Evidence-Based Practice for Vocabulary
Intervention
Judy K. Montgomery, PhD CCC-SLP
22nd Annual SLP Symposium Denver
January 26, 2008
EVIDENCE-BASED
PRACTICE FOR
VOCABULARY
INTERVENTION
Judy K. Montgomery, Ph.D. CCC-SLP
Chapman University Orange, CA
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Limited vocabulary is a hallmark
of language learning disability and a
serious obstacle to critical literacy skills.
Since vocabulary is learned first indirectly,
then directly, students may have a small
number of words at their disposal due to a
disability- or due to a lack of instruction.
RTI is used to make that determination.
Purposes
Demonstrate and rehearse evidence-based
practices (EBP) and corresponding
vocabulary interventions linked to state
standards.
Use strategies for tiered
instruction/intervention-- general ed or
special ed-- for PreK through high school.
1
Evidence-Based Practice for Vocabulary
Intervention
Judy K. Montgomery, PhD CCC-SLP
22nd Annual SLP Symposium Denver
January 26, 2008
Overview of session
I. Importance of vocabulary
II. How children learn vocabulary
III. Given these conditions- many schools
are providing vocabulary interventions
within RTI models.
IV. Samples of EBP for vocabulary in the
three tiers and special education.
Vocabulary is
• the words we use to communicate
• “ready access to lexical items” (Gallagher, 2004)
• gained from experience with extended
discourse
• transferred from oral to written language
Vocabulary development
• Begins early in life
• Is a marker of
intellect as well as
language skills
• Launches turn-taking,
or the language
“dance”
(Risley, 2006)
2
Evidence-Based Practice for Vocabulary
Intervention
Judy K. Montgomery, PhD CCC-SLP
22nd Annual SLP Symposium Denver
January 26, 2008
Vocabulary also…
• Plays a critical part in learning to read
• Helps students make sense of the words
they see by comparing them to the words
they have heard
• Is one of the 5 building blocks of reading
• Can be divided into four types
Four types of vocabulary




Listening
Speaking
Reading
Writing
Teaching Students to Read
•
•
•
•
•
Phonemic awareness
Phonics
Fluency
Vocabulary
Text comprehension
National Reading Panel, 2001
3
Evidence-Based Practice for Vocabulary
Intervention
Judy K. Montgomery, PhD CCC-SLP
22nd Annual SLP Symposium Denver
January 26, 2008
Vocabulary Demands on
Students are Daunting
• 450,000 words in
English- largest
vocabulary of
languages in use today
• Students must learn
3,000 words per year
by 3rd grade.
• Only 400 words a
year are directly
taught by teachers.
• Academic demands
are high
• However, everyday
speech consists of
only 5,000- 7,000
words.
• Conversation cannot
make up the
difference
(Frey & Fisher, 2007).
Vocabulary
• Typical children begin
first grade with a 6,000
word spoken vocabulary
• Learn 36,000 more words
by 12 th grade
• Learn 5 words a day
• Still need 55,000 words
for printed school English
(Chall, 87; Gunning, 04)
State Standards in Vocabulary
• SLPs must tie their
semantic (vocabulary)
interventions to
academic
performance and core
curriculum (state
standards).
•There are standards in
vocabulary acquisition
at every grade level in
every state.
•Vocabulary is a good
choice for schoolbased interventions.
4
Evidence-Based Practice for Vocabulary
Intervention
Judy K. Montgomery, PhD CCC-SLP
22nd Annual SLP Symposium Denver
January 26, 2008
The Myth of Age or
Grade Level Vocabulary
• Students do not learn
vocabulary words
based on their age or
their grade.
• They learn words
based on their
experiences.
The Good News? You can never
(Beck, et al, 2002)
select the wrong words to teach.
Bringing Words to Life
• Book by Beck,
McKeown, and
Kucan (2002).
• Presents 3 types of
vocabulary (tiers).
• 1- basic vocabulary
• 2- highly functional
• 3- subject related
What does research tell us?
