Serum Biochemistry of Captive and Free-Ranging Gray Wolves (Canis lupus)
Author(s): Peter Constable, Ken Hinchcliff, Nick Demma, Margaret Callahan, Bruce Dale,
Kevin Fox, Layne Adams, Ray Wack, Lynn Kramer
Source: Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, Vol. 29, No. 4 (Dec., 1998), pp. 435-440
Published by: American Association of Zoo Veterinarians
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20095797 .
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Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 29(4): 435-440, 1998
Copyright 1998 by American Association of Zoo Veterinarians
SERUM BIOCHEMISTRY OF CAPTIVE AND FREE-RANGING
GRAY WOLVES (CANIS LUPUS)
Peter
B.V.Sc,
Constable,
Callahan,
B.S.,
Wack,
D.V.M.,
Ken
Ph.D.,
Bruce
Dale,
M.S.,
and
B.S.,
Hinchcliff,
Fox,
Nick
Ph.D.,
B.S.,
M.S.,
Demma,
B.S.,
B.S.,
Adams,
Layne
Margaret
Ph.D.,
Ray
D.V.M.
Kramer,
Lynn
B.VJSc,
Kevin
M.S.,
serum biochemistry
from studies of captive
Normal
values are frequently
obtained
(zoo) or free
sedentary
are directly
It is frequently
assumed
that values obtained
from these two populations
referable
(wild) animals.
other. We
tested this assumption
and 11 free
USA,
(Canis
gray wolves
lupus) in Minnesota,
using 20 captive
in Alaska,
wolves
had significantly
lower sodium,
and
USA.
chloride,
gray wolves
(P < 0.05)
ranging
Free-ranging
urea
and significantly
and
to
creatinine
concentrations
blood
BUN
concentrations;
(BUN)
higher potassium
nitrogen
Abstract:
ranging
to each
to
relative
and creatine
activities
kinase
ratios; and alanine
aminotransferase,
aminotransferase,
aspartate
alkaline
of stress in domestic
Corticosteroid-induced
(a marker
captive wolves.
phosphatase
activity
dogs) was detected
=
in 3 of 11 free-ranging
and in 0 of 20 captive wolves
wolves
This
clear evidence
that
(P
0.037).
study provides
serum biochemical
can exist between
and
of one species. Accordingly,
differences
captive
free-ranging
populations
an understanding
of the health
status of an animal
evaluation
of the potential
should
effect
incorporate
confounding
stress could have on the factor(s)
that nutrition,
level, and environmental
activity
being measured.
alkaline
exercise,
level, corticosteroid-induced
Key words:
Gray wolf,
activity
phosphatase.
creatinine
INTRODUCTION
serum
Normal
are
values
biochemistry
frequent
from
of captive
studies
(zoo)
ly obtained
sedentary
or free-ranging
animals.
Direct
(wild)
comparisons
of serum biochemical
values
from
obtained
captive
and
members
free-ranging
uncommon,2729
and
values
obtained
from
rectly
referable
trition,
status,
ical
constituents.
can
be
itate
riod
difficult
of
tory
feed
of
Captive
captive
free-ranging
animals
also
and
of
cap
trition,
the nutritional
often
a much
ent
the Department
of Veterinary
of Illinois, Urbana,
Illinois
University
the Department
of Veterinary
stable);
The Ohio
State University,
Columbus,
61802,
Clinical
Ohio
and Game,
Fairbanks,
National
Park Service,
USA
nu
whether
the
was
serum,7-8-10-21
pres
because
useful as a biological
stress
environmental
We
parameters.
isoenzyme
in dog
for
stress
corticosteroid-induced
(CIALP)
could be potentially
in wolf
popula
tions.
MATERIALS
AND METHODS
Study population
activity
USA
99701,
Alaska
aged
20
2-14
gray wolves
(9 female,
captive
?
44.3
yr; mean
body
weight,
and
11 free-ranging
wolves
gray
in January
kg)
9 male;
1-6 yr; mean
(2 female,
aged
body weight,
? 5.6 kg)
in March
42.3
in accordance
with
insti
were
tutional
The
wolves
guidelines.
captive
(Con
8.9
Sciences,
43210, USA
Alaska
examined
11 male;
Medicine,
Eagle,
Research
Division,
(Fox); U.S.G.S.
