Chapter 4
Options in Sport & Recreation
4.1
Introduction
4.2
Sports and Recreation
4.3
Camps, Clinics, Teams, and Competitions
4.4
Additional Program Resources
43
Options in Sports & Recreation
4.1 Introduction
Determining which sports and recreation programs are best suited for a community program
requires a close examination of current resources followed by a sport/recreation specific
resource evaluation. In this section you will find a brief explanation of the most popular
sports and recreation programs being offered throughout the United States.
Programming choices may include both a recreational and a competitive version of the same
sport. Many programs begin with recreation programs and progress into competitive
opportunities as the number of participants increase and their interest in competition
develops.
For additional information on these sports as well as a number of excellent resource
materials refer to Appendix 2 for links to BlazeSports Distance Learning Presentations and
Sports Training Videos, Manuals, and the BlazeSports Institute for Applied Science Certified
Disability Sport Specialist credentialing program. Official Sports Rules and Regulations for
each
sport
below
are
included
in
Appendix
5
and
on
BlazeSports
webpage: http://www.blazesports.org/resources/start-a-program/appendix-5-sports-rulesand-regulations/
Archery
Cycling
Judo
Shooting
Swimming
W/C Basketball
Beep Baseball
Fencing
Powerlifting
Skiing: Alpine
Table Tennis
W/C Rugby
Boccia
Floor Hockey
Power Soccer
Skiing: Nordic
Tennis
W/C Softball
Curling
Football/Soccer
Racquetball
Sled Hockey
Track and Field
Goalball
Rowing
W/C Dance
4.2 Sports and Recreation Options
The following section includes a brief description of various sports and recreation activities
that are currently being enjoyed by people with disabilities. This section represents just the
tip of the iceberg when it comes to the different sports and recreation activities available.
Rule of thumb; if a sport or recreation activity is not being done by a person with a
disability, it soon will be.
For more detailed information on each of these sports, refer to the US Paralympic and
International Paralympic Committee (IPC) websites.
US Paralympics: www.usparalympics.org
IPC: www.paralympic.org
44
Athletics
Athletics events, known as track & field in the U.S., are open to athletes in all disability
classes and have been a part of the Paralympic program since the first Paralympic Games in
Rome, Italy, in 1960.
Events include track, throwing, jumping, pentathlon and the
marathon.
The rules of Paralympic track and field are almost identical to those of its non-disabled
counterpart.
Certain allowances are made to accommodate certain disabilities.
For
example, the blind and more severely visually impaired runners compete with guide runners
who are often attached by the wrist with a tether to the runner.
Track and Field is the perfect Fun Day/Sports Festival sport. The distances and field
implements can be changed to fit the age and skill level of your participants.
Athletics Resources:
BlazeSports Track and Field Instructional video is available on BlazeTV at:
http://youtu.be/dvBD5iechi8
BlazeSports Track and Field Manual:
http://www.blazesports.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/BSA-Track-Field-Manual.pdf
BlazeSports Track and Field Strength and Conditioning Manual:
http://www.blazesports.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/BSA-TF-Strength-andConditioning-Manual.pdf
For more information on athletics, visit: http://ipc-athletics.paralympic.org/
or http://usparalympics.org
45
Archery
Athletes with disability can showcase their shooting precision and accuracy either standing
or in seated in wheelchairs, depending on disability. Archers shoot 72 arrows from a
distance of 70 meters at a target of 122 cm. A perfect score is 720. Archery is a common
camp activity as well as a life long hobby for many people with disabilities.
For more information on disabled archery, visit:
http://www.paralympic.org/Sport/IF_Sports/Archery/index.html or
http://www.americandisabledarchers.com/
Basketball (Wheelchair)
Wheelchair basketball was originally played only by men with spinal cord injuries. Today,
both men and women, with a variety of disabilities, compete in the sport. You do not need
to be an everyday wheelchair user to be eligible for wheelchair basketball.
The National Wheelchair Basketball Association (NWBA) governs all aspects of the game in
the United States.
Games are played according to NCAA rules with the following
differences:
• There is no violation for double dribble
• Travelling is called when the player with the ball takes more than two pushes without
dribbling the ball
• Players 12 years of age and under compete within the Prep League of the NWBA
Junior Division and use a NCAA Women’s ball, 8’-1/2” high goal and a 13’ free-throw
line.
46
Basketball Resources:
For additional information on wheelchair basketball, visit: BlazeTV for webinars and videos:
Basic Principles of Wheelchair Propulsion
http://youtu.be/P9thLZsu5Ow
Basic Principles of Wheelchair Propulsion: Changing Directions and Pivots
http://youtu.be/IHrzpWq_rcM
Wheelchair Basketball: Part 1: Planning for a Successful Season
http://youtu.be/3bXGFiCm-OA
Wheelchair Basketball: Part 2: Skills and Drills to Start the Season
http://youtu.be/tNOu7Bq0MU8
You may also visit the National Wheelchair Basketball Association's website for more
information at http://www.nwba.org/.
Beep Baseball
Beep Baseball or beep ball, is a modified game of softball developed for individuals who are
blind or visually impaired. The object of the game is to bat a softball and to score more
runs than the opponents. The games are six innings long with three outs in each inning.
This is where the similarity to the traditional game of softball ends.
A large grassy area free of obstructions provides the best setting for a beep baseball field.
The field is set up with a pitchers mound and only 2 bases (first and third). There is no
second base in beep baseball. Bases are made of padded canvas or vinyl cylinders 48”- 54”
tall with speakers, placed one hundred (100) feet down their respective lines and ten (10)
feet off the foul line to prevent a runner from colliding with a defensive fielder. The bases
contain sounding units that give off a buzzing sound when activated.
Teams consist of six players on the field at any one time with each player having a number
to identify a defensive position. For instance, the first baseman is one; right fielder-two;
middle-three; left fielder-four; third baseman-five; and back fielder-six. One or two sighted
spotters are positioned in the outfield, one on either side of the field. When the ball is hit,
the spotter calls out the number indicating the direction the ball is traveling. This alerts the
player in that position that the ball is approaching. When batting, each team has their own
sighted pitcher and catcher. All players with the exception of spotters wear blindfolds
making it an excellent activity for inclusion of people with and without visual impairments.
