Tioga
Container Port Capacity and
Utilization Metrics
Dan Smith
The Tioga Group, Inc.
Diagnosing the Marine Transportation System
– June 27, 2012
Research sponsored by USACE Institute for Water Resources
& Cargo Handling Cooperative Program
www.tiogagroup.com/215-557-2142
Key Questions and Answers
Tioga
Key questions
• How do we measure port capacity?
• How do we measure utilization and productivity?
• What do the metrics mean for port development?
Answers
• Port capacity is a function of draft, berth length, CY
acreage, CY density, and operating hours
• Most U.S. ports are operating at well below their
inherent capacity
• Individual ports and terminals face specific capacity
bottlenecks, especially draft
2
Available Data and Metrics
Tioga
What can we do with publicly available data?
• Infrastructure and operating measures are accessible
• Labor and financial measures are not
Available Port Data
Always
Channel & Berth Depth
Berth Length
Berths
Cranes & Types
Gross Acres
Port TEU
Avg. Vessel TEU
Vessel Calls
Sometimes
Avg. Crane Moves/hr
CY & Rail Acres
TEU Slots
Estimated
Max Vessel TEU
Confidential
Costs
Man-hours
Vessel Turn Time
Rates
Avg. Dwell Time
Working Crane Hours
Yield
Available Port Metrics
Land Use
TEU/Gross Acre
Gross/Net CY Acres
TEU Slots/CY Acre (Density)
Net/Gross Ratio
TEU Slots/Gross Acre
CY Utilization
TEU/Slot (Turns)
Moves/Container
TEU/CY Acre
Avg. Dwell Time
Crane Use
Number of Cranes
Avg./Max Moves per hour
TEU/Crane
TEU/Available Crane Hour
Vessel Calls/Crane
TEU/Working Crane Hour
Crane Utilization
TEU/Man-Hour
Berth Use
Number of Berths
Max Vessel DWT and TEU
Length of Berths
TEU/Vessel TEU
Depth of Berth & Channel
Vessel TEU/Max Vessel TEU
TEU/Berth
Berth Utilization - TEU
Vessels/Berth
Berth Utilization - Vessels
Balance & Tradeoffs
Cranes/Berth
Net Acres/Berth
Gross Acres/Berth
Cost/TEU
CY Acres/Berth
Man-Hours/TEU
CY Acres/Crane
Man-Hours/Vessel
3
TEU per Acre is a Misleading Metric
Tioga
U.S. (and foreign) terminals vary greatly in their land use patterns
– land is the cheapest U.S. input
• Low TEU/acre = excess capacity or low-cost, low-density operations
• High TEU/acre = tight capacity or higher-cost operations
10,000
Annual TEU/Gross Acre
Annual TEU/CY Acre
9,000
8,000
Avg. TEU/CY Acre: 6028
7,000
Avg. TEU/Gross Acre: 3028
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
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Container Terminal Capacity Dimensions
CY
CY DEPTH
DEPTH (AREA)
(AREA)
Tioga
STACKING
STACKING HEIGHT
HEIGHT
OPERATING
OPERATING HOURS
HOURS
DRAFT
DRAFT
BERTH
BERTH LENGTH
LENGTH
5
Marine Container Terminal Characteristics
Tioga
Port of Long Beach Pier A
Gross
186 acres
Rail
23 acres
CY 107 acres
Wheeled
Parking
Top-pick Stacks
RTG Stacks
10 Cranes
BERTH 3600’
50’ Draft
6
Container Terminal Profiles
Tioga
CONTAINER TERMINAL PROFILE
• Tioga completed
profiles for each U.S.