Biologic
Alaska
and Columbus
99503, USA
(Adams);
Anchorage,
Ohio 43065, USA
Zoo, Powell,
(Wack, Kramer).
99738,
al
that
CIALP
his
U.S. National
Park Service,
Alas
(Hinchcliff);
Fairbanks,
ka 99707,
USA
For
Science
Center,
(Demma); Wildlife
rest Lake, Minnesota
Alaska De
55025, USA
(Callahan);
of Fish
partment
USA
(Dale); U.S.
(Canis
unknown.
lower
Clinical
pa
animals.
effects
potential
and
environmental
biochemical
as
significant
biochemical
This
serum
phosphatase
in wolf
serum,
We
From
Therefore,
athlete.
marker
to facil
samples
usually
after a controlled
pe
examined
level,
sta
for cap
free-ranging
in gray wolves
the
search
and
and
endurance
alkaline
effects
are
is
also
stress
example,
hypothesis
archetypical
to examine
activity
on
exert
could
serum
in
exist
this
us
food
that physiologically
captive
the
of
constant
animals.
free-ranging
between
tested
lupus),
lowed
inter
the
environmental
whereas
animals
We
factors
when
than
would
rameters
biochem
these
for
For
animals
have
serum
parameters,
to predict.
blood
safety,
withdrawal,
and
the environment
hypothesized
for
particularly
distances
in
large
the availability
are more
Moreover,
differences
variation,
stress,
on
impact
many
Although
and
controlled
anesthetic
from
seasonal
age,
we
animals,
free-ranging
that travel
bility
tive animals
di
that nu
food.
of
that
are
than
species
of
are
species
assumed
assumes
This
environmental
minimal
measured
obtained
the
other.
serum
biochemical
preting
of nutrition,
level,
activity
are more
same
frequently
two populations
sex,
level,
have
is
these
to each
activity
reproductive
ture stress
it
of
level
those
housed
in
Minnesota
been
435
<
0.01
(latitude 45?,
km2
longitude
in
east-central
93?), and had
at least 2 yr. The
free
the Yukon-Charley
Rivers
Preserve
in east-central
Alaska
(latitude
a territorial
and had
of
143?)
range
longitude
ranging
National
65?,
enclosures
in captivity
kept
wolves
inhabited
for
JOURNAL
436
km2.
500-4,000
study
which
km2,
The
of
density
estimated
area was
in the
is low,2
wolves
free-ranging
at 5.4 wolves/1,000
the scarcity
of
reflecting
were
in March
examined
wolves
Free-ranging
cause
snow
OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE
ambient
conditions,
day length facilitated
Blood
vein
be
aerial tracking and capture of
wolves.
obtained
and
and
Each
and
Fort
was
Serum
separated
?
at below
for no more
20?C
within
This
of
its
wolves931
National
the
aircraft,
member
nearby
then
a Cap-chur
darted
than
to
alent
zepam
esthetic
of
body
was
serum
of
canids.30
Each
observed
was
suitable
Most
within
agent
pursuit.
10 min,
lized
duction
charges
requiring
and
one
by
site
of
dart. Wolves
usually
multiple
with
the
ranged
for wolves
more
requiring
longer
failing
responsible
darts.
the
pursuit
or weak
for
an
the
closest
or
free-ranging)
the
Shapiro-Wilk
transformation
were
those
using
chemical
and
so
parameter,
was
the
small
for
pooled
number
to
than one
in
population,
of
effect
Free-ranging
rum sodium,
and
significantly
nitrogen
ratios;
was
effect
sex
between
ranging
tect an
immobi
captures
sex
being
or
(male
statistic
test).
log
variance
factors
and
compared
(Kruskal-Wallis
significant
action
of
internal
of
failed
procedure
normal
distribution
anesthetic
and
were
variances
unequal
two-way
analysis
with
the two main
approximately
data
methods
for normality
the
by calculating
a nonnor
with
and variables
or
variances,
wolves
helicopter
from 2
anti
indicated
to produce
and
equal
nonparametric
data were
Categoric
test. An
level
alpha
analysis.