For more information on beep baseball and official rules, visit the National Beep Baseball
Associations website: http://www.nbba.org/
47
Boccia
Athletes throw, kick or use an assistive device to propel leather balls as close as possible to
a white target ball (the jack). An individual match consists of four ends where each player
throws six balls per end. Boccia is played indoors on a flat, smooth surface by individuals,
pairs or teams. Boccia is one of the best inclusive, cross-disability games available.
Participants of all ages and skill levels can play anywhere there is a good size flat area.
BlazeSports America is the disability sports organization and governing body for Boccia in
the United States.
For more information about Boccia contact BlazeSports America at:
http://www.blazesports.org/sports/boccia/
Bowling
The
thousands
of
bowlers with disabilities
involved in competitive
bowling
across
the
country, combined with
the
countless
recreational
bowlers
involved in communitybased programs, make
bowling one of this
country’s most popular
recreational
activities.
Modifications
are
minimal and specific to
each individual.
The
United States Bowling
Congress (USBC) can
provide a list of local
leagues
that
offer
competition for people
with disabilities.
48
As with many sports, one of the greatest challenges facing a bowler with a disability is
access to the bowling center. Bowling centers across the country are making access easier
by ensuring ramps are available for access to lanes.
For athletes with physical disabilities, the American Wheelchair Bowling Association is a nonprofit organization composed of wheelchair bowlers dedicated to the encouragement,
development, and regulation of wheelchair bowling under uniform rules and regulations.
They encourage all people who use wheelchairs to bowl for rehabilitation and recreational
exercise in league and tournament competition. Although many wheelchair bowling leagues
exist across the country, athletes who use wheelchairs often bowl in ambulatory, American
Bowling Congress sanctioned leagues. Many leagues for blind bowlers exist through the
efforts of the American Blind Bowling Association (ABBA).
For more information visit:
American Blind Bowling Association (ABBA)
Website:
http://www.abba1951.org
United States Bowling Congress (USBC)
Website: http://www.bowl.com/
American Wheelchair Bowling Association (AWBA)
Website:
http://www.awba.org/
USA Bowling
Website:
http://bowling.teamusa.org
Canoe (Paracanoe)
The International Canoe Federation (ICF)
website
states
that
Paracanoe
“gives
opportunities for paddlers with physical
disabilities to participate and compete at club,
national and international level. Working on
the development of the sport for over four
years, the Canoeing For All Committee, has
improved and expanded the sport manifold
and we see more and more athletes competing
and enjoying Paracanoe around the world.”
Paracanoe will be on the Paralympic program
for the first time as a medal sport in 2016 in Rio. For more information on Paracanoe, visit:
http://www.paralympic.org/Sport/IF_Sports/Para_Canoe/index.html or
http://www.canoeicf.com/icf/
49
Curling
Competition
takes
place
between
two
competitors from each of two teams. Stones
are “thrown” by hand, or by the use of a
“stick” towards a target at the opposite end of
the ice. The object of the game is similar to
that of Boccia in that the goal is to get a
team’s stones as close to the center of the
target (the “house”) as possible. Six ends are
played with a possible extra end if the teams
are tied after six. There is no sweeping,
however, and only competitors in wheelchairs
are allowed to compete.
For more information on wheelchair curling, visit:
http://www.paralympic.org/Sport/IF_Sports/Wheelchair_Curling/index.html
http://wheelchaircurling.com/
Cycling
Although adapted cycles have been available for decades, cycling wasn’t introduced into the
Paralympic program until the 1984 New York/Mandeville Games. The expanded Paralympic
program, which includes the modern-day classifications, didn’t appear until the Barcelona
Games in 1992. At the 2004 Paralympic Games in Athens, handcycling (for wheelchair
users) made its debut as a medal event.
Athletes compete on the track (velodrome) and on the roads. Track events generally
consist of sprints as short as 200 meters to time trials and pursuits up to 4 km. Relay races
consisting of three-person teams are also contested on the track.
50
Competitions on the roads consist of time trials and road races. In time trials, athletes start
individually in staggered intervals, racing mostly against themselves and the clock. Road
races consist of mass starts. Distances vary based on the host country’s discretion.
Distances range from 5 km to 65 km in length.
The variety of adapted bikes and tricycles makes recreational riding possible for almost
anyone. Models include tandem riding allowing family and friends to experience the joy of
riding together.
Cycling Resources:
BlazeSports webinar: “Pedaling for Paralympics: Developing a Paralympic Cycling Program”
is available on BlazeTV at: http://youtu.be/tCY11SbvTR4
For more information visit:
U.S. Handcycling
Website: http://www.ushandcycling.org/2011/
USA Cycling
Website: http://www.usacycling.org/
International Paralympic Committee
Website: http://www.paralympic.org/Sport/IF_Sports/Cycling/
Equestrian
Therapeutic riding is well established in the United States with hundreds of programs using
riding for both recreation and therapy. The first major international dressage competition for
riders with disability came in 1984 at the World Games in New York. Equestrian made its
debut appearance at the Paralympic Games in 1996 in Atlanta. Riders from 16 countries
participated in the 1996 Games and by 2004 that number had nearly doubled.
51
Dressage was the only Equestrian discipline included in the competition schedule of the
2004 Paralympic Games. Riders compete in two dressage events; a championship test of set
movements and a freestyle test to music. There is also a team test for three or four riders.
Competitors are judged on their display of horsemanship skills demonstrated through their
use of commands for walk, trot and canter.
For more information visit: http://www.ipec-athletes.de/
Fencing
Fencing for athletes in wheelchairs was first introduced by Sir Ludwig Guttmann in 1953 and
has been a part of the Paralympic program since 1960.
Athletes compete in wheelchairs that are fixed to specialized frames. Though they rely on
ducking, half-turns, and leaning to dodge their competitors’ touches, fencers can never raise
up from the seat. The first fencer to score five touches is declared the winner. Athletes
play the best out of three rounds.
Athletes compete in single and team formats. Weapon categories for men include foil, epee
and sabre. Women compete in foil and epee. Athletes are divided into A, B and C
classifications, depending on their strength and mobility. Class A players have the greatest
range of strength and mobility, while Class C players have the least.
For more information visit: http://usfencing.org/
52
Fishing
Fishing represents one of
the easiest activities to
adapt to the individual
needs of the participant
with a disability. There is
a variety of resources,
specialized
equipment
including rods, reels, line,
rod
holders,
and
specialized tackle available
for the novice adaptive
fisherman.
