World Applied Sciences Journal 19 (10): 1523-1531, 2012
ISSN 1818-4952
© IDOSI Publications, 2012
DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2012.19.10.1161
Investigation of Sustainable Architecture in Arid Zones (Case Study: Ardestan City)
1
K. Yazdi, 2P. Nazeri Naeini and 3R. Hekmatpanah
Ardestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardestan, Iran
Dehaghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dehaghan, Iran
3
Young Researchers Club, Ardestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardetan, Iran
1
2
Abstract: Our modern culture, which is an upshot of mankind’s contact with the nature throughout the history,
is based on the past knowledge and experiences. In today’s world, the considerable attraction of the developed
cultural domains and the high speed of economic and cultural interactions have hindered us from noticing
various aboriginal life styles. The climatic conditions have matured mankind in how to cope with region-specific
problems by using elements of the same region and devising tools and methods appropriate to their needs in
interaction with the regional climate. The major goals of sustainable architecture and its resulting sustainable
development are to provide for the basic needs of mankind, to improve the standard of life, to better preserve
and maintain the ecosystems and natural energy resources and finally to reach a safer future. The present study
looks at the relationship between the desert traditional buildings and sustainable development as well as the
climatic conditions and construction patterns in Ardestan district. This study is both descriptive and analytic.
First some information is collected from different parts, next this bulk of data goes under descriptive and
analytic scrutiny at three stages of data collection and statistics, data processing and data analysis.
Key words: Sustainable architecture Ecological designing
architecture Ardestan district
INTRODUCTION
Our modern culture, which is an upshot of mankind’s
contact with the nature throughout the history, is based
on the past knowledge and experiences [1].
Nowadays, sustainable development is concentrated
due to climate change and destroying the nature by
human [2] and on other hand, 'Green' or 'ecological'
architecture is the inexorable trend of sustainable urban
development [3]. The climatic conditions have matured
mankind in how to cope with region-specific problems by
using elements of the same region and devising tools and
methods appropriate to their needs in interaction with the
regional climate [4]. The major goals of sustainable
architecture and its resulting sustainable development are
to provide for the basic needs of mankind, to improve the
standard of life, to better preserve and maintain the
ecosystems and natural energy resources and finally to
reach a safer future [5].
Significant parts of residential areas in Iran are towns
and cities located in desert areas. These cities have been
highly exposed to major changes caused by modern
Corresponding Author:
Natural resources and energies
Climatic
methods of urban architecture and designing in the
last three decades. Since the process of modernism in
Iranian architecture and after formation of the postmodernist thought, tendency to apply some of the
principles, concepts and elements of traditional
architecture
became
widespread
[6].
Modern
interferences, such as executing comprehensive urban
plans, road-widening projects, etc [7], have had
undesirable consequences, either on architecture scale
or spatial structuring scale and the body organizing of
desert cities. Urban expansion is one of the key factors in
changing land cover/use which has caused major
problems like agricultural lands loss, water pollution, soil
erosion and some social and economic disadvantages [8].
Some of these undesirable consequences have been
caused by the prevalence of buildings incompatible
with the warm and dry climate of these cities and
damaging ecological resources -like damaging
agriculturally rich lands by expanding them
immethodically. One of the main factors of sustainable
development is conservation and equipping of natural
resources [9].
K. Yazdi, Ardestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardestan, Iran.
Tel: +03625242047.
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In sustainable architecture there are objects such as
CO2 and CFC emission reduction, of course with regard to
increasing energy consumption trend in all over the world
[10].
In sustainable architecture in the past, the locations
of the rooms and buildings were totally dependent on and
in harmony with the solar energy [11]. Colors, piers’
thickness, the positions of outlets, colors of the windows
and sheds were all compatible with climatic solutions.
Although production activities such as greenhouse
production also should be compatible with climate
properties in these areas [12].
Major construction materials used in Iranian old
buildings were recyclable, regional and very durable.
The wind was used for conditioning and cooling the
internal space in a passive and useful system in wind
towers for the purpose of stability. The basement and
cellars, along with wind towers, created a traditional
pleasant air-conditioning system which is an innovative
instance of the relationship between ancient architecture
and the concept of stability. Providing climatic comfort
and economy in consuming the energy is practiced
through reducing surfaces exposed to the sun in the
buildings and urban structures and also b creating
density [13]. Urban dense structure is mostly surrounded
by a green belt of fruit gardens and farming lands acting
as an ecological policy. The green area around a city
plays an important role in preserving central
constructions against desert winds, dust and dry weather
[14]; it is also considered one of the key factors in the
cities’ natural air-conditioning system.
