Revise for your Year 9
Autumn Term Geography
Exam
Your exam will be in the week
beginning November 28th
Make sure you know the following:
The definitions of different
economic sectors
Why the UK’s employment structure
has changed over the past 200 years
The impacts of the growth of the
secondary sector in Bangladesh
The problems faced by farmers in
LICs
The global distribution of forests
The issues related to fuelwood use in
LICs and how solar cookers can change
this
How Germany is transforming where
it gets its energy from
Employment Structures and Different Economic Sectors
Primary Industry: The
extraction of raw materials from
the ground or the sea.
Eg. farming, fishing, forestry,
mining.
Secondary Industry: The
manufacturing (making) of
products using the raw materials
from primary industry.
Eg. Heavy manufacturing (car
making)
Energy production (coal fired
power station)
Light manufacturing (eg. I Pad
production or textiles)
Tertiary Industry: Does not
produce anything but often
includes the provision of
different types of services.
Eg. Education (eg. schools,
universities)
Finance (eg. banking,
accountants)
Tourism
Media
Sales/Retail
IT
Health and social care
How does the employment structure
change as a country develops?
The employment structure of
a country = how the labour
force is divided between the
primary, secondary and
tertiary sectors.
Richest countries: more people
working in the
tertiary/quaternary sector
than in the primary and
secondary sectors.
Quaternary Industry:
Industries providing information
services (knowledge).
Sometimes included with the
tertiary sector, as both are
service sectors.
Eg. Research and development
(eg. scientific research or
designing a new Apple product)
Management consultants
(offering advice to businesses)
Computer programming
USA (HIC)
Brazil (NIC/MIC)
Nepal (LIC)
Poorest countries: more people
working in the primary sector
than in either the secondary
or tertiary sectors.
Sometimes they have high
levels of tertiary if there is a
lot of tourism.
The employment structure in different
countries
Primary
industry
decreases as
the country
becomes
increasingly
urban. The
number of
farmers
decrease as
rural
workers
migrate to
urban areas.
Secondary
industry
increases as
the country
gradually
becomes
more
industrialise
d.
Tertiary
industries
develop to
service the
needs of the
growing
cities (eg.
cinemas,
banks,
restaurants).
TEST YOURSELF!!! Can you:
Define the meaning of the primary,
secondary and tertiary sectors.
Explain how employment structure is
different in different countries?
Explain how a country’s employment
structure changes as it becomes more
developed?
Reasons for changing employment structures in the UK.
The Clark Fisher Model shows how the importance of different sectors is different in countries at different levels of development, over time and
over space. It was based on the changing employment structure of the UK. Most countries are expected to develop in a similar way, but perhaps over
a different time period.
Since 1900 mechanisation
meant that less people were
required to in the primary and
secondary sectors, as
machines could carry out most
of the work that people
previously did.
Manufacturing went into
decline
(deindustrialisation) due
to cheaper labour in LICs
which encouraged
manufacturing industries
to local there.
During the Industrial
Revolution, more people were
needed to build ships, work in
steel making and with textiles.
People left their jobs in the
countryside to move to the
factories in the cities. All of
these jobs are found in the
secondary sector. By 1900
over half of the workers in
the UK were employed in
secondary industries.
The demand for work increased in schools, hospitals and
retail industries. By the year 2000 over half of the UK
workforce were employed in tertiary industries and only
a small number were employed in primary industries.
The tertiary sector
increased rapidly in the
last half of the twentieth
century, much of this was
linked to finance and
research and development
for science and IT.
Many raw materials
(eg. iron ore and
coal) have been
used up or are
cheaper to import
from abroad.
TEST YOURSELF!!! Can you:
Draw and explain the Clark Fisher
Model?
Describe how the UK’s employment
structure has changed over time?
Explain how a country’s employment
structure changes as it becomes more
developed?
Quaternary industries are a
relatively new concept, and it
is only recently that they have
developed. However it is
becoming an important and
growing sector in the UK as
many firms want to carry out
research and development for
their products.
The effects of the growth of the secondary sector in one low-income country (LIC)
or newly emerging economic (NEE) – Bangladesh Textiles
Benefits of the
growth of the
secondary sector in
Bangladesh
Increase in GDP from money made
from exports. 2013: Bangladesh made
$19 billion from the export of ready
made garments.
Drawbacks of the
growth of the
secondary sector in
Bangladesh
Poor record of factory safety and high level of
industrial accidents. Over 1100 people were
killed in the collapse of the Rana Plaza textiles
factory in October 2013.
Improvement in gender equality as the textiles
factories provide jobs for women who would
have previously worked on farms in the
countryside. 80% of the 3.6 million workers are
female.
Growth in urban slums in cities such as Dhaka as
millions of people have moved to the cities in
search of work. Dhaka is the world’s fastest
growing city. It is expected to have over 20
million inhabitants by 2025 (London has about 7
million).
Improved living standards. Even though the
wages are low (20 cents per hour), they are
higher than what people would get in the
primary sector (agriculture)
The environment has been damaged, most
signficantly with water pollution from the dyes
for the fabrics. Around Dhaka, many rice
paddies (fields) are now inundated with toxic
wastewater. Fish stocks are falling.