Most fishing
related
organizations
welcome and encourage people with disabilities to participate. A variety of disability sport
organizations and resources are available to assist people in accessing fishing opportunities
and in promoting the sport. Each state’s Fisheries Division of the Department of Natural
Resources or Fish and Game Department will have information on accessible fishing sites.
The goal of Fishing Has No Boundaries is to open the great outdoors for people with
disabilities through the world of fishing. Founded in Wisconsin in 1986, this organization
sponsors many fishing trips specifically for individuals with disabilities
The Paralyzed Veterans of America sponsors a variety of bass fishing tournaments
for
(http://www.pva.org/site/c.ajIRK9NJLcJ2E/b.6305943/k.A52C/PVA_Bass_Tour.htm)
fishers with disabilities. The concept began in 1987 with the sponsoring of the Annual U.S.
Open Bass Tournament by the Central Florida Chapter of PVA. Due to the success of this
tournament, interest was sparked throughout the country. In 1994, the PVA Sports and
Recreation Program expanded bass fishing into the National Bass Trail of five
tournaments. Locations of these tournaments and other information about the National
Bass Trail can be found on the National Bass Trail website http://www.nbtbass.com/.
For more information, contact:
Fishing Has No Boundaries
Website:
http://www.fhnbinc.org/
Fitness Programming
53
Within the last twenty years greater attention has been placed on physical fitness and
physical activity levels of individuals with disabilities. Health related physical fitness refers
to having appropriate levels of aerobic capacity, muscular strength, muscular endurance,
joint flexibility, and body composition. Individualized exercise programs for people with and
without disabilities have enjoyed great popularity during the past three decades. Workouts
can reflect an individual’s interests, ability, restrictions, time, equipment, and transportation
options.
The choice of activity (jogging, wheeling, swimming, aerobics, weight training, and
gardening) determines the type of exercise and routine. It is critical to choose an activity
that is enjoyable to keep interest and motivation at high levels. Issues of specificity
(intensity, duration, frequency, progression, and consistency), and the need for strength,
power, endurance, and flexibility will depend on the activity and the participant.
All exercise programs should be reviewed with a personal physician for modification and
approval and should include regular stretching and flexibility exercises. This can reduce the
risk of injury, enhance performance, and increase overall range of motion.
For more information, contact:
The Aerobics and Fitness Association of
America http://www.afaa.com
American Council on Exercise
http://www.acefitness.org/
American College of Sports Medicine
(ACSM) http://www.acsm.org/
National Strength and Conditioning
Association
http://www.nsca-lift.org/
Football
Football is a popular, competitive,
and recreational sport that can be
easily modified whenever enough
interested players are available.
Various versions of the game are
played including tackle, touch, flag,
and wheelchair football. The fact
that the game can be played inside
or outside by people using either
manual or power chairs makes it a
popular choice for adapted physical
education or competitive sport
experiences.
Although not nearly as popular as wheelchair basketball or wheelchair rugby, wheelchair
football has been organized since 1948 when it began at the University of Illinois. Rule
modifications vary from league to league and situation to situation. A rugged, highly
maneuverable wheelchair is desirable (but not necessary) for individuals wishing to play this
sport.
54
The Recreation Department of Santa Barbara, California is well known for its leadership in
the sport as they conduct an annual football tournament attracting teams from around the
country. Known as The Blister Bowl, the competition allows some rule modifications
although a regulation ball is used. Teams consist of 6 players (including at least one female
and one quadriplegic athlete) using a 60x22-yard hard surface playing field divided into 15yard segments. End zones are eight yards long.
Other events are beginning to be organized throughout the country, including the Spoke
Bender Bowl sponsored by Warm Springs Sports Program in San Antonio, Texas.
Goalball
Goalball was introduced as a medal event at the Paralympic Games during the 1976 Toronto
Games after its success as a demonstration event at the 1972 Heidelberg Games. The sport
was invented in 1946 by Austrian Hanz Lorenzen and German Sett Reindle as a way to
rehabilitate post-WWII blind veterans. Now, the sport is played in 112 countries in all
International Blind Sport Association (IBSA) regions.
Men’s and women’s teams compete in teams of three in this event. Unlike other team ball
events, goalball is a unique ball game played only by the blind. The ball has bells inside
that make noise when it’s in motion so that the players can locate it audibly. For this
reason, silence at events is vital. It is played on a court with tactile markings so that players
can determine their location on the court and which direction that he/she is facing. All
players wear eye masks to block out light and thus equalize visual impairment between the
athletes. Players take turns throwing the ball, end to end, at each other’s goal.
For more information on goalball, visit:
United States Association of Blind Athletes (USABA) - http://www.usaba.org/
55
Golf
The two key aspects to golf for individuals with disabilities are accessibility to courses and
adapted equipment. The very nature of golf, played over rolling terrain with natural and
man-made obstacles, provides some unique accessibility challenges. Federal law has
affirmed the responsibility of public golf course owners to make their courses as accessible
as possible under Section 504 of the American’s with Disabilities Act (ADA).
The
fundamental right of individuals with disabilities to have access to golf courses coupled with
the right of golf course owners to ensure their courses are protected from damage, has
been debated for the past few years.
Today, organizations are advocating or designing golf courses that are accessible to all
individuals. Breakthroughs in technology and adapted equipment are now enabling golfers
with disabilities to be competitive on golf courses. Lightweight golf carts have been
designed that are accessible even on putting surfaces.
For more information on golf, visit:
National Amputee Golf Association (NAGA)
Website:
http://www.nagagolf.org
National Alliance for Accessible Golf
(NAAG)
Website:
http://www.accessgolf.org
The Professional Golfers’ Association of
America (PGA)
Website:
http://www.PGA.com
United States Golf Association (USGA)
Website:
http://www.usga.or
56
Judo
Judo has been part of the Paralympic Games
since the 1988 Seoul Games and has quickly
grown in the number of competitors. In
Athens in 2004, 120 athletes competed in 13
weight classes (84 men in seven classes, 36
women in six), compared to the 1992
Paralympic Games in Barcelona, where there
were only 53 judo competitors.
Athletes who are blind or have vision
impairments compete under the rules of the
International
Judo
Association
at
the
Paralympic Games, with the exception of a
mat that has different textures to mark zones
and the competition area. Competitors must
attack, defend, and maintain balance during a match in order to score points by using
certain attack and counterattack techniques.