• Most vocabulary is
learned indirectly
• Some vocabulary
must be taught directly
• Poor vocabulary is a
hallmark of language,
literacy, and cognitive
disabilities
5
Evidence-Based Practice for Vocabulary
Intervention
Judy K. Montgomery, PhD CCC-SLP
22nd Annual SLP Symposium Denver
January 26, 2008
How Children Learn Vocabulary
• First indirectly:
– Conversations with adults
– Listening to stories read by adults
– Reading extensively on their own
– We call it “picking up words” (Pence & Justice, 2008)
How Children Learn Vocabulary
• Next, directly:
–
–
–
–
Word consciousness
Word learning strategies
Repetition and review
Direct instruction
Students may fail to expand their
vocabulary because:
•
•
•
•
Poor retention (memory) skills
Less instruction overall
Little enthusiasm for word consciousness
Difficulty applying word learning strategies
Why…
• Language/learning disabilities?
• Poor instruction?
6
Evidence-Based Practice for Vocabulary
Intervention
Judy K. Montgomery, PhD CCC-SLP
22nd Annual SLP Symposium Denver
January 26, 2008
Given these conditions, schools
provide intervention within RTI
•
•
•
•
Tier 1- SBRR in core curriculum
Tier 2- SBRR in strategic interventions
Tier 3- SBRR in intensive explicit interventions
Special education
According to NCLB (2001)
and IDEA (2004)…
• SLPs may provide assistance to students in all
three tiers, PLUS their more conventional role
within special education.
• The purpose of RTI is to prevent un-necessary
identification of special education.
• Vocabulary impairments may be due to learners’
specific language disabilities OR due to lack of
instruction.
RTI will help to determine…
• If students respond to intervention
• High Responders (due to lack of instruction)
Solution: Provide more instruction
• Low Responders (due to a disability).
Solution: Provide special ed services
7
Evidence-Based Practice for Vocabulary
Intervention
Judy K. Montgomery, PhD CCC-SLP
22nd Annual SLP Symposium Denver
January 26, 2008
Children learn word meanings
indirectly in three ways:
• Daily conversations
and oral language
experience with
adults and other
children
• Listening to adults
read to them
• Reading extensively
on their own
Students with special needs, or at risk, often
do not learn words indirectly because:
• They don’t engage in
conversation as often
• They don’t alert to new
or interesting words
• They often don’t listen
carefully when read to
• They usually don’t read
on their own
Who has difficulty with
vocabulary?
• Students with
communication disorders
• Students with cognitive
challenges
• Students with hearing
loss
• Students in special
education classrooms
• English learners
8
Evidence-Based Practice for Vocabulary
Intervention
Judy K. Montgomery, PhD CCC-SLP
22nd Annual SLP Symposium Denver
January 26, 2008
All of these students need direct
instruction in vocabulary
• Direct instruction/intervention includes:
•
•
•
•
•
Specific word instruction
Word learning strategies
Intensive work
Repetitions
Active engagement
Examples of Evidence-based
Practice in Vocabulary
Intervention in the 3 Tiers,
including Special Education
Strategy
These interventions will:
• Include all four
vocabulary types
• Combine print and
speech supports
• Need to be modified
for grades and ages
• Require many
repetitions to be
successful
9
Evidence-Based Practice for Vocabulary
Intervention
Judy K. Montgomery, PhD CCC-SLP
22nd Annual SLP Symposium Denver
January 26, 2008
Tier 1- Reinforce Core
Curriculum
Tier 1
Which
Interventions?
• Act It Out (BOV,
2007)
• Word Stories
(Smith, 2004)
• Loop Writer
(www.curriculumpr
oject.com/loopwrite
r.htm)
Tier 1- EBP Statements
• Semantic development
requires 3 significant
tasks for the learneracquiring a 60,000 word
mental lexicon from
infancy to adulthood;
learning new words
rapidly; organizing this
into an efficient semantic
network (Pence & Justice,
2008).
• Word understandings are
facilitated in three wayseasy or hard concepts;
common or rare sound
sequences; degree of
contextual information
(Pence & Justice, 2008).
• Parents of advanced
children have heard an
average of 30,000 words
a day by the age of 3 (Hart
& Risley, 1995).