Massive drop in the fertility rate as women now
have jobs outside the home and are challenging
traditional society. Fertility rate has dropped
form 5 to 2 children per women in under 10
years.
A large proportion of the profits leak out of the country as lots of
factories are owned by foreign firms. Multinational firms like
Primark, Walmart and Matalan make a large proportion of the profit
on the clothes manufactured. Many are located in EPZs and don’t pay
tax for the first 10 years of operating in Bangladesh.
TEST YOURSELF!!! Can you give:
 4 advantages of the growth of the secondary sector in Bangladesh, with a fact for each one?
 4 disadvantages of the growth of the secondary sector in Bangladesh, with a fact for each one?
Problems faced by farmers in LICs
Many LICs make money by selling food
such as tea, coffee, flowers and fruit
to other countries. These products are
known as cash crops because they are
grown for money rather than as food.
This leads to land, which could have
been used to grow food for the
population, being used up.
The lives of subsistence and cash crop
farmers are made particularly hard by
unreliable rainfall. In years of drought
when the rains fail to come, harvests
are poor meaning families lose income
and face terrible food shortages.
Climate change is making droughts
increasingly common, having a huge
impact on food production, particularly
in Africa.
Poor rainfall  poor coffee
crop  not enough coffee
produced  price of coffee
goes up
In some countries, such as Tanzania, farmers were forced to grow coffee
rather than crops for people to eat. In Kenya, over 2.4 million face food
shortages whilst the country exports millions of dollars worth of flowers,
fruits and vegetables to America and Europe.
Large companies such as Del Monte bought land from the African
governments and created big farms. As a result, many local farmers were
forced to give up their land and work on the companies' farms. Not only
were African countries unable to grow enough to feed themselves, they were
too poor to buy food from abroad.
The price of coffee can rise and fall, meaning the amount
that farmers gets goes up and down too. This can lead to huge
reductions in coffee growers’ incomes, meaning they can’t
afford adequate healthcare and education for their families.
Many families have to withdraw children from school if the
coffee price falls.
Coffee farmers
in LICs only get
10 percent of
the profits from
a cup of coffee
sold in the UK.
TEST YOURSELF!!! Can you give:
 3 explanations as to why the life of LIC farmers is so
difficult.
Too much coffee being
produced across world 
surplus  low prices
The global distribution of forests
North Eastern Russia contains
vast numbers of the plants
forests. Most of the planets
Taiga trees are found here.
Europe
Asia
N. America
Africa
Oceania
S. America
Brazil, Colombia and Peru
contain the Amazon rainforest –
the largest forested ecosystem
on the planet. Often described
as the lungs of the planet.
TEST YOURSELF!!! Can you give:
 Descrbe where Taiga and and
tropical rainforest are located.
 Can you begin to explain why.
The Use of Fuelwood in LICs
Despite a switch to secondary sources of energy (electricity) in HICs and MICs, 50% of the world's population still uses wood
as their only fuel source. As population grows, many LICs are suffering from a fuel crisis as demands for energy grow. In
many parts of Africa 90% of the population depend on wood for fuel. Wood is called a BIOFUEL.
People used to meet their fuels needs by using dead twigs and small
branches collected near to their homes. However rural population
growth means this is no longer enough so now people have to cut down
new and live trees. This causes deforestation and soil erosion.
40% of the
world’s trees
are removed for
fuelwood.
Africa Deforestation:
The rate of deforestation in Africa is 4 times
faster than the global average. Some areas
have lost over 70% of their forest cover
These are solar cookers. They are very
simple products, cheap to make and easy
to use (we call this ‘appropriate
technology). They work by capturing the
sunlight and focusing it on food or water
to help it to cook/boil. They operate
without the need for any fuelwood at all.
TEST YOURSELF!!! Can you give:
 Explain the problems caused by using fuel wood as an
energy supply.
 Explain how solar cookers ccan help the problem.
Germany’s Energy Transformation
Germany is seen as the model for the future of energy generation across the globe. It is making a massive
transition towards renewable fuels. The Germans call this the ‘Energiewende’ (The Energy Transition).
The plan is for 80% of its energy to come from renewable sources by 2050.
Following the Fukushima disaster, the German government made the decision to close down all of its nuclear power
plants by 2022. 8 were closed almost immediately.
At a national scale they are developing renewable energy – focussing on:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Wind
Solar
Biogas
Water energy production
TEST YOURSELF!!! Can you give:
 Describe how Germany plans to get it’s energy in the future
 Give exaples of how Feldheim creates it’s own energy using evidence.
The village of Feldheim is a key example of the way in which small communities in Germany are generating renewable
energy for their own communities and enough to sell back to the national grid. We call people who produce and
consume (use) energy ‘prosumers’. Located South of Berlin, the village has 45-50 homes and generates 140 times its
energy needs its own:
•
•
•
•
A wood chip burner
A biogas plant
A solar plant
40-50 wind turbines
There is a biogas plant in Feldheim. As
well as producing electricity, pipes
carry the hot water it produces around
the village to heat the homes. Its two
main fuels are:
•
pig manure
•
maize silage grown in the local
fields.
It produces 4 mill kwh per year of
electricity per year. The villages
uses 1 mill kwh per year and the rest
is exported back to the national grid,
making money for the village.