Contents Parti: No Uncertain Terms I 1 Are You Grammarphobic? How Can You Tell If You're Grammarphobic? Word Power War of the Words The Force Be with You Term Limits What Is Grammar? What Is Usage? What Is Mechanics? What Is Style? A Civil Tongue: Standards for Effective Communication 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 7 10 10 11 2 (onan the Grammarian Sweet Dreams Aren't Made of These Puppy Love Has It Come to This? Perversity Rules Let Me 'Splain It to You, Lucy Personal Writing Inventory Damage Control Mission Possible 13 13 14 14 15 18 20 23 23 Part 2: Under the Grammar Hammer 3 Parts of Speech: Coming to Terms Nouns: Prime-Time Players Possessive Nouns: 9/w of the Law Possess It! Plural Nouns: Two's Company, Threes a Crowd Too Much of a Good Thing? Combo Platter A Note on Nouns for Non-Native Speakers Verbs: All the Right Moves Action Verbs: Jumping Jack Flash Chain Gang: Linking Verbs 25 27 27 29 29 31 31 34 35 36 36 31 viii The Complete Idiot's Guide to Grammar and Style, Second Edition Mothers Little Helper: Helping Verbs Verb-O-Rama Conjunctions: The Ties That Bind All Tied Up Fit to Be Tied Prepositions: Good Things Come in Small Packages Joined at the Hip A Note on Prepositions for Non -Native Speakers 31 31 39 39 41 42 43 44 4 Terms of Endearment: More Parts of Speech U Adjectives: Happy Little Clouds 47 Spice Up Your Sentences with Adjectives 48 A Note on Adjectives for Non-Native Speakers 49 Have Fun with Adjectives 49 And in This Corner 49 Adverbs: Who Ya Gonna Call? 50 Have Fun with Adverbs 51 Conjunctive Adverbs: An Adverb Disguised as a Conjunction 51 Hunt and Peck 52 Pronouns: Pinch Hitters 53 Face the Music 55 Interjections: Zap! Pow! Wow! 56 Just When You Thought It Was Safe to Take a Shower 56 Seventh-Inning Stretch 51 5 Altered States: Verbs Shape Shifters Verb Tense: Nothing a Little Prozac Wouldn't Cure I Feel Your Pain: Principal Parts of Verbs A Class Act: Forming Past Tenses Now Ihayhh Lay Me Down to Sleep Party Pooper: Test Time All Tensed Up: Using Verb Tense Correctly Past Tense Back to the Future A Note on Verbs for Non-Native Speakers It s All in the Timing 59 60 60 61 61 64 65 66 61 68 68 10 Person, Number, and Mood Person Number Mood Active and Passive Voice: A Mistake Has Been Made Not So Fast 71 12 12 12 73 14 6 Woe Is I: Pronouns and Case Why Can't a Pronoun Be More Like a Noun? Head Case: The Three Cases The Rules Sorry, Wrong Number Seventh-Inning Stretch Who Versus Whom (or Should I Just Shoot Myself Now?) This Hurts You More Than It Hurts Me I Dare You Seventh-Inning Stretch 77 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 86 81 7 Multiple-Vehicle Wrecks: Pronoun Reference How's That Again? It Just Proves There's Someone for Everyone The Numbers Game Tag, You're It Location, Location, Location: Placement of Pronouns A Match Made in Writer's Heaven Possession and Pronouns Its a Lock It and They It Mania Who's on First? 89 90 91 91 92 93 94 94 94 95 96 91 8 How to Write and Speak Good: Adjectives Versus Adverbs They Walk Alike, They Talk Alike: You Could Lose Your Mind Graphic Proof Fm Ready for My Close-Up Now, Mr. DeMille Three Degrees of Separation Size Does Matter Good, Gooder, Goodest: Irregular Adjectives and Adverbs Keep Your Balance Other and Else 99 100 100 101 102 103 104 105 105 X The Complete Idiot's Guide to Grammar and Style, Second Edition Tough Sledding: Using Adjectives After Linking Verbs The Badlands Good News; Well News Once More into the Breach, Dear Friends A Note on Adjectives and Adverbs for Non-Native Speakers Don't Use No Double Negatives Don't Be Making No Mistakes 9 Reaching an Agreement: Matching Sentence Parts Anyone Got a Match? Singular Subjects and Verbs Plural Subjects and Verbs Seventh-Inning Stretch Collective Nouns Indefinite Pronouns The Pause That Refreshes Walk This Way Hide and Seek Playing the Numbers Matchmaker, Matchmaker, Make Me a Match Mix and Match Agree to Disagree Nose to the Grindstone 10 Dazed and Confused: Common Usage Dilemmas 106 106 106 107 108 108 109 III 112 112 113 114 115 116 118 119 119 120 120 121 122 124 125 Dangling Modifiers: