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Gymnázium, Brno, Slovanské náměstí 7
III/2 – Inovace a zkvalitnění výuky prostřednictvím ICT
Inovace výuky na GSN prostřednictvím ICT
CZ.1.07/1.5.00/34.0940
Mgr. Rudolf Dostálek
Od osvícení po vládu teroru (světová a česká historie 18. století)
Enlightenment and Enlightened Absolutism
VY_32_INOVACE_DE.2.01
01.09.2013
Žáci středních škol
Enlightenment, Enlightened Absolutists, Encyclopedists
Tato prezentace slouží k výkladu učiva tématu: Osvícení a
osvícenský absolutismus (v anglickém jazyce)
ENLIGHTENMENT
AND ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM
ENLIGHTENMENT
• movement (political, cultural, philosophical)
• originated from the opinion that people should
follow their S………………. not their R…………….
• people should be religiously tolerant and they should
try hard to gain not only POSTMORTAL S……….. but
also dignified and RESPECTABLE L……… on Earth
ENLIGHTENMENT
• it puts emphasis on SCIENTIFIC and EMPIRIC
COGNITION of the world (light in the
darkness)
• It originated in …………… after 1700 and it
spread around Europe during 18th century
SCIENTISTS
• ANTOINE LAVOISIER
• CARL LINNÉ
• RENÉ DESCARTES
• chemistry: sorting out
of chemical elements
• botanics: sorting out of
flora
• Mathematics:
infinitesimal calculus
PHYSICISTS
• LUIGI GALVANI
• ISAAC NEWTON
• BLAISE PASCAL
• ALESSANDRO VOLTA
• electricity and living
tissue
• discoveries in
mechanics, gravitation
• pressure in fluids and
gases
• physics: electric cell
INVENTORS
• BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
PROKOP DIVIŠ
• lightning conductor
• JAMES WATT
• improved steam engine
• MONTGOLFIER
BROTHERS
• hot-air baloon
PHILOSOPHERS AND THINKERS
JOHN L………….
• public power comes from people not from the God;
• Two Treatises of Government (O vládě)
• the right of subjects to deny obedience if their
natural rights (life, freedom, possessions) are denied
by their government
CHARLES M………………
• The Spirit of the Laws (O duchu zákonů) a book
analysing the current political systems
• recommends to divide the state power into 3
branches (legislative, executive, judicial)
• each branch should be independent and should
check the two remaining
• should be the basis of constitutional monarchies and
parliamentary democracies
V…………..
•
•
•
•
denied the existence of supersensible world
the principle of religious and ethnical tolerance
the ideas of wiping off the enormous social gap
equality before the law
JEAN JACQUES R……………
•
•
•
•
•
promoted:
natural equality of people by return to nature
abolishion of private property,
emotional upbringing of children
direct decision of people on public issues
ENCYCLOPEDISTS
• scholars and philosophers issued the inventory of
entire human knowledge:
• ENCYCLOPEDIA or Racional Dictionary of Sciences,
Arts and Crafts
• Main authors of Encyclopedia:
• Diderot
• D´Alambert
• Holbach
ABSOLUTISM
• the most common type of government in Europe of
18th century (with exceptions of GB and Poland)
society was dividend into 3 estates
• the sovereign and aristocracy: ruling estate
• the clergy: representatives of God on Earth
• subjects: working estate, who keep the running of
the state with their taxes and who feed the first two
estates
• the absolute monarch rules with the assistance of
bureaucracy, police and army
ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM
• some absolutistic sovereigns influenced by the ideas
of Enlightenment
• took their reign as serving to state
• implemented reforms of modernisation by decreets
and orders
• often against their subjects´will
ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISTS
•
•
•
•
Maria Theresa of Habsburg
Joseph II of Habsburg
Frederick II the Great of Prussia
Catherine II the Great of Russia
• Tento digitální učební materiál byl vytvořen pomocí
software Microsoft Office 2007
• Materiál je určen pro bezplatné používání pro
potřeby výuky a vzdělávání na všech typech škol a
školských zařízení
• Jakékoliv další využití podléhá autorskému zákonu