container terminal
Profle date:
Sept. 27, 2009
2010 TEU:
Port:
Terminal:
Terminal Type:
Address:
Maryland
Seagirt Marine, Baltimore
Container Terminal
2600 Broening Highway
Baltimore, MD 21224
Ports America (410-288-8602)
Total Acres:
CY Acres:
On-Dock Rail Acres:
Other Non-CY Acres:
Net Terminal Acres:
Berths:
Total Berth Length:
Operator (Stevedore):
Contact Name:
• Sources do not
always agree, and
conditions can change
quickly
256
134
66
56
190
3
3,127
Telephone Number:
410-288-8602
Channel Depth (MLLW):
50
Fax Number:
410-288-8649
Berth Depth (MLLW):
42
E-Mail Address:
• The main info sources
were port and
terminal websites
610,918
Panamax Container Cranes:
Port Website:
www.marylandports.com
Post-Panamax Container Cranes:
Terminal Website:
www.portsamerica.com
CY Rail-Mounted Gantries:
Inbound Gates:
9
CY Rubber-Tired Gantries:
Outbound Gates:
5
CY Side or Top Loaders:
Reversible Gates:
Total Gates:
On-Line Access System:
7
12
CY Straddle Carriers:
14
CY Reach Stackers:
eModal & Navis
Total CY Lift Machines
Appointment System:
no
On-site M&R (yes/no):
no
Reefer Plugs/Slots:
192
On-dock Rail (yes/no):
yes
Terminal Hours:
12
Mon – Fri 0700-1700
Gate Hours:
Notes: Seagirt near dock terminal operated by CSX is contiguous to the marine terminal, Norfolk Southern Baltimore
terminal is 3-4 miles from the Port. Dundalk and Seagirt terminals are connected by an internal connector bridge.
(Diagram)
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Critical Assumptions
Tioga
Assumptions and rules of thumb
• Maximum annual TEU slot turnover = 70 turns (5 day dwell,
350 days/yr)
• Crane available 16 hours/day (two shifts), 250 days/yr
• Modern crane maximum = 35 moves/hr
• Vessel spacing at berth = vessel beam
• Maximum of 260 annual calls per berth (5 per week)
• Working draft = channel/berth draft – 3 feet
• Maximum vessel sailing draft = 92% of design draft
• Sustainable capacity = 80% of maximum capacity
Example:
•
•
•
•
•
7 cranes @ max of 4,000 hrs/yr = 28,000 crane hours
80% = 22,400 sustainable crane hours
Maximum crane productivity of 35 containers per hour
80% = 28 cont./hr x 1.54 TEU/container = 43 TEU/hr
Sustainable crane capacity = 43x22,400 = 965,888 TEU/yr
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Terminal Handling Methods
Tioga
Container yard capacity depends on acreage and storage density
• Lower storage densities usually mean less handling and lower cost
• Terminal designers and managers increase density to
accommodate rising volume
9
Container Yard Handling Equipment
TOP-PICK
TOP-PICK EMPTY
EMPTY HANDLER
HANDLER
STRADDLE
STRADDLE CARRIER
CARRIER
REACH
REACH STACKER
STACKER
RUBBER-TIRED
RUBBER-TIRED GANTRY
GANTRY (RTG)
(RTG)
Tioga
SIDE
SIDE LOADER
LOADER
RAIL-MOUNTED
RAIL-MOUNTED GANTRY
GANTRY (RMG)
(RMG)
10
Daily Operations vs. Terminal Design
Tioga
• Terminal managers adjust operations to minimize cost at
each volume
• Terminals revert to wheeled operations where possible
when business is slow (e.g. 2009)
IDLE
IDLE RTGs
RTGs
EMPTIES
EMPTIES
STACKED
STACKED WITH
WITH
TOP-PICKS
TOP-PICKS
WHEELED
WHEELED
CONTAINERS
CONTAINERS
PARKED
PARKED ON
ON
RTG
RTG LAYOUT
LAYOUT
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Average TEU Slots per CY Acre
Tioga
• U.S. ports average about 190 TEU slots per CY acre
• Averages are due to port and terminal storage type mixes
300
260
243
250
261
235
205 198
189
200
160
150
153 155
166
176 158
190
171 169
146
159
125
CY Storage
Wheeled Chassis
Grounded Straddle Carrier
Grounded Stacked
Grounded RTG
Grounded RMG
100
50
TEU Slots per Acre
80
160
200
300
360
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Average Annual Slot Turns
Tioga
• On average, U.S. ports turn over CY slots 32 times annually
• Ports with more reserve CY capacity have lower turnovers –
tighter CYs have higher averages
50
50
45
42
43
37
40
36
35
32
28
30
25
25
22
19
21
19
20
16
14
15
32
30
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2010 TEU and CY TEU Capacity
Tioga
With existing terminal layouts and handling densities, U.S.
