Chapter
Planning Guide
Key to Ability Levels
BL Below Level
AL Above Level
ELL English
OL On Level
Language Learners
BL
Levels
OL AL
ELL
Resources
Key to Teaching Resources
Print Material
CD-ROM or DVD
Transparency
Chapter Section Section Chapter
Opener
1
2
Assess
FOCUS
BL
Daily Focus Skills Transparencies
16-1
16-2
p. 41
p. 42
TEACH
BL
ELL
Guided Reading Activity, URB*
BL
ELL
Vocabulary Activity, URB*
p. 34
ELL
Reinforcing Skills Activity, URB
p. 37
BL
OL
AL
OL
Enrichment Activity, URB
OL
Environmental Issues Case Study, URB
BL
ELL
Reading Essentials and Note-Taking Guide*
p. 39
p. 9
pp. 112– pp. 115–
114
117
✓
✓
✓
BL
OL
AL
ELL
National Geographic World Atlas*
BL
OL
AL
ELL
Political Map Transparencies, Strategies, and Activities
p. 9
BL
OL
AL
ELL
Map Overlay Transparencies, Strategies, and Activities
5-6
BL
OL
AL
ELL
National Geographic World Desk Map
✓
✓
✓
✓
BL
OL
AL
ELL
Writer’s Guidebook for Social Studies
✓
✓
✓
✓
OL
AL
World History Primary Source Documents Library
✓
✓
✓
✓
National Geographic World Regions Video Program
✓
✓
✓
✓
BookLink for Social Studies
✓
✓
✓
✓
StudentWorks™ Plus
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
BL
OL
AL
ELL
Section Spotlight Video Program
BL
OL
AL
ELL
World Music: A Cultural Legacy
✓
✓
✓
✓
BL
OL
AL
ELL
High School Writing Process Transparencies
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓ Chapter- or unit-based activities applicable to all sections in this chapter.
388A
*Also available in Spanish
Plus
All-In-One Planner and Resource Center
Levels
BL
OL
AL
ELL
•
•
•
•
•
• Printable reports of daily
Interactive Lesson Planner
assignments
Interactive Teacher Edition
Fully editable blackline masters • Standards Tracking System
Section Spotlight Videos Launch
Differentiated Lesson Plans
Resources
Chapter
Opener
Section Section Chapter
1
2
Assess
TEACH (continued)
Teacher
Resources
High School Character Education
✓
✓
✓
✓
Inclusion for the High School Social Studies Classroom
Strategies and Activities
✓
✓
✓
✓
High School Reading in the Content Area Strategies and
Activities
✓
✓
✓
✓
Success with English Learners
✓
✓
✓
✓
Differentiated Instruction for the Geography Classroom
✓
✓
✓
✓
Literacy Strategies in Social Studies
✓
✓
✓
✓
Standards-Based Instruction
✓
✓
✓
✓
Presentation Plus! with MindJogger CheckPoint
✓
✓
✓
✓
TeacherWorks™ Plus
✓
✓
✓
✓
National Geographic Focus on Geography Literacy Teacher
Guide
✓
✓
✓
✓
p. 187
p. 188
p. 189
ASSESS
BL
OL
AL
ELL
Section Quizzes and Chapter Tests
BL
OL
AL
ELL
Authentic Assessment With Rubrics
BL
OL
AL
ELL
ExamView Assessment Suite
p. 46
16-1
16-2
Ch. 16
CLOSE
BL
BL
OL
BL
OL
AL
ELL
Reteaching Activity, URB
ELL
Dinah Zike’s Reading and Study Guide Foldables
ELL
World Geography in Graphic Novel
Graphic Organizer Transparencies, Strategies, and Activities
✓ Chapter- or unit-based activities applicable to all sections in this chapter.
p. 35
p. 58
pp. 31–
35
pp. 47–48
*Also available in Spanish
388B
Chapter
Integrating Technology
Using
al™
Study Centr
Teach With Technology
What is Study Central™?
Study Central™ is an interactive, online tool that helps students understand and remember content section-bysection. It can be used alongside lessons or before a test.
How can Study Central™ help my students?
Study Central™ contains fun activities that students can use to review important content and reinforce effective
study habits. Using the format of the Guide to Reading that opens each section in the textbook, Study Central™
has students write main idea statements as questions, review academic and content vocabulary, and take notes
using online graphic organizers. Students can also read section summaries, take multiple-choice quizzes, and
find Web links for more information.
Visit glencoe.com and enter a QuickPass™ code to go to Study Central™.
Geography
ONLINE
Visit glencoe.com and enter
code
WGC2630C16T for Chapter 16 resources.
You can easily launch a wide range of digital products
from your computer’s desktop with the McGraw-Hill
widget.
World Geography and Cultures Online Learning Center (Web Site)
• Section Audio
• Spanish Chapter Audio Summaries
• Section Spotlight Videos
• StudentWorks™ Plus Online
• Multilingual Glossary
• Study-to-Go
• Chapter Overviews
• Self-Check Quizzes
• Student Web Activities
• ePuzzles and Games
• Vocabulary eFlashcards
• In-Motion Animations
• Study Central™
• Nations of the World Atlas
• Glencoe Graphing Tool
• btw — Current Events Web Site
• Web Activity Lesson Plans
• Vocabulary PuzzleMaker
• Beyond the Textbook
388C
Student
Teacher
Parent
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Additional Resources
• Timed Readings Plus in Social Studies
helps
students increase their reading rate and fluency while
maintaining comprehension. The 400-word passages
are similar to those found on state and national
assessments.
• Reading in the Content Area: Social Studies
concentrates on six essential reading skills that help
students better comprehend what they read. The book
includes 75 high-interest nonfiction passages written
at increasing levels of difficulty.
The following videotape programs are available from
Glencoe as supplements to Chapter 16:
• The Class of the 20th Century; Vol 6 1976–1990
(ISBN 1-56-501052-3)
To order, call Glencoe at 1-800-334-7344. To find classroom resources to accompany many of these videos,
check the following pages:
A&E Television: www.aetv.com
The History Channel: www.historychannel.com
• Reading Social Studies
includes strategic reading
instruction and vocabulary support in Social Studies
content for both ELLs and native speakers of English.
• Content Vocabulary Workout
(Grades 6-8) accelerates reading comprehension through focused vocabulary development. Social Studies content vocabulary
comes from the glossaries of Glencoe’s Middle School
Social Studies texts. www.jamestowneducation.com
Reading
List Generator
CD-ROM
Use this database to search more than 30,000 titles to
create a customized reading list for your students.
Index to National Geographic Magazine:
The following articles relate to this chapter:
• “Russian Smokejumpers,” by Glenn Hodges,
December 2006.
•
“Giants Under Siege,” by Gleb Raygorodetsky,
February 2006.
•
“The Long Shadow of Chernobyl,” by Richard Stone,
April 2006.
•
Reading lists can be organized by students’ reading
level, author, genre, theme, or area of interest.
•
The database provides Degrees of Reading Power™
(DRP) and Lexile™ readability scores for all selections.
•
A brief summary of each selection is included.
Leveled reading suggestions for this chapter:
For students at a Grade 7 reading level:
• A Work of Art, by Anton Chekhov
• A Terrible Night, by Anton Chekhov
For students at a Grade 8 reading level:
How Much Land Does a Man Need? by Leo Tolstoy
National Geographic Society Products To order the
following, call National Geographic at 1-800-368-2728
•
•
•
National Geographic Atlas of the World (Book).
For students at a Grade 9 reading level:
The Brothers Karamazov, by Fyodor Dostoevsky
For students at a Grade 10 reading level:
Access National Geographic’s new dynamic MapMachine
Web site and other geography resources at:
•
www.nationalgeographic.com
•
www.nationalgeographic.com/maps
One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich,
by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
The Handbook of the Former Soviet Union,
by Michael G. Kort
388D
CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER
THE REGION TODAY
Focus
More about the
Photo
Visual Literacy The Kremlin is
the center of the Russian government. The Kremlin is actually a
fortress encompassing numerous
buildings, including several cathedrals. The Kremlin is the place where
the Russian government was born.
The Kremlin fortress is the original
settlement that became Moscow.
Teach
As you begin teaching
this chapter, read the Big Idea out
loud to students. Explain that the
Big Idea is a broad, or high-level,
concept that will help them understand what they are about to learn.
Use the Essential Question for each
section to help students focus on
the Big Idea.
Disputes over ideas, resources,
values, and politics can lead to
change. Russia continues to adjust
to difficult political and economic
challenges, which require the country to find a way to balance its need
for economic growth with preservation of the environment.
Russia
Essential Questions
Section 1: The Economy
How has Russia’s transition to a
market economy affected its relationships with other countries?
Section 2: People and
Their Environment
How might human actions that
have modified Russia’s environment
affect its growth?
Geography
ONLINE
Visit glencoe.com and enter
code WGC9952C16 for Chapter 16
resources.
Overlooking the Moskva River,
the Moscow Kremlin is the official
residence of the president of the
Russian Federation. On the right
is St. Basil’s Cathedral.
388 Unit 5
388-394_C16_S1_879995.indd 388
Section 1
The Economy
Essential Question How has Russia’s
transition to a market economy affected its
relationships with other countries? (Russia
has expanded its trade relationships with the
European Union, other former Soviet republics,
388
1/25/10 2:28:33 PM
China, and Japan. Energy exports are the main
item of international trade.) Tell students that
in Section 1 they will read and learn about
the Russian economy today and its struggle
to move to a market economy after 70 years
of being a Soviet-controlled economy. OL
CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION
Previewing the
Region
Identifying Information Make a
Four-Door Book to help you identify
information about the Chernobyl
disaster, which took place in the
Soviet Union in 1986.
If you have not already done so,
engage students in the Regional
Atlas and Country Profiles activities to help them become familiar
with the general content of the
region.
Dinah Zike’s
Foldables
RUSSIA
Reading and Writing As you read the chapter, write
down details about the Chernobyl disaster. Imagine yourself as a news reporter on the scene in 1986, gathering
details to present a complete report about the causes of
the disaster.