For more information on judo, contact:
United States Association of Blind Athletes (USABA) - http://www.usaba.org/
USA Judo - http://www.usjudo.org/index.asp
Outdoor Activities
Camping, canoeing, kayaking, skiing, orienteering, mountain climbing, mountain biking,
fishing, hunting, rock climbing, and white water rafting all involve the great outdoors and
can be considered outdoor experiences. Accessibility to wilderness areas and public lands
have been the focus of many individuals and organizations and great growth and
improvement in facilities has been seen since the passage of the American’s with Disabilities
Act (ADA) in 1990. Many outfitting and tour groups now provide wilderness experiences
specifically for people with disabilities.
The National Park Service (NPS) and U.S. Forest Service are committed to the concept of
integrating visitors with disabilities into ongoing opportunities at their sites. Through the
technical assistance efforts of its Special Programs and Populations Branch, NPS has helped
57
many national parks to improve the accessibility of their campgrounds. Many public lands
and campgrounds now have accessible grounds, bathrooms and campsites. The National
Parks: Camping Guide is a valuable resource in identifying accessible camping areas.
There are many local and regional programs that offer adventure type activities for children
and adults with disabilities. Additionally, specialized camps for specific disabilities or crossdisabilities provide adventure activities for children during the summer season. The number
of programs and the resources they provide are beyond the scope of this section.
For more information we suggest an internet search using the following key words “outdoor
programs for the disabled.”
Powerlifting
Powerlifting made its debut as a
medal sport at the second
Paralympic Games in 1964.
Initially offered only to lifters
with spinal cord injuries, the
sport has grown to include
numerous
disability
groups.
From 1992 to 1996, the number
of participating countries more
than doubled. Ever since, that
number has risen to include 109
countries, and is the fastest
growing Paralympic sport in the
world.
Athletes draw lots to determine order of weigh-in and lifts. After the athletes are
categorized within the 10 different weight classes (male and female), they each lift three
times (competing in their respective weight class). The heaviest "good lift" (within the
weight class) is the lift used for final placing in the competition.
For more information on disabled powerlifting, visit: http://disabledpowerlifting.org
Power Soccer
Power Soccer is the first competitive team sport designed and developed specifically for
power wheelchair users. These participants
include persons with quadriplegia, multiple
sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy,
head trauma, stroke, spinal cord injury, as well
as other disabilities.
Power Soccer combines the skill of the
wheelchair user with the speed and power of the
chair itself to participate in an extremely
challenging game similar to soccer. The game is
played in a gymnasium on a regulation
basketball court. Two teams of four power chair
users attack, defend, and spin-kick a 13-inch
soccer ball in an attempt to score goals.
58
For more information visit http://www.powersoccerusa.org/.
Racquetball
The National Wheelchair Racquetball Association (NWRA) reorganized in 1991 under the
auspices of the United States Racquetball Associations Committee for the Disabled (USRA).
What makes the collaboration of these two organizations so successful is that racquetball is
one of the few sports in which players can compete side-by-side with ambulatory players.
In general, the USRA's standard rules governing racquetball play fare the same for
wheelchair users with a few modifications.
In order to protect playing surfaces, players must have non-marking tires and it is
suggested (mandated in international rules) that wheelchairs be equipped with roller bars or
wheels under the platforms. Sharp edges should be removed or covered for additional
protection.
The USRA official rulebook includes modifications for players with visual impairments.
Eligibility standards follow the USABA classification system. A player's visual acuity must
not be better than 20/200 with the best practical eye correction or else the player's field of
vision must not be better than 20 degrees. The three classifications of blindness are B1
(totally blind to light perception), B2 (able to see hand movement up to 20/600 corrected),
and B3 (from 20/600 to 20/200 corrected).
For more information on racquetball, contact: United States Racquetball Association
Website: http://www.usra.org
Rowing
Rowing made its first Paralympic appearance in Beijing in 2008. The sport was selected for
Paralympic inclusion in 2005 just three years after adaptive rowing made its debut on the
world championship level in 2002.
At the 2006 FISA Rowing World Championships, the events included the men's and women's
single sculls, the trunk-arms double sculls and the legs-trunk-arms mixed four with
coxswain.
For more information visit:
http://www.usrowing.org/NationalTeams/ParalympicAdaptiveNationalTeam.aspx
Rugby (Wheelchair)
59
Wheelchair Rugby made its Paralympic debut as a demonstration event in Atlanta in 1996.
It became a medal sport in Sydney in 2000, where the United States won the gold medal.
The game was first developed in Canada as a team sport for quadriplegic athletes and was
originally known as "murderball" because of its intense physical nature. After being
introduced in the United States, the sport became known as “quad rugby,” but it is officially
known as wheelchair rugby.
Wheelchair Rugby Resources:
BlazeSports Instructional Video – “Wheelchair Rugby” with Kevin Orr:
http://youtu.be/k1XPiwtJJ8Y
BlazeSports Wheelchair Rugby Manual:
http://www.blazesports.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/BSA-Wheelchair-RugbyManual.pdf
The objective of wheelchair rugby is for a player to carry a ball across the opponent’s goal
line in order to score a point. A volleyball is used and must be bounced or passed between
teammates at least once every 10 seconds during play. The sport is played in four eightminute stop-time quarters, indoors, on a basketball court. All players are classified based on
their abilities from 0.5 to 3.5 points. Four players from each team are allowed on the court
at a time and the classification value between them cannot exceed eight (8) points.
Paralympic wheelchair rugby competition is open to male and female athletes in
the categories for amputees, spinal cord injured, and athletes with cerebral palsy/brain
injury/stroke.
For additional information on wheelchair rugby, visit: http://www.quadrugby.com
Sailing
As with many activities, the development of adapted equipment has led to a significant
increase in the number of people with disabilities actively sailing. The popularity of sailing
has led to the establishment of a number of outstanding sailing programs across the
country.
The Shake-A-LEG Adaptive Sailing Program and the Judd Goldman Sailing
program are two examples.
60
Sailing was first introduced to the Paralympic Games in 1996 as a demonstration sport and
became a medal sport for the 2000 Paralympic Games in Sydney. Two boats have been
raced at the Paralympic Games: the 2.4mR, a single-person keelboat, and the Sonar, a
three-person keelboat. A third event, the two-person keelboat, was added to the program
for the Beijing Games in 2008. Because of its design and control, the 2.4mR was selected
for single-person races. The boat’s ease of use allows for a level playing field, making
tactical knowledge the dominant factor in competition.