The Bridge of Vocabulary
Judy K. Montgomery
AGS/Pearson
www.agspearson.com
10
Evidence-Based Practice for Vocabulary
Intervention
Judy K. Montgomery, PhD CCC-SLP
22nd Annual SLP Symposium Denver
January 26, 2008
Strategy
Hart & Risley Study, 1995
•
•
•
Children’s academic success at age 10
is attributable to the amount of talk
they hear from birth to age 3.
Parents of advanced children talk
significantly more to their children
than parents of less advanced children.
IQ scores and language abilities are
enhanced when parents speak to their
children often.
By Age 3- Average children hear
33 million words
•
Some hear less than 10 million
words
•
•
Have practiced 8 million
Not dependent on parenting
style or SES
Amount of family talk is
closely correlated with IQ
scores at age 3 (r =.77)
What’s important? TALK
MORE TO BABIES.
•
•
11
Evidence-Based Practice for Vocabulary
Intervention
Judy K. Montgomery, PhD CCC-SLP
22nd Annual SLP Symposium Denver
January 26, 2008
Babies need to hear 30,000
words a day!
•
•
How to do it?
First business talk: Stop that
come here open up hold still
•
Chit chat- this is the rich stuff!
Fun talk, running commentary,
descriptive, conversational
(Risley, 2006)
Strategy
Babies and Toddlers …
•
•
Are awake 110 hours a week
Hear 340 utterances per hour,
1440 words are addressed to
them
• Respond 150 times
• Are affirmed 17 times
• Have 15,000 hours of learning
time by age 3
Fill it with language!!
Strategy
Word Stories
• Many words have a story
to explain their creation.
• Research and save 20 or
more “word stories”.
• Interject them to build
word consciousness and
improve memory.
• Verbivore’s Feast by
Smith (2004) is a good
source.
•
•
•
•
•
Ketchup
Clue
Money
Sundae
Frisbee
12
Evidence-Based Practice for Vocabulary
Intervention
Strategy
Judy K. Montgomery, PhD CCC-SLP
22nd Annual SLP Symposium Denver
January 26, 2008
Loopwriter
• Also known as “Zip
Around”
• Students must be able
to recognize words in
print
• However, they do not
have to know all of
the words initially
• It is a way to practice
new vocabulary
• May use sight words,
word families, subject
area vocabulary,
similar sounding words
• www.curriculumproject
.com/loopwriter.htm
Tier 2- Targeted, Strategic
Tier 2
Which
Interventions?
– Object Description Plan
(Zimmerman, 2007)
– Head Shoulders Knees
and Toes (FTP, 2007)
– Golden 20 Prefixes
(BOV, 2007)
– Antonyms (BOV, 2007)
Tier 2- EBP Statements
• Maximize the number of
responses in a limited
amount of time to get
vocabulary growth (Paul,
2001; Gillon, 2007)
• Struggling learners may
need as many as 25 trials
to acquire novel words
compared to 9-11 trials
for typical learners (Pence
& Justice, 2008; Gray, 2003).
• Provide a definition and a
lexical contrast to
establish a more detailed
understanding and longer
retention of new words
(Paul, 2001; Gillon, 2007)
• Twenty common prefixes
account for 97% of all
prefixed words in English
(White, Sowell & Yanigahara,
1989).
13
Evidence-Based Practice for Vocabulary
Intervention
Strategy
Judy K. Montgomery, PhD CCC-SLP
22nd Annual SLP Symposium Denver
January 26, 2008
Object Description
(Zimmerman, 2007)
• Many students cannot
retain definitions of
words.
• Others cannot write or
recall them.
• Writing student-friendly
definitions is an important
step in vocabulary
development (Beck et al, 2002)
• Students do not know
the structure of a
word definition.
• Combined with poor
memory skills, they
fail to store or retrieve
definitions, and thus
“forget” words.
Object Description
1. What is it called? __________
2. What is the category? _________
3. What do you do with it? What does it do? ___
4. What does it look like? __________
5. What parts does it have?__________
6. What does it feel like?____________
7. Where can I find it?___________________
Next, Build a Definition
A _____(#1)______ is a(n)
________(# 2)________ that
_____(#3)_______. It
_______(#4, 5, 6 or 7)_________
and ____(#4, 5, 6 or 7)_________.