Purpose This Foldable asks
students to identify facts about
the Chernobyl disaster. Ask students to imagine that they are
journalists trying to get the What?
Where? When? And Why? of the
report and causes of the disaster. This Foldable helps students
prepare for assessment.
Geography
ONLINE
Visit glencoe.com and enter
code WGC2630C16T
for Chapter 16 resources.
Chapter 16 389
388-394_C16_S1_879995.indd 389
Section 2
People and Their Environment
Essential Question How might human
actions that have modified Russia’s environment affect its growth? (Russia must act
to correct serious environmental mistakes
made during the Soviet era. Only after Russia
has moved to protect its natural resources from
1/25/10 2:29:09 PM
further damage can it begin to consider how
best to move into the future. Russia’s protection of its rich and diverse natural resources
can help to spur economic growth.) In Section
2 students will learn about Russia’s actions to
protect its environment, as well as employing its resources for growth. OL
389
CHAPTER
Section 1
SECTION
section
audio
1
spotlight
video
Guide to Reading
Focus
Essential Question
How has Russia’s transition to a
market economy affected its relationships with other countries?
Daily Focus Transparency 16.1
The Economy
Russians hoped that independence would bring quick
and painless economic change. Though the shift
toward a freer economy has brought hard times and
many challenges, many Russians are hopeful about the
future. A successful Russian company president,
Anatoly Karachinsky, reflects that outlook:
Content Vocabulary
• market
• command
economy
economy
(p. 391)
(p. 391)
• consumer
good (p. 391)
• black market
(p. 391)
• privatization
(p. 391)
• kolkhoz (p. 392)
• sovkhoz (p. 392)
Academic Vocabulary
• illegal (p. 391)
• successor (p. 391)
• stability (p. 392)
Guide to Reading
Answers to Graphic:
Economic
System
Changes
Command
Economy
government
owned all
business and
made all
decisions
industrial
goods,
shortage of
consumer
goods, stagnant growth
Market
Economy
privatelyowned
businesses,
foreign
investment
greater
selection of
goods/services,
uncertainty
Effect
Voices Around the World
“‘There is the old economy of the U.S.S.R., and it has a much tougher road.
Many enterprises will first have to die to be reborn. Then there’s the resource
economy—oil, gas, aluminum—a large part of the gross domestic product. It’s
making a good profit and moving ahead. Then there’s the new economy, the economy that didn’t exist ten years ago, and we’re part of that.
“‘If you just focus on the old economy, the country looks in terrible shape. . . . But
something entirely new is being born here. Russia is just at the beginning of an
economic climb. Overall, I’m pretty optimistic.’”
Places to Locate
• Siberia (p. 393)
• Chechnya (p. 393)
• Dagestan (p. 393)
— Fen Montaigne, “Russia Rising,”
National Geographic, November 2001
Reading Strategy
Organizing Complete a graphic
organizer similar to the one below by
listing changes in Russia’s economic
system and the effect of each.
Economic System
Changes
Effect
Command Economy
Market Economy
To generate student interest and
provide a springboard for class
discussion, access the Chapter 16,
Section 1 video at glencoe.com.
A businesswoman
in St. Petersburg
Resource Manager
390 Unit 5
R
Reading
Strategies
Teacher Edition
388-394_C16_S1_879995.indd 390
C
Critical
Thinking
Teacher Edition
• Reading Graphs, p. 391 • Cause and Effect, p. 391
• Academic Vocab, p. 392
D
Differentiated
Instruction
W
Writing
Support
Teacher Edition
Teacher Edition
Teacher Edition
• Verbal/Linguistic,
p. 392
• Expository Writing,
p. 393
• Using Geo. Skills, p. 394
Additional Resources
Additional Resources
• Guided Reading 16-1,
URB, p. 41
• RENTG pp. 112–114
• World Geo. in Graphic
Novel, pp. 31–35
S
Skill
Practice
• Quizzes and Tests, p. 187 Additional Resources
• Diff. Instr. for the Geo.
Classroom, pp. 61–63
• Foldables, p. 58
Additional Resources
Additional Resources
• Enrichment Act.,
URB p. 39
• Daily Focus Skills
Trans. 16-1
• Map Overlay Trans. 5-6
• Pol. Map Trans., p. 9
1/25/10 2:29:37 PM
Changing Economies
MAIN Idea Russia has faced many challenges in
its transition from a command economy to a market economy.
GEOGRAPHY AND YOU When the U.S. economy
fluctuates, are people in urban and rural areas affected
in similar ways? Read to learn how economic and
political changes have affected Russia’s people.
Since the fall of communism in 1991, Russia
has faced economic challenges, such as providing jobs and expanding trade.
The Soviet Command Economy
The Market Economy
When Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in
1985, the Soviet economy was in trouble. So he
began to move toward a market economy, in
which businesses are privately owned. Gorbachev
reduced some government controls, allowed
people to start small businesses, and encouraged
foreign investment. Boris Yeltsin, Gorbachev’s
successor, expanded this process.
Industry:
28.9%
Industry:
43.3%
Public
Sector:
26%
CHAPTER
2008
Service:
17.1%
Agriculture:
13.6%
Section 1
Service:
28.5%
R
Public Sector:
32.6%
Teach
R Reading Strategy
Agriculture:
10.0%
Reading Graphs Discuss with
Sources: World Bank, A Country Economic Memorandum
for the Russian Federation, March 2005; Federal State Statistics Service.
students the trends reflected in
the “Restructuring Employment”
graphs. Discuss whether these
trends are expected to continue,
based on the information in this
section. OL
Privatization Russia’s economy continued to
change after the fall of the Soviet Union.
Russian president Boris Yeltsin removed
90 percent of price controls and encouraged
the mass privatization — a change to private
ownership — of state-owned companies. This
change favored people who could afford to
purchase large companies. Rather than reinvest
in Russia, many invested their profits outside
the country. Most average Russians neither
earned nor were spending the new wealth.
The Transition Continues The Russian economy
experienced ups and downs throughout the 1990s.
Although more consumer goods were available,
prices soared, and many people could not afford
to buy the goods. Between 1990 and 1995, Russia’s
GDP fell by 50 percent. Following a 1998
financial crisis, the ruble — Russia’s currency — C
lost 71 percent of its value. The international
community made large loans to Russia.
Yeltsin resigned as president of Russia in 1999.
His successor, Vladimir Putin, inherited an unstable economy that lacked a strong banking system.
The Russian military was also in need of improvements. However, Putin needed to avoid overspending on the armed forces at the expense of
overall economic growth.
Russia has experienced economic growth since
1998, due in part to increases in productivity,
wages, consumption, and a growing middle
class. However, under new president Dmitry
Medvedev, the country still faces the challenges
of diversifying the economy, stimulating the
growth of small businesses, and investing in
human capital through education and training.
Regions What economic transition has Russia been making since the 1980s?
Chapter 16 391
C Critical Thinking
Determining Cause and
Effect Ask: What was the
RUSSIA
Under Communist leaders, the Soviet Union
operated as a command economy in which the
government made key economic decisions. The
government owned banks, factories, farms,
mines, and transportation systems. The government decided what and how much to produce,
how to produce it, and who would benefit from
the profits. It also controlled the pricing of most
goods and decided where they would be sold.
Unemployment was nearly nonexistent, but
wages were low in the Soviet Union. Some people
could not afford consumer goods, or goods
needed for everyday life. Even when people had
enough money, such goods were hard to find.
Some items could be bought on the black market,
illegal trade in which scarce or illegal goods are
sold at high prices. Most workers, however, could
not afford to pay these high prices.
By the 1970s and 1980s, many developed countries had turned away from heavy industry to
focus on technology. The Soviet system, however,
focused on increased industrial production and
did not invest in high-technology industries. As a
result, its economy stagnated, and the standard of
living declined.
Restructuring Employment
1990
effect of mass privatization?
(Varied answers might include
high inflation or falling GDP.) OL
For additional practice on this
skill, see the Skills Handbook.
Answer:
toward a market economy
Hands-On
Chapter Project
Step 1
Small Business
Administration
388-394_C16_S1_879995.indd 391
Step 1: Transition Students operate a
small business under the Soviet system.
The business they operate is owned and
controlled by the state. As the market system changes, the business must change
with the times.
1/25/10 2:30:00 PM
however, the market is changing and
Essential Question How do small busi-
nesses adapt as the economy moves from
state owned to privately owned?
“Bakery” must change with the times.
Directions Have students work in groups
decide on what business they want to
develop. Have them research and note
what might need to be done to move their
business from state owned to privately
owned. OL
of three or four. Ask them to come up with
a small business that they own in Moscow.
Explain that in 1990, the business might
have been called “Bakery” as it was state
owned and had no competition. Now,
Putting It Together Students can
(Chapter Project continues on page 396.)
391
These sectors suffered because the system did
not motivate workers.
In 1991 President Yeltsin began restructuring
state-run farms so they could function better in a
MAIN Idea Russia’s transition to a market econmarket economy. However, Russian farmers —
omy has transformed agriculture and industry.
accustomed to the stability of Soviet conGEOGRAPHY AND YOU Where are major manufactrols — continued to operate many of Russia’s
turing industries located in the United States? Read to
farms as kolkhozes or sovkhozes. Most farmers
learn about Russia’s major industries.
could not afford to buy land, and they worried
that wealthy Russians or foreign investors might
Russia’s transition to a market economy has R use the land for nonagricultural development.
included restructuring agriculture, privatizing
Because of these concerns, progress toward a
industry, opening markets to foreign investors,
market economy for agriculture has been slow. In
and managing natural resources more efficiently.
