Causes and Preventions of Gas/Vapor Fires and Explosions
The Role of Engineering Awareness (Proficiency) in Achieving Process Safety Excellence
Muhammad M. Rafique Qureshi, Ph.D.
Chilworth Technology
Global Experts in Process Safety Excellence
Causes and Preventions of Gas/Vapor Fires and Explosions
Muhammad M. Rafique Qureshi, PH.D.
Chilworth Technology, Inc.
113 Campus Drive
Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
Tel: 609 799 4449
e-mail: [email protected]
INTERPHEX
NEW YORK CITY, NY
March 18, 2014
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© 2014 DEKRA
Causes and Preventions of Gas/Vapor Fires and Explosions
Presentation Outline
 Conditions for Flash Fires and Explosions at Work
 Ensuring Safety
» Control of Flammable Atmospheres
» Elimination/Control of Potential Ignition Sources
» Application of Explosion Safeguards
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© 2014 DEKRA
Fire Triangle
 FUEL - Liquid (vapor or mist), gas, or solid capable of
being oxidized. Combustion always occurs in the vapor
phase; liquids are volatized and solids are decomposed
into vapor prior to combustion
 OXIDANT - A substance which supports combustion –
Usually oxygen in air
 IGNITION SOURCE - An energy source capable of
initiating a combustion reaction
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© 2014 DEKRA
IGNITION SOURCE
Conditions for Vapor Explosions
 Liquid must be above its Flash Point temperature
 Concentration must be within flammable range
 Atmosphere must support combustion
 Ignition source must be of sufficient energy
IGNITION SOURCE
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© 2014 DEKRA
Flash Point Temperature (FP)
 Minimum temperature at which the liquid gives off
sufficient vapor to form an ignitable mixture with air
near the surface of the liquid
Vapor Phase
Liquid Phase
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Flash Point Temperature – Typical Values
 Ref: Industrial Ventilation, 12th edition, American Conference of Industrial Hygienists
Liquid
Closed Cup (ºC)
Open Cup (ºC)
Acetone
-18
-9
Toluene
4
7
Methanol
12
16
Xylene
17
24
N-Butanol
29
43
 Addition of small amount of volatile can have a significant effect on flash point. For
example:
» Flash Point Temperature of Ethylene Glycol = 111ºC; and
» Flash Point Temperature of Ethylene Glycol + 2% Acetaldehyde = 29ºC
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© 2014 DEKRA
Conditions for Vapor Explosions
 Liquid must be above its Flash Point temperature
 Concentration must be within flammable range
 Atmosphere must support combustion
 Ignition source must be of sufficient energy
IGNITION SOURCE
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© 2014 DEKRA
Limits of Flammability, ASTM E681
 Lower Flammable Limit (LFL)
» Minimum concentration of vapor or gas in air (or oxygen) below which propagation of
flame does not occur on contact with an ignition source
 Upper Flammable Limit (UFL)
» Maximum concentration of vapor or gas in air (or oxygen) above which propagation of
flame does not occur on contact with an ignition source
Normally expressed as %v/v in air at atmospheric pressure
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© 2014 DEKRA
Limits of Flammability – Typical Values
 Ref: Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, NFPA, 11th Edition
LFL (%v/v)
UFL (%v/v)
Acetone
2.5
12.8
1-Butanol
1.4
11.2
Toluene
1.1
7.1
Carbon Disulfide
1.3
50
Methyl Alcohol
6
36
Hydrogen
4
75
Butane
1.9
8.5
Methane
5
15
Ethylene
2.7
36
LIQUIDS
GASES
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© 2014 DEKRA
Conditions for Vapor Explosions
 Liquid must be above its Flash Point temperature
 Concentration must be within flammable range
 Atmosphere must support combustion
 Ignition source must be of sufficient energy
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© 2014 DEKRA
IGNITION SOURCE
The Atmosphere Must Support Combustion
 To produce combustion, sufficient amount of oxidant must be available
 Oxygen in air is the most common oxidant
 The concentration of oxidant below which a deflagration cannot occur in a
specified mixture is referred to as the Limiting Oxidant Concentration (LOC)
 In general, combustible organic compounds have LOCs between 8% to 12% by
volume in nitrogen
 Explosion prevention can be accomplished by depletion of oxidant
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Conditions for Vapor Explosions
 Liquid must be above its Flash Point temperature
 Concentration must be within flammable range
 Atmosphere must support combustion
 Ignition source must be of sufficient energy
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IGNITION SOURCE
Typical Ignition Sources
 Personal smoking materials
 Hot work
 Open flames
 Mechanical friction and sparks
 Impact sparks
 Hot surfaces and equipment
 Thermal decomposition
 Electrical equipment
 Electrostatic discharges
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Conditions for a Dust Explosion
 Dust must be explosible (flammable, combustible)
 Dust must be airborne
 Concentration must be within explosible range
 Particle size distribution capable of propagating flame
 The atmosphere must support combustion
 An ignition source must be present
Oxidant
Mixing
Confinement
Fuel
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Ignition source
Examples of Combustible Materials
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Are These Materials Explosive?
