Chapter
p
3
Matter
Chapter 3
Table of Contents
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
Matter
Physical
y
and Chemical Properties
p
and Changes
g
Elements and Compounds
Mixtures and Pure Substances
Separation of Mixtures
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Section 3.1
Matter
Matter
•
•
Anything
An
thing occupying
occ p ing space and ha
having
ing mass
mass.
Matter exists in three states.
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
Solid
S
lid
Liquid
Gas
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Section 3.1
Matter
The Three States of Water
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Section 3.1
Matter
Solid
•
•
•
Rigid
Has a fixed volume and shape.
E
Examples:
l
ƒ Ice cube, diamond, iron bar
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Section 3.1
Matter
Liquid
•
•
•
Has a definite volume
ol me b
butt no specific shape
shape.
Assumes shape of container.
E
Examples:
l
ƒ Gasoline, water, alcohol, blood
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Section 3.1
Matter
Liquid Water Takes the Shape of Its Container
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Section 3.1
Matter
Gas
•
•
•
Has no fixed
fi ed volume
ol me or shape
shape.
Takes the shape and volume of its container.
E
Examples:
l
ƒ Air, helium, oxygen
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Section 3.2
Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
Physical Properties
•
•
•
The characteristics of matter that can be changed
without changing its composition.
Characteristics that are directly observable.
Examples:
ƒ Odor, color, volume, state (s, l, or g), density,
melting
lti point,
i t and
d boiling
b ili point
i t
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Section 3.2
Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
Chemical Properties
•
•
A substance
substance’ss ability to form new substances.
substances
The characteristics that determine how the
composition of matter changes as a result of
contact with other matter or the influence of
energy.
gy
• Characteristics that describe the behavior of
matter.
• Examples:
y, rusting
g of steel,, and the
ƒ Flammability,
digestion of food
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Section 3.2
Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
Concept Check
Classify each of the following as a physical
or chemical property.
ƒ Ethyl
y a
alcohol
co o bo
boiling
ga
at 78°C
8 C
ƒ Hardness of a diamond
ƒ Sugar fermenting to form ethyl alcohol
physical
physical
chemical
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Section 3.2
Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
Physical Change
•
Change in the form of a substance
substance, not in its
chemical composition.
• Example:
ƒ Boiling or freezing water
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Section 3.2
Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
Three States of Water
•
•
In all three phases,
phases water molecules are still intact
intact.
Motions of molecules and the distances between them
change.
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Section 3.2
Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
Chemical Change
•
A given substance becomes a new substance
or substances with different properties and
different composition.
• Example:
ƒ Bunsen burner (methane reacts with oxygen
to form carbon dioxide and water)
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Section 3.2
Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
Electrolysis of Water
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Section 3.2
Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
Electrolysis of Water
•
Water decomposes to hydrogen and oxygen
gases.
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Section 3.2
Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
Concept Check
How many of the following are examples of a
chemical change?
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
Pulverizing (crushing) rock salt
Burning of wood
Dissolving of sugar in water
Melting a popsicle on a warm summer day
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Section 3.2
Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
Concept Check
Classify each of the following as a physical
or chemical change.
ƒ Suga
Sugar fermenting
e e
g to
o form
o e
ethyl
y a
alcohol
co o chemical
ƒ Iron metal melting
physical
ƒ Iron combining with oxygen to form rust chemical
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Section 3.3
Elements and Compounds
Element
•
A substance that cannot be broken down into
other substances by chemical methods.
• Examples:
ƒ Iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), oxygen (O2), and
hydrogen (H2)
• All of the matter in the world around us
contains elements.
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Section 3.3
Elements and Compounds
Compound
•
A substance composed of a given combination
of elements that can be broken down into those
elements byy chemical methods.
• Examples:
ƒ Water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), table
sugar (C12H22O11)
p
always
y contains atoms of different
• A compound
elements.
p
always
y has the same composition
p
• A compound
(same combination of atoms).
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Section 3.3
Elements and Compounds
Concept Check
How many of the following are compounds?
H2O, N2O4, NaOH, MnO2, HF
Fi – All off the
Five
th substances
b t
are compounds.
d
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Section 3.4
Mixtures and Pure Substances
Pure Substances
•
•
•
Always
Al
a s have
ha e the same composition
composition.
Either elements or compounds.
E
Examples:
l
ƒ Pure water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2),
h d
hydrogen
(H2),
) gold
ld (A
(Au))
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Section 3.4
Mixtures and Pure Substances
Mixtures
•
•
Have
Ha
e variable
ariable composition
composition.
Examples
ƒ Wood,
W d wine,
i
coffee
ff
• Can be separated into pure substances:
elements
l
t and/or
d/ compounds.
d
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Section 3.4
Mixtures and Pure Substances
Homogeneous Mixture
•
•
•
•
Same throughout.
thro gho t
Having visibly indistinguishable parts.
A solution.
l ti
Does not vary in composition from one region
t another.
to
th
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Section 3.4
Mixtures and Pure Substances
Homogeneous Mixture – Examples
•
•
•
Air around
aro nd you
o
Brass
T bl salt
Table
lt stirred
ti d into
i t water
t
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Section 3.4
Mixtures and Pure Substances
Heterogeneous Mixture
•
•
Having
Ha
ing visibly
isibl disting
distinguishable
ishable parts
parts.
Contains regions that have different properties
from those of other regions
regions.
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Section 3.4
Mixtures and Pure Substances
Heterogeneous Mixture – Examples
•
•
Oil and vinegar
inegar dressing
Sand stirred into water
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Section 3.4
Mixtures and Pure Substances
Concept Check
Which of the following is a homogeneous
mixture?
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
Pure water
Gasoline
Jar of jelly beans
Soil
Copper metal
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Section 3.5
Separation of Mixtures
•
Mixtures can be separated based on different physical
properties of the components.
Different Physical Property
Technique
Boiling
g point
p
Distillation
State of matter
(solid/liquid/gas)
Adherence to a surface
Chromatography
V l ili
Volatility
E
Evaporation
i
Filtration
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Section 3.5
Separation of Mixtures
Distillation of a Solution Consisting of Salt Dissolved in Water
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Section 3.5
Separation of Mixtures
•
No chemical change occurs when salt water is
distilled.
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Section 3.5
Separation of Mixtures
Filtration
•
Separates a liq
liquid
id
from a solid.
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Section 3.5
Separation of Mixtures
The Organization of Matter
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Section 3.5
Separation of Mixtures
Homework
• Reading assignment
– Pages 57 through 67
• Homework Questions and Problems: pages 69 - 70
– 3,
3 5, 7, 9
9, 1
15, 1
17, 21
21, 23
23, 2
27, 29
29, 31
31, 3
35.
• Due on
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