2002, however, a new land code made it easier
for Russians to buy and sell farmland, which
helped speed up the restructuring process. Over
Agriculture
the last several years, Russian agricultural exports
Soviet-era farms were organized into statehave increased, and the country has also become
controlled kolkhozes (kahl•KAW•zehz) and
a large grain exporter.
sovkhozes (sahf•KAW•zehz). Kolkhozes were
farms worked by farmers who shared, to a degree,
Industry
D in the farm’s production and profits. Sovkhozes
Russian industry has been transformed since
were farms run more like factories, with the
the early 1990s. The graph at the left shows that
farmworkers receiving wages. However, the govthe share of GDP from the industrial sector fell
ernment controlled the prices and production in
after the collapse of the Soviet Union. It has taken
both the agricultural and industrial sectors.
years to approach the Soviet levels. For many
years, Russia’s state-owned aerospace industry
and its military-industrial system were its ecoContribution of Industry
nomic and technical focus. Many of these compoto Russia’s GDP
nents have become privately owned and provide
export income. Russia has also encouraged for50
eign investment by selling shares of ownership in
some Russian companies and by opening Russia’s
40
markets to Western companies.
In general, Russia’s economy is expanding,
30
particularly in the areas of industry and services.
20
Russia’s most important industry is petroleum
extraction and processing, and the country is
10
one of the world’s largest producers of crude oil.
0
Russia’s domestic oil provides its other industries with vital energy at a reasonable cost. While
Year
energy resources dominate Russian exports,
Sources: World Development Indicators,The World Bank;
minerals also provide important export income.
The World Factbook 2008 and 2009, www.cia.gov.
The country is also a major producer of iron
ore, manganese, and nickel. Huge forests in
Russia produce one-fifth of the world’s soft1. Regions Describe the trends in Russia’s GDP from 1990 to 2008.
wood, and Russian supertrawlers, or fish-factory
ships, process catches from both the Atlantic
2. Regions In what year did the industrial sector’s contribution to
GDP reach its lowest point?
and Pacific Oceans.
Economic Activities
Section 1
D Differentiated
Instruction
Verbal/Linguistic Students
can remember the difference
between kolkhozes and sovkhozes
(types of farms) by remembering
that “kol” refers to “collective”
and “sov” refers to state run,
as in “Soviet”. OL
R Reading Strategy
Academic Vocabulary Discuss
with students the definition of the
word stability and what it means
in this section. BL ELL
08
06
20
04
20
02
20
00
20
98
20
96
19
92
19
Answer:
petroleum
19
19
90
2. 2003
94
Percent of GDP
Answers
1. It shrank steadily until 1998
and then it began to grow.
It then dipped slightly but
rebounded and began to
grow again in 2004.
19
CHAPTER
Regions What is Russia’s most
important industry?
Use StudentWorks™ Plus or glencoe.com.
Differentiated
Instruction
392 Unit 5
388-394_C16_S1_879995.indd 392
1/25/10 2:30:04 PM
Leveled Activities
BL
Differentiated Instruction,
p. 62
OL
Vocabulary Activity, URB,
p. 34
Name
Date
Class
AL
Political Map Transparencies,
p. 12
Name
Date
ELL
Class
Differentiated Instruction,
p. 61
CHAPTER
16
Create a Map
Key Terms and Reinforcement
Key Terms and Reinforcement
Struggling Economy
Struggling Economy
Environmental Issues
Environmental Issues
Give students a blank map of Russia and ask them to work in pairs to trace the
Trans-Siberian Railroad. Ask them to label the following on their map:
Moscow
Yekaterinburg
Omsk
Irkutsk
Lake Baikal
Vladivostok
Ethnic Groups
trade in which illegal goods are bought
and sold (2 words)
small farm where farmers share in production
and profits
by-product of producing nuclear power (2 words)
central authority makes key economic
decisions (2 words)
Week Three: Take a train from the previous city
to Yakutsk in eastern Siberia for the annual
Ysyakh Festival on June 21. Prepare for cold
temperatures by bringing plenty of
Week One: Arrive in St. Petersburg. See the
Bolshoi Ballet.Then take a bus south to
Moscow. I will cover approximately
miles. Fly from
Moscow to Volgograd, located 48°N latitude
and
longitude.
Week Two: Rent a car and drive from Volgograd
to Astrakhan.This city is located near the
clothing.
Week Four: Fly from Yakutsk south to
Vladivostok.While visiting the area, go on
a sightseeing cruise on the Sea of
.
Sea.Then fly from
Free Speech
60°N
80°N
ARCTIC
OCEAN
0°
16
0°
E
Sea of
Okhotsk
B
a
Se
ck
la
40
°N
40°E
Free Speech
80°N
392
60°N
Workforce
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Companies, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Source: CIA World Factbook, 2006
Workforce
Astrakhan to
, a city in
south-central Russia that is located at approximately 55°N latitude and 83°E longitude.
N
0
0
500 mi.
500 km
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Companies, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
change to private ownership
privately owned businesses respond
to supply and demand (2 words)
chemical used to kill insects
Discuss the importance of having a railroad that connects Russia’s Far East to
the more populous west.
Ethnic Groups
Distances in Russia
Russia is an immense country. To give students an idea of its width, have them
measure the distances between the following Russian cities:
St. Petersburg and Yakutsk
Moscow and Vladivostok
Transportation and
Communications
CHAPTER
MAIN Idea Russia is developing and improving
transportation and communications systems to
help with the transition to a market economy.
W Writing Support
Expository Writing Have
students read this one-page
description of the importance of
transportation and communication
systems in Russia today. Ask: Why
is it important to have and maintain these systems? (They are vital
for the transition to a market
economy.) OL
GEOGRAPHY AND YOU How might Russia’s physical geography and climate present obstacles to the
country’s transportation and communications systems? Read to learn how Russia is trying to overcome these obstacles.
In an age of speedy transportation and the
Internet, Russia struggles to find funds for new
highways and high-tech communications.
Section 1
The Trans-Siberian Railroad is the
greater part of the rail route from
Moscow to the Pacific port city of Vladivostok.
Regions How does Russia’s climate influence transportation in the country?
Transporting Goods
Russia’s transportation systems must move
class status, but public transportation remains a
resources great distances to reach consumers.
practical option for many. Some of the systems
A major highway system links Moscow with
and equipment, however, need repair and
other major cities, but many roads are in poor
improvements.
repair. Melting snow and the spring thaw in
The Soviet Union used jet airplanes for passenplaces like Siberia often make roads impassable.
ger traffic, and the government financially supBecause of its great size and climate extremes, W ported air travel. The passenger airline Aeroflot
Russia depends on railroads and waterways for
was once the only one in the Soviet Union. Today,
most of its transportation needs. Russia boasts
Aeroflot is the largest airline in Russia. It comthe world’s longest continuous railroad line,
petes for business with other airlines, both
the Trans-Siberian Railroad. Major cities are
domestic and foreign. Most major cities have
found where the Trans-Siberian Railroad crosses
national and international carriers.
large rivers. Millions of tons of goods travel along
thousands of miles of navigable inland waterMass Communications
ways, which connect seaports and inland cities.
During the Soviet era, the state owned and
Pipelines are effective in transporting petrocontrolled all mass communications systems.
leum products, although constructing and mainState agencies reviewed all print and broadcast
taining them can be difficult in areas of harsh
materials to make sure they contained no criticlimate. Pipelines crisscross Russia, providing
cism of the government. Since the fall of the
Russian cities and parts of western Europe with
Soviet Union, Russians have heard and read new
fuel. Minor pipelines run through Chechnya and
voices and fresh views. Under Putin, however,
Dagestan (dah•guh•STAHN), republics in
the Kremlin exerted greater control over national
southwestern Russia. People in these republics
television networks.
are fighting for more self-rule from Russia, so
Russia has made progress in building the telecontrol of the area’s oil reserves and pipelines is
communications infrastructure needed for a mara major concern.
ket economy. This has allowed the number of cell
phone subscribers to jump from 1 million in 1998
to 188 million in 2007. And Russia ranks twelfth
Transporting People
in the world in number of Internet users.
Most Russians live in cities, and many do not
own cars. Therefore, public transportation — such
Human-Environment Interaction
as trains, buses, and subways — is common.
Why does Russia depend on railroads and waterways for most of its transportation needs?
Private car ownership is a symbol of middle-
Caption Answer:
RUSSIA
Answer:
Roads are often impassable due
to melting ice and snow.
Additional
Support
Chapter 16 393
388-394_C16_S1_879995.indd 393
The Ruble To help students understand
the Russian economy, it would be helpful if
they knew something of Russian currency.
The understanding of this basic currency
might also help with their small-business
activity in the Hands-On Chapter Project.
Tell students that the ruble is the Russian
equivalent of the U.S. dollar, though they
Roads are often impassable
due to melting ice and snow,
so railroads and waterways
are important.
Activity: Economics Connection
1/25/10 2:30:06 PM
must understand that the two currencies
have different values. The ruble is broken
down by kopeks. Kopeks are like pennies.
100 kopeks equal one ruble. Students can
read about Russian banknotes and learn
about the history of banking in Russia at
the Web site of The Central Bank of
Russia at www.cbr.ru/eng/today/history/
central_bank.asp More advanced students
can read about Russian currency on the
world exchange market by going to the
Web site of The Chicago Mercantile
Exchange at www.cme.com. Ask students
to write a brief summary of what they
learned from the Web sites they
visited. OL
393
CHAPTER
Trade and
Interdependence
Section 1
MAIN Idea Russia is expanding international
trade and is working to build political and financial
relationships within the global community.
S Skill Practice
S
Using Geography Skills As
students consider Russia’s economic place in the world and the
title of “superpower” that is often
used in connection with the country, have them examine a globe to
remind them of Russia’s size and
place on the planet as it spans two
continents. OL
Russia has focused on becoming a full partner
in the global community by expanding trade
and building international relationships.
Trade
Russia is a major source of energy and fuels,
which account for over 50 percent of its exports.
The European Union, other former Soviet republics, China, and Japan are among Russia’s major
trading partners.
Energy exports are expected to remain Russia’s
main item of international trade until its manufactured goods improve in quality and become
more competitively priced. Working to strengthen
Answer:
energy and fuels
Assess
Geography
GEOGRAPHY AND YOU What role do energy
resources have in U.S. involvement in the global
economy? Read to learn about the importance of
energy in Russia’s international trade relationships.
