2015년 윤도형팀 전공영어의 결실
1. 영어학 관련 유사/적중문제
[5,6월 전공영어연습 p. 82] [2016년 전공 A 6번]
Read the following and follow the direction.
In English, the addition of some suffixes changes the position of stress in the
base to which they are attached. In this case, the shift of stress is related to
the syllabic structure of the base. In general, the assignment of stress abides
by the following rules:
(1) The primary stress falls on the syllable immediately preceding the suffix if it
contains a tense vowel or a diphthong or is closed by a consonant.
(2) If the syllable immediately before the suffix is an open syllable with one lax
vowel, which is called a light syllable, the primary stress is on the syllable
that immediately comes before the light syllable.
To take an example, in adjectival, the second syllable from the end, the penult,
bears the primary stress because it contains a diphthong. But in statistical, the
syllable immediately before the suffix has a lax vowel with no coda, the third
syllable from the end, the antepenult, carries the primary stress.
Explain the stress-shift phenomena in the pairs of the underlined words in (A) and
(B) according to the rules above. Your explanation should include how the position
of the primary stress changes in the derivation of a new word from its base and
why the stress-bearing syllable in the derived word carries the primary stress.
(A) You need insecticide to kill an insect.
(B) A democrat fights for democracy.
전공영어연습 [보충자료]
Suffixes and Stress
1. Stress-bearing [-attracting] Suffixes
Suffixes attract the stress. Below are common derivational suffixes.
-ade
lémon - lemonáde
-aire
míllion - millionaíre
-ation
réalize - realizátion
-ee
ábsent - absentée (exception: commíttee)
-eer
móuntain - mountainéer
- 1 -
-ese
Japán - Japanése
-esque
pícture - picturésque
-ette
kítchen - kitchenétte
-itis
lárynx - laryngítis
Expectedly, these stress-bearing suffixes always constitute heavy syllables.
2. Stress-neutral Suffixes
These suffixes never make any difference to the stress pattern of the resulting
word. Such suffixes include all eight inflectional suffixes (plural; possessive; 3rd
person singular present tense '-s'; progressive '-ing'; past '-ed'; past participle
'-en'/'-ed'; comparative '-er'; and superlative '-est'), and several derivational
ones:
-al
arríve - arríval
-cy
célibate - célibacy
-dom
frée - fréedom
-er
pláy - pláyer
-ess
líon - líoness
-ful
gráce - gráceful
-hood
nátion -nátionhood
-ish
gréen - gréenish
-ism
álcohol - álcoholism
-ist
húman - húmanist
-ive
submít - submíssive
-less
bóttom - bóttomless
-ly
fríend - fríendly
-ness
fránk - fránkness
-ship
fríend - fríendship
-some
búrden - búrdensome
-wise
clóck - clóckwise
-th
grów - grówth
-ty
cértain - cértainty
-y
sílk - sílky
We should point out that the last item, adjective-forming suffix -y, should not be
treated in the same way as the noun-forming -y, which shifts the stress to
antepenultimate, as in homophone - homophony, photograph - photography, etc.
While the above-listed suffixes do not normally change the location of the stress,
when several unstressed syllables are piled up to the right of the stress, we see
that the stress moves to the antepenult.
- 2 -
móment - mómentary but momentárily
3. Stress-shifting Suffixes
A multiplicity of derivational suffixes, when added to a root, shift the stress from
its original position to the syllable immediately preceding the suffix. Below are
some of the common ones in this group:
-ean
Áristotle -Aristotélian
-ial
súbstance - substántial
-ian
líbrary - librárian
-ical
geómetry - geométrical
-icide
ínsect - insécticide
-ic
périod - periódic (exceptions: Arabic, lunatic)
-ify
pérson - persónify
-ious
lábor - labórious
-ity
húmid - humídity
-ometer spéed - speedómeter
-ual
cóntext - contéxtual
-ous
móment - moméntous
-y
hómonym - homónymy
We need to point out that if the original stress is on the last syllable of the root
(the syllable immediately before the suffix), no change in location of the stress will
result, because it is already where it should be (e.g. divérse - divérsify, absúrd absúrdity, obése - obésity).
There is also a group of suffixes that put the stress on the syllable immediately
before them if that syllable is heavy (i.e. has branching rhyme). The suffix -al in
refusal, recital, and accidental is an example of this phenomenon. The stress falls
on the syllable that is immediately before the suffix, because that syllable is heavy
(long vowel, diphthong, and closed syllable, respectively). However, if the syllable in
question is not heavy, then the stress moves one more syllable to the left (e.g.
séasonal, práctical).
The same is observable in the suffix -ency of emérgency and
consístency on the one hand, and présidency and cómpetency on the other. While
in the first two words the stress is on the syllable immediately before the suffix
(closed syllable), if falls on the syllable one more position to the left in the last
two words because the syllable before the suffix is light.
It is worth pointing out that there are some other endings that seem to vacillate
between the different suffix types, of which -able is a good example. This suffix
behaves like stress-neutral in most cases, as in quéstion - quéstionable, adóre adórable, mánage - mánageable. However, in several disyllabic stems with final
stress, it shifts the stress one syllable left (to stem-initial), as in admíre -
- 3 -
ádmirable, compáre - cómparable, prefér - préferable (however, note the more
recent tendency for stress-neutral behavior, e.g. compárable, admírable). To
complicate things further, -able may also shift the stress one syllable to the right,
as in démonstrate - demónstrable.
Another interesting case is the -ive suffix. When added to a monosyllabic root,
the stress, expectedly, is on the root (-ive cannot bear stress) as in áct - áctive.
However, in words with three or more syllables, we may see the stress falling on
the syllable before it (e.g. decísive, offénsive), or moving one more to the left (e.g.
négative, sédative), or even to one further left (e.g. génerative, méditative).
[7,8월 전공B 4번] [2016년 전공 A 10번]
Read (A) and (B) and follow the directions.
(A)
Consider the following sentences:
(1) a. Jones noticed the mark on the wallpaper.
b. Clive pushed a supermarket trolley.
From a semantic point of view, the verbs noticed and pushed are different in
that the former is bounded, while the latter is unbounded. That is, noticed
implies a natural endpoint and the act of noticing the mark cannot continue
beyond the finishing point. On the other hand, pushed signals no finishing
point and the pushing activity can continue indefinitely.
The semantic difference of the verbs results in a number of grammatical
in/for-adverbials, it-take
modification by adverbs like deliberately, as shown below:
differences
with
respect
to
construction,
and
(2) a. Jones noticed the marks on the wallpaper in a minute/*for a minute.
b. Clive pushed a supermarket trolley *in a minute/for a munite.
(3) a. It took a minute for Jones to notice the marks on the wallpaper.
b. *It took a minute for Clive to push a supermarket trolley.
(4) a. *Jones deliberately noticed the marks on the wallpaper.
b. Clive deliberately pushed a supermarket trolley.
As can be seen above, the verb noticed goes with in-adverbial, and occurs in
the it-take construction, but does not occur with deliberately, while the verb
pushed occurs with for-adverbial and deliberately, but fails to form the it-take
construction.
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