The location of penthouses –the outstanding feature
of desert architecture- would place the pedestrian’s paths
in the shadow in a proper sequence. In many penthouses,
entrances for several houses are joined, which is
significant in terms of neighborhood relationships.
Surrounded houses, hierarchy and respecting social
boundaries and places would be practiced through this
kind of architecture and the whole process has resulted in
social stability of desert cities.
It is necessary to investigate and evaluate various
aspect of architecture in arid zones cities. However,
Evaluation is the systematic determination of the quality
or value of something [15].
The importance of evaluation as an aid to achieving
sustainability through measuring, benchmarking and
comparing cannot be overstated [16].
Architecture offers use-values that are necessarily for
fulfilling wide-ranging human needs from basic shelter to
dignity and self-affirmation [17, 18].
Ideals and Models
“World-in-a-pot” model
“Peach B lossom Spring”
model
Traditional
Chinese
Landscape
Architecture
Underlying Philosophy
Unity of Man with Nature
Yin-Yang theory
G uiding Principles
Five-Element theory
Eight-trigram theory
Feng-Shui theory
Fig. 1: Philosophical and cultural foundations of the
Chinese landscape architecture
Yard is the main central area in desert houses.
Low yards and water ponds in the middle of the yard make
it possible for every house to enjoy maximum cool and
pleasant weather [19]. Ancient Iranian architecture in
deserts has been formed in accordance with the climate
and developed into the desired sustainable style by
taking advantage of useful natural resources such as the
wind and sunlight. Sustainable development is a type of
development which considers people’s present needs
along with the feasibility for the next generation to satisfy
its needs [20].
In some countries such as China ‘‘unity of man
with nature’’ philosophy is dominant idea in ancient
buildings architecture. The ideals and practices of
Chinese landscape architecture (Fig. 1) have been
profoundly influenced by ancient Chinese philosophies
and cultural traditions [21, 22]. The unifying theme of
ancient Chinese philosophies and cultural traditions is
‘‘unity of man with nature’’ or ‘‘harmony between man
and nature’’ [23].
The present study is based on field work and library
research, conducted by sampling in Ardestan city with
3776 houses, 957 business centers and 201 miscellaneous
units. Questionnaires were prepared for measuring the
amount of the stability of the area’s constructions and the
data were collected and categorized.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Goals of Sustainable Architecture: According to the
International Environmental Commission Statement, major
goals of sustainable development may be summarized as
follows:
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World Appl. Sci. J., 19 (10): 1523-1531, 2012
hazard-resilient communities. Firstly, human and natural
systems are not only interconnected; they are coupled,
with human systems enmeshed with natural systems.
The economy is a subsystem of socio-political and
cultural systems that together are embedded in the earth’s
ecological systems. People are not separate from nature:
humans and natural systems are an intertwined and
integrated system—one complex system of systems with
recursive coupling between the inter-linked human and
natural elements [36].
Environmental
Sustainability
Ecosystem integrity
Carrying capacity
B iodiversity
Social Sustainability
Cultural Identity
Empowerment
Accessibility
Stability
Equity
Economic
Sustainability
G rowth
Development
Productivity
Trickle-down
Human Well
Being
Principles of Sustainable Designing: The principles
include: 1. Harmony with the climate, 2. Sustainable
materials, 3. the proper position of building for taking
maximum advantage of recyclable energies, 4. Sustainable
capacity and shape of the building, 5. Local construction
techniques, 6. economizingg the use of resources,
7. Noticeable presence of the nature, yet no intruding
upon it.
The term “sustainable architecture”, used to describe
the movement associated with environmentally conscious
architectural design, has created ambivalence and
confusion [37, 38].
Fig. 2: Relationship between sustainable factors
Vulnerability Context
Huma
SOURCE
FUNCTIO
N
Natural Resources
Ecosystem Service
Social
Political
Physical
Financial
Natural Cap ita l
SINK
FUNCTIO
N
G overnance
Institutions
Livelihood
Strategies
Livelihood Outcomes
Fig. 3: Sustainable Socio-ecological Systems[35
Revising and modifying the improvement quality
Saving the budget by cutting living expenses
Food, energy and water
Sanitary facilities
Providing stability level by population
Maintaining and increasing the resources
Combining the environment and economy in decision
making
International economic relations [24].