ONLINE
SECTION
Study Central™ provides summaries, interactive games, and
online graphic organizers to help
students review content.
Main Ideas
2. What challenges has Russia faced in its transition to a market
economy?
3. How is Russia working to improve its transportation and communications systems?
4. What steps has Russia taken to expand international trade and
build relationships in the global community?
5. Using a chart like the one below, fill in details about agriculture and industry in the Soviet command economy and in the
Russian market economy. Then explain how these two sectors
of the economy have been transformed.
Making Connections Ask:
Who are Russia’s major trading
partners? (European Union, former
Soviet republics, China, and Japan)
Soviet Command
Economy
Section
1
Review
Russia works to maintain its role in world
affairs. It benefits from occupying the former
Soviet Union’s seat in the United Nations Security
Council. It has also joined European organizations that support security and cooperation. Russia
has helped settle conflicts and has supported peace
efforts in several countries. Even as Russia asserts
itself internationally, however, economic problems
have drained money from its military.
Adequate financial resources are vital to Russia’s
stability and progress in the global community.
Other countries and world organizations have
provided loans, and foreign investors have made
funds available to Russian industry. With such
help, Russia is trying to create secure and workable systems for banking, farming, manufacturing, transportation, and communications.
Place What natural resource
accounts for the majority of Russia’s total exports?
Critical Thinking
6. Answering the Essential Question What actions has
Russia taken to become part of the global economy?
7. Identifying Cause and Effect How did the transition from a
command economy to a market economy affect the Russian
people?
8. Analyzing Visuals Study the physical map on page 348 and
the economic activity map on page 352 of the Regional Atlas,
and the vegetation map on page 363. In what area is the raising
of livestock concentrated? How is this related to the physical
geography of the region?
Writing About Geography
9. Expository Writing Write a paragraph explaining how
Russia’s vast size affects the availability of natural resources
and the country’s ability to develop them.
Russian Market
Economy
Agriculture
Geography
Industry
Study Central™ To review this section, go to
glencoe.com and click on Study Central.
ONLINE
394 Unit 5
388-394_C16_S1_879995.indd 394
1. Definitions for the vocabulary terms are
found in the section and the Glossary.
2. prices going up, the GDP falling, rampant
inflation, a weak banking system, foreign
debt, unstable currency and corruption
3. constructing pipelines, maintaining railroads
and ports, boosting cellular phone service
4. It joined a number of trade organizations,
occupies a seat on the UN security council,
and joined European organizations that promote security and cooperation.
394
International Relations
1 REVIEW
Vocabulary
1. Explain the significance of: command economy, consumer good,
black market, market economy, privatization, kolkhoz, sovkhoz.
Close
its industries, Russia became a member of the AsiaPacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) in 1998. In
2006, Russia and the United States signed a bilateral agreement for Russia’s entry into the World
Trade Organization (WTO).
1/25/10 2:30:08 PM
Answers
5. Command Economy: agriculture—kolkhozes or sovkhozes, farmers shared profits or
received wages, government controlled prices
and production; industry—focused on heavy
industry, caused economic decline. Market
Economy: agriculture—still many kolkhozes
and sovkhozes, production has fallen but new
land codes boosted productivity; industry—
was privatized, suffered a decline into the late
1990s, rebounded and growing today.
6. It has expanded trade, especially in energy
and fuels.
7. The Soviet era offered stability. A market
economy made many people fear the instability it brought. Consumer goods were
more readily available, but prices went up.
Corruption brought instability and higher
prices. Today prices are under control and
industry is growing in the cities, but remote
regions have yet to see any benefit.
8. along the grassland areas of Russia’s southern
border; along the flat plains
9. Paragraphs will vary.
SECTION
section
audio
People and Their
Environment
2
spotlight
video
Guide to Reading
Essential Question
Content Vocabulary
• pesticide
• nuclear waste
(p. 397)
Places to Locate
• Barents Sea (p. 396)
• Baltic Sea (p. 396)
• Bering Sea (p. 396)
• Chernobyl (p. 396)
• Lake Baikal (p. 397)
• Noril’sk (p. 397)
• Kamchatka (p. 397)
Reading Strategy
Organizing As you read about
Russia’s environment, complete a
graphic organizer similar to the one
below by describing the environmental issues and concerns for
each location.
Guide to Reading
Answers to Graphic:
— Fen Montaigne,
“Boreal: The Great
Northern Forest,”
National Geographic,
June 2002
Concerns
Location
Description
Chernobyl
nuclear
power plant
nuclear
fallout,
radiation
poisoning
Lake Baikal
world’s
oldest and
deepest lake.
dumping of
industrial
pollutants
Kamchatka
eastern
peninsula in
Russia
mining
threatens fish
stocks and
local wildlife
RUSSIA
“I visited the Khabarovsk region . . . in mid-September. With Russia’s economy and its wood products industry on the rebound after the 1990s — when
timber harvesting dropped by 60 percent — there was abundant evidence of
logging. Train cars stacked high with lumber rumbled down the Baikal-Amur
Railway, much of it bound for China, where a growing economy and a near
moratorium on logging have created high demand for Siberian wood.
Khabarovsk’s easily accessible forests have already been logged, forcing timber
companies to forge ever deeper into the taiga. From the city of Komsomolsk on
Amur I drove five hours to reach one of
the closest logging areas. Along
the way I passed numerous
areas of burned forest —
gray swaths of scorched
tree trunks sprawling
over the undulating
landscape.”
Academic Vocabulary
• contribute (p. 397)
• resident (p. 397)
• cite (p. 398)
Description
Daily Focus Transparency 16.2
Voices Around the World
• radioactive
material (p. 396)
Location
Section 2
Focus
Global demand for natural resources such as oil and
timber has created a difficult challenge for Russia —
how to manage its natural resources and balance
economic growth with environmental conservation.
How might human actions that
have modified Russia’s environment
affect its growth?
(p. 396)
CHAPTER
Concerns
Chernobyl
Lake Baikal
Kamchatka
To generate student interest and
provide a springboard for class
discussion, access the Chapter 16,
Section 2 video at glencoe.com.
A Russian timber
worker
Resource
Manager
Chapter 16 395
395-399_C16_S2_879995.indd 395
R
Reading
Strategies
C
Critical
Thinking
D
Differentiated
Instruction
1/25/10 2:30:51 PM
W
Writing
Support
S
Skill
Practice
Teacher Edition
Teacher Edition
Teacher Edition
Teacher Edition
Teacher Edition
• Making Connections,
p. 396
• Comparing and
Contrasting, p. 396
• Naturalist, p. 397
• Persuasive Writing,
p. 398
• Using Geo. Skills, p. 396
Additional Resources
Additional Resources
• Guided Reading 16-2,
URB, p. 42
• RENTG, pp. 115–117
• Vocab. Act., URB p. 34
• Environ. Issues Case
Study, URB p. 9
• Quizzes and Tests, p. 188
Additional Resources
• Reteaching Act.,
URB p. 35
• Graphic Organizer
Trans., pp. 47–48
Additional Resources
Additional Resources
• Authentic Assess.,
p. 46
• Daily Focus Skills
Trans. 16-2
• Map Overlay Trans. 5-5
• Reinforcing Skills Act.,
URB, p. 37
CHAPTER
Human Impact
Section 2
MAIN Idea The environmental damage caused by
Soviet-era industrialization continues to pose risks
to natural resources and human health.
Teach
GEOGRAPHY AND YOU How would you describe
the quality of the water and air in your community?
Read to learn why pollution is such a major problem for Russia’s water, soil, and air.
S Skill Practice
Using Geography Skills Ask:
The Soviets’ disregard for the environmental
effects of industrialization damaged Russia’s
water, air, and soil.
Nuclear wastes are the by-products of producing nuclear power and weapons. Some nuclear
wastes can remain radioactive for thousands of
years, posing dangers to people and the environment. The Soviets placed most nuclear wastes in
storage facilities, but some radioactive materials
—material contaminated by residue from the
generation of nuclear energy and weapons—
were dumped directly into the Barents Sea, the
Baltic Sea, and the Bering Sea.
Chernobyl Past and Present In 1986 a fire in a
nuclear reactor in the town of Chernobyl (chuhr•
NOH•buhl), 60 miles (97 km) north of Kiev,
Ukraine, released tons of radioactive particles into
Nuclear Wastes Between 1949 and 1987, the
the local environment—400 times more radioacSoviet Union set off more than 600 nuclear S tivity than was released at Hiroshima. Radiation
explosions. Soviets developed and then stockcovered tens of thousands of square miles of farmpiled nuclear weapons throughout the Cold War.
land and forests in the Soviet republics of Belarus,
Today, the condition and fate of those weapons
Ukraine, and Russia. Because of prevailing winds,
concern Russia and the rest of the world.
other countries suffered as well.
Millions of people were exposed to deadly levels of radiation because Soviet officials were
slow to alert the public to the crisis and did not
The Impact of Chernobyl, 1986
evacuate people soon enough. Thousands of
people died as a direct result of radiation poiRADIOACTIVITY
80°E
soning. Millions more continue to suffer from
Severe
0°
20°E
40°E
60°E
cancer, stomach diseases, cataracts, and immune
N
High
system disorders. Approximately 350,000 peoW
High to moderate
E
ple were displaced from their homes. Today
Moderate
S
Moderate to low
there is a tightly controlled exclusion zone sur°N
0
6
Low
rounding the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant.
20°W
After the accident, international pressure
prompted Soviet leaders to improve nuclear safety
North
standards and to shut down dangerous plants.
Sea
l
Despite concerns, 29 nuclear reactors continue to
Ba
C provide some of the country’s electricity. Experts R
ATLANTIC
Chernobyl
think that many remaining Soviet-era reactors are
OCEAN
Caspian
poorly designed and unsafe. Russia plans to
Sea
expand its nuclear power industry by building
Black Sea
N
°
40
No Data
more reactors and new power plants.