14
Evidence-Based Practice for Vocabulary
Intervention
Judy K. Montgomery, PhD CCC-SLP
22nd Annual SLP Symposium Denver
January 26, 2008
Last step, write definition
without the frame
A vestibule is an area or space
that comes before a more
important area. It is small, may
hold supplies, and you can find it
near the main door of some homes
and buildings.
Words…Syllables…Sounds
• Children learn words
first (meaning-based)
• Then syllables
because many words
are single syllables
• Finally, sounds
because they have
little or no meaning.
Funnel Toward Phonics
• 53 activities for individuals or groups
• All research-based
• Matched to state standards (go to
www.superduperinc.com and type in state)
• Meets NCLB and IDEA criteria for students at risk or
identified with special needs (Tiers 1,2)
15
Evidence-Based Practice for Vocabulary
Intervention
Judy K. Montgomery, PhD CCC-SLP
22nd Annual SLP Symposium Denver
January 26, 2008
Head Shoulders Knees and Toes
• Words are composed
of syllables
• Students retain words
when they can
manipulate syllables.
• One method to recall
words that students
know only marginally
is to recall syllables.
• Clapping not effective for
many students.
• A visual/motor technique
is more compelling.
• Head (1 syllable)
• Head and shoulders (2
syllables)
• Head shoulders, knees (3
syllables)
• Head shoulders, etc Strategy
Affixes and Antonyms
(Montgomery, 2007. The Bridge of Vocabulary)
• 20 prefixes account for 97% of all the
prefixed words in English.
• To be highly effective and highly efficient
teach the Golden 20.
• Samples of intervention activities.
Strategy
16
Evidence-Based Practice for Vocabulary
Intervention
Judy K. Montgomery, PhD CCC-SLP
22nd Annual SLP Symposium Denver
January 26, 2008
17
Evidence-Based Practice for Vocabulary
Intervention
Judy K. Montgomery, PhD CCC-SLP
22nd Annual SLP Symposium Denver
January 26, 2008
Vocabulary Strategy
•
•
•
•
Evidence-based statement
Grade level standards link
Upper elementary
Students have small cards
with 5 most common
prefixes
• SLP reads word,
definition, asks for
opposite
• “Proper- Proper means
that everything is correct
and just the way it should
be. What is the opposite
of proper?”
• Student holds up card.
Says word. “Improper”
• “What does improper
mean?”
• “It’s not the correct way.”
18
Evidence-Based Practice for Vocabulary
Intervention
Judy K. Montgomery, PhD CCC-SLP
22nd Annual SLP Symposium Denver
January 26, 2008
Uses EB Strategies
• Active engagement
• Repetitions of small
number of words
• Oral to written
language
• Give definition in
student friendly terms
• Ask for antonym
• Repeat
Tier 3- Intensive
Tier 3
Which
interventions?
– Line Up Like a
Sentence (Funnel To
Phonics, 2003)
– LanguageLinks (Wilson
& Fox, 2007).
– Colorful Letter
Scramble (BOV, 2007)
– Associated Vocabulary
(Davies, 2007)
Tier 3- EBP Statements
• A representation of a
word consists of
phonological, semantic
and syntactic features
(Wilson, 2007).
• Language areas critical
for later reading
development are
stimulated through
semantic and syntactic
interventions (Gillon, Moran
& Page, 2007)
• Word learning depends
on the other sounds and
words the child already
knows. Relating a new
word to existing words
(neighborhood density)
positively influences the
speed of learning (Hoover
& Storkel, 2005).
19
Evidence-Based Practice for Vocabulary
Intervention
Strategy
Judy K. Montgomery, PhD CCC-SLP
22nd Annual SLP Symposium Denver
January 26, 2008
Line Up Like a Sentence
(Montgomery, 2004)
• Students who struggle
with phonological
awareness, reading,
and decoding often do
not recognize word
boundaries.
• A visual display of
word bounds can help.
Strategy
• Select a group of 5
students.
• Say a 5 word sentence.
• “Line up like the sentence
and say the word you
represent”.
• Increase/decrease the
number of words in
sentence. Need more or
less “players”.