RESULTS
examination.
times
had
the
a
canine
competitive
before
(captive
When
the
No
time
commencing
5 min
averaged
Darts
for
administered
min
induction
times.
to
helicopter
statistic
performed,
female).
subsequently
until
for
specific
a
Uni
using
thyrotropin
was
de
concentration
(TSH)
in wild
at which
effect,
immobilization
were
aircraft
landing
Recorded
with
for
3-5
was
Serum
exact
compared
by the Fisher's
of 0.05 was
used
for statistical
to captive
concen
constituents
wolf
taken
the
48909, USA),
procedure.17
tested
transformed
an
of an
higher
dosage
for effective
immobili
(Animal
State
Michigan
analysis
Shapiro-Wilk
mal
distribution
that
A
biochemical
transported
and 500
concentrations
(T3)
Laboratory,
a rabbit
using
antibody
as
125I-human
TSH
were
group
dart,
compared
not alter
and
gen.16
was
using
equiv
tiletamine/zola
combined
required
fixed-wing
were
wolves
by
crew
ac
inhibition,
serum
was
The
then
sample
?
70?C before
being
analyzed
free
(T4) and 3,5,3'
thyroxine
radioimmunoassay
hormone
stimulating
Data
Equipment
in a 3-ml
weight.
had
and
30133, USA)
the fixed-wing
agent
relayed
Indianapolis,
isoenzyme
The
lev
analyzer.8
canine
CIALP
is sen
for
versity, Lansing, Michigan
and
being
(Hitachi 911,
at
Diagnostic
TSH
stored
before
levamisole
using
automatic
stored
total
Statistical
a fixed-wing
helicopter
close
range
at
an
of
snow-tracking
radiocollared
was
Chemical
free-ranging
from
esthetic
wolf
A
wolves,
free-ranging
but
the agent
does
wolves,31
dart
kg
agent
tration
helicopter.
the wolf
tiletamine/zolazepam
12.1 ? 0.5 mg
per
zation
wolf
Georgia
serum
for
2 wk
Corporation,
Serum
CIALP
accurate.8
and
Health
and
ecology
each
free-rang
of
each
(Palmer
gun
Co., Douglasville,
of
location
of
location
a
to
radio
wolf
determined
initially
by
to locate
previously
Once
observed
from
members.
and
termined
as part
captured
Service
The
sitive
refrozen
triiodothyronine
in gray
efficacy
cause
physiolog
status
in acid-base
and
were
Park
study.
radiotelemetry
ad
concentrations.30
wolves
Free-ranging
pack
agent
alterations
electrocyte
demography
was
ing wolf
were
of commencing
was
selected
be
and
safety
not
it does
because
significant
to
carried
wolves
10 min
anesthetic
proven
and
hand
All
within
anesthetic
existing
were
and placed
6 hr and
analyzed
for
the
adapted
amisole
inhibition
assay
cephalic
silicone
Beckton-Dickinson,
ice.
as
50501,
i.m. by pole syringe. Once
captive
for examination.
pursuit.
ically
serum
(Telazol,
Iowa
the
10-ml
Jersey 07070, USA)
Mannheim
Boehringer
Indiana
46250,
USA).
determined
tivity was
its enclosure
tiletamine/zolazepam
Fort Dodge,
wolves
a building
ministered
cause
in
Laboratories,
anesthetized,
mg
cornered
5.0 ? 0.5 mg/kg
USA)
or
was
wolf
captive
administered
Dodge
foot
restraint
to
(Vacutainer,
New
thawed and automatically
Capture
from
transferred
immediately
tubes
glass
Rutherford,
on
analysis
were
samples
coated
and
and
sampling
Blood
prey.
temperature,
MEDICINE
sex
found
group
data
of
on
any
for male
statistical
and
the
low power
study had
serum
biochemical
on
wolves
had
and
higher
did
bio
female
to de
values.
se
lower
significantly
concentrations
creatinine
and
potassium
BUN
concentrations;
(BUN)
serum
and
alanine
aminotransf
erase
inter
Because
analysis.