Counterintelligence 126 Help Is on the Way 126 Man the Battle Stations 121 Misplaced Modifiers: Lost and Found 128 It Says What? 129 Quiz Show 130 Mixed Metaphors: A Dollar Late and a Day Short 131 Split Infinitives: To Boldly Go Where Everyone Else Goes ....133 The Good, the Bad, the Ugly 134 Hopefully 134 Like/As 134 Ending with a Preposition 135 Contents Usage and Abusaqe 137 Phrases: Prime-Time Players Phrases of the Moon Prepositional Phrases: The Big Daddy of Phrases Offspring 1 : Adjectival Phrases Offspring 2: Adverbial Phrases Appositives: Something More for Your Money Appositive Phrases The Moment of Truth Verbal Phrases: Talk Soup Part and Participle Gerund Phrases Infinitive Phrases: The Final Frontier 139 139 140 141 142 142 143 144 145 146 141 148 Clauses: Kickin'It Up a Notch Clauses: Phrases on Steroids Independent Clauses: Top Dogs Dependent Clauses: I Get by with a Little Help from My Friends I Know 'Em When I See 'Em Subordinating Conjunctions Link 'Em Together Looking for Love in All the Right Places Adverb Clauses: Hot Shots Follow the Leader Shape Up Your Sentences Adjective Clauses: Paint by Numbers Relative Clauses: Its All Relative Clauses Make the Sentence Noun Clauses: What's in a Name? Connect the Dots Getting Down and Dirty Sentence and Sensibility I Know It When I See It: The Sentence Seek and Ye Shall Find Hidden Treasures Sentence Structure: The Fab Four Simple Sentences: Simple Isn k as Simple Does Compound Sentences: Compound Interest Complex Sentences: Not So Complex at All 151 151 152 153 153 153 154 156 156 151 157 158 159 159 160 160 165 166 166 161 167 168 169 169 xi xii The Complete Idiot's Guide to Grammar and Style, Second Edition Compound-Complex Sentences: The Big Kahuna The Choice Is Yours Face the Music Sentence Functions: The Four Tops Alley Oops Fragments: Lost in Place Run-Ons and Comma Splices: It Could Be a Stretch Seventh-Inning Stretch 110 110 Ill 172 172 113 114 115 \k Coordination and Subordination: What to Say When the Cops Come 177 Coordination: All the Right Moves 178 Mix and Match 119 Dancing Cheek-to-Cheek 119 Don't String Me Along 180 Why Not Give It a Shot? 181 Subordination: What I Did for Love 182 Follow the Leader 183 Dice V Slice 184 Double Dare 184 Duke It Out: Coordination Versus Subordination 185 Parallel Structure: Trod the Straight and Narrow 186 Make It So 181 Time to Face Old Sparky 181 Parft: Tools of the Trade 15 The Writer's Tools: Round Up the Usual Suspects Pencil Pusher Using the Dictionary: You Could Look It Up Who You Gonna Call? Read the Labels Shop Till You Drop Specialized Dictionaries: Everyone s an Expert Computer Spell Checkers: Marvels of Technology Electronic Grammar Software: Help Is Only a Button Away The Thesaurus: War of the Words Lets Go Shopping Whiz-Bang Thesaurus Programs 191 193 193 194 195 196 196 198 199 200 201 202 202 Contents 16 Punctuation: Commas Are Our Friends 203 Punctuation Matters 203 Show Me the Money 204 Period, Question Mark, Exclamation Mark: The End of the Line 205 The Period: Do Not Pass Go, Do Not Collect $200 206 The Question Mark: Inquiring Minds Want to Know 206 Exclamation Marks: Gosh and Golly! 201 The Pause That Refreshes 201 The Comma: A Major Player 209 First Impressions Count 209 Sentence Interruptus 210 In Media Res 211 Dazed and Confused 211 Bean Counters 211 Constant Commas 212 The Semicolon: Love Child of the Comma and the Period ....213 The Colon: What a Party Animal 213 Semi-Tough 214 Quotation Marks: Quote/Unquote 215 A Little Dabba Do Ya 216 Not Separated at Birth: The Dash and the Hyphen (and Let's Add the Ellipsis for Fun) 217 The Dash: Long and Lean 211 The Hyphen: Short and Sweet 218 The Ellipsis: Dot, Dot, Dot 218 Parentheses and Brackets: Bosom Buddies 218 (Parentheses) 219 [Brackets] 219 Slash and Burn 219 Apostrophes 220 Once More, Dear Friends 221 17 Capitalization and Abbreviations: Go to the Head of the Class Capitalization: A Capital Idea Capital Punishment Rules to Capitalize By Capital Investment Abbreviations: Good Things Come in Small Packages 223 223 224 225 228 229 xiii
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