Language Links
(Wilson & Fox, Leaurate Learning Co. 2007)
• Software program
that develops
semantics and syntax.
• From early 2-word
stage to mastery.
• For children with
language impairments
-or- immature
syntactic structures
• Students view pictures and
animated scenes, then
choose one to match the
target sentence.
• Progress monitoring with
student report after each
session
• Intensive, individualized
sessions, 15 min per day,
daily for 12 weeks.
C o lo rfu l L e tte r S c ra m b le
T h e fi rs t w o rd in e a c h e x p re s s io n b e lo w is a c o lo r. T h e s e c o n d
w o rd , w h e n u n s c ra m b le d , c o m p le te s a c o m m o n te rm a s s o c ia te d
w ith th e c o lo r. D is c u s s th e m e a n in g o f e a c h e x p re s s io n .
F o r e x a m p le , W H IT E + E S L A = W H IT E S A L E .
1. BLUE + DOBOL
2. ORANGE + W OBL
3. BLACK + TREAM K
4. GRAY + TAM TER
5. PURPLE + THREA
6 . W H IT E + G A S P E
7. RED + TARCEP
8. YELLO W +REFEV
9. GREEN + BM UTH
1 0 .B R O W N + S O E N
Strategy
20
Evidence-Based Practice for Vocabulary
Intervention
Judy K. Montgomery, PhD CCC-SLP
22nd Annual SLP Symposium Denver
January 26, 2008
Strategy
Associated Vocabulary
• Lists of words that are commonly found together -triggers
memory and retention
• “slippery” “slippery slope”
• “bad” “bad weather”
• Phrased verbs: “burned down” “put up”
• Promotes authentic phrasing for English learners
• http://view.byu.edu
• VIEW - Variation in English Words and Phrases by Mark
Davies, PhD at Brigham Young University
Over-arching EBP Statement
• Encouraging students to play with words
creates an interest in knowing more about
them-- often referred to as word
consciousness-- which is essential to
vocabulary growth (Stahl, 1999).
State Standards in Vocabulary
– Use simple strategies to determine meaning and
increase vocabulary for reading including the use of
prefixes, suffixes, root words, multiple meanings…
(Florida’s Sunshine State Standards Language Arts)
– Analyze idioms … to infer the literal and figurative
meanings of phrases… (Indiana’s Academic Standards-- English
Language Arts)
– Identify and sort common words into conceptual
categories (Massachusetts English Language Arts Curriculum
Framework)
21
Evidence-Based Practice for Vocabulary
Intervention
Judy K. Montgomery, PhD CCC-SLP
22nd Annual SLP Symposium Denver
January 26, 2008
Why Vocabulary Problems Actually
Increase As Students Grow Older
–
–
–
–
They also have word finding problems
They often use low information words
This has a negative impact on discourse skills
They rarely expand the meanings of the words
they do know
– They read less than their peers
“Given the critical role that reading plays in
vocabulary development, poor readers’
deficits in word knowledge may be
compounded with time, leaving them with
a smaller data base from which to select
words for speaking and writing.”
(Nippold, ‘92, p. 5)
Take home message
You can provide explicit, systematic,
intensive language and reading vocabulary
intervention at all 3 tiers of RtI and in
special education SLP services.
22
Evidence-Based Practice for Vocabulary
Intervention
Judy K. Montgomery, PhD CCC-SLP
22nd Annual SLP Symposium Denver
January 26, 2008
Vocabulary is increased:
• Indirectly by encouraging
conversation, oral language
practice, reading to
students, and having them
read often
• Directly by teaching words
explicitly, word learning
strategies, and becoming
word conscious.
Students increase their
vocabulary if they have:
• wide ranging
experiences
• sufficient number of
exposures
• active engagement
• consistent direct
instruction
• useful word learning
strategies
References
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in s tru c tio n . In E .H . H ie b e rt a n d M . K a m il ( E d s .), T e a c h in g a n d le a rn in g
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23
Evidence-Based Practice for Vocabulary
Intervention
Judy K. Montgomery, PhD CCC-SLP
22nd Annual SLP Symposium Denver
January 26, 2008
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