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sugar
metal
plastic
medicines
© 2014 DEKRA
coal
wood
Hybrid Mixtures
When combustible dust and flammable vapors co-exist
 Hybrid mixture is hazardous for the following reasons:
Mixing Vessel
» When combustible dusts and flammable gas/vapor mixtures are present below
their respective flammable limits, they may form an explosible (hybrid)
atmosphere when mixed together
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Assessing Flammability Characteristics of Vapors
 Under what conditions does the material support combustion?
» Flash Point
» Limits of Flammability
» Limiting Oxygen for Combustion
 How easily will it ignite?
» Minimum Ignition Energy
» Auto-Ignition Temperature (Gases & Vapors)
 What will happen if it does ignite?
» Maximum Explosion Pressure
» Maximum Rate of Pressure Rise
 Electrostatic Charge Generation
» Chargeability
 Electrostatic Charge Accumulation
» Conductivity / Resistivity
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Safety Data Sheet (SDS) - Toluene
9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
9.1 Information on basic physical and chemical
properties
j) Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits:
Upper explosion limit: 7%(V), Lower explosion
limit: 1.2%(V)
a) Appearance: Form: liquid, Color: colorless
k) Vapor pressure: 29.1hPa (21.8mmHg) at 20.0°C
(68.0°F)
b) Odor: no data available
l) Vapor density: no data available
c) Odor Threshold: no data available
m) Relative density: 0.865g/mL at 25°C (77°F)
d) pH: no data available
n) Water solubility: no data available
e) Melting point/freezing point: Melting point/range: -93°C
(-135°F)
o) Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: no data
available
f) Initial boiling point and boiling range: 110 - 111°C (230 232°F)
p) Auto-ignition temperature 535.0°C (995.0°F)
g) Flash point: 4.0°C (39.2°F) – closed cup
r) Viscosity no data available
h) Evaporation rate: no data available
i) Flammability (solid, gas): no data available
q) Decomposition temperature no data available
s) Explosive properties no data available
t) Oxidizing properties no data available
9.2 Other safety information
no data available
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Assessing Explosion Characteristics of Dusts
 How easily will it ignite?
» Explosibility Screening (Go/No Go) - ASTM E1226
» Minimum Ignition Energy (Dust Clouds) - ASTM E2019
» Minimum Ignition Temperature (Dust Clouds) - ASTM E 1491
» Minimum Ignition Temperature (Dust Layers) - ASTM E2021
» Thermal Instability
 What will happen if it does ignite?
» Maximum Explosion Pressure - ASTM E1226
» Maximum Rate of Pressure Rise - ASTM E1226
 Ensuring Safety by Avoiding/Controlling Flammable Atmospheres?
» Minimum Explosible Concentration (Dust Clouds) - ASTM E1515
» Limiting Oxygen Concentration - ISO 6184/1
 Electrostatic Properties
» Conductivity / Resistivity - ASTM D257
» Electrostatic Chargeability - ASTM D257
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Safety Data Sheet (SDS) - Starch
Section 9 – Physical and Chemical Properties
a) Physical State: Powder
b) Color: white to light yellow
c) Odor: odorless
d) pH: Not available
e) Vapor Pressure: Not available
f) Viscosity: Not available
g) Boiling Point: Not available
h) Freezing/Melting Point: Not available
i) Auto ignition Temperature: 400degC (752.00degF)
j) Flash Point: Not available
k) Explosion Limits: Lower: Not available
l) Explosion Limits: Upper: Not available
m) Decomposition Temperature:
n) Solubility in water: Not available
o) Specific Gravity/Density:
p) Molecular Formula: (C6H10O5)n
q) Molecular Weight:
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Fire and Explosion Hazards - Codes and Standards
STEP ONE:
COMPLIANCE WITH CODES AND STANDARDS,
A Minimum Standard of Good Practice
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Codes and Standards - Flammable Liquids
 OSHA Act: Section 5(a)(1) OSHA General duty clause
» “Each employer shall furnish to each of his Employees employment and a place of
employment which is free from recognized hazards that are causing or likely to cause
death or serious physical harm to his employees.”