=
2) in the free
females
(n
or
serum
of
chloride,
aminotransf
aspartate
nase
activities
than
sex
(AST),
captive
and
wolves
urea
blood
to creatinine
erase
(ALT),
creatine
(Table
ki
1).
SERUM
ET AL.?WOLF
CONSTABLE
437
PARAMETERS
BIOCHEMICAL
All values are concentrations,
serum biochemical
and free-ranging
values
for captive
1. Mean
Table
gray wolves.
amino
alanine
alkaline
alkaline
corticosteroid-induced
aminotransferase,
aspartate
phosphatase,
except
phosphatase,
and
total and free thyroxine,
activities.
Serum
and creatine kinase, which
transferase,
represent
3,5,3'-triiodothyronine,
are also reported.3
serum thyrotropin-stimulating
concentrations
hormone
Free-ranging
= =
(n (n 20) 11)
Captive
Factor
20.2
?
3.3 0.28
150.4
?
3.6
147.3
?
2.0
4.4
?
0.4
4.9
?
0.3
19.0 ?
Total
C02
(mEq/L)
Sodium
(mEq/L)
Potassium
(mEq/L)
Chloride
(mEq/L)
Calcium
(mg/dl)
?3.6
9.5
?
0.5
2.8
?
0.4
Glucose (mg/dl)
?111
Creatinine
1.24 ?
(mg/dl)
BUN
(mg/dl)
BUN/creatinine
Bilirubin
23.5
5.8
47.5
?
22.2
0.24
?
0.10 0.16
?
0.04
?
?
T3
1.10 ?
0.13
4.6
?
21.4
?
4.0
19.2 ?
0.97
0.30 0.20
11.5 ? 8.3 0.92
3.6
?
4.0
(pM/L)
0.43
0.0004
0.015
0.0004
<0.0001
4.00 ? 0.33 0.22
15.4 ? 7.6 0.70
9.7 ?
(mU/L)
87
36
50
103
189 <0.0001
?
5.99
0.0011
0.0003
33 0.92
19 ?75
5 ?
0 ?
0 ? 17
109 ?
58 ? 40
31 ? 9123 ?
364 ?
31
0.22
1.18 ?
(nM/L)
Free T4 (pM/L)
168 ?
31
?
120
5.99
Total
Free
0.10 0.001
16.3 ?
3.87 ? 0.21
12.4 ? 6.7
TSH
1.3 0.069
1.01 ?
0.18
Albumin (g/dl)
Total T4 (nM/L)
T3
<0.0001
0.81
92 ? 500.24
13
169
(g/dl)
0.7
?
(mg/dl)
protein
2.3
?
46.2
ALP (U/L)
CIALP (U/L)
ALT (U/L)
AST (U/L)
CK (U/L)
Total
?
9.4
7.6
0.20
(mg/dl)
111.0
3.6 ?
0.0219
0.002
19.6 ?
ratio
Cholesterol
0.9
118.6
(mg/dl)
Phosphorus
Probability
8.0
2.0 0.59
0.72
10.6
a
=
Values are mean ? SD: BUN = blood urea nitrogen; ALP = alkaline phosphatase; CIALP = corticosteroid-induced
ALP; ALT
TSH
alanine aminotransferase; AST = aspartate aminotransferase; CK = creatine kinase; T4 = thyroxine; T3 = 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine;
=
hormone.
thyrotrophin-stimulating
ALP
Corticosteroid-induced
=
wolves
captive
act
test). The
CIALP
wolves
were
ranging
problems
tion of
were
these
20,
not
three
(>200
L), a total
serum
all other
4-22
the
probably
ex
three
free
116 U/L.
have
may
serum
all other
6-29
and
This
male,
a free
mU/
(range
serum
(range for all other
of 6 pM/L
pM/L).
8-41
of 8 nM/L
nM/L),
was
wolf
weighed
4 yr
53
kg,
old,
was
was
phe
notypically normal, and had a CIALP activity of 0
U/L. Data from this wolf were not included in the
determination
thyroid
wolves.
roid
of mean
hormone
No
hormone
?
