Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
Slide 1
Life in the Middle:
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Understanding Development in
Middle Adulthood
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
Slide 2
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Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2014. All rights reserved.
Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
Slide 3
You can’t help getting older, but
you don’t have to get old.
George Burns
3
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What does this quote mean to you?
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
Slide 4
Family Life Cycle Development
Childhood
Later
Early
Adulthood
Adulthood
Middle
Adulthood
4
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Jean Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg and even William Shakespeare have written about the
developmental stages individuals pass through as their lives move from birth to death. The
stages do not occur in exactly the same way in all families. Some families can be in two stages at
one time. For example, the same family could be living with an adolescent and launching an
older child. Remember, the family life stages are fluid, without rigid boundaries, and they can
encompass the emotional, intellectual, physical and spiritual aspects of life.
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2014. All rights reserved.
Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
Slide 5
Erikson
Erikson believed that “each
stage of life is associated
with a specific psychological
struggle, a struggle that
contributes to a major
aspect of personality.”
Generativity vs. Stagnation
(middle adulthood)
 Develops an interest in
giving back to the next
generation, leading and
guiding
 May include parenting
to achieve this
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5
Noted theorist Erik Erikson, developed the “eight stages of man,” beginning at birth and
continuing through old age. He talked about social/emotional development in all stages of life.
Research supports Erikson’s theory that generativity is an important factor in middle-age.
People enjoy feeling needed by people. They are needed in their community, show appreciation
and awareness of older adults, and have interests beyond the family life.
In middle adulthood, he spoke of generativity versus stagnation. His thought was that during
this time of life, adults must determine whether they will think about generativity (giving back
to others; bringing up the next generation by leading and guiding them) or face stagnation (no
longer growing and giving). In other words, being in the world. What have we done to help
those we love and the world at large? Middle adults have thoughts of future generations and
their personal influence on them.
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How do you think middle-aged adults might show generativity?
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
Slide 6
Levinson
 States that the life course goes through a
sequence of definable stages (seasons); none
more important than another
 Change goes on in each season
 Each season is colored by the ones before
 Each shift requires a transition
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6
Another theorist, Daniel Levinson, stated that everyone goes through certain definable stages of
life and that no one “season” is more important than another. Change happens in each season
and is influenced by the ones that went before. Each season requires a transition. What types of
transition might take place as people enter middle age, around age 40?
It‘s often true that adults in this age range can begin a shift toward more individualization.
Many of them have finished rearing their children and are now finding time to discover
themselves again. For many people, midlife is a time of consideration, valuation and assessment
of their existing work and what they propose to do in the future. One important concern is
whether individuals will continue to do the type of work they presently do or change jobs or
careers. How might this be expressed in a middle age individual?
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Others often find this a time of career change, either through choice or circumstance. Do you
know anyone who made a career shift in middle-age? What were the implications of that? How
might it have impacted his or her family?
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
Slide 7
Physical Changes in Middle
Adulthood
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7
What are some key physical changes that occur during middle adulthood?
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How would you characterize health and disease in middle adulthood?
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
Slide 8
Elements of Physical Development
Changes in physical development
 Sensory – vision, hearing, smell, taste and
touch
 Muscle ability
8
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Physical changes are often very visible in middle adulthood. Sensory changes, such as vision,
hearing, smell, taste and touch may all begin to occur. There are muscular changes that occur as
well. What are some evidences of these changes? How has technology helped middle adults
cope with some of these changes?
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Genetic and lifestyle elements play significant roles in whether long-lasting diseases will appear
and when. Physical development for middle adults is most noticeable in changes in hearing and
vision, as both begin to decline. Most middle adults begin to lose a small amount of height as
well. Signs of aging are the other hallmark of physical development in the middle years.
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
Slide 9
Elements of Physical Development
 Wellness
 Life expectancy change
 Energy levels
 Weight gain
 Exercise
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9
Wellness, while important in any stage of life, starts becoming even more important in middle
adulthood. In order to maintain good health, it is important to develop good wellness habits.
Life expectancy has increased to about age 74, but practicing wellness is an important aspect of
that. As you grow older, if you continue eating the same types and amounts of food but do not
become more active, you will probably gain weight. That’s because your metabolism (how your
body gets energy from food) slows with age.
However, research shows that proper nutrition and physical activity can slow the effects of
aging considerably. They also can reduce much of the risk of physical illnesses associated with
middle adulthood, such as cardiovascular disease and cancers. In middle adulthood, chronic
diseases contribute to the majority of deaths in this age group. Most women will go through the
process of menopause between the ages of 42 and 55, marking the end of fertility. Women will
experience a range of side effects during this period including changes in menstrual cycle, hot
flashes and sleep disturbances.