 OSHA 1910.106: Flammable and combustible liquids
 OSHA Hazard Communication Standard: 29 CFR 1910.1200 (SDS)
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Codes and Standards - Flammable Liquids
NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems
NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code
NFPA 33, Standard for Spray Application Using Flammable or Combustible Materials
NFPA 34, Standard for Dipping and Coating Processes Using Flammable or Combustible Liquids
NFPA 35, Standard for the Manufacture of Organic Coatings
NFPA 36, Standard for Solvent Extraction Plants
NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals
NFPA 69, Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems
NFPA 70, National Electrical Code
NFPA 77, Recommended Practice on Static Electricity
NFPA 91, Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Vapors, Gases, Mists, and
Noncombustible Particulate Solids
 NFPA 101, Life Safety Code
 NFPA 497, Recommended Practice `for the Classification of Flammable Liquids, Gases, or Vapors
and of Hazardous (Classified) Locations for Electrical Installations in Chemical Process Areas
 NFPA 704, Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency
Response











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Codes and Standards - Combustible Solids
 NFPA 1, Uniform Fire Code
 NFPA 61, Standard for the prevention of Fires and Dust Explosions in Agricultural and Food
Processing Facilities
 NFPA 68, Guide for Venting of Deflagrations
 NFPA 69, Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems
 NFPA 70, National Electrical Code
 NFPA 77, Recommended Practice on Static Electricity
 NFPA 101, Life Safety Code
 NFPA 484, Standard for Combustible Metals
 NFPA 499, Recommended Practice for the Classification of Combustible Dusts and of
Hazardous (Classified) Locations for Electrical Installations in Chemical Process Areas
 NFPA 654, Standard for the prevention of Fire and Dust Explosions from the Manufacturing,
Processing, and Handling of Combustible Particulate Solids
 NFPA 655, Standard for Prevention of Sulfur Fires and Explosions
 NFPA 664, Standard for the prevention of Fires and Explosions in Wood Processing and
Woodworking Facilities
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Explosion Prevention & Protection Techniques
Basis of Safety
 Avoidance of flammable atmospheres
 Elimination of ignition sources
 Provision against consequences of ignition
NO FIRE
IGNITION SOURCE
REMOVE
IGNITION SOURCE
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Safety Data Sheet (SDS) - Toluene
SECTION 7. HANDLING AND STORAGE
7.1 Precautions for safe handling
-
Avoid contact with skin and eyes
Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist
Use explosion-proof equipment
Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking
Take measures to prevent the buildup of electrostatic charge
For precautions see section 2.2
7.2 Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
- Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place
- Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage
- Handle and store under inert gas
7.3 Specific end use(s)
- Apart from the uses mentioned in section 1.2 no other specific uses are stipulated
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Safety Data Sheet (SDS) - Starch
SECTION 7. HANDLING AND STORAGE
Handling:
- Avoid breathing dust, vapor, mist, or gas
- Avoid contact with skin and eyes
Storage:
- Store in a cool, dry place
- Store in a tightly closed container
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Management of Flash Fire and Explosion Hazards
 Control of flammable atmospheres:
» Proper plant design (containment / source reduction)
» Maintaining fuel below its minimum explosible concentration (dust cloud) or
lower flammable limit (vapors & gases)
» Management of liquid spills and dust deposits (housekeeping)
» Exhaust ventilation
» Inert Gas Blanketing
 Elimination/control of potential ignition sources including:
» Electrostatic discharges
» Electrical Arcs / Sparks
» Mechanical friction and sparks
» Thermal decomposition
 Application of Explosion Safeguards:
» Explosion protection (containment, relief venting, explosion suppression)
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Control of Flammable Atmospheres
Local Exhaust Ventilation System
 Hood
Key Parameter:
Capture Velocity
 Duct work
 Filter (or Dust Collector)
Main Ducting
 Fan
Hood
Branch
Ducting
Source of release of
Ignitible Mixture
Extraction
Fan
Filter
Control of Flammable Atmospheres
Inert Gas Blanketing, NFPA 69
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