ASIA
Medit
In late 2000, the remaining reactor at
err
an
ean
Chernobyl
was shut down. In 2006, twenty
Sea
years after the explosion at Chernobyl, hazard0
600 kilometers
ous work began to build a new structure to
0
600 miles
AFRICA
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
replace the fragile sarcophagus that entombs the
deadly reactor. The new structure will not be a
permanent solution. However, it could help pre1. Location Which European countries had areas with high or severe
vent another Chernobyl disaster if the old struclevels of radioactivity?
ture were to collapse and release radioactive
2. Regions Which subregion of Europe—eastern or western—was
dust, or if water leaking into the old structure
more affected by radioactivity?
were to set off a nuclear chain reaction.
What climate and weather factors
contributed to radioactive contamination spreading to other
parts of Europe? (prevailing
winds) OL
R Reading Strategy
Making Connections Stu-
A
CI RCT
R C IC
LE
dents can read and learn about
the Three-Mile Island nuclear
accident in Pennsylvania by visiting
www.threemileisland.org/. Ask
students to write a paragraph that
summarizes their findings. OL
C Critical Thinking
tic
Sea
Comparing and Contrasting
After students read about both
Chernobyl and Three-Mile Island
have a class discussion comparing
and contrasting the two
events. OL
Answers
1. Ukraine and Belarus
2. eastern
Hands-On
Chapter Project
396 Unit 5
Step 2
Small Business
Administration
Step 2: Ready for Business Students
will administer a small business in the transition from a command economy to a market economy.
Essential Question What do small business owners, who are unaccustomed to
operating in a market economy, need to
know and do to keep their doors open?
396
Directions Have students develop a
Putting It Together As the small
simple business plan to help their business
survive and grow. The plan should outline
a vision for the business, a marketing strategy, and a financial goal. The plan should
also take environmental impact issues into
consideration (if applicable). This business
plan is what they will present to potential
investors and/or a bank.
business owners develop a plan, they
should organize it and put it together in a
visually pleasing way. This plan is their
advertisement to the business community
for the growth of their small business. OL
395-399_C16_S2_879995.indd 396
(Chapter Project continues on Visual Summary page.)
1/25/10 2:31:00 PM
Water Quality Industrialization has polluted
most of Russia’s lakes and rivers. Fertilizer runoff, sewage, and radioactive material all contribute to poor water quality. The waters of the
Moskva and Volga Rivers pose health risks.
Dams along the Volga River trap contaminated
water. Pollution also threatens the Caspian Sea.
Lake Baikal (by•KAWL) is the world’s oldest
and deepest lake. It contains one-fifth of the
world’s freshwater and 1,500 native species of
aquatic plants and animals. Calling it “the Pearl
of Siberia,” Russians consider the lake a natural
wonder. In 1957 the Soviet Union announced a
plan to build a paper-pulp factory along it’s
shores. Although this plan was opposed by people
in the area, their protests were ignored, and the
factory was built. This factory and others that
followed dumped industrial waste into the lake.
However, in response to ongoing protests, the
most serious polluters have been closed. Others
are working to reduce pollution. Pollution levels
in the lake are now relatively low compared
with many lakes in Europe.
Soil and Air Quality For decades, toxic waste
CHAPTER
MAIN Idea Russia is trying to repair past damage
to the environment as well as manage natural
resources without causing further harm.
Naturalist Ask students to conduct online research about saving
the world’s forests. For information
on The World Bank Sustainable
Forestry Pilot Project, have students go to www.worldbank.org/
and search “Projects.” Have students share their findings in
a class discussion. OL
The World Bank’s Sustainable Forestry Pilot
Project is helping Russia manage its forests. Using
land more wisely, protecting forests, planting new
trees, and increasing private investment all help
D
Russia’s environment and economy. Increased
employment opportunities in the forest industry
and more stable local economies will be possible
only if steps to conserve the forests are taken.
People have come together to oppose a mining
operation in remote Kamchatka (kuhm•
CHAHT•kuh) in eastern Russia. Environmental
groups have demanded that the mining company meet strict environmental standards. The
possible threat to the area’s salmon spawning
grounds prompted the local fishing industry to
support the effort. The mine also caused concern
among local residents because it was close to a
protected wildlife area. Even with growing environmental awareness, economic pressure continues to open other regions to development .
Geography ONLINE
Objectives and answers to the
Student Web Activity can be
found at glencoe.com under
the Web Activity Lesson Plan
for this program.
Human-Environment Interaction
Why is forest management important to Russia?
Caption Answer:
Some peoples’ jobs can be
harmful to the environment
or wildlife.
Answer:
industries, vehicle emissions, and
burning coal
Human-Environment Interaction
What factors contribute to poor air quality in Russia?
Answer:
to protect the environment and
the economy
Threats to salmon in Kamchatka
also impact the area’s brown
bears, whose diet depends on the availability of salmon.
Geography ONLINE
Student Web Activity Visit glencoe.com, select the
World Geography and Cultures Web site, and
click on Student Web Activities—Chapter 16 for an activity about Lake Baikal.
Human-Environment Interaction How do economic
development and environmental protection cause conflict in Russia?
Differentiated
Instruction
Chapter 16 397
395-399_C16_S2_879995.indd 397
BL
CHAPTER
OL
Enrichment Activity, URB,
p. 39
Name
16
Key Terms and Reinforcement
1/25/10 2:31:11 PM
Leveled Activities
Differentiated Instruction,
p. 61
Key Terms and Reinforcement
Section 2
D Differentiated
Instruction
GEOGRAPHY AND YOU What environmental issues
are important in your community? Read to learn about
the environmental challenges Russia faces today.
RUSSIA
dumps and airborne pollution poisoned Russia’s
soil. Aging storage containers cracked, and toxic
wastes leaked into the soil. Petroleum pipelines
often broke, allowing petroleum to ruin the land.
Overuse of fertilizers and pesticides — chemicals
used to kill crop-damaging insects, rodents, and
other pests — polluted farmland and water.
Russian experts believe that during the 1990s
only 15 percent of Russia’s urban population
lived with acceptable air quality. Air pollution as
far north as the remote Siberian town of Noril’sk
has been a factor since the time of Stalin.
Industries, vehicle emissions, and burning coal
are all sources of air pollution. In addition to
releasing soot, sulfur, and carbon dioxide into
the air, burning coal leads to acid rain. Acid rain
and chemical pollution have reduced Russian
forests dramatically.
Managing Resources
Date
AL
Differentiated Instruction,
p. 63
Class
ELL
Guided Reading, URB,
p. 42
Name
Enrichment Activity 16
Date
Class
Environmental Report Card
Environmental Report Card
Communications Transformation in Russia
Russia began to move toward a market economy in 1987. Since then, the number
of telephones, radio stations, and Internet service providers in the country has
increased dramatically. Still, Russia lags behind other industrialized democracies,
such as the United States, that have had private communications systems in place
for decades.
People and Their Environment
What is the main challenge for Russia and its abundant natural resources?
What is one example of Russia’s second challenge—to repair environmental damage?
What were the concerns of Russians who opposed the Kamchatka mining operation?
Area of
Concern
Description
of Problem
Efforts to
Solve It
Results
Grade
How has the Soviets’ disregard for the environmental effects of industrialization affected Russia’s
Environmental Issues
Struggling Economy
Environmental Issues
How many more radio stations were there in
the United States than in Russia?
Prior to privatization, who owned and operated
the communications media in Russia?
Using the estimated population figures, what
percentage of Russia’s total population used
the Internet in 2008?
Why would the economic changes after
1987 lead to an increase in the number of
communication networks?
Using the estimated population figures, what
percentage of the United States population
used the Internet in 2008?
Distances in Russia
Russia is an immense country. To give students an idea of its width, have them
measure the distances between the following Russian cities:
St. Petersburg and Yakutsk
Moscow and Vladivostok
How might you expect these numbers to look
if this data was collected in 1983?
Cellular telephone networks were first
introduced in the mid 1980s. Based on
this information, why might Russia have so
few telephone landlines compared to the
United States?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Companies, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Companies, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
environment?
Struggling Economy
What are the specific threats to Russia’s water quality?
Why do Russians call Lake Baikal “the Pearl of Siberia?”
What kinds of pollution have damaged Russia’s soil and air?
What are the sources of nuclear waste in Russia?
What happened at Chernobyl, and what were the effects?
How did Soviet leaders respond to international pressure after the accident?
397
CHAPTER
Challenges for
the Future
Section 2
MAIN Idea Russia faces many challenges as the
country’s growing economy and demand for natural resources impacts the environment.
W Writing Support
Persuasive Writing Ask students to use this text as a basis
for a two-paragraph persuasive
appeal for preserving Russia’s
natural resources. OL
GEOGRAPHY AND YOU What impact does the
world’s demand for oil have on the environment?
Read to learn about some of the environmental
challenges in Russia’s future.
Fish populations are shrinking worldwide, and
Russia’s supertrawlers are largely to blame.
Towing huge trawl nets—some large enough to
scoop up a whale—supertrawlers are floating fish
factories. These ships can catch and process more
than 400 tons (360 t) of fish a day. Because superW trawlers want only certain kinds of fish, everything else hauled up in the nets gets discarded.
Millions of fish and other marine animals die
unnecessarily every year. Since smaller boats cannot compete with supertrawlers, the big ships
threaten traditional fishing cultures. Supporters
of supertrawlers cite the growing global demand
Answer:
because it passes through a
protected wilderness area
Assess
Geography
ONLINE
Study Central™ provides summaries, interactive games, and
online graphic organizers to help
students review content.
SECTION
Main Ideas
2. How is Russia trying to reverse past damage to its natural
resources as well as manage them responsibly today?
3. Describe the challenges Russia faces as its growing economy
and the demand for natural resources impact the environment.
4. Create a graphic organizer like the one below to explain how
the environmental damage caused by Soviet-era industrialization continues to pose risks to natural resources and human
health.
Inferring Ask: Should countries like Russia be allowed to
build an oil pipeline through a
protected area? (Answers will
vary but should be supported with
logical explanations.)