The Sonar uses a versatile crew-friendly design that is accommodating to athletes with a
disability. It is used by sailors of all experience and ability levels, from the novice to
international competitors.
For more information on disabled sailing, visit:
U.S. Sailing - http://www.ussailing.org/olympics/Paralympic
International 2.4m Class Association - http://www.inter24metre.org
Sailing Alternatives - http://www.sailingalternatives.org/
Scuba Diving
Today it is widely accepted that
swimming
or
other
water
exercise is very beneficial for
people
with
or
without
disabilities. Many dry land
mobility problems are either
substantially
diminished
or
eliminated once a swimmer
with a disability is in the water.
As a consequence, scuba diving
can be taught to a person with a disability with virtually no modifications. In many instances
no special requirements other than assistance in and out of a boat and/or selection of a
wheelchair-accessible dive site are necessary. As with all divers, the emphasis on safety
and selection of proper equipment and instruction is essential.
The Handicapped Scuba Association International (HSAI) is the world’s premier authority on
diving for individuals with disabilities. Headquartered in California, HSAI conducts a full
range of educational programs in conjunction with two major certifying agencies, the
Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) and the National Association of
Underwater Instructors (NAUI), and is an independent diver training and certifying agency
For more information, contact:
Handicapped Scuba Association International (HSAI)
Website:
http://www.hsascuba.com
National Instructors Association for Divers with Disabilities (NIADD)
Website:
http://www.niadd.org/
Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI)
Website:
http://www.padi.com
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Shooting
Shooting first became a medal sport at the 1976
Toronto Games after a successful demonstration at
the prior Games in Mandeville.
Shooting is divided into rifle and pistol events, air
and .22 caliber. The rules governing Paralympic
competition are those used by the International
Shooting Committee for the Disabled. These rules
take into account the differences that exist between
disabilities allowing ambulatory and wheelchair
athletes to compete shoulder to shoulder. Shooting
matches athletes of the same gender, with similar
disabilities, against each other, both individually and in teams.
For
more
information
visit:
http://www.usashooting.org/about/paralympicshooting
or http://www.paralympic.org/Sport/IPC_Sports/Shooting/index.html
Skiing - Alpine
The United States is fortunate to have the best disabled ski programs in the world.
Advancements in equipment design have opened skiing to thousands of people who now can
enjoy the freedom of the slopes with family and friends. There are several outstanding ski
schools and ski special events held each year.
Alpine or downhill ski racing started as a demonstration event at the 1980 Games in Geilo,
Norway. The giant slalom was first a demonstration event in 1984, and mono-skiing was
introduced in the alpine and Nordic events in 1988 at the Games in Innsbruck, Austria.
The alpine disciplines include the same events contested in Olympic competition: downhill,
slalom, giant slalom and super-G.
For more information on disabled alpine skiing, contact:
U.S. Paralympics http://usparalympics.org/sports/winter-paralympic-sports/alpine-skiing
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Skiing - Nordic
Cross country or Nordic ski events have
been a part of the Paralympic Winter
Games since the sport was first introduced
at the Ornskjoldsvik (Sweden) Games in
1976. Biathlon has been a part of the
Paralympic Winter Games since 1992 in
Tignes, France, where only the visually
impaired
and
the
standing
classes
competed. At Lillehammer in 1994, the
sitting classes also participated. Biathletes
compete using the freestyle technique.
Cross country races range from 2.5 km to
20 km depending on disability and gender.
Biathlon combines elements of crosscountry skiing and sharp shooting. Athletes ski three 2.5 km loops (7.5 km total), stopping
after the first two loops to shoot at five targets (10 targets total). One minute is added to
the athlete’s finishing time for each miss.
For more information on disabled Nordic skiing, contact U.S. Paralympics:
http://usparalympics.org/sports/winter-paralympic-sports/nordic-skiing
Sled Hockey
Sled hockey, more commonly known as sledge hockey outside of the United States, has
become a fan favorite ever since it was introduced as a medal sport in the 1994
Lillehammer Games. The sport has been played in the United States since the late 1980s.
Team USA won its first Paralympic medal in the sport – the gold medal – at the Salt Lake
Games in 2002.
Just as in ice hockey, sledge hockey is played with six players (including a goalie) on the
ice. Players propel themselves on their sled by use of spikes on the ends of two three-footlong hockey sticks, enabling a player to push himself as well as shoot and pass
ambidextrously. Rinks and goals are regulation Olympic-size, and games consist of three
15-minute stop-time periods.
For more information on sledge hockey, contact: USA Hockey
http://www.usahockey.com//Template_Usahockey.aspx?NAV=PL_05&ID=16722
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Soccer (Football 7-a-Side)
Soccer, known as football around the world, made its debut at the Paralympic Games in
1984. The U.S. team first competed in the 1992 Barcelona Games. The best U.S. finish was
a fourth-place finish during the 1996 Atlanta Games. The U.S. team regularly competes in
several international tournaments, including the ParaPan American Championships, the
World Championships, the World Cup, and several “friendly” tournaments.
Paralympic soccer is played on a 75 x 55m field with a 5 x 2m goal. The sport follows the
standard Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) rules for seven-a-side
soccer with the following exceptions: there is no off-side rule, an under-arm throw-in is
permitted if a player is physically unable to execute a throw-in according to FIFA rules,
opposing players are required to be seven meters from the ball on restarts, and the game is
played during two 30-minute halves.
For more information on Soccer, visit:
http://www.paralympic.org/Sport/IOSD_Sports/Football_7-a-side/
Soccer (Football 5-a-Side)
Soccer for people with visual impairments and blindness is known internationally as Football
5-a-Side. There are five players per team and each game lasts 50 minutes. Rules are the
same as in able-bodied Football with certain modifications; the ball makes a noise when it
moves, the goalkeepers may be sighted and act as guides during the game, the rest of the
team uses eye shades to ensure fairness, there are five players on a team rather than 11,
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the field of play measurements are smaller and there is no offside rule. The game consists
of two halves of 25 minutes each.
The Football Subcommittee of the International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) governs this
sport, following modified rules of the International Federation of Associated Football (FIFA).
The first national Football 5-a-Side Championships took place in Spain in 1986. Since then
the sport has developed rapidly around the world and made its debut at the ATHENS 2004
Paralympic Games.
