Dear Students!
This is a revised copy of the List of physiological normal values. The most significant data
are highlighted by bold characters. If you have any comment on it, don't hesitate to contact
the members of the Institute!
3
l
~33 % of body weight
Total body water
~60 % of body weight
on 14th of June, 2007.
Peter Santha
Parameter
Fluid compartments,
blood
Plasma sodium
Plasma potassium
Plasma calcium
Plasma magnesium
Plasma chlorid
Plasma bicarbonate
Plasma phosphate
Plasma glucose
Plasma urea
Plasma bilirubin
Osmotic
concentration of the
blood plasma
Osmotic pressure of
the blood plasma
Plasma protein
concentration
Plasma albumin
Pl. α1 globulin
Pl. α2 globulin
Pl. ß globulin
Pl. γ globulin
Pl. fibrinogen
Colloid osmotic
(oncotic) pressure of
the blood plasma
Colloid osmotic
(oncotic) pressure of
the interstitium
Extracellular fluid
volume
Interstitial fluid
volume
Intavasal fluid (blood
plasma) volume
Intracellular fluid
Symbol
Normálérték
143
4
2,5
1
103
24
1
4,5-5
2,5-6,3
5,0-17,0
Unit
mmol/l
mmol/l
mmol/l
mmol/l
mmol/l
mmol/l
mmol/l
mmol/l
mmol/l
µmol/l
Transcellular fluid
volume
Total blood volume
Rate of the blood cell
production
Total mass of the bone
marrow
Platelet count
Prothrombin time
Iternational
Normalized Ratio, INR
~1,5 % of body weight
5,0-6,0
l
3,7x10e11
1500
150000-300000
18-20
1
Osmotic resistance of
the RBCs
RBC sedimantation
rate
White blood cell count
mosmol/l
660
kPa
60-80
34-45
3.0-6.0
4,0-9,0
6,0-11,0
7,0-15,0
3
Π
g/l
g/l
g/l
g/l
g/l
g/l
g/l
25-28
Hgmm
3-6 (M) ill. 8-10 (F)
WBC
10
Hgmm
14
l
11
l
÷
mm/hour
2,0-6,0
7,0-8,0
4,8-5,2
4,3-4,7
0,1-0,2
0,44-0,46
150-160
cell/µl
% of white blood
cells
% of white blood
cells
% of white blood
cells
% of white blood
cells
% of white blood
cells
% of white blood
cells
% of white blood
cells
µm
million/µl
million/µl
% of RBCs
÷
g/l
135-145
g/l
6000-8000
60-80
Neutrophils, young form
0-1
Neutrophils, band
0-3
Eosinophils
1,0-5,0
Basophils
0-1
Lymphocytes
20-30
Monocytes
RBC diameter
RBC count (man)
RBC count (woman)
Reticulocyte count
Hematocrit
Hemoglobin (man)
Hemoglobin (woman)
g
cell/µl
0,45-0,50 % NaCl solution
Neutrophils, matured
290
cells/day
Mean life span of the
RBCs
MCV (mean
corposcular volume)
MCH (mean
corpuscular
haemoglobin)
MCHC (mean
corpuscular
haemoglobin conc.)
Bleeding time
Clotting time
Relative proportion of
different blood group
types (Europe)
O
A
B
AB
Rh positive
Rh negative
Respiratory functions
O2 binding capacity of
hemoglobin
Arterial hemoglobin
saturation
Venous hemoglobin
saturation
Rate of O2
consumption (rest)
Rate of CO2
production (rest)
Halfsaturation (P50) O2
partial pressure
2,3-bisphosphoglycerate conc.
(plasma)
O2 content of arterial
blood
O2 content of venous
blood
Arteriovenous O2
AVDO2
difference
CO2 content of arterial
blood
120
day
94
fL(10e-15)
29
pg(10e-12 g)
0,32-0,34 g/g VVT weight
min
3,0-5,0
min
5,0-8,0
42
40
10
4
85
15
1,39
97-98
74,7
%
%
%
%
%
%
ml O2 / g Hgb
%
%
250-280
ml/min
210
ml/min
26
Hgmm
2,5
mmol/l
205
ml/l
157
ml/l
56
ml/l
480
ml/l
CO2 content of
venous blood
Arteriovenousus CO2
difference
Solubility of CO2
Solubility of O2
Partial pressure of O2,
arterial
Partial pressure of O2,
venous
Partial pressure of
CO2, arterial
Partial pressure of
CO2, venous
520
40
0,0301
0,001
ml/l
mmol/l/Hgmm
mmol/l/Hgmm
PaO2
95-98
Hgmm
PvO2
40
Hgmm
PaCO2
40
Hgmm
PvCO2
46
Hgmm
α-value
Functional Residual
FRC (male/fem
Capacity
Lung compliance
Compliance of the
respiratory system
Intrapulmonal
pressure
Intrathoracal
(Intrapleural) Pressure
Maximal Expiratory
Pressure
Tidal Volume
Expiratory Reserve
Volume
Residual Volume
Inspiratory Reserve
Volume
Vital Capacity
Total Lung Capacity
One-second capacity
(Forced Expiratory
Volume - 1s)
ml/l
TV
2400/1700
0,2
ml
l/H2Ocm
0,1
l/H2Ocm
1/-1
H2Ocm
-7
H2Ocm
100
500
H2Ocm
ml
ERV
RV
1200/800
1200/1000
ml
ml
IRV
VC
TLC
3100/1900
4800/3200
6000/4200
ml
ml
ml
75
%
150
5
7
ml
l/min
l/min
FEV1/VC
Anatomic Death Space
Vd
