Periodic Table Break Down
College Chemistry
Eric Hall
Period:6th
Hydrogen
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Has 1 valence electron
Not apart of any periodic table group
It isn’t an alkali metal because it forms weak bonds with other
bound hydrogen atoms.
Can form a positive or negative charge
Atomic number is 1 and its symbol is H.
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Henry Cavendish discovered Hydrogen
Most abundant element
Extremely flammable gas
The physical form at room temperature is colorless and
odorless.
Potassium
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Group #1 (Alkali Metals)
1 valence electron
+1 cation formed
Soft and shiny and they react violently with water and oxygen in their
pure form. They can cause burns.
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Potassium is a part of Alkali Metals because it is reactive with water
and is soft and shiny like Alkali Metals.
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Its atomic number is 19 and its symbol is K
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Each potassium atom has 19 protons
Pure potassium is so soft it can be cut easily with a knife
When burned potassium flames are a violet color
8th most abundant element on earth
Calcium
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2 valence electrons
Group #2 (Alkaline-Earth Metals)
forms +2 cations
They are less reactive than Alkali Metals
Calcium is an Alkaline-Earth Metal because its outermost electron is an
s-orbital.
Its atomic number is 20 and its symbol is Ca.
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You need calcium to survive
5th most abundant element on earth
Pure calcium reacts violently with water and acids
Calcium has been around since the 1st century
Gold
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1 valence electron
Group #3-12 (Transitions Metals)
Au3+
Less reactive than Groups #1 & 2
One of the least reactive chemical elements
Its atomic number 79 and its symbol is Au
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Only metal that is a golden color
Almost all of the gold on earth came from meteorites
Gold is extremely ductile (can be stretched)
Is used in electronics. and electrical wiring
Boron
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3 valence electrons
Group #13 (Boron Family)
Forms +3 cations
Boron is used in detergents
Not found naturally on earth
Its atomic number is 5 and its symbol is B
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First discovered in 1808
Compounds of it have been around for thousands of years
Borons melting point is 3,767 F
Its boiling point is 7,232 F
Carbon
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4 valence electrons
Group #14 (Carbon Family)
+4 cation forms
Carbons pure form is Graphite
Carbon and silicon forms bonds at nonmetals
Its atomic number is 6 and its symbol is C
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A nonmetal that can bond with itself
Carbon compounds have limitless uses
Pure carbon is in nature
Its pure form is considered non-toxic
Nitrogen
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5 valence electrons
Group #15 (Nitrogen Family)
Forms -3 anion charge
Located in the p-block
Can combine with others
Its atomic number is 7 and its symbol is N
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Combines with Carbon, Oxygen, etc. to form TNT.
Air is mostly Nitrogen
Its colorless, odorless, and tasteless
Its a nonmetal
Oxygen
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6 valence electrons
Group #16 (oxygen Family)
-2 anion charge
Oxygen is the most common element in earth’s outer layer
It can be found in nature
Its atomic number is 16 and its symbol is O
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Oxygen is tasteless, odorless, and colorless
Its a nonmetal
Animals and plants require Oxygen
Oxygen supports combustion
Chlorine
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7 valence electrons
Group #17 (Halogen Family)
-1 anion forms
Reacts with Alkali Metals to form white solids
It is toxic
Its atomic number is 17 and its symbol is Cl
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Greenish-yellow gas
In nature only found in a combined state
Widely used in everyday products
Found in medicines
Neon
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8 valence electrons
NO ions are formed
Considered the “Perfect Group”
Usually all are unreactive
Its atomic number is 10 and its symbol is Ne
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Colorless and odorless
Has no true chemical compounds
Neon-gas emits a red-orange color when charged with electricity
5th most chemical compound element
Cerium
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Lanthanides
2 valence electrons
Used in steels and gases
Silvery metal
You cannot predict what ion they form
Its atomic number is 58 and its symbol is Ce
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Discovered in 1803
Makes up 0.0046% of earth’s crust
Practically non-existent in the atmosphere
Color gray
Thorium
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Actinide
2 valence electrons
You cannot predict what ion they form
Radioactive
Pure thorium is very ductile
Its atomic number is 90 and its symbol is Th
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Decays at a fixed rate
Silvery-white metal
Soft in pure form
Small amounts are found in rocks