For more information on Soccer, visit:
http://www.paralympic.org/Sport/IOSD_Sports/Football_5-a-side/index.html
Softball (Wheelchair)
Wheelchair softball began over 30
years ago in the Midwest by a few
individuals with spinal cord injuries and
lower extremity impairments that still
wanted to play even though they
lacked the full use of their legs. The
game was played on a hard surface
that allowed for easy maneuvering of
the wheelchair. Since players need
both
hands
to
maneuver
the
wheelchair, a 16-inch softball was
introduced to the game allowing
wheelchair players to catch the softball
without using a glove.
The National Wheelchair Softball Association (NWSA) was founded in 1976 and serves as
the independent governing body for the dozens of wheelchair softball teams throughout the
United States. The NWSA provides sport-specific programming primarily to individuals with
spinal cord injuries. Individuals with other physical disabilities such as amputations,
cerebral palsy, and several les autres conditions also compete in the NWSA on a regular
basis. The game is played under the official rules as approved by the Amateur Softball
Association of America with 14 exceptions that are geared toward the wheelchair user.
Teams throughout America compete on a regular basis and the NWSA hosts several
tournaments throughout the summer including two national wheelchair softball
championship tournaments; one for adults and one for juniors.
For
more
information
contact
the
Association: http://www.wheelchairsoftball.org/.
National
Wheelchair
Softball
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Swimming
Swimming for men and women has been a
part of the Paralympic program since the first
Games in 1960 in Rome, Italy. Today, the
races are highly competitive and among the
largest and most popular events in the
Paralympic Games. Paralympic swimming
competitions occur in 50-meter pools and,
while competing, no prostheses or assistive
devices may be worn.
Many Paralympic swimmers augment their
training by competing on local swim teams
alongside athletes without disabilities.
Swimming Resources:
BlazeSports Instructional Video – “Blaze Swimming” with Julie O’Neill is available on BlazeTV
at: http://youtu.be/05T774RRWpQ
BlazeTV also features a video on community-based swimming program for adults with
physical disabilities at: http://youtu.be/kKVfvf2SUNE
For more information on disabled swimming, contact:
http://usparalympics.org/sports/summer-paralympic-sports/swimming
Table Tennis
Played in more than 100 countries, athletes who compete in table tennis also have the
opportunity to participate in numerous tournaments other than the Paralympic Games,
including the European Championships, the ParaPan American Games, the All-Africa Games
and the Far East and South Pacific Games. Table tennis has been a part of the Paralympic
program since the inaugural Games in 1960.
Rules governing Paralympic table tennis are the same as those used by the International
Table Tennis Federation, though slightly modified for players using wheelchairs. The same
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quick technique and finesse is apparent in the games of athletes from various disability
groups, including men’s and women’s competitions, as well as individual and team contests.
All matches are played best-of-five games to 11 points.
For more information visit: http://www.usatt.org/disabled/
Team Handball
Team handball combines the basic skills of catching, passing, dribbling, wheeling, and
throwing into a fast-moving, semi non-contact sport. On a court the size of a basketball
court, team handball is played with six players, five court players and a goalie. The object
of the game is to move the ball up the court into the opponent’s end and attempt to score
by throwing the ball past the goalie into the goal. Team handball promotes excellent
physical conditioning and a good working knowledge of team play. Good strategy, planning
and training are essential to successful competition in team handball.
For more information contact:
USA Team Handball
Website: http://www.usateamhandball.org
Tennis
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Wheelchair tennis was originated in 1976 by American Brad Parks and the sport quickly
evolved into a major competitive international sport. The sport first appeared at the
Paralympic Games in the 1992 Barcelona Paralympics.
Wheelchair tennis is played on a standard tennis court and follows many of the same rules
as tennis. However, in wheelchair tennis, a player is allowed to let the ball bounce twice, not
once, before hitting a return shot. Also, the athlete’s wheelchair is considered to be a part of
the body, so rules applying to the player’s body apply to the chair as well.
Tennis Resources:
BlazeSports Instructional Video – “Wheelchair Tennis” with Miles Thompson is available on
BlazeTV at: http://youtu.be/SuTO3KLMr0k
Additional information on wheelchair tennis is available via:
US Tennis Association Website: http://www.usta.com
Wheelchair Tennis Website: http://www.usta.com/Play-Tennis/WheelchairTennis/Wheelchair/?intloc=headernavsub&intcmp=
Adaptive Tennis Web site: http://www.usta.com/Play-Tennis/Adaptive-Tennis/Adaptive/
Triathlon (Paratriathlon)
Paratriathlon
is
a
multidisciplinary
endurance sport that challenges athletes to
a continuous race over three disciplines:
swimming, cycling or handcycling and
running or wheelchair racing. The sport is
designed to embrace as many athletes as
possible, while testing a variety of key
skills. There are six competition categories
that are based on types of impairment.
Depending on the category, an athlete may
use a handcycle, tandem bicycle or bicycle
on the bike course, while wheelchairs are
permitted on the run portion.
The first International Triathlon Union (ITU)
Paratriathlon World Championship was held
in 1995. Paratriathlon will debut on the
Paralympic Program as a medal sport in 2016 in Rio. Distances for each discipline at the
Paralympic level are: 750m swim, followed by 20km of cycling/handcycling and completed
with 5km of running/pushing. Distances can vary at the local, regional and national levels
depending on the competition and include the Ironman and Half-Ironman distances.
For novices, Paratriathlon can be introduced in a relay team concept where 2-3 people work
as a relay team with each competing in only 1 or 2 of the disciplines.
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For more information on Paratriathlon, visit: U.S.
Paralympics http://usparalympics.org/sports/summer-paralympic-sports/paratriathlon,
IPC http://www.paralympic.org/Sport/IF_Sports/Para_Triathlon/ or ITU
http://www.triathlon.org/paratriathlon/ web sites.
Volleyball
Standing volleyball first appeared in
the Paralympic program at the 1976
Games in Toronto. Sitting volleyball
was introduced at the following
Games in Arnhem, Netherlands. The
top U.S. finish for standing volleyball
was
fourth
place,
which
was
accomplished in both the Atlanta and
Sydney Games in 1996 and 2000,
respectively. The top U.S. finish for
sit volleyball was achieved by the
Women’s team at the 2008 Beijing
Games when they brought home a
silver medal losing to host country
China.