Alveolar ventilation
Minute ventilation
Frequency of
respiration (rest)
14 inspiration/min
Peak (Maximal)
Expiratory Flow rate
Fraction of O2
FO2
atmosphereic air
Fraction of O2,
alveolar air
Partial pressure of O2,
atmospheric air
Partial pressure of O2,
alveolar air
Fraction of CO2,
atmosphereic air
Fraction of CO2,
alveolar air
Partial pressure of
CO2, atmospheric air
Partial pressure of
CO2, alveolar air
Partial pressure of
H2O, alveolar air
Ventilation-perfusion
ratio
Maximal O2
consumption
Maximal CO2
production
Maximal breathing
capacity
Kidney, urine, acidbase metabolism
Glomerular filtration
rate (inulin)
Glomerular filtration
rate (endogenous
creatinin)
Renal plasma flow
Renal Blood Flow
Range of
autoregulation of RBF
Fraction of filtration
Kidney threshold of
glucose reabsorption
7,0-10,0
l/s
19,6
%
13,7
%
149
Hgmm
104
Hgmm
0,04
%
5,6
%
0,3
Hgmm
40
Hgmm
47
Hgmm
0,9
÷
Maximal urine
osmolarity (loop of
Henle, long type)
Maximal urine
osmolarity (loop of
Henle, short type)
(Osmotic)
concentration of urea
(loop of Henle,
medullar)
(Osmotic)
concentration of urea
(interstictium,
pyramide)
Daily urine production
1200
mosm/kg
600
mosm/kg
80
mosm/kg
600
mosm/kg
1,0-26,0
4000
ml/min
3200-4000
ml/min
l/min
100-120
120-125
ml/min
GFR (creatinin
RPF
RBF
90-150
660
1320
ml/min
ml/min
ml/min
FF
90-190
0,2
Hgmm
÷
GFR (inulin)
10 mmol/l (plasma)
Specific gravity of
urine
Osmolality of urine
Daily water intake
(total)
Daily water intake
(fluid)
Daily water intake
(food)
Oxydative water
Daily water loss
Perspiratio
insensibilis
Perspiratio sensibilis
(sweating)
Stool
Urine
minimal daily excreted
osmotic substance
Free water clearance
Minimal daily urine
volume
Daily sodium intake
Daily sodium loss
Plasma pH, arterial
Plasma pH, venous
l/day
1001-1030
70-1200
g/l
mosm/kg
2100-3400
ml/day
1000-2000
ml/day
800-1000
300-400
2100-3400
ml/day
ml/day
ml/day
800-1000
ml/day
200
100-200
1000-2000
ml/day
ml/day
ml/day
650
18 - -1,5
mosm
l/day
500-600
100-400
100-400
7,38-7,42
7,36-7,40
ml/day
mmol/day
mmol/day
÷
÷
proton concentration
at pH=7.4
(Total) Buffer Bases
Base excess
Standar bicarbonate
Actual bicarbonate
conc.
Proton production,
non-CO2 (volatile)
acids
Anion-gap
Dissosiation constant,
phosphate buffer
Dissosiation constant,
bicarbonate buffer
Dissosiation constant,
ammonium buffer
Daily renal
bicarbonate
reabsorption
Daily renal
bicarbonate
prodaction
Urine pH
Daily potassium intake
Daily potassium loss
Potassium excretion,
stool
Potassium excretion,
urine
Daily calcium loss
Daily phosphate
filtration
Circulation, heart
Cardiac output
Distribution of the
cardiac output
Brain
Heart
Liver
Kidney
Skeletal muscle
Skin
BB
BE
40
44-49
2,5 -2,5
23,8-24,2
nmol/l
mmol/l
mmol/l
mmol/l
23,8-24,2
mmol/l
50-100
8,0-12.0
mmol
mmol/l
Pk
6,8
÷
Pk
6,1
÷
Pk
9,3
÷
4300
mmol/day
50-100
4,0-8,0
mmol/day
÷
50-100
50-100
mmol/day
mmol/day
5,0-10,0
mmol/day
45-90
2,5-7,5
mmol/day
mmol/day
235
mmol/day
5500
ml/min
750
250
300
1200
1000
200
ml/min
ml/min
ml/min
ml/min
ml/min
ml/min
Distribution of the O2
consumption
Brain
Heart
Liver
Kidney
Skeletal muscle
Skin
Total Peripheral
Resistance
Mean Arterial Blood
Pressure (aorta)
Viscosity of water
18
10
30
6
20
2
TPR
MABP
16,5
Hgmm/l
0,03-0,04
Hgmm
poise
(dinxsxcm2)
poise
(dinxsxcm2)
poise
(dinxsxcm2)
2,5
1,0-2,0
0,1-1
20-200
5,0-7,0
20-500
0,15-1,5
1,5-3
cm
cm
cm
µm
µm
µm
cm
cm
93
0,01
Viscosity of blood
plasma
Viscosity of blood
%
%
%
%
%
%
0,015
Diameter of the
individual blood vessels
Aorta
Elastic arteries
Muscular arteries
Arterioles
Capillares
Venules
Medium sized veins
Large veins
Linear blood
flowvelocity (aorta
Linear blood flow
velocity (capillaries)
Transit time (capillary)
Linear blood flow
velocity (cc. cavae)
Cross sectional
diameter of aorta
Total cross sectional
diameter, capillares
Cross sectional
diameter of vv. Cavae
Systolic blood
pressure (aorta)
Diastolic blood
pressure (aorta)
22,5
cm/s
0,1
0,8-1
cm/s
s
15
cm/s
4
cm2
2500-3000
cm2
6,