Safety may be based on reducing the Oxidant concentration below a level that will no
longer support combustion (LOC), by adding an inert gas

Limiting Oxidant Concentration (LOC) for combustion is dependent on the material and
type of inert gas used

Nitrogen gas is the most commonly used inert gas. Carbon dioxide and argon are also
used
© 2014 DEKRA
Control of Flammable Atmospheres
Inert Gas Blanketing
 Effect of Inert Gas Used on the LOC
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Flammable Vapor
or Gas
LOC in Nitrogen/Air
% (v/v)
LOC in Carbon
Dioxide/Air
% (v/v)
Acetone
13.5
15.5
Methanol
10.0
13.5
Hydrogen Sulfide
7.5
11.5
Hydrogen
5.0
6.0
Carbon Monoxide
5.5
6.0
Management of Flash Fire and Explosion Hazards
 Control of flammable atmospheres:
» Proper plant design (containment / source reduction)
» Maintaining fuel below its minimum explosible concentration (dust cloud) or lower
flammable limit (vapors & gases)
» Management of liquid spills and dust deposits (housekeeping)
» Exhaust ventilation
 Elimination/control of potential ignition sources including:
» Electrostatic discharges
» Electrical Arcs / Sparks
» Mechanical friction and sparks
» Thermal decomposition
 Application of Explosion Safeguards:
» Explosion protection (containment, relief venting, explosion suppression)
» Inert Gas Blanketing
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Electrostatic Charge Generation
 Electrostatic charges are usually generated when any two materials make and
then break contact, with one becoming negative and the other positive
 The build up of the charge on electrically isolated conductors and/or on insulating
materials, can give rise to electrostatic discharges
 Depending on the incendivity (energy) of the discharge, a flammable atmosphere
can be ignited
Movement
+ + + + + + + + + + +
-----------
+ + + + + + + + + + +
-----------
Charges fixed on Material
Interface with No Net Charge
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Electrostatic Charge Generation
Examples
 Liquid handling
» Liquid transfer through hoses and pipes
» Agitation of two phase mixtures
» Settling
» Filtration
 Powder handling
» Sieving
» Pouring
» Mixing
» Grinding
» Pneumatic transfer
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Control of Electrostatic Discharges
-
Metal Plant
»
»
-
Personnel
» During normal activity, the potential of the human body can reach 10kV to 15kV, and the energy
of a possible spark can reach 20mJ to 30mJ
»
-
Personnel should be grounded so that their resistance-to-ground <1x108 ohm
Non-Conductive (Insulating) Materials (e.g. plastic hoses, bags, liners, drums)
»
»
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Resistance to ground should be checked. If R>10 ohm, direct ground connection is
required
Ground connections should be checked regularly
© 2014 DEKRA
Grounding of non-conductive materials would not facilitate the relaxation of
electrostatic charges to ground
Consider conductive or static dissipative materials
Control of Electrical Arcs / Sparks
 Incorrectly specified electrical equipment is a potent ignition source for
flammable gases, vapors and dusts
» Sparks
» Hot surfaces
 In facilities handling flammable materials the electrical equipment used must
be suitable for the environment in which it is to be used
 In order to determine the type of equipment it is necessary to define
hazardous (classified) locations
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Hazardous Area Classification
 Electrical area classifications is defined under Article 500 of the National
Electrical Code (NFPA 70)
» The intent of Article 500 is to prevent electrical equipment from providing a means of
ignition for an ignitable atmosphere
Class I – Gas or
vapor
Class II – Dust
Class III – Fiber or
flying (No Group
Designation)
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© 2014 DEKRA
North America
IEC (Europe)
Class –Division
Zones
Division 1: Explosive atmosphere is
present or likely to be present
during normal operation
Division 2: Explosive atmosphere is
not present in normal operation,
could be present in abnormal
operation
Zone 0 (Gas)
Zone 20 (Dust)
Explosive atmosphere is
continually present or present
for long periods of time.
Zone 1 (Gas) /
Zone 21 (Dust)
Explosive atmosphere is likely
to occur in normal operation
Zone 2 (Gas)/
Zone 22 (Dust)
Explosive atmosphere is not
likely to occur in normal
operations and, if it does occur,
will exist for only a short time.
Control of Friction and Impact Sparks
 The energy/incendivity of mechanical sparks is dependent upon the
composition of the impacting surfaces, the mass and velocity of the striker,
and the angle of impact.
