GALING POOK GOVERNANCE FAIR
November 11, 2016
Novotel, Cubao, Quezon City
Dr. EDNA ESTIFANIA A. CO
Dr. JOSE M. REGUNAY
PRIMER PAGUNURAN
MICHAEL ERIC CASTILLO
RUBEN JEFFREY ASUNCION
Engr. RAINIER JOHN TOLENTINO
ALFRED MARX GARCIA
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Center for Integrative and Development Studies
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
I. FEDERALIZATION FRAMEWORK
II. THE NATURAL REGION APPROACH
III. THE CASE OF EASTERN MINDANAO
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Center for Integrative and Development Studies
FEDERALISM
Definition
Mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general
government (the central or “federal” government) with regional
governments (provincial, state, land, canton, territorial or other subunit governments) in a single political system.
-Oxford
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FEDERAL SET UP
Advantages
• Enables lawmaking that suits needs of the states
• Avoids tyranny as decentralized power diffuses autonomy
concentrated in a strongly centralized government
• Brings government closer to the people consistent with
the vision of the Local Government Code
• Provides effective and efficient governance in a larger
scale (i.e. aggregation/amalgamation)
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Center for Integrative and Development Studies
FEDERAL SET UP
Disadvantages
• State governments are susceptible to conflicts and the
country tends to split apart (i.e. right of secession)
• Sub-governments may lack resources that a central
government has.
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FEDERALIZATION
.•
UP-CIDS takes the political and structural reform with much
caution, pragmatism, and reverence to democracy and social
justice.
• We envision that growth and development provide access across
population groups, that development across territories is equal or
at least almost equally developed, and where resources are
utilized in a sustainable manner.
We aim for a gradual, incremental approach to power sharing of
what some compatriots call “Federalism”
U.P. –CIDS would rather call for a “Federalization” process
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Center for Integrative and Development Studies
FEDERALIZATION
.•
Federalization is an amalgamation of the towns and cities (big
and small) which other groups call the "state"
•
The amalgamation is a graduation from the existing local
government structure where the center is the small local govt.
unit (municipality, city). In the UP-CIDS study, the amalgamated
territory is the region .
•
Amalgamation will also bring in both terrestrial and marine areas,
a system of planning and development that have not been done
before, because planning has always been land-based and marine
or waters are set aside.
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FEDERALIZATION
.•
The proposed federalization, the Executive (thru the president)
can start up the amalgamated growth by Executive Order,
concentration of investments, better NEDA planning and
coordination in the region (Eastern Mindanao) in the "laboratory
areas". this can be done asap - does not need to hurry up a
constitutional change.
•
Other regions can follow, gradually - hence the term
"federalization" - a process that takes time. No "one size fits all"
at the same time.
•
Federalization is a continuing process of growing and
amalgamation.
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Center for Integrative and Development Studies
WHY FEDERALIZATION?
.
Argument 1 : We don’t want to kick out
the Social Justice provisions of the
Constitution which allow for the
participation of citizens, non-government
organizations, the marginalized and underrepresented through their political
representation in decision making.
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Center for Integrative and Development Studies
WHY FEDERALIZATION?
.
Argument 2: We share the vision of
progressive economists and industrialists
that the economic provisions of the
(Philippine) Constitution may have
limitations.
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Center for Integrative and Development Studies
WHY FEDERALIZATION?
.
Argument 3: A federalization is a gradual
process that takes into account the clamor
and demand of populations and peoples in
certain territories of the country for
greater autonomy and growth.
Thus, we embrace the view that “No one size fits
all”.
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Center for Integrative and Development Studies
WHY FEDERALIZATION?
.
Argument 4. The federalization process adopts
the principle of responding to the public clamor
for reform. Thus, the need to define the
“laboratory” in areas that have long indicated
the clamor of greater development, growth,
and empowerment.
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WHY FEDERALIZATION?
.
Argument 5. The power of taxation will
largely depend on the sub-national
government level taking into account the
ability to generate wealth, and the right to
establish taxes, tax scales, tax deductions,
or in general the right to collect taxes.
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WHY FEDERALIZATION?
.
Argument 6. The power arrangement will
follow the Natural Regions formation
whereby the amalgamated (i.e. merged)
territories will have to be empowered with
law and policy making powers and
authorities pulled in as a state legislature.
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WHY FEDERALIZATION?
.
Argument 7. Financial equalization should
be reviewed regularly depending on
capacities of the government units and
their ability to generate wealth and
revenues.
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Center for Integrative and Development Studies
WHY FEDERALIZATION?
.
Argument 8. Public service in its general form and level
will be constituted under a new national Civil Service
Commission (i.e. Public Service Commission of India).