Disabled volleyball is divided into two major disciplines: sitting and standing. For the
Athens Games in 2004, however, only sitting volleyball was on the Paralympic program.
Athens also introduced the first Paralympic competition for women’s sitting volleyball, and
the U.S. came away with the bronze medal.
Disabled volleyball follows the same rules as its non-disabled counterpart with a few
modifications to accommodate the various disabilities. In sitting volleyball, the net is about
3.5 feet high, and the court is 10 x 6 meters with a two-meter attack line. Players are
allowed to block serves, but one “cheek” must be in contact with the floor whenever they
make contact with the ball. In standing volleyball, a mix of disabilities must be represented
on the court at all times to equalize the level of play.
Sitting Volleyball Resources:
BlazeSports Webinar – “Getting Down with Sitting Volleyball” provides information on how
to start a sit volleyball program in your community. This webinar is available on BlazeTV at:
http://youtu.be/lSHMmbH0a-0
For more information visit: http://usavolleyball.org/volleyball-disciplines/sitting-volleyball
69
Water Skiing
At first glance, the sport of water skiing may not seem appropriate or possible for many
people with disabilities.
This is not the case.
Advances in equipment technology,
instructional techniques and support from national associations have boosted both
competitive and recreational water skiing by individuals with physical and mental
impairments.
The increased popularity of water skiing has led to the establishment of the annual U.S.
National Disabled Water Ski Championship, a sanctioned event of USA Water Ski. Spinal
cord-injured, amputee, and blind competitors have participated in consecutive national
championships since 1988. The United States was first represented at the World Disabled
Ski Championships in 1993, sending 16 competitors from eight states.
A number of private water ski schools exist that provide water ski instruction for individuals
with and without disabilities. A few of the schools are affiliated with USA Water Ski. Clinics
are held nationwide and people of all disabilities and of any age are welcome to come and
learn to ski.
For more information visit: http://www.usawaterski.org/pages/divisions/WSDA/main.htm
Weight Training
Weight training has become a very popular and critical method of preparing for athletic
competition. Weight training can increase athletic performance and can also be used to
improve the health related fitness components of muscular strength and muscular
endurance. This is particularly true with respect to the use of weight training within the
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rehabilitation setting. A great many rehabilitation programs are incorporating specific
principles of weight training as a supplement to their therapy programs. It is also very
likely that weight training can have a positive effect on self-image.
With the passage of the American’s with Disabilities Act (ADA) more private and public
fitness clubs and gyms are providing access for people with disabilities, however, challenges
remain in many other facilities. Those who have crawled in and out of various “monster
machines” that exercise a particular muscle group can easily imagine the difficulty of doing
so from a wheelchair. The desire among people with disabilities to become physically fit has
turned the field of accessible weight training and exercise equipment into a profitable
business.
Increases in the number of manufacturers that design and produce equipment for
individuals with disabilities have boosted the number of fully accessible programs.
Consultation with a physician is always recommended prior to beginning or changing a
weight training program.
Weight Training Resources:
BlazeSports Webinar – “An Introduction to Creating Accessible Sport, Fitness, and Physical
Activity Environments” includes information on fitness facilities and equipment and is
available on BlazeTV at: http://youtu.be/De-LHCEbFXU
National Strength and Conditioning Association Website: http://www.nsca-lift.org/
4.3 Camps, Clinics, Teams, and Competitions
As part of the process of developing new sport and recreation activities, local programs
should consider offering one, two, and three day training programs (clinics/camps) that are
focused on a single sport/activity or a multi-sport program (novice and intermediate level).
These programs should be designed to provide an opportunity for coaches and athletes who
desire to enhance their sport skills and receive a more intensive training experience. An
important element of these types of clinics is the utilization of qualified Paralympic or elitelevel athletes with disabilities as instructors and role models whenever possible.
Camps and clinics can be designed to enhance the skills of novice and developing athletes in
selected sports/recreation activities and to improve fitness, independence, self-concept, and
self-esteem of participants. Programming options include:
Sports Days
Typically Sports Days are one-day sports/recreation events highlighting the introduction of a
program to a new community or the introduction of a new sport or recreation activity to a
local program.
71
Sports Camp - Day Camp
Day Sports Camps are for novice or intermediate skilled athletes between the ages of 8 to
18 years and are generally planned and implemented as a local program in a community.
Day camps are generally designed as a five-day program where the parents drop the child
off at the campsite in the morning and pick-up the child at the end of the day. Day camps
generally focus on multiple-sports during the week with an emphasis on having fun and
commonly include a sport-related field trip.
Sports Camp: Summer/Overnight Camp for Youth
Overnight Sports Camps can
provide skill development in
sports such as swimming, track &
field,
wheelchair
basketball,
wheelchair
rugby,
wheelchair
tennis, and more.
These “All
Sports” Camps are generally
offered to children and youth
ages 8-18. Camps can include
“Water Sports Camps” or “Winter
Sports Camps” depending on
local programming trends and
available facilities.
The camps should be located on
a campus or sport facility with accessible housing accommodations on site or in close
proximity. The camps should not only focus on sport skill development and fitness but also
independence, self-confidence, leadership skills, and healthy lifestyles all within a traditional
camp experience. The campers experience all the sports offered at this camp throughout
the week to develop skills in each sport.
Skill Development Camps
As the skill development of athletes increases,
local programs should consider offering advanced
skill development camps. These camps are
similar in format to those mentioned above, but
are usually sport specific and designed for youth
and adults who are already competitive athletes.
Many of these two, three, or four-day events that
provide for an overnight, away-from-home
experience for the participant. This provides an
additional opportunity for the individual to build
independence and self-confidence.
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Sports Teams
As the interest in a specific sport
grows and the skill level of the athletes
improves, program participants will
naturally want to test their skills
against others. As a result, interest in
forming sport teams will develop.
Depending upon your geographic
location, participant skill level, and age
of the athletes, teams can be formed
in all sports and compete in leagues,
competitions, or tournaments at the
local, regional, and national level.
Local, regional and national competitions
Local programs should consider collaborating with the national governing bodies for disabled
sports, such as BlazeSports America, U.S. Paralympics, the National Wheelchair Basketball
Association (NWBA), U.S. Quad Rugby Association (USQRA), USA Swimming, Wheelchair
and Ambulatory Sports USA (WASUSA), the U.S. Tennis Association (USTA), United States
Association of Blind Athletes (USABA) and other disability sports organizations to plan and
host competitions at the regional and national levels. These sanctioned competitions will
provide competitive opportunities for emerging, intermediate and elite athletes. Local
programs will find that certain sports provide more opportunities for competition than
others, but most sports have some type of regional and national competition schedule.