In Short, Well-Conceived: Participatory planning
processes enable communities to interrogate and
transform prevailing unsustainable practices that
undermine socio-ecological resilience [25]. The
conceptual framework portrayed in Fig. 3 provides a
guide to thinking and practice for such planning
processes. It portrays interacting elements of coupled
socio-ecological systems, drawing on insights from
ecological economics [26, 27], resilience studies [28-31]
and sustainable livelihoods [32-34].
This framework highlights three features that are
central to understanding the nature of sustainable,
Geographical Location of the Area under Study:
For conducting the present study, a large area had to be
investigated. The area under study is located in
northeastern part of Esfahan and it includes important
population centers such as Ardestan city. Ardestan city
is the center of Ardestan district, with 55°-22' eastern
longitude and 33°-23' northern latitude. Being an urban
center in Esfahan, Ardestan is one of the least populated
districts. The city has existed –based on evidencesbefore Islam. Historical places attributed to Sassanid era
(Mianshahr Castle and Sassanid ruins) prove the city’s
ancient history. The strategic situation of this area, along
with its environmental advantages (concerning water,
soil and weather) were but a few reasons for establishing
a city at that time in the past.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Urban Structure and Planning, Identifying the Borders
of Different Neighborhoods in the City and their
Interactions: Ardestan is city in the hot and dry climate
near Iran’s central desert; therefore -like in other areas in
such a climate –water is a necessary need for the
existence of the city. Traditional structure and the
formation of the city are also dependent on water to a
large extent. Based on conducted bulk of research,
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Fig. 4: The City’s Spatial Organization (small to large level)
Table 1: Evaluating Buildings’ Values
Total Buildings
Residential
Type of Building
in the City
Buildings
Precious
77
58
Old
68.11
13.12
In the need for repair
89.11
64.21
there are a number of subterranean canals in Ardestan
city, any of which could have been the reason for
establishing residences and neighborhoods around them.
In fact, water was the factor shaping the old structure of
the city on a small scale and joining different
neighborhoods on a larger scale. These neighborhoods,
gardens and their surrounding farms were extended
through the time; now joined together, these lands form
the old structure of the city. However, later road layouts
separated these units and the streets scattered the old
structure.
The old structure of the city is organic and has
narrow alleys to match the climate and protect people
against the heat. Another significant point is the
relationship between directions of alleys and paths and
that of water movement and issues related to gardens’
and farms’ irrigation. In the new neighborhoods, the new
towns are separated, yet connected with roads; therefore,
people commute only to receive services unavailable in
their own towns and they usually go to the city center for
other necessities.
The Logic behind the Architectural Shape and Urban
Structure Concerning Climatic Issues: Through
investigating the architecture and urban and rural
structures of cities and villages in hot and dry climates
–including the case under study- it is found out that
climate is an important factor in logical formation of
urban structures and their type of architecture [39].
Moreover, climate-related issues have always made
serious problems for the people living in these regions
[40]. Through the time, these problems have led people
towards solutions which astonishingly decrease
disturbing climatic aspects and take advantage of climatic
relaxing aspects [41].
In fact, architecture is an art which cannot be
separated from its surrounding conditions and features
(natural or otherwise), because any region has its own
characteristics and it needs exclusive reactions [42].
Since humans and their needs are at the centre of
sustainable development (The Rio Declaration in UN
Agenda 21 preamble), buildings are arguably a vital
component of sustainability [16].
Seen as a spatial-temporal system through a lifecycle
analysis approach, a building is comprised of products
and processes starting from raw-material extraction and
preparation, through building material manufacture to
building construction, use and maintenance, final
demolition and disposal/recycling (with inputs of labour,
transport and machinery) [43]. The activities leading up
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wind & sun
direction
summer-humid
moderate
torrid
summer-dry
moderate
winter
torrid moderate
cold
Crossover
collinear
against
Fig. 5: Locating outer spaces based on minor climates
Fig. 6: The percentage of the buildings’ age in relation to
other buildings in the city
to construction, as executed for one building, have
micro-scale effects on the natural and socio-economic
environment. Cumulatively, the micro-scale effects
constitute a macro-scale. Study of buildings in
sustainability science is imperative because the overall
impact of buildings on environmental and socioeconomic
systems is immense [e.g. 44-47].
By thinking and knowing the surrounding
environment, Iranian traditional designers created
exclusive buildings whose beauty was considered as well
as their usefulness and sustainable functions when facing
unfavorable environmental conditions.