SD
differences
were
concentrations
for
values
concentrations
of
found
between
Protection
the
serum
free-ranging
in serum
thy
captive
and
T4
1), and
(Table
not
and
in any
detected
of endangered
of
relocation
and
au
T3
wolf.
of
such
introduction
of
tional
Although
success
the
an
Park.
long-term
essential
ically
chemical
status
and
wolf
recent
is often
factors
re
Na
influence
of
physiolog
health
and
such
physical
as serum
biochemical
values
tests,
no
programs,
and
on
based
into
successful
reintroduction
is a healthy
Assessment
laboratory
Serum
analysis.
A
into Yellowstone
numerous
of
involves
animals
is the
efforts
the gray
component
normal
animal.
physiologic
amination
often
species
free-ranging
or depopulated
areas.
underpopulated
table
example
hypothy
concentration
wolves,
were
DISCUSSION
capture
been
TSH
wolves
free-ranging
toantibodies
Health
examina
physical
concentration
wolves,
alpha
on
Fisher's
the
wolves.
T4
T4 concentration
wolves,
and
51,
detected
free-ranging
on a high
based
for
mU/L;
range
roid,
in
activities
detect
and in 0 of 20
two-tailed
0.037,
wolf
One
for
(P
was
activity
ed in 3 of 11 free-ranging wolves
ex
bio
can
state45,0222526
and level
by nutritional
1219
at
of exercise
and this could
account,
activity,"
least in part, for the large number
of physiologically
in serum biochemical
differences
param
significant
be
eters
influenced
that were
found
between
these
two wolf
pop
JOURNAL
438
ulations.
because
However,
we
sizes,
sample
normal
and
free-ranging
most
The
tween
captive
lieved
this
biochemical
mass
influenced
more
in
ratio
wolves
than
the
presence
concentrations
of
than
gray
cortical
BUN
in free-ranging
wolves
in healthy
that have
dogs
tein meal
4-18
hr previously,410
whereas
lations
white-tailed
pronghorn
and bighorn
cana)22
ing in different
as
a wild
of
in free-ranging
tions
ob
in
and
wolves
as
chloride
may
has
structure
of
have
prey.
been
caribou
km
migration
been
time
suming
30%
gray
behavior
and
of
travelling
that
the
its hunting
daytime
wolves
erage of 63 km/day
a normal
archetypical
and
in winter.28
and
type of prey,
indicate
that wolves
each
day
speed
up
in
to 360
following
of up to 65
Depending
winter
day
reflects
activity
nighttime
are suspected
an
to travel
during winter
in Alaska.
been
attrib
against
lowering
resting
wolves
in
that
can
they
sus
dehydration-induced
decreases
work
perfor
serum
that
in
similar
T4
to
concentrations
those
ap
on
for
previously
gray
reported
to the
with
have
may
lifestyle
in free-ranging
injury
mild
but statistically
iologically
es in serum
creatine
kinase
(CK)
induced
activity
free-ranging
etal muscle
in this
observed
group
ilar
to
restrained
(Table
with
captured
Similar
V-shaped
poles.3
and AST
activities
have
also
in CK
the
sim
nets
mild
been
in a long
dogs
competing
are considered
the changes
to be
The
unimportant.
significantly
race6;
wolves
activities
1); however,
was
wolves
with
in Alaskan
ranging
tocellular
as phys
increas
wolves,
in free-ranging
activity
that of Mexican
wolves
and
pM/L).
or
capture
mild
skel
significant
and AST
CK
sled
ALT,
and ALP
AST,
be
might
activity
of mild
indicative
in free
hepa
the lack of any
differ
injury,
although
ence
in serum
total bilirubin,
cholesterol,
glucose,
and
albumin
concentrations
between
free-ranging
was
and captive
wolves
that liver function
suggests
only
mildly
of
presence
the CIALP
in gray
is present
the wolf
ac
the
in a species
isoenzyme
dog. Our finding
wolves
is consistent
the
oth
that CIALP
with
current
that the domestic
evolved
theory
dog
wolves
and that
14,000-135,000
yr ago,
most
to the
is the canid
related
closely
dog.1532
of
hydrolysis
and
is present
cies.21
animals.