4.4 Additional Program Resources
The editors of this manual recognize there are many program resources available to local
sports and recreation programs. The following is a list of contact information on national and
international sports and recreation organizations that provide services to individuals with
disabilities.
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Community-Based Multisport Organizations
BlazeSports America
535 N. McDonough St
Decatur, GA 30030
404-270-2000; fax: 404-270-2039
E-mail: [email protected]
Web site: http://www.BlazeSports.org/
Disabled Sports, USA
451 Hungerford Dr., Suite 100
Rockville, MD 20805
301-217-0960; fax: 301-217-0968
e-mail: [email protected]
Web site: http://www.dsusa.org/
Dwarf Athletic Association of America
708 Granenstein Hwy, North, #18
Sebastopol, CA 95472
888-598-3222
e-mail: [email protected]
Web site: http://www.daaa.org/
Special Olympics
1133 19th Street, NW
Washington, DC 20036
202-628-3630; fax: 202-824-0200
e-mail: [email protected]
Web site: http://www.specialolympics.org
U.S. Association of Blind Athletes
33 North Institute Street
Colorado Springs, CO 80903
719-630-0422; fax: 719-630-0616
Web site: http://www.usaba.org/
USA Deaf Sports Federation
P.O. Box 910338
Lexington, KY 40591-0338
605-367-5760; fax: 605-782-8441
TTY: 605-367-5761
e-mail: [email protected]
Web site: http://www.usdeafsports.org/
United States Olympic Committee
U.S. Paralympics Division
One Olympic Plaza
Colorado Springs, CO 80909
719-866-2030; fax: 719-866-2029
e-mail: [email protected]
Web site: http://usparalympics.org/
74
Wheelchair and Ambulatory Sports, USA
P.O. BOX 5266
Kendall park, NJ 08824-5266
732-266-2634; fax: 732-355-6500
e-mail: [email protected]
Web site: http://www.wsusa.org/
International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA)
Web site: http://www.ibsa.es
International Committee of Sports for the Deaf (CISS)
528 Trail Avenue
Frederick, MD 21701
e-mail: [email protected]
Web site: http://www.ciss.org
International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation (IWAS)
IWAS Secretariat
Olympic Village, Guttmann Road
Aylesbury, Bucks HP21 9PP, United Kingdom
+44 (0)1296 436179; fax: +44 (0)1296 436484
e-mail: [email protected]
Web site: http://www.iwasf.com
Individual Sport Organizations
Equestrian
North American Riding for the Handicapped Association
P.O. Box 33150
Denver, CO 80233
800-369-RIDE, fax: 303-252-4610
Web site: http://www.pathintl.org/
Golf
National Amputee Golf Association
11 Walnut Hill Rd.
Amherst, NH 03031-1713
800-633-6242
e-mail: mailto:[email protected]
Web site: http://www.nagagolf.org
U.S. Golf Association
Resource Center for Individuals with Disabilities
P.O. Box 708
Far Hills, NJ 07931
Web site: http://www.usga.org/playing/rules/golfers_with_disabilities.html
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Handcycling
United States Handcycling Federation
P.O. Box 3538
Evergreen, CO 80437-3538
303-459-4159; fax: 303-674-0533
Web site: http://www.ushandcycling.org
Quad (Wheelchair) Rugby
United States Quad Rugby Association
Web site: http://www.quadrubgy.com
Scuba Diving
Handicapped Scuba Association International
1104 El Prado
San Clemente, CA 92672-4637
949-498-4540
e-mail: [email protected]
Web site: http://www.hsascuba.com
Shooting
National Rifle Association Disabled Shooting Services
11250 Waples Mill Road
Fairfax, VA 22030
800-672-3888
Web site: http://www.nrahq.org/compete/disabled.asp
Skiing
Ski for Light, Inc.
1455 West Lake St.
Minneapolis, MN 55408
612-827-3232
e-mail: [email protected]
Web site: http://www.sfl.org
Softball
National Beep Baseball Association
3444 Limerick Lane, NE
Rochester, MN 55906
507-208-8383
e-mail: [email protected]
Web site: http://www.nbba.org
National Wheelchair Softball Association Bruce Froendt - President 13414 Paul Street
Omaha, NE 68154 402-305-5020 e-mail: [email protected]
Web site: http://www.wheelchairsoftball.org
76
Tennis
United States Tennis Association (USTA)
Web site: http://www.usta.com/
Wheelchair Tennis Website: http://www.usta.com/Play-Tennis/WheelchairTennis/Wheelchair/?intloc=headernavsub&intcmp=
Adaptive Tennis Web site: http://www.usta.com/Play-Tennis/Adaptive-Tennis/Adaptive/
Volleyball
USA Volleyball
715 S. Circle Dr.
Colorado Springs, CO 80910
888-786-5539
Web site: http://usavolleyball.org/volleyball-disciplines/sitting-volleyball
Other Resources Related to Adapted Sport
BlazeSports America
535 N. McDonough St
Decatur, GA 30030
404-270-2000; fax: 404-270-2039
e-mail: [email protected]
Web site: http://www.BlazeSports.org
International Paralympic Committee
Adenauerallee 212-214
53113 Bonn
Germany
+49 228-2097-200; fax: +49 228-2097-209
e-mail: [email protected]
Web site: http://www.paralympic.org
Provides information related to the happenings of the International Paralympic Committee
(IPC), which is the international representative, organization of elite sports for athletes
with disabilities. IPC organizes, supervises, and coordinates the Paralympic Games and
other multi-disability competitions at the elite level
Sports ‘N Spokes
2111 E. Highland Avenue, Ste. 180
Phoenix, AZ 85016-4702
888-888-2201 (toll-free) or 602-224-0500
Web site: http://pvamag.com/sns/
This is a printed sports magazine that highlights the world of disability sport and features
content on sport, recreation, and physical activity for the novice to the elite.
77
Palaestra
Challenge Publications, Ltd.
P.O. Box 508
Macomb, IL 61455
309-833-1902
e-mail: [email protected]
Web site: http://www.palaestra.com
This publication is related to adapted sport, physical education, and recreation for people
with disabilities.
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