 Materials which can generate incendive friction / impact sparks include:
» light alloys, in particular those containing aluminum and magnesium
» grit or rock
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Control of Friction and Impact Sparks
 Prevent overheating due to misalignment, loose objects, belt-slip/rubbing
etc. by regular inspection and maintenance of plant
 Prevent foreign material from entering the system when such foreign
material presents an ignition hazard:
» Consider use of screens, electromagnets, pneumatic separators, etc.
 Minimize the likelihood of impact sparks through:
» Proper tool selection
» Techniques to prevent dropping tools e.g. wrist straps
» Operator training
 Hot work operations should be controlled by a hot work permit system in
accordance with NFPA 51B, Standard for Fire Prevention During Welding,
Cutting and Other Hot Work:
» Formation of dust clouds should be prevented, and dust deposits should be removed
» A gas/vapor detector may be used to ensure flammable vapors/gases are not present
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Explosion Protection
Basis of Safety
 Avoidance of flammable/explosible atmospheres
 Elimination of ignition sources
 Provision against consequences of ignition
» Preventative measures alone may not ensure adequate level of safety. Protective
measure should be taken as well
» These measures are:
» Containment by explosion resistant construction, Design based on ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division I
» Explosion suppression by injecting a suppressant, NFPA 69
» Explosion venting to a safe place, NFPA 68
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Explosion Containment
 Two methods for design:
» Explosion pressure resistant (A)
» built as pressure vessel
» Explosion pressure shock resistant (B)
» some deformation allowed
» but failure not allowed
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2014 DEKRA
Explosion Protection Techniques
Explosion Suppression
Relies on early detection of an explosion and rapid injection of suppressant.
Typically at moment of detection, explosion pressure is 35 to 100 m bar g.
Suppressant extinguishes the flame within approximately 50msec.
To achieve explosion suppression, the following are required;




Explosion Detector
Control Unit
Suppressor
Suppressant
2. Detection - 0.020 Sec
3. Control - 0.025 Sec
1. Ignition - 0.000 Sec
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4. Suppression - 0.060 Sec
Explosion Suppression - Examples
Fluid bed Dryer
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Dust Collector
Explosion Protection Techniques - Venting
 Relies on rapid opening of panel(s) or door(s) hence allowing the release of
hot gases and un-burnt product from within a process component or room
 Advantages and disadvantages:
» Relatively low cost
» Simple to install in most cases
» Not suitable for toxic materials
» Venting to inside of buildings is usually unacceptable
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Explosion Protection Techniques - Venting
Volume of fireball is many times the volume of the dust collector
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Explosion Relief Venting and Ducting to a Safe Place
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Explosion Protection Techniques - Isolation
 An explosion, initiated in one plant item should be prevented from
propagating along pipes, chutes, conveyors etc. and starting a subsequent
explosion in other plant items.
 The simplest isolation method is avoidance of unnecessary connections. If
this is not possible, special measures should be taken to create barriers to
avoid propagation of an explosion.
» Mechanical Isolation (Barriers)
» Chemical Isolation (Barriers)
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AUTOMATIC SHUT-OFF VALVES
Initiation
Release
Detection
Ignition
Propagation
No Further Propagation
CHEMICAL BARRIER
The flame is extinguished - but the
pressure wave continues
Initiation
Process equipment downstream of the
barrier must therefore be designed to
withstand the elevated pressure
Detection
Release
Propagation
Ignition
Pressure Wave
Flame
Extinguished
Management of Flash Fire and Explosion Hazards - Summary
 Understanding of the flammability and explosion characteristics of the fuel(s)
 Site Audit:
» Understanding of process operations and review of all available information (drawings,
specifications, process/operation descriptions)
» Identification of locations where flammable atmospheres (gas, vapor, dust) are or could
be present during normal and abnormal operating conditions
» Identification of potential ignition sources that could be present under normal and
abnormal conditions
» On-site electrostatic measurements (electrical field, electrical continuity measurements,
etc.), where applicable