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What are the main causes of death in middle age?
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
Slide 10
Nutrition and Wellness
• Eat many different colors and types of vegetables and
fruits.
• Make sure at least half of the grains are whole grains.
• Eat only small amounts of solid fats and foods with
added sugars.
• Eat seafood twice a week.
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10
The USDA Food Patterns suggest that people over 50 keep an eye on calories while choosing a
variety of healthy foods from five major food groups and limiting solid fats and added sugars.
Calories are the way to measure the energy you get from food. How many calories you need
depends on whether you are a man or a woman and how physically active you are each day.
According to the National Institute of Aging, here are some tips for getting adequate nutrients:
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• Eat many different colors and types of vegetables and fruits.
• Make sure at least half of the grains are whole grains.
• Eat only small amounts of solid fats and foods with added sugars. Limit saturated fat (found
mostly in foods that come from animals) and trans fats (found in foods like store-bought
baked goods and some margarines).
• Eat seafood twice a week.
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
Slide 11
Cognitive Development
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How does intelligence develop in middle adulthood?
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
Slide 12
Horn
 Some types of intelligence decline, but others do not
 Some individuals decline, but others do not
 The type of decline that happens to everyone
happens very late in life
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John Horn (a researcher) has come to the conclusion that intelligence is divided into two types.
We’ll discuss them in the next slides.
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
Slide 13
Crystalized Intelligence
Crystalized intelligence demonstrates the cumulative
effect of culture and learning of task performance and
is measured by tests of verbal ability and cultural
knowledge; a store of knowledge from the surrounding
culture.
Crystalized intelligence
(click on link)
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13
Crystalized intelligence is more about our long-term memory; things that have been hard-wired
into our system. This is another word on the word wall. John Horn claimed that crystallized
intelligence (gathered information and verbal skills) continues to escalate in middle adulthood,
though fluid intelligence (ability to reason abstractly) begins to weaken. The maximum level of
four intellectual abilities (vocabulary, verbal memory, inductive reasoning, and spatial
orientation) ensued in middle age. Speed of information dispensed, often assessed through
response time, continues to drop in middle adulthood. Working memory wanes in late middle
age. Memory is more likely to decline in middle age when individuals do not use active
strategies. Expertise often surges in the middle adulthood years. Adults in their 40s and 50s are
still very capable of mental tasks and have years of experience to complement their knowledge.
It may be slightly more difficult to learn new things, but the ability to perform tasks with
knowledge already learned is as strong as ever.
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The University of Alberta's Cognitive Science Dictionary
Crystalized Intelligence. Contributed by Cassie Jacknicke, November 24, 1995.
http://penta.ufrgs.br/edu/telelab/3/control.htm
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
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Slide 14
Fluid Intelligence
Fluid intelligence depends on the proper functioning of
the nervous system. It is measured by tasks that show
age-related declines (speeded tasks, tests of reaction
time); on-the-spot reasoning ability.
Fluid Intelligence
(click on link)
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14
Fluid intelligence describes our ability to reason abstractly, think on the spot and make
decisions. It is one of the words on our word wall.
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The University of Alberta's Cognitive Science Dictionary
Fluid Intelligence. Cassie Jacknicke, November 24, 1995.
http://penta.ufrgs.br/edu/telelab/3/fluid_in.htm
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
Slide 15
Preventing Memory Loss
Preventing Memory Loss
(click on link)
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15
Middle-age memory becomes more limited as a result of information overload that builds up as
we go through the adult years. Memory decline is more likely to occur when individuals don’t
use effective memory strategies, such as organization or imagery. Adults can imagine phone
numbers, names or objects as representing different objects around the house. Are there things
we can do to help memory loss? A recent Harvard Health Publication had some ideas. Let’s visit
that site and read what it has to say.
Teacher note: From the link on this slide, review “Troubleshooting memory problems: Common
memory lapses and strategies to overcome them” with the students.
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Harvard Health Publications
Preventing memory loss: Seven preventative steps.
www.health.harvard.edu/newsweek/Preventing_memory_loss.htm
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
Slide 16
Societal Changes
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What societal changes in the last few decades might impact how people live in middle-age?
