiae Rchb.f., Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 10:
713. 1852.
Type: : “Chiriqui” Panama, Warszewicz s.n. (holotype,
W).
Distribution: Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama, Costa
Rica and Nicaragua.
Etymology: most probably refers to the similarity of
the flower with those of Bletia.
Habitat in Costa Rica: Known from the tropical wet
forests of the Osa peninsula in southern Costa Rica,
growing at low elevations in secondary forests.
Costa Rican material studied: Puntarenas: Osa,
Sierpe, camino a Bahía Drake, entre Rincón y Rancho
Quemado, 8°40’52.3”N 83°32’57.5”W, 214 m, en
bosque secundario y cercas a orillas del camino, bosque
muy húmedo tropical “sylvas ad peninsula Osa regione
sinus Dulce versus Drake prope Rancho Quemado”,
13 marzo 2011, D. Bogarín 8497, A.P. Karremans & J.
Sharma (JBL-Spirit!; figs. 12, 14k); Puntarenas: Osa,
P.N. Piedras Blancas, 8.69 -83.23, Estacion Rio Bonito,
100 m, E. Fletes 424 (INB, MO); Puntarenas: Osa,
Rincón de Osa. Streams and slopes adjacent to airfield,
08°42’N 083°31’W, 20 - 300 m, epiphytic in disturbed
primary forest, 6-7 Feb. 1974, R. L. Liesner 1817 (MO).
The habit of S. bletiae is similar to that of several
other Sobralia, such as S. decora Bateman and S.
mucronata Ames & C.Schweinf. It can be recognized
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B
E
A
F
C
D
Figure 11. Restrepia aberrans Luer. A — Habit. B — Flower. C — Dissected perianth. D — Column and lip, lateral view.
E — Column, front view. F — Lip, spread. G —Pollinarium and anther cap. Drawing by D. Bogarín & M. Fernández
based on A.P. Karremans 5069 (JBL-Spirit).
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B
C
F
A
E
D
Figure 12. Sobralia bletiae Rchb.f. A — Habit. B — Flower. C — Dissected perianth. D — Column and lip, lateral view.
E — Column, front view. F — Lip, spread. G —Pollinarium and anther cap. Drawing by D. Bogarín and M. Fernández
based on D. Bogarín 8497 (JBL-Spirit).
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D
B
F
C
A
E
Figure 13. Trichosalpinx caudata Luer. A — Habit. B — Flower. C — Dissected perianth. D — Column and lip, lateral
view. E — Column, front view. F — Lip, spread. G —Pollinarium and anther cap. Drawing by M. Fernández based on
M. Fernández 546 (JBL-Spirit).
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by the small, tubular flower with creamy, parallel
sepals and petals, the trilobed lip with five to seven,
red-to-brown keels, and a mucronate apex. The column
narrows towards the base, and the pollinia are dorsally
flattened.
Although several authors had reported this species
as present in Costa Rica (Ames 1937, Williams 1956,
Mora & García 1992, Dressler 1993, García et al. 1993),
the existence of two Costa Rican herbarium specimens
was unknown until relatively recently (Pupulin 2002,
Dressler 2003): R. L. Liesner 1817 (MO), and E.
Fletes 424 (INB, MO), both from the lowlands of the
Península de Osa. This species is illustrated for the first
time based on Costa Rican material.
11. Trichosalpinx caudata Luer & R.Escobar, Monogr.
Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 64: 20. 1997.
Type: Colombia. Antioquia: La Tebaida, collected by
E. Valencia, July 1988, flowered in cultivation at
Colomborquídeas, 16 May 1993, C. Luer 16907
(MO).
Distribution: Costa Rica, Panama and Colombia.
Etymology: from the Latin caudatus, “caudate”,
referring to the tails of the lateral sepals (Luer 1997).
Habitat in Costa Rica: T. caudata has been found
growing epiphytically at low elevations in disturbed
areas close to water bodies along the northern Atlantic
plains and in open areas of the Osa Peninsula, mostly
at 100–250 m [to 1200-1400 m] .
Costa Rican material studied: Alajuela: San Carlos,
Boca Tapada, alrededores del Hotel Laguna de río
Lagarto, en jardín del hotel Arenal Paraíso, 100 m, 10
oct 2004, C. Ossenbach 368 & P. Casasa (JBL-Spirit!).