this study is the first to document
er than the domestic
evolutionary
from
gray
in free-ranging
impaired
We believe
domestic
av
12-33
range,
associated
as
The
normal
(dog
exercise
The
physiologically
serum
greater
en
spend
Based
travelling.13
of 8.7 km/hr14
and
has
concen
hormone
thyroid
and
captive
free-ranging
was
not
as prolonged
ex
surprising,
daily
on thyroid
has no effect
hormone
concentra
distance
social
distances
of
in gray wolves
daily movements
observed
availability
studies
activity
proximately
an average
considered
endurance
reserve
dehydration
before
osmolality
finding
were
observed
gray
involving
and horses12
undergo
exercise
The
training.
long
travelling
movements
Seasonal
the
be
studies
observed
have
upon
tivity,
as
mandate
search
km
been
long
athlete,
there
(and
with
physiologic
in dogs.1
Serum
were
similar
serum
serum
resting
been
ob
have
concentrations
experimental
greyhound
dogs,11
endurance
prolonged
durance
Our
increases
reflect
decreased
wolves,19
ing
wolf
high
mance.19
trations
of
were
study
concentration
By
dehydration.19
endurance-trained
exercise
during
serum
were
concentra
chloride
the
osmolality,
the degree
concentration
graz
BUN
may
population
intake.26
endurance
this
many
undergone
exercise
The
activity.
for captive
animals23;
however,
compared
normal
for dogs,
values
had
gray wolves
laboratory
a lower
serum
total T4
concentration
normal
(dog
a lower
serum
15-50
and
free T4
range,
nM/L)
ob
canadensis)5
the mean
animal
response,
physiologic
sodium
and
served
serum
tions
virgini
ameri
(Antilocapra
a guide
to protein
serum
lower
sodium
The
(Odocoileus
antelope
(Ovis
sheep
habitats.
Therefore,
concentration
used
deer
have
sodium
increasing
exercise-induced
of
of
anus)25
serum
to
to
wolves
re
in the study
wolves
captive
were
to
here
similar
that
ported
reported
previously
23
concen
for captive
wolves.3
in BUN
Differences
tration
have
also been
in different
observed
popu
concentrations
of
that
exercise
ercise
in
examined
decreases
osmolality)
is uncertain,
but
training
uted
wolves
a high-pro
the BUN
eaten
wolves
presumed
extreme
serum
fore
le
wolves
the magnitude
are frequently
served
reason
and
of a high
ingestion
of renal
disease.
recent
of
rate,4
free-ranging
months
tain
skeletal
Alaskan
though
renal
age-related
the
elevated
etiology,18
indicative
BUN
High
served
and
MEDICINE
free-ranging
therefore
crease
func
filtration
have
creatinine
meal
protein
renal
concentration,
function
Even
of unknown
were
and
to glomerular
lower
in free-ranging
significantly
wolves.
captive
wolves
frequently
to
renal
by
as
wolves,
relative
in
BUN
be
difference
was
wolves
the high
captive
in free-ranging
wolves.
We
be
recent
reflected
of
consumption
was
sions
data.
and
finding
is
in
our
from
meal
high-protein
by
free-ranging
BUN
is influenced
intake
by protein
tion4 whereas
the serum
creatinine
which
of
values
wolves
a
muscle
small
relatively
formulation
biochemical
gray
striking
free-ranging
concentration
BUN
the
advocate
serum
for
ranges
of
not
do
OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE
Three
Alkaline
phosphate
in most
organs
isoenzymes
phosphatase
esters
at
catalyzes
alkaline
pH
of mammalian
of ALP
have
been
spe
iden
ET AL?WOLF
CONSTABLE
tified
in dog
induced
serum,
are
zymes
present
induced ALP
of
portion
liver,
and
ALP,21
and
bone,
is produced
th? hepatocyte
three
Corticosteroid
that
membrane
induced
dex
and
exogenous
or
populations
individual
of
canine
stress
general
Because
wolves.
sustained
is
blood
CIALP
and
wolves,
than
specific
is of interest
fecal
was
that CIALP
greater
proportion
clear
study provides
chemical
differences
evidence
can
exist
bio
This
Zoo-The
Sandy Hamilton,
the National
rial
tracking
was
and
We
for
Re
thank
Chris Soloy,
assistance
in ae
transportation.
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