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
Slide 17
Societal Changes
 Abrupt shift in jobs (the buggy whip situation)
 No longer staying in the same job
until retirement
 Advances in technology have created changes in
employment status / retention
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17
At one point in time, many persons took a job and worked there until retirement. With the
increase in technology and moving into the information age, many jobs became obsolete,
forcing workers into different arenas. This is sometimes referred to as the “buggy whip”
situation. There was a time when buggy whip makers were assured plenty of work because
everyone rode in buggies, not automobiles. Since the automobile had not yet been invented, it
was impossible to imagine that buggy whip makers would not always be in great demand. The
automotive industry, though, effectively did away with buggy whip makers. What’s a more
current example of this?
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Economic circumstances caused many businesses to go under or change their focus, again
causing workers to move to different employment. How might this trend impact your middle
adult years?
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
Slide 18
Societal Changes
 What it costs to live in today’s world; increasing
financial demands of “normal living”
 Technology – continued learning, finances and/or
stress
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18
What are some of the things that are considered necessities in today’s world that were certainly
not necessities 40 years ago? 20? Even 10? What does this do to financial considerations in
middle adulthood? Think about the things that your parents (or grandparents) did not have
growing up. Did they have color television or microwaves? What about cell phones and the
Internet? Was a cable bill part of their lives? A data plan? Are these necessities in today’s
world?
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How does technology affect middle-aged adults? Do your parents or grandparents know how to
deal with all the technology in their lives, or do you have to help them? Do you think this causes
stress for them now?
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
Slide 19
Top Jobs Threatened by Technology
Jobs Threatened by Technology
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19
How do these threats to jobs affect middle-age individuals?
Another concern for most middle-aged adults is establishing their financial security for
retirement. During these years of peak earnings, the strain of paying for children’s college,
parent’s health care and and/or living arrangements can disrupt plans for retirement savings.
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San Francisco Gate
Top Jobs Threatened by Technology
http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Jobs-that-are-threatened-by-technology-5317900.php
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
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Slide 20
Societal Changes
 Escalation of drug use has nearly tripled among
50-59 year old adults since 2002.
 A new survey finds that adults aged 45 and over
are more than three times as likely to drink alcohol
almost every day as those under 45.
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20
The escalation of drug use has changed society in many ways. How might that change what
happens in our middle adulthood? Could it impact costs to a family? Could tax or health costs
increase?
Binge drinkers are more likely to take risks like driving while intoxicated and to experience falls
and other accidents. Older people have less tolerance for alcohol. Texas males age 50-64
reported binge drinking while more than 13 percent of those in the 65+ group reported similar
behavior.
A new survey finds that adults aged 45 and over are more than three times as likely to drink
alcohol almost every day as those under 45. This could mean that the middle-aged population is
ignoring the serious health risks associated with excessive drinking.
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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Nationally, illicit drug use has nearly tripled among 50-59 year old adults since 2002. In the 5054 year age group, the rate rose from 2.7 to 6.2 percent. The rate rose from 1.9 to 5.4 percent in
the 55-59 year age group. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration (SAMHSA), “These patterns and trends partially reflect the aging into these age
groups of members of the baby boom cohort, whose rates of illicit drug use have been higher
than those of older cohorts.”
20
The encumbrance and health costs related with binge drinking among middle-aged and elderly
adults seem to be a disturbing public health issue. Consequently, the problem of binge drinking
among older adults indicates the need for reinforced global prevention.
Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
Slide 21
Societal Cultural Shift
 Lessening impact of religion and “the church”
 Shift in schools from authoritarian entities
 Mobile society
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21
How else does our shifting culture affect middle adulthood? Do you believe the entities that we
have always seen as the pillars of society (home, school or church) are as effective as they used
to be? Why or why not? How have these entities changed?
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We have become a very mobile society, in part because of the changing workplace environment
that we talked about earlier. How does this mobility affect families? How many of you live ten
minutes or fewer from a relative, such as a grandparent, aunt or uncle? How many of you live
within an hour’s drive of those relatives? What does this mean for parents rearing children?
What does it mean for the children?
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
Slide 22
Societal Cultural Shift
Technology Timeline; 1920s to Present
(click on link)
20’s
50’s
80’s
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2000’s
22
How has technology changed? Let’s watch a timeline to see some of the changes.
Teacher note: This video is 20 minutes long. You may elect to show the video during the
PowerPoint™ presentation or assign it as an enrichment activity.