Puntarenas: Osa, Cortés, fila Dominicalito, 250 m, D.
Jiménez invenit, M. Fernández 546 (JBL-Spirit!; figs.
13, 14l). Puntarenas: Osa, San Juan, cuenca media del
río San Juan, siguiendo el curso aguas arriba, 200 m, flor
morada de ápice anaranjado, conspicuo, 5 noviembre
1990, G. Herrera 4568 (CR!). San José: Pérez Zeledón,
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Carretera Interamericana, La Ese, km 114-122, orilla de
la carretera, 9°26’N 83°35’W, 1200-1400 m, 12 julio
2005, A. Rojas 6474 & H. Kennedy (JBL-Spirit!).
Trichosalpinx caudata and T. orbicularis (Lindl.)
Luer are vegetatively almost indistinguishable.
Nevertheless, the long, caudate sepals of the first are
the most conspicuous differentiating character. The
sepals can reach up to 8.5 mm long (vs. 3.5-6.5 mm),
the dorsal sepal is narrowly triangular (vs ovate),
while the lateral sepals are connate only at the base,
long-attenuate, and have a widened and fleshy apex.
The petals are narrowly acute to acuminate (vs. acute
to obtuse), densely fimbriate. The lip is usually twice
longer than the column (vs. one-third longer than
column).
Acknowledgements. We are thankful for the scientific
services of Costa Rican Ministry of Environment and
Energy (MINAE) and its National System of Conservation
Areas (SINAC) for issuing the Scientific Passports under
which wild species treated in this study were collected. To
the Vice-Presidency of research of the University of Costa
Rica for providing support under the projects “Inventario y
taxonomía de la flora epífita de la región Mesoamericana”
(814-A7-015), “Flora Costaricensis: Taxonomía y Filogenia
de la subtribu Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae) en Costa
Rica” (814-BO-052), “Filogenia molecular de las especies
de Orchidaceae endémicas de Costa Rica” (814-B1-239)
and “Hacia una moderna flora de orquídeas de Panamá”
(814-B2-161). We are also grateful to the personnel at
CR, INB, JBL and USJ for granting full access to their
collections. Finally, we are grateful to Joan M. Ramírez and
Darha Solano, illustrators at JBL, who prepared some of the
plates included in the article.
Literature Cited
Ames, O. 1937. Orchidaceae. Orchid Family. In P. C.
Standley (ed.) Flora of Costa Rica. Vol. 18. Field
Museum of Natural History – Botany, p. 292.
Bogarín, D. 2011. How many orchid species in Costa Rica?
A review of the latest discoveries. In: A. M. Pridgeon
& H. G. Navarrete Zambrano (eds.). Proceedings of the
Third Scientific Conference on Andean Orchids, Quito.
Lankesteriana 11(3): 185—205.
Left, Figure 14. A ⎯ Epidendrum jorge-warneri, (A.P. Karremans 5545). B ⎯ Lepanthes ankistra (D. Bogarín 9698). C
⎯ Lepanthes otopetala (D. Bogarín 8715). D & E ⎯ Lepanthes truncata (D. Bogarín 9652). F ⎯ Platystele catiensis
(A.P. Karremans 5442). G & H ⎯ Platystele tica (A.P. Karremans 5315). I ⎯ Ponthieva villosa (A.P. Karremans 5040).
J ⎯ Restrepia aberrans (A.P. Karremans 5069). K ⎯ Sobralia bletiae (D. Bogarín 8497). L ⎯ Trichosalpinx caudata
(M. Fernández 546). Photographs by D. Bogarín (B, C, D, E), M. Fernández (J, K), D. Jiménez (L), A. Karremans (A,
F, G, I) and F. Pupulin (H).
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Bogarín, D. & A. P. Karremans. 2010. Un nuevo Platystele
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Dressler, R. L. 1993. Field Guide to the Orchids of Costa
Rica and Panama. Cornell University Press, p. 319.
Dressler, R. L. 2003. Sobralia. Pp. 506—516 in: B. E.
Hammel, M. H. Grayum, C. Herrera & N. Zamora
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