The objective“ is insulation of civil service from politics
or reduction of politicisation of civil service to uphold
professionalism with a degree of autonomy from strifes
and politics. In the process, this allows for a rotation of
human resources and experts in units and territories.
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FEDERALIZATION KEY PRINCIPLES
.
A. A recognition of the bio-geographic character of the
archipelago defined by mega-diversity and rich natural
resources;
B. Territorial leaders as stewards of resources through
development, conservation, protection, and reasonable
utilization;
C. Principles of partnership, subsidiarity, and cooperation
of government units;
D. Principle of sustainability through complementation of
roles and functions, area potentials and limits;
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Center for Integrative and Development Studies
FEDERALIZATION KEY PRINCIPLES
.
E. Principle of respect for culture, language, identity, and
history
F. Principle of the integration of the tripartite functions of
governance namely, executive, legislative, and judicial
G. Principle of solidarity based on national-local
complementarity, urban-rural, hub and spokes;
H. Principle of competency and professionalism in the case
of civil service functions.
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REGION
- A flexible concept, continuous, localized and
intermediate between national and urban levels
(Glasson)
-
A group of areas with geographic contiguity and
ethnic and linguistic similarities (Carino)
-
A geographic area which possesses certain
homogenous characteristics (social, economic, political,
geographic) that distinguish it from other areas
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REGION
-
An area with resource endowments.
-
Area encompassed by a special development authority
-
Island regions
-
Metropolitan region
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NATURAL REGION
 A basic geographic unit which is distinguished by its
common natural features of geography, geology, and
climate.
 May refer to either land or water, and can vary in size.
The term “natural region” is often used
interchangeably with the word “ecological region” or
“ecoregion”.
 An ecoregion is an ecologically and geographically
defined area that cover relatively large areas of land
or water, and contain characteristic, geographically
distinct assemblages of natural communities and
species distinct from that of other ecoregions.
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WHY NATURAL REGION APPROACH?
.
• Recognizes the intrinsic biogeographical features and
their spatial distribution across the regional landscape.
• Recognizes the strong link between the biogeographical
factors and the human community that “man and nature
have become molded to one another over the years”.
• Physical boundaries delineation can be easily identified
and demarcated, biological resources and associated
ecological linkages can be clearly identified
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DELINEATION OF NATURAL REGIONS
.
• Provides the framework for:
- resolving resource use conflicts and the efficient,
equitable sharing, and sustainable management of
resources
- new modes of governance can be structured and
implemented
- Facilitate the identification of development and
programming regions
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Center for Integrative and Development Studies
DELINEATION OF NATURAL REGIONS
.
• Based on the recognition that the Philippines is an
archipelago, and a mega diversity territory, that natural
endowments exist whilst the structure of poverty is
deep and widespread across the country. In the end,
the gap between developed and underdeveloped
territories has to be reduced.
• Can provide the spatial framework to facilitate for
urban-rural development linkages and operationalize
the “hub and spokes” development strategy.
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DELINEATING NATURAL REGIONS
.
Biogeographic
Regions
16 distinct regions each
representing unique floral and
faunal assemblages.
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DELINEATING NATURAL REGIONS
.
Key
Biodiversity Areas (KBAs)
Sites of global significance for
biodiversity conservation. They are
identified using globally standard
criteria and thresholds, based on the
needs of biodiversity requiring
safeguards at the site scale.
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Center for Integrative and Development Studies
DELINEATING NATURAL REGIONS
.
Major
River Basins
• A river basin or drainage basin is a
hydrologic system which normally
contains various ecosystems, and
its topographic boundaries
typically covering 3 or more
provinces and 2 or more regions.
• DENR identified 18 major river
basins in the country.
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Center for Integrative and Development Studies
DELINEATING NATURAL REGIONS
Water
Resource Regions
.
•
National Water Resources Board (NWRB)
mapped out the 12 designated water
resources regions in the Philippines as
part of its integrated water resources
management (IWRM) strategy.
•
The Department of Agriculture has
adopted the IWRM strategy and
associated water resources regions in the
crafting of its own road map for the
improvement of the performance,
productivity, and competitiveness of the
agriculture and fisheries sector.
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The NATURAL REGIONS
.
Northeast Luzon
Northwest Luzon
Central Luzon
Southern Tagalog
Bicol
Palawan
East Visayas
West Visayas
East Mindanao
Central Mindanao
West Mindanao
Total
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Resource Endowments
.
Land Area:
3,757,584.38 ha
12.6% of entire
country
Ranks 3rd
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Resource Endowments
.
Forest Area:
468,209.37 ha
10.4% of entire
country
Ranks 4th
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Center for Integrative and Development Studies
Resource Endowments
.