Pollution
Water
•
•
•
Section
2
Soil & Air
•
•
•
Nuclear Waste
•
•
•
Critical Thinking
5. Answering the Essential Question How did the Soviet
government’s development of heavy industry affect the quality
of Russia’s environment?
6. Making Generalizations What generalizations can you make
about the relationship between economic development and
the environment in Russia?
7. Analyzing Visuals Study the economic activity map on
page 352. Think about the regions of Russia in which pollution
is a problem. Describe the relationship between the location
of manufacturing centers and pollution.
Writing About Geography
8. Expository Writing Think about the challenges Russia faces
concerning water quality. Write a paragraph explaining why
Russians do not use more water from Lake Baikal to supply
their freshwater needs.
Geography
ONLINE
Study Central™ To review this section, go to
glencoe.com and click on Study Central.
Review
398 Unit 5
395-399_C16_S2_879995.indd 398
1. Definitions for the vocabulary terms are
found in the section and the Glossary.
2. utilizing protection from the World Bank for
deforestation, enforcing new industrial and
pollution regulations
3. Russia has vast reserves of natural resources,
many of which are in remote regions. To get
to the resources, vast networks of infrastructure must be built to transport people and
materials to and from those areas.
4. Water: fertilizers, sewage and radioactive
398
Human-Environment Interaction
Why is a new pipeline linking eastern Siberia to the
Asia-Pacific region controversial?
2 REVIEW
Vocabulary
1. Explain the significance of: nuclear waste, radioactive material,
pesticide.
Close
for fish and fish products. Russian officials must
balance the risk of destroying fish stocks with
the need for a profitable fishing industry.
Pipelines built to transport oil and gas pass
through wilderness areas and threaten the surrounding environment and wildlife. In 2006 Russia
began constructing a highly controversial pipeline
to carry oil from eastern Siberia to the Pacific
Ocean. It will bring Russia billions of dollars from
countries in the Asia-Pacific region. The pipeline
will pass through a protected wilderness area near
Lake Baikal. President Putin ordered that the proposed route be diverted farther away from the
lake, but environmentalists still fear the irreversible damages that could be caused by an oil spill.
The widespread trend toward global warming
is happening at a dramatic pace in western
Siberia. An unprecedented thawing of the world’s
largest peat bog could release into the atmosphere billions of metric tons of methane, a
powerful greenhouse gas. Where permafrost
once covered the sub-Arctic region of western
Siberia, shallow lakes now stand.
1/25/10 2:31:13 PM
Answers
material were dumped into the water supply
causing health risks; Soil and Air: toxic waste
dumps leaked into the soil; pipelines broke,
releasing petroleum into the ground, pesticides polluted farmland, all damaging the soil
and water in the area. Industries, vehicles and
power plants released pollutants into the
air causing acid rain and damaging forests;
Nuclear Waste: dumped into corroding containers and into rivers and lakes. Chernobyl
released radioactive particles into the atmosphere, and the facility is in danger of collapse.
5. It was harmful; there were no regulations on
pollution. Air, water, and soil were damaged.
6. As Russia industrialized, the quality of the
environment deteriorated. Environmental
recovery and economic development are
currently taking place at the same time.
7. Since manufacturing centers need to dump
their waste, there may be a lot of pollution
around them.
8. Paragraphs will vary but students should
explain that Lake Baikal is very polluted.
CHAPTER
16
VISUAL SUMMARY
Study anywhere, anytime
by downloading quizzes
and flashcards to your
PDA from glencoe.com.
VISUAL SUMMARY
The Region Today
Illustrating Have students consider what life is like in a country
that is going through the kinds of
changes Russia is experiencing.
Ask: If you were a reporter sent
on assignment to Russia to do a
story on these changes, where
would you go? What would you
write? Have students outline a
story with pictures they would put
together on the changing face of
Russia. OL
Section C
Wednesday
An Economic Facelift
MARKET ECONOMY
• Russia shifted to a market economy in
the 1990s.
• The government encouraged small businesses and foreign investment.
• Mass privatization resulted in a growing
middle class.
• Today energy resources, particularly
petroleum, dominate Russian exports.
Russian GDP Per Capita
Did You Know?
Almost half of Russia is forest.
Russian forests occupy an area
that is bigger than the continental
United States.
19
90
19
92
19
94
19
96
19
98
20
00
20
02
20
04
20
06
20
08
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
RUSSIA
$thousands
COMMAND ECONOMY
• Under Communist leadership, the Soviet Union operated as
a command economy.
• The government emphasized heavy industry, making it an
industrial giant and a world power.
• The country struggled with low wages, poverty, and scarcity.
• While other countries invested in technology, the Soviet Union
continued to push heavy industry.
Note: Figures are given in current U.S. dollars.
Source: The World Bank Group, World Development Indicators.
Preserving Russia’s Natural Resources
• Russia is a land of abundant natural
resources, such as oil and timber.
• The World Bank’s Sustainable
Forestry Pilot Project is helping
Russia protect against
deforestation.
• The pollution of Russia’s water
supply has been reduced thanks
to new industrial and pollution
regulations.
• Nuclear wastes, left over from the
Soviet era, are still a problem in
some parts of Russia.
Hands-On
Chapter Project
Chapter 16 399
Step 3: Wrap-Up
Small Business
Administration
395-399_C16_S2_879995.indd 399
Step 3: Students will synthesize the work
they completed in Steps 1 and 2.
Directions Ask students to prepare their
pitches. Have groups present their business
plans to the rest of the class. Let the rest of
the class play the role of investor and/or
1/25/10
banker. As the groups spell out their
business plans, tell the rest of the class to
keep notes. Tell them they will be allowed to
ask questions. Ask: What is your plan and
how are you going to finance it? What is
the benefit to the community? What is the
benefit to Russia? After a plan is pitched, let
the investors question the business owners.
Ask: Is this a business you would invest in
in the new Russia? Why or why not? After all
the plans are pitched, review what worked
and what did not. Ask: What seemed to be
the hardest part about making a transition such as this? Do you think that Russian
businesses had the same problems you had
in trying to figure out how to operate in this
new economy? OL
2:31:21 PM
399
CHAPTER 16
ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 16
STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
TEST-TAKING TIP
Answers, Analyses,
and Tips
After you eliminate the choice that has nothing to do with Russia or the topic of the question,
see if you can eliminate one other choice and thus narrow the possibilities down to two.
Reviewing Vocabulary
1. A A Main Idea of the chapter is
Russia’s transition from a command
economy, where the government
made economic decisions, to a
market economy, in which businesses are privately owned. Answer
C is a distracter because it does not
describe a type of economy. Answer
D is incorrect because both command economies and market
economies can decline.
Reviewing Vocabulary
Reviewing Main Ideas
Directions: Choose the word or words that best complete the
sentence.
Directions: Choose the best answers to complete the sentences or to
answer the following questions.
1. In a
decisions.
Section 1 (pp. 390–394)
2. C Students having trouble
should know that a black market
thrives “in the dark,” or outside the
law. Students should know that a
kolkhoz is a type of farm, not a
market. Flea markets and hypermarkets, which operate where
consumer goods are plentiful, are
not described in the chapter.
sells goods illegally, usually at higher prices than
2. A
regulations allow.
5. D Students who have read the
chapter carefully should be aware
that the Soviet Union’s focus on
heavy industry and military hardware, including tanks, trucks, airplanes, and spare parts, did not
leave many resources for producing consumer goods. Answer C is
a distracter. Answer D is the correct choice.
6. C Students who have read the
chapter know that this huge
country has vast oil and natural
gas reserves. Russia’s most important exports are energy, and raw
400
5. In the Soviet era, Russians endured shortages of
A command
.
A heavy industrial goods
B market
B military hardware
C free
C space exploration
D declining
D consumer goods
6. What is Russia’s most important industry today?
A steel making
B automobiles
A kolkhoz
C petroleum extraction and processing
B flea market
D textiles and clothing
C black market
D hypermarket
Section 2 (pp. 395–398)
7. What factors have contributed to the reduction in Russian
forests?
3. Generation of nuclear energy produces polluting
A heavy metals
3. C The Soviet Union’s disregard
for the environment, and its poor
methods of disposing of radioactive nuclear waste, are important
ideas presented in the chapter.
4. D Many insects are pests to
farmers; therefore the answer is
pesticides. Students should know
that nuclear wastes and acids are
not used in agriculture. Fertilizers
are chemicals or organic materials
used to help plants grow.
economy, the government makes key economic
B acid rain
C radioactive material
D pesticides
.
A increased large-scale farming and pipelines in the northernmost parts of Russia
B urban sprawl and industrialization
C overuse of fertilizers and pesticides
D acid rain and chemical pollution
8. After the accident at Chernobyl in 1986, what happened to
energy production in the Soviet Union?
4.
are chemicals used to kill crop-damaging insects
and other organisms.
A Nuclear wastes
B Acids
C Fertilizers
D Pesticides
A All nuclear power plants were shut down.
B Nuclear power plants were inspected and renovated to a
higher safety standard.
C Much of the country’s electricity continues to come from
the 29 remaining plants.
D The ruins of Chernobyl were encased in a totally secure
structure to prevent radioactive leaks.
GO ON
400
Unit 5
materials
such as minerals
and timber. Russia
400-401_C16_STP_879995.indd
400
imports manufactured goods, and its automobiles, textiles, and clothing are of poor quality.
7. C Students may find it difficult to answer
this question. A major theme of the chapter is
the continuing damage done to Russia’s environment and ecological systems because of
the Soviet Union’s disregard of environmental
protection in the past, and Russia’s current
reliance on heavy industry and resource
extraction.
8. B The Chernobyl accident was covered exten- 12/10/09
sively in the section. Students should be aware
that, although Russia shut down its most dangerous nuclear power plants after the accident, it
did not shut down all of them. Although some of
Russia’s electricity is still generated by the 29
remaining plants, most of its electricity is generated by other methods, probably including coal
and hydroelectric power. The remaining reactor
at Chernobyl was not shut down until 2000.