These issues were so important in Iranian
ancient architecture that locating a city, positioning the
buildings concerning the sunlight direction and major
winds, the direction of the city extension, the directions
and forms of paths, the locations of squares (for passing
the air through passages, markets and houses) were all
chosen very carefully and in relation to the region’s
climate.
Fig. 7: Urban structure stability in several situation
Fig. 8: The amount of the presence of the region’s
climatic architecture principles in the existing
buildings in the city
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Table 2: Taking into account the characteristics of urban sustainability in buildings (depending on wind and plant and water works)
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Characteristics of sustainable
architecture and urban planning
Using water ponds and waterscapes
Using trees to cast shadows
Using plants adapted to the climate
Using artificial cooling systems (wind towers,
chaharsoffeh -i.e. a cross-shaped room with
more than one roof-, etc.)
Planting dense plants near the rooms
Percentage of observing
principles in the buildings
between 0-10 years old
Percentage of observing
principles in the buildings
between 10-30 years old
Percentage of observing
principles in the buildings more
than 30 years old
7.45
5.37
3.20
-
15.63
21.15
17.17
1.71
46.25
57.41
59.38
32.26
15.2
37.51
62.12
Table 3: Taking into account the characteristics of urban sustainability in buildings (due to the inherent properties of materials)
Characteristics of sustainable
No. architecture and urban planning
Percentage of observing
principles in the buildings
between 0-10 years old
Percentage of observing
principles in the buildings
between 10-30 years old
Percentage of observing
principles in the buildings
more than 30 years old
1
2
3
1.12
42.31
27.41
47.13
76.12
43.15
82.41
97.34
85.9
Using high heat-capacity materials (mud-bricks and mud)
Materials in light colors (cob, etc.)
Using local materials
Table 4: Taking into account the characteristics of urban sustainability in buildings (according to the order form
No.
1
2
3
4
Characteristics of sustainable
architecture and urban planning
Designing different parts of buildings considering
the direction of the sun
Designing different parts of buildings considering
the major winds
Condensed mass and square, long plans in
east-west houses
Condensed mass and rectangular, long plans
in south-north or high buildings
Percentage of observing
principles in the buildings
between 0-10 years old
Percentage of observing
principles in the buildings
between 10-30 years old
Percentage of observing
principles in the buildings
more than 30 years old
-
7.3
35.41
-
4.2
17.42
5.91
17.82
32.14
27.15
32.8
27.21
Table 5: Taking into account the characteristics of urban sustainability in buildings (with shadows)
Characteristics of sustainable
No. architecture and urban planning
Percentage of observing Percentage of observing
Percentage of observing
principles in the buildings principles in the buildings principles in the buildings
between 0-10 years old
between 10-30 years old more than 30 years old
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
4.1
8.6
7.1
4.21
5.7
0.28
Building rough and uneven surfaces facing the sun
Dome-shaped or cylindrical shaped roofs
Designing proper details for the doors and windows (light-blocks)
Designing windows on top of the walls (blocking radiant sun rays)
Being inner-directed and walled around
Reducing outer surfaces to the least possible
Reducing contact with the heat and intense sunlight
Tall parapets on the roofs
12.32
14.71
10.1
7.21
24.9
17.63
25.7
7.1
32.17
43.11
35.27
42.35
58.7
48.13
51.8
24.25
Table 6: Taking into account the characteristics of urban sustainability in buildings (with thermal insulation)
Characteristics of sustainable
No. architecture and urban planning
Percentage of observing
principles in the buildings
between 0-10 years old
Percentage of observing
principles in the buildings
between 10-30 years old
Percentage of observing
principles in the buildings
more than 30 years old
1
-
1.20
8.72
5.3
12.1
0.32
22.14
27.14
5.41
67.13
37.51
-
0.67
24.1
2
3
4
5
Using soil’s high heat-capacity (building structures under
the ground)
Using cellars and basements
Thick walls and roofs (heat insulation)
Using entrances to enter an area (blocking the direct connection
with the environment)
Using suspended ceilings (two-layer roofs and domes)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In addition to exclusive and valuable buildings in the
city, historical structures, passages, paths and the
neighborhood organization are of high value and beauty,
as well as adapting to the special climate. The most
important historical site is the area of Ardestan’s main
mosque, including a mosque, Husseinieh, bath and the
main mosque.
The researchers would like to appreciate the research
vice-presidency in Islamic Azad University, Ardestan
Branch for their support and coordination to fulfill the
research plan of “Research about construction Patterns
from sustainable architecture view in Ardestan” and the
present study.
CONCLUSON
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