Important Watershed
Area: 468,209.37 ha
10.4% of entire country
Ranks 4th
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Resource Endowments
.
Protected Area:
526,312.33 ha
7.3% of entire country
Ranks 6th
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Resource Endowments
.
Key Biodiversity Area:
Terrestial : 1,235,634.85 ha
22.4% of entire country
Ranks 1st
Marine : 218,300.99 ha
9% of entire country
Ranks 5th
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Resource Endowments
.
Mining Area:
128,962.90 ha
26.3% of entire country
Ranks 1st
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Disaster Vulnerabilities
.
Flood Susceptible Area:
704,669.50 ha
15.8% of entire country
Ranks 1st
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Center for Integrative and Development Studies
Disaster Vulnerabilities
.
Landslide Susceptible Area:
3,133,032.63 ha
13.3% of entire country
Ranks 3rd
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Center for Integrative and Development Studies
Socio-demographic
.
Population
Income Gap
Poverty Gap
Severity of Poverty
7,490,027
24.1
7.3
2.9
5th largest
2nd lowest
6th lowest
6th lowest
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Center for Integrative and Development Studies
Socio-demographic
.
Mandaya
Mansaka
Monobo
Mamanwa
Mangguangan
Dibbawon
Banwa-on
Higa-onon
Ata-manobo
Obu-Manuvu
Bagobo-Tagabawa
B'laan-Tagakaulo
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Socio-demographic Characteristics
.
42
Health
Education
Social Services
Protective Services
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Economy
.
Labor force
3,176M
Employment rate
95.0%
No. of financial institutions
21,405
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Center for Integrative and Development Studies
Economy
.
Primary Sector (Agri, fisheries, forestry) Performance
Secondary Sectory (Manufacturing, Mining)
Tertiary Sector (Wholesale, Retail, and Tourism)
44
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Infrastructure
.
Insert /matrix/data:
Roads
Ports
Airports
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Center for Integrative and Development Studies
Institutions
.
Insert /matrix/data:
Inter-LGU collaborations
Major development initiatives
Financial performance
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Center for Integrative and Development Studies
Hub and Spokes Framework
Rural Service
Center
Intermediate
City
Rural
Service
Center
Intermediate
City
Rural Service
Center
Intermediate
City
Regional
Center
Intermediate
City
Rural Service
Center
Rural Service
Center
Rural
Service
Center
Intermediate
City
Rural
Service
Center
Rural Service
Center OF THE PHILIPPINES
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Center for Integrative and Development Studies
Hub and Spokes Framework
Surigao
Municipalities
.
Digos
City
Dinagat
Island
Surigao
City
Agusan
Municipalities
Butuan
City
Davao
City
Mati
City
Davao Oriental
Municipalities
Davao del Sur
Municipalities
Hinatuan
Tagum
City
Bislig
Compostela
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Municipalities
Center for Integrative and Development Studies
Hub and Spokes Framework
.
Dinagat
Island
Surigao
City
Surigao
Municipalities
Butuan
City
Hinatuan
Agusan
Municipalities
Bislig
Davao
City
Digos
City
Davao del Sur
Municipalities
Tagum
City
Compostela
Municipalities
Mati City
Davao Oriental
Municipalities
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Center for Integrative and Development Studies
CONCLUSION
.
• The UP-CIDS Federalization proposal is aimed at
contributing to the articulation of a vision of the
future organization of the Philippine Archipelagic
state under a federal set up.
• UP-CIDS believes that a clear picture and
understanding of the envisioned state organization
and its spatial structure are critical to the success of
any initiative of transforming the Philippines and
transitioning into a federal form of government.
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Center for Integrative and Development Studies
CONCLUSION
.
• As shown in the East Mindanao test case, the
delineation of territories of the future federal units can
be framed within the natural region (NR) approach that
recognizes the intrinsic biophysical features and their
spatial distribution across the regional landscape. The
NR framework provides the base for overlaying and
analyzing the various components of the development
sectors and their inter-relationships and potentials for
operationalizing the “hub and spokes” strategy.
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Center for Integrative and Development Studies
CONCLUSION
.
• Within the context of the federalization principles and
consistent with gradual, incremental, pragmatic
process to federalization, the identification of Eastern
Mindanao as the ‘pilot farm’ for first formation of a
federal region, can be justified.
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Center for Integrative and Development Studies
CONCLUSION
.
• Lastly, the natural regions approach offers a
scientific option and informed strategy on the
matter of federal state formation. The NR
framework as a pathway to federalization has the
ability to incorporate the biogeographic factors
with the other development sectors and provides
the better basis for development planning,
programming, and governance.
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Center for Integrative and Development Studies
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Center for Integrative and Development Studies