9:47:56 AM
ASSESSMENT
Critical Thinking
Document-Based Questions
Directions: Choose the best answers to complete the sentences or to
answer the following questions.
Directions: Analyze the document and answer the short-answer
question that follows the document.
9. The Soviet era left a legacy of environmental pollution
because
.
Document-Based
Questions
Autocratic governments tend to be very secretive, not even
distributing full and accurate information to their own people.
Official Soviet government maps were incomplete and contained
incorrect information. In 1989 the government cartographic
office issued the first accurate street map of Moscow.
A Soviet scientists were ignorant of environmental protection principles
B foreign countries were uninterested in protecting the
environment
V. Yashchenko [chief of the Main Administration of Geodesy
and Cartography] said: “Beginning last year, we have finally
begun to get rid of the chronic complexes of spy mania and to
get freed from the heavy burden which we had to carry since
the Higher Directorate of Cartography came . . . to report to
the NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs). This is
where it all began. . . .”
C industrialization was the main goal, and environmental
protection was unimportant to the government
D the Soviets believed theirs was the world’s best country
Base your answer to question 10 on the map and on your knowledge
of Chapter 16.
However, times are changing. Fifty years were needed in
order for this truth to become apparent: Why conceal from
ourselves something that is no secret for others? So, work on
declassification began. It appears that the world has not been
profoundly surprised. . . .
Russia: Transportation
CHAPTER 16
ASSESSMENT
In March or April, a map of Moscow will be released. As
V. Yashchenko says, all streets and lanes of the capital city
have never been shown on a map available to the general
public so diligently. . . .
“Broad circles of the public have never seen such maps
before. Believe me, they can rely on them completely,” noted
V. Yashchenko.
—G. Alimov, “Accurate Maps Reveal Former ‘Secrets’”
11. Why did the Soviet Union publish incomplete maps?
11. because the government was
very secretive; The introduction to
the passage states that “autocratic
governments tend to be secretive.”
In the first paragraph of the passage
V. Yashchenko is quoted as saying
that Russia has “chronic complexes
of spy mania” which indicate the
secretive nature of the government.
Extended Response
12. Some possible answers include
closing the most serious of the
polluting companies, or cleaning
up the dirtiest sites. Students may
also respond that Russia is working with international organizations to manage its resources; it
has enforced antipollution laws;
and environmental groups now
have greater influence on Russia’s
policy.
Extended Response
10. What part of Russia has the most complete transportation
network?
12. Exploring the BiG Idea
Describe the steps that are being taken in Russia to repair
the environmental damage of the Soviet era.
A western Russia
B eastern Russia
C northern Siberia
STOP
D the Pacific coast region
Geography
ONLINE
For additional test practice, use Self-Check Quizzes—
Chapter 16 on glencoe.com.
Need Extra Help?
If you missed questions. . .
Go to page. . .
1
391
2
391
3
397
4
397
5
391
6
392
7
396
8
397
9
396
10
401
11
401
12
396
Chapter 16 401
400-401_C16_STP_879995.indd 401
TEST-TAKING TIP
If students are having difficulty answering multiple-choice questions that ask for
a number such as a percentage, tell them
to eliminate the high number and the
low number, and consider an answer
from the middle range.
Critical Thinking
9. C During the Soviet era, Soviet scientists and
Russian citizens were aware of environmental
protection principles. Choice D is a distracter.
12/10/09 9:47:58It
AM
was primarily the emphasis on industrialization
that caused the greatest threat to Russia’s environment. Answer B is incorrect, since other
countries worked to protect their own environments during this time.
10. A The map clearly shows a “web” of roads
and railroads centered on Moscow. Students
should remember that the west is where the
largest cities are.
Geography ONLINE
Have students visit the Web
site at glencoe.com to review
Chapter 16 and take the SelfCheck Quiz.
Need Extra Help?
Have students refer to the pages
listed if they miss any of the
questions.
401
CASE STUDY
Focus
Introducing the
Case Study
Tell students that in Russia, the
indigenous peoples live in their
historical territory, and preserve
a traditional way of life. They
number no more than 50,000
within Russia. About 60 indigenous
groups are recognized. Most of the
indigenous groups live in the far
north, in Siberia, and in the far
east. Ask: Why is it difficult for
indigenous groups in Russia to
protect their environment and
their way of life? (Since these groups
are so small and live in areas far away
from the central government, it is
hard for them to influence national
policies.) OL
Teach
S Skill Practice
Reading a Graph Ask students to look at the circle graph,
“Proven Oil Reserves.” Ask: Compared to the oil reserves of
Canada, how much oil does
Russia have? (Russia has less oil;
Russia has less than half the oil that
Canada has.) OL
Additional
Support
Case STUDY
PROTECTING PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT:
How can the environment and indigenous peoples be protected as
the oil and natural gas industry expands in Russia?
The world is hungry for oil and natural gas, and Russia has about 5 percent of the
world’s known oil reserves and more than 20 percent of the known natural gas
reserves. Even though Russia uses some of these resources, there is much more in the
ground and discoveries of new oil fields are made regularly. As Russia develops its
market economy, it looks to oil and natural gas exports as a way to earn income.
Understanding the Issue
The balance between using natural resources and
preserving the environment and the ways of life of
indigenous peoples can be viewed from several
perspectives.
A Moral Issue Forests are often cut down to tap into
the oil fields and transport the oil and natural gas.
There is also a high risk for fires as oil may leak and
can potentially catch fire, burning even more forests.
Animal habitats may be destroyed, and the cultures of
indigenous peoples disrupted. At the same time, money
from selling oil and natural gas pays for infrastructure
and other human needs. It also provides jobs.
Iran: 6.8%
Saudi
Arabia:
16.9%
Iraq: 3.7%
Russia:
15.3%
China: 6.2%
Mexico: 5.0%
Canada: 5.3%
United
States:
13.3%
Brazil: 3.8%
Venezuela: 4.1%
Nigeria: 3.4%
United Arab
Emirates: 4.8%
Kuwait: 4.3%
Algeria: 3.4%
Norway: 3.9%
Source: Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy.
Proven Oil Reserves, 2009
An Economic Dilemma While oil and natural gas
Other:
can bring great wealth to the country, Russia’s oil
15.3%
fields are located far from Russia’s population cenIraq:
ters and other countries where the products can be
8.6%
sold. These locations also have extremely cold cli- S Libya: 3.3%
mates, and some are swampy or mountainous, makKuwait: 7.7%
ing access difficult. Russia needs foreign investment
United Arab
to explore, extract, and transport oil and natural gas
Emirates: 7.3%
Nigeria: 2.7%
resources.
A Political Problem The United States, Western
Europe, China, and Japan look to Russia to supply
their growing energy needs. Russia wants to be sure
to receive a fair price for their oil and natural gas and
that their fragile northern environments are protected.
Russian oil and natural gas may encounter further
political problems. For example, in December 2005
the Russian government threatened to stop the flow
of natural gas to Ukraine because of a political dispute. In January 2006, an agreement was reached,
but the threat showed the vulnerability of Russian
customers.
Saudi
Arabia:
19.9%
Iran:
10.1%
Russia: 4.5%
Canada:
13.3%
Venezuela: 7.4%
Source: Oil and Gas Journal.
World Natural Gas Production, 2008
Saudi Arabia: 1.8%
Iran: 3.7%
Qatar: 1.9%
China: 1.6%
United Arab
Emirates: 1.7%
Netherlands: 1.7%
Indonesia: 1.7%
Other:
23.0%
Russia:
14.3%
United
States:
15.2%
Canada: 4.3%
Algeria: 4.2%
Norway: 2.0%
Source: Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy.
402 Unit 5
402-405_U5_CS_879995.indd 402
Background: People and Culture
Peoples of Sakhalin Sakhalin Island was
claimed by both Russia and Japan for centuries.
It became part of Russia in 1875. Beginning in
1905, at the end of the Russo-Japanese War,
most of the island was again controlled by
Japan. At the end of World War II, the Soviet
Union took control of the island and forced out
the Japanese population as well as most of the
indigenous Ainu people. Today, the indigenous
402
Top World Oil Producers, 2008
peoples of Sakhalin include the Nivkhs, with
about 2,500 members, the Orochi, with about
200 members, and the Nanais and Oroks, with
just a few hundred members each. They are all
vastly outnumbered on the island by nearly
500,000 Russians and 30,000 Koreans. Many
members of these small indigenous communities still survive by reindeer herding, hunting,
fishing, and berry collecting.
1/25/10 3:33:31 PM
CASE STUDY
D Differentiated
Instruction
Visual/Spatial Tell students that
building a pipeline from eastern
Siberia to the Pacific coast is a tremendous undertaking. Along the
way crews will clear and level the
land, remove trees, boulders, and
brush, and strip topsoil. Have students look at the picture showing
the construction of a natural gas
pipeline. Ask: What does the
picture show about some of the
conditions that will be encountered while building the pipeline?
(ground is cold, possibly frozen;
pipeline is not buried very deeply
at this point; construction will be
year-round) OL
D
Workers construct a natural gas pipeline near Komsomol’sk–na–Amure
in eastern Russia.
Possible Solutions
Solutions to the problem of using Russia’s oil and
natural gas must be approached in several ways.
Environmental Protection Monitoring, pollution
180°
RC
120°E
CI
90°E
IC
60°E
LE
150°E
30°E
CT
E
AR
International Relations Russia wants to sell its
oil and natural gas to other countries, and doing
so requires that it develop good relations with
those countries. Better relations between consuming countries and other producers would
also take some of the pressure off of Russia. This
would encourage it to preserve the environment
and the ways of life of indigenous peoples.