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Technology Timeline; 1920s to Present
From The Invention of Television to the Advent of Advertising, From the First Computers to the
Internet... the Convergence of Turning Television into Computers.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kXewcY6l_VA
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
Slide 23
Family and Social Relationships
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23
Many people have heard the term “midlife crisis.” However, there is little scientific research that
supports its existence. Emotional development for middle-age is generally centered around new
family roles as children begin to establish their independence. Some couples enjoy a second
honeymoon period or “empty nest syndrome” in which they rediscover their relationships. This
period can be more difficult for women, especially if they had a more traditional role of
homemaker. Some families who delayed marriage and childbearing will still have young children
at home during the middle adult years. Others will become grandparents. Many middle-aged
adults begin caring for their own aging parents as well.
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For many people, midlife is a time of consideration, valuation and assessment of their existing
work and what they propose to do in the future. One important concern is whether individuals
will continue to do the type of work they presently do or change jobs or careers. What do you
want your work life and leisure to be like in middle-age?
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
Slide 24
Family and Social Relationships
Living with Integrity: The Sandwich Generation
The Sandwich Generation
(click on links)
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24
What does the term “sandwich generation” mean? Let’s watch a video and then we’ll discuss
this fairly new phenomenon.
Questions to ask after viewing the videos:
• Do you know anyone who is living a “sandwich” life? Remember that some people are also in
a “club sandwich,” which has three layers.
• Do you know anyone in that situation?
• What type of stress do you suppose this causes the persons involved?
Living with Integrity: The Sandwich Generation
When your children and parents both need care, where do your responsibilities lie?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OoLgfRNW124
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The Sandwich Generation
The Sandwich Generation, those caught between their aging parents and young children,
includes some 20 million Americans.
http://youtu.be/YhXrHD7qWDk8k0
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
Slide 25
Relationships
Grandparents as Parents
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25
What about grandparents rearing grandchildren?
Some grandparents in today’s society are functioning as the parents for their grandchildren. Are
there special challenges for persons doing this? What would some of them be? What would the
challenges for the children be?
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How many of you were raised by a grandparent? What are the pros and cons of this type of
living arrangement?
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
Slide 26
Relationships
Adult children who move back home are
often referred to as boomerang children
Boomerangers and Kidults
(click on link)
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26
Grown children move back home for many reasons, but the primary one is economic. Other
reasons include health issues, divorce, or a desire to continue education. What other reasons
can you think of?
We’ve talked a little bit about our mobile society. How do you think this affects relationships
within a family? Can you give some examples?
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Boomerangers and Kidults
A couple discuss the pros and cons of having their son and his wife living with them.
http://youtu.be/2r2P1p8fWNg
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
Slide 27
Relationships
Social media
Facebook
Twitter
MySpace
Pinterest
Instagram
Others?
27
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We’ve also talked about the challenges of technology in middle adulthood. However, social
media can be a boon for middle-aged people, particularly those who are living alone. How
might this be true? Do your parents or grandparents use social media? If so, what is their
purpose? Do you think people can form real relationships via social media?
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
Slide 28
In conclusion…
It’s a new and changing world. Middle
adulthood offers many challenges, including
physical and cognitive changes as well as
societal and cultural changes that must be
coped with. Even relationships are different in
middle adulthood.
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28
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Perhaps this short look will help us understand development in middle adulthood.
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
Slide 29
Questions?
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Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
Slide 30
Resources
Journals:
 American Psychological Association. (2014). Daniel Levinson biography.
https://vivo.apa.org/display/n8724
 Levinson, D. (1986). A conception of adult development. American
Psychologist. Vol. 41, No. 1, 3-13. January.
Textbooks:
 Dacey, J. , Travers, J. and Fiore, L. (2009). Human development across the
lifespan. (7th). Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill
 Santrock, J. (1997). Life-span development. (6th). New York, NY: McGrawHill.
 Welch, K. (2012). Family life now. 2nd. New York, NY: Allyn & Bacon.
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Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
Slide 31
Resources
Websites:
 American Association of Retired Persons (AARP)
Free Online Brain Games
http://www.aarp.org/health/brain-health/brain_games.html
 Colorado State University Extension Office
Grandparents: As parents.
http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/consumer/10241.html
 Harvard Health Publications
Preventing memory loss: Seven preventative steps.
www.health.harvard.edu/newsweek/Preventing_memory_loss.htm
 Huffington Post
40 Signs You Are Middle Aged.
www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/28/middle-age_n_3830194.html
 Middleage.org.
Definition-When or What is Middle Age?
www.middlege.org/definition.shtml
 Study Mode
Human Growth and Development – Daniel Levinson. Daniel flash cards and quizzes.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/human-growth-development-daniel-levinson-821338 – flash cards
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/games/human-growth-development-daniel-levinson-821338 –
games
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Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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Presentation Notes
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Slide 32
Life in the Middle: Understanding Development in Middle Adulthood
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