 Proper process and facility design to prevent and/or minimize the occurrence of
flash fires and explosions and protect people and facilities against their
consequences
 Regular inspection and maintenance of equipment to minimize ignition sources
and fuel releases
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About Chilworth Technology
Chilworth Technology
Global Experts in Process Safety Excellence
Chilworth Technology - An Overview
One of the principal providers of specialist process safety services in the world - since 1986
Over 150 staff including Engineering Professionals, Scientists and Laboratory Technicians with
specialist process safety expertise
Independent, practical advice and ‘niche’ valuable services
8
ISO/IEC 17025 & GLP Accredited Laboratories
Chilworth Technology - a DEKRA SE Company
DEKRA SE one of the Leading International Expert Organizations
Headquarters in Stuttgart
Active in more than 50 countries
Around 40% of employees work outside of Germany
Organized into 3 business units
- Automotive
- Industrial
- Personnel
15 strategic service lines
Revenues of more than 2.0 billion Euros
More than 25,000 employees
ISO/IEC 17025 & GLP Accredited Laboratories
Process Safety - Definition
 Process safety - The prevention and control of fires, explosions, and accidental
chemical releases in chemical & process industries
 Such incidents may result in serious injury, property damage, lost production, and
environmental impact
2003 - West Pharmaceutical, N. Carolina
6 Killed, 37 Injured
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© 2014 DEKRA
2008 - Imperial Sugar, Georgia
14 Killed, > 40 injured
Chilworth Technology - Global Locations
USA
- Chilworth Technology Inc
- Safety Consulting Engineers Inc
Europe
-
Chilworth Technology (UK)
John Chubb Instruments (UK)
Chilworth Spain
Chilworth France
Chilworth Italy
Chilworth Netherlands
8
India
- Chilworth Technology (pvt) Ltd
 New Delhi
 Mumbai
China
- Chilworth/DEKRA Insight - Process Safety
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© 2014 DEKRA
Chilworth Business - Process Safety Excellence
Safe operation of plants requires
Solid programs (safety management
systems),
PROGRAMS
PROFICIENCY
Safety Management
Programs
Competency
(can do)
Proficiency among the staff (competency,
know-how, experience),
Appropriate
Culture of people that encourages
excellence in process safety practice.
Sustainable
over time
Right skills,
Knowledge
Applied as
intended
PROCESS
SAFETY
EXCELLENCE
PEOPLE
Culture
Applied leadership, motivation, attitude
Right (will do) culture
Self sustaining over time
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© 2014 DEKRA
Skills effectively
applied
Mechanism for
endurance
Chilworth Business - Process Safety Excellence
Of course, systems created and skills
developed;
Need to be suitable and correctly applied;
Need to be monitored; and
Must be embedded and sustainable in
the long term.
Doing these things well is not easy, but
when successful will create PROCESS
SAFETY EXCELLENCE and generate
wealth for all stakeholders involved”
PROGRAMS
PROFICIENCY
Safety Management
Programs
Competency
(can do)
Right skills,
Knowledge
Appropriate
Applied as
intended
Sustainable
over time
PROCESS
SAFETY
EXCELLENCE
PEOPLE
Culture
Applied leadership, motivation, attitude
Right (will do) culture
Self sustaining over time
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© 2014 DEKRA
Skills effectively
applied
Mechanism for
endurance
Chilworth Technology - Global Process Safety Portfolio
Consulting
Laboratory Testing
Training
Process Safety Management
-
Program Implementation &
Improvement
Gap Analysis
Process Hazard Analysis
Quantitative Risk Assessments
Consequence Modeling
Incident Investigations
Process Safety Engineering
-
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Dust Fire & Explosion
Gas & Vapor Flammability
Electrostatic Hazards
Chemical Reaction Hazards
© 2014 DEKRA
-
Combustible Dust Fire & Explosion
Gas & Vapor Flammability
Thermal Instability
Chemical Reactivity
Static Electricity
DOT & UN Transportation of
Hazardous Materials
Explosivity / Energetic Materials
Customized & Large-Scale Testing
-
Courses Covering All Key Aspects
of Process Safety
Continuing Education Units
(CEU’s)
Multiple Languages
Multimedia
Instructor-Led Content
Computer-Based Training
Chilworth Technology - Client Industries
● Bulk & Fine Chemicals
● Primary Metals & Machining
● Agro-Chemical
● Automotive & Aviation
● Energy / Power Sector
● Personal & Household Products
● Food & Drink
● Oil & Petrochemical
● Flavor & Fragrance
● Pharmaceuticals
● Machine/Equipment Mfg
● Plastics & Rubber
● Government Agencies
● Pulp & Paper
● Engineering / Consultants
● Wood / Forestry
● Legal/Insurance/Risk
● Consumer Electronics
ISO/IEC 17025 & GLP Accredited Laboratories
Thank you!
Chilworth Technology
Global Experts in Process Safety Excellence