container ports have substantial reserve CY capacity
20,000,000
18,000,000
16,000,000
Reserve CY Capacity
2010 TEU
14,000,000
12,000,000
10,000,000
8,000,000
6,000,000
4,000,000
2,000,000
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Crane Utilization
Tioga
Crane utilization is sacrificed to turn vessels quickly
• Cranes are much cheaper than vessels
• Ports can add cranes relatively quickly
60%
57%
49%
50%
43%
40%
40%
39% 38%
36%
38%
34%
32%
29%
30%
29%
23%
17%
20%
19%
21%
17%
15%
8%
10%
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Annual Vessel Capacity
Tioga
Aggregate vessel capacity is a function of vessel size and
service frequency
• Vessel Size is limited by draft (and berth length)
• Vessel call frequency is determined by the number of
carrier services (most services are weekly)
Annual Vessel Calls
Current
Current
Maximum
Maximum
MORE CALLS
LARGER SHIPS
Average Vessel
Capacity
Vessel Capacity
Options
BO
TH
16
Vessel TEU vs. Design Draft
Tioga
Recent “mega-ship” designs depart from past practice by
limiting draft to 50-51 feet
16,000
14,000
Listed TEU
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
y = 63.214e0.098x
R2 = 0.9112
2,000
0
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
Design Draft
17
Vessel Draft and Capacity Estimates
Tioga
Vessel capacity estimates use a modified TEU/Draft
relationship to account for emerging design practice
16,000
14,000
Lookup TEU
Estimated TEU
Vessel TEU
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55
Design Draft
18
Maximum vs. Average Vessel Capacity
Tioga
Trade volumes and drafts on the whole service rotation dictate
vessel size
• U.S. average is 4,233 TEU
• Average sizes range from 32-76% of the maximum size
14,000
12,500 TEU Post-Panamax Vessel
12,000
10,000
Average Vessel Capacity - TEU
Est. Max. Vessel Capacity - TEU
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
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Vessel Size Distribution
Tioga
2012 Port Metro Vancouver Vessel Calls
Service
• Actual vessel sizes
may be widely
distributed
• Vessels can exceed
the estimated
maximum size by
light loading or
riding tides
ANW1
C-PNW
H-PNW
Y-PNW
K-PNW
CGM-CMA/Maersk
EMC UAM
Avg DWT Avg TEU
35,433
2,698
93,650
7,500
68,146
5,506
50,155
4,236
70,112
5,832
101,916
8,071
62,441
5,317
Calls
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
MPS
37,535
2,659
52
MSC Cal Express
65,794
4,986
52
PNX
100,621
7,889
52
NWX
105,275
8,586
52
WAN
18,339
1,329
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PNW
72,483
6,280
52
PS1
Westwood
63,445
40,744
5,294
2,067
52
52
Port Average
65,739
5,217
50
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Vessel Size and Load Comparison
Tioga
Theoretically, a port can unload and load 200% of a vessel’s
capacity (100% off, 100% on)
• Most ports handle only 30-60% of vessel capacity due to multiple
calls on each voyage –U.S. average of 2,188 TEU
• LALB loads unloads and loads 112% - 5401 TEU per voyage
6,000
Average Vessel Capacity - TEU (2010)
Average TEU per Vessel
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
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Berth Utilization Metrics
Tioga
Multiple berth utilization metrics tell unique port stories
100%
90%
Vessel Calls
Avg Vessel TEU & Max Calls
Max Vessel TEU & Calls
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
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Conclusions?
Tioga
• Port capacity and utilization assessments require multiple
metrics
• Most U.S. ports have substantial unused capacity inherent
in their terminal infrastructure
• Terminals combine multiple operating methods and strive
to minimize cost
• U.S. ports operate at lower densities than European or
Asian terminals – land is cheap here
• Terminal capacity utilization is often constrained by vessel
sizes, vessel utilization, and call frequency
• Channel & berth draft are the ”exogenous” constraints
• Every port and terminal is different
23
Thank you! Questions?
Tioga
Contacts and Follow-ups
CHCP Productivity Report
http://www.marad.dot.gov/documents/070810_Tioga_CH
CP_Productivity_Report.pdf
Tioga website: www.tiogagroup.com
Project manager: [email protected], 925-631-0742
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