A
R U S S I
CENTRAL
ASIA
EAST ASIA
Oil and natural gas basin
Oil field
Natural gas field
0
°N
N
800 kilometers
30
E
0
800 miles
Two-Point Equidistant projection
W
S
Unit 5
402-405_U5_CS_879995.indd 403
Persuasive Writing Write a
paragraph that persuades skilled
workers from other countries to
come to Russia to help build a
natural gas or oil pipeline across
the country. Explain why workers
should leave their home countries
and what they will gain because
of their work. AL
60°N
ARCTIC
OCEAN
0°
EUROP
Conservation Russia must keep environmental
and conservation measures in mind when establishing new oil fields. Other countries can reduce W
their dependence on oil and natural gas through
more efficient vehicles, better insulation of buildings, and greater use of public transportation.
W Writing Support
Russia: Oil and Natural Gas
control devices, and high-quality transportation
equipment can help prevent spills, fires, and pollution from oil and natural gas operations. However,
these measures are expensive to implement and
require trained workers.
Additional
Support
403
Activity: Connecting to the United States
Evaluating Inform students that the
indigenous peoples of Russia cannot control
the exploration or exploitation of their
resources, because they do not own their
land. The land is owned and controlled by
the Russian government. In the United
States, by contrast, many Native American
groups control the resources on their lands,
because the groups as a whole or their indi-
1/25/10 3:34:03 PM
vidual members have title to their land. Ask:
What are some of the problems Native
American groups have had in controlling
the environment and natural resources on
their lands? Divide the class into two or more
groups. Ask each group to study how the discovery of mineral or energy resources has
impacted the lifestyle and environment of a
Native American group in the United States.
You may suggest that students investigate
oil produced on land owned by the Osage
in Oklahoma, the threat to the hunting
lands of Alaska’s Unupiat by oil exploitation, or the Black Mesa coal fields on Navajo
land in Arizona. Have the groups present
their findings to the rest of the class. OL
403
CASE STUDY
Understanding the Case
The primary sources below will help you understand the environmental problems of Russia’s oil and natural gas industry. Use these resources, along with what
you have learned in Unit 5, to complete the activities on the next page.
R Reading Strategy
Reading Primary Sources
Have students read Primary
Source 1. Ask: What can cause
an oil spill? (extraction wells,
pipelines, or an accident involving
a tanker) OL
The Situation
Primary Source 1
Long pipelines crossing fragile environments are used to carry Russia’s oil and
natural gas to market. These projects can pose environmental threats.
Expository Writing Have
EUROP
E
IC
CI
RC
LE
R
Standing on the icy shoreline, Dmitry Lisitsyn recalled the day when over 100
dying birds washed up on this beach, coated in a thick layer of oil and helplessly
flapping their wings.
“We believe there were several thousand birds killed in all,” said Lisitsyn, an environmental activist on Russia’s Sakhalin Island, located in the Pacific Ocean just a few
dozen kilometres (miles) north of Japan. “In such weather few birds can make it all
the way to shore covered in oil without drowning,” Lisitsyn added, waving his hand at
the frigid waters of Aniva Bay near the island’s
southern tip. “Most drown out there in the sea.”
Russia: Pipelines
Activists fear that the incident late last month
ARCTIC
180°
0°
could be a sign of things to come on Sakhalin,
OCEAN
whose rich oil and gas fields have drawn billions
150°E
30°E
of dollars’ worth of investment in recent years. . . .
60°E
120°E
90°E
“It is a question of when, not if, an oil spill will
CT
happen on Sakhalin,” said Leah Zimmerman,
AR
St. Petersburg
head of Russia programmes at Pacific
Yakutsk
Environment, a US-based group that monitors
Moscow
A
R U S S I
ecological threats in the Pacific region. “Spills can
come from extraction wells, subsea pipelines, or
Omsk Novosibirsk
Volgograd
a major tanker accident. . . .”
60°N
W Writing Support
students read Primary Source 2.
Ask: Why are environmental
groups urging the Exxon gas
company to reroute a proposed
pipeline? Have students write a
paragraph explaining their
answer. (Students’ paragraphs will
vary. Students should explain that
the environmental groups want to
protect wildlife, their natural habitats, the traditional ways of life of
some indigenous groups, and the
livelihoods of these indigenous
groups.) OL
Primary Sources
Excerpt from “Threat of oil spill menaces Russian Pacific island,” www.expatica.com,
October 29, 2009.
Irkutsk
One Effect
CENTRAL
ASIA
Vladivostok
EAST ASIA
Primary Source 2
Excerpt from “Environmental Groups Urge Exxon
Executive to Re-route Sakhalin I Oil Pipeline,”
www.pacificenvironment.org, July 9, 2008.
Oil pipeline
Natural gas pipeline
0
°N
N
800 kilometers
30
E
0
800 miles
Two-Point Equidistant projection
W
S
When oil and natural gas companies move in to extract resources, habitats are
W changed, and plants and animals are destroyed. These changes may lead to the
interruption and destruction of the ways of life of indigenous peoples.
Twelve US, Russian and international environmental organizations sent a letter
today to Exxon Chief Executive Rex Tillerson urging the company to re-route a proposed pipeline away from herding grounds vital for indigenous people and around
a bay that is vital for a critically endangered whale population in Russia. . . . If the
pipeline is built according to current plans, two indigenous groups’ livelihoods will
be severely harmed and the Western Gray Whale will be further threatened with
extinction, according to the groups and several independent reviews.
Additional
Support
404 Unit 5
402-405_U5_CS_879995.indd 404
1/25/10 3:34:20 PM
Activity: Economics Connection
The Resource Curse Tell students that
according to the “resource curse” paradox,
countries with abundant natural resources
tend to have less economic growth than
countries without those resources. One
effect of the resource curse is that individuals and local and multinational companies
that benefit from the export of natural
resources have enough influence to avoid
404
government oversight. They may be able to
get around laws to protect the environment
and the rights of indigenous peoples. At the
same time, many of the multinational companies that develop natural resources in
developing or newly industrialized countries must comply with environmental and
legal standards established in their home
countries. Ask students to use library and
Internet resources to investigate the theory
of the resource curse. Have them find out
which multinational oil companies are helping Russia develop its oil resources. Conduct
a class discussion about whether Russia’s
environment is likely to become better or
worse as more multinational companies
become involved. AL
Primary Sources
CASE STUDY
The environmental groups’ letter also urges
Tillerson to re-route the proposed pipeline away
from areas used by subsistence indigenous reindeer herders. According to the letter:
[The pipeline] is intended to cross the most
important summer reindeer pastures and calving
grounds on the island, which have been traditionally used, and are used to this day by a community
of herders including both native Uilta and Evenki
peoples. . . . [T]he infrastructure previously built by
Exxon on Chaivo Bay has already done enormous
damage to the reindeer pastures and calving
grounds, and from 2001 to 2006 the domestic
A representative of the Sakhalin people protests
reindeer herd shrank by approximately 40%. . . .
an oil project on Sakhalin in eastern Russia.
If the planned Piltun pipeline is built through the
summer reindeer pastures and calving grounds, the
reindeer herds will potentially be decimated, and the Uilta and Evenki peoples risk
losing both their livelihoods and their traditional way of life.
C Critical Thinking
Making Inferences Have students read Primary Source 3.
Ask: Should Russia depend on
oil and gas profits to fund social
services as well as economic and
technological development?
(Answers will vary. Russia’s profits
on oil and gas depend on world
prices. For example, oil and gas
prices rise and fall depending on
demand, on exports from other
countries, and on development of
additional resources throughout the
world.) OL
Possible Solutions
Primary Source 3
Excerpt from “Putin’s Annual Message Boosts Infrastructure,” Executive Intelligence Review,
www.larouchepub.com, May 4, 2007.
Russia hopes to earn income from the sale of oil and natural gas. If invested
well, this income can pay for social services, industry, and technology.
LATIN AMERICA
RUSSIA
In the final annual Message to the Federal Assembly of his second term as
Russian President, Vladimir Putin on April 26 presented economic and social programs, ranging from a second Volga-Don Canal to a national drive to rebuild
Russia’s library system, as vital tasks for the Russian state. . . .
The Stabilization Fund, for example, was set up in 2002, according to the monetarist dictum that Russia’s oil and gas revenue must be sequestered (invested in
foreign government bonds), lest its investment inside the country trigger inflation.
“Today, however,” Putin told the Federal Assembly, “the nature of our economic
objectives requires correction of the function and structure of the Stabilization Fund,
while maintaining a conservative financial policy.” Now, the Stabilization Fund is to
be divided into a Reserve Fund (against the eventuality of a petroleum price crash);
a part to go into the Federal Budget, chiefly for social program spending; and a
Future Generations Fund, “to raise the quality of life and develop the economy, for
the improvement of the welfare of future generations, as well as present ones.”
C
2. Making Predictions If Russia pumps its oil and
natural gas for export, what consequences might
it face?
3. Conducting a Debate Use the following questions to conduct a class debate on whether
Summarizing Ask: Why do some
of the indigenous peoples object
to oil and gas projects that will
bring tremendous profits to Russia?
(Indigenous peoples of Siberia and far
eastern Russia are concerned about
the impact of an oil pipeline on fragile
environments and on the waters of
Lake Baikal. Oil and gas drilling on
Sakhalin Island will impact the species
they depend on for their livelihoods.)
Russia should continue to develop its oil and
natural gas and build pipelines:
• What benefits can result for Russia?
• What environmental problems can result?
• What are the possible effects for indigenous
peoples?
4. Writing About the Case Write a one-page
essay in which you answer one of the questions
listed in #3 above.
Unit 5
402-405_U5_CS_879995.indd 405
Answers
1. long pipelines over a fragile environment, interruption of the lives of indigenous peoples, very
expensive
2. Answers will vary but could touch on the protests of environmentalists and indigenous
peoples; some fear that if Russia exports its
resources it may hinder its own development.
Have students complete the
Analyzing the Case questions.
Close
Analyzing the Case
1. Drawing Conclusions Review the information
in the primary sources above. What are the
major problems involved in developing Russia’s
oil and natural gas resources?
Assess
405
Analyzing
the Case
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3. Students should debate the questions, supporting their viewpoints with facts from the primary
sources.
4. Essay answers will vary, but should reflect an
understanding of the issues or points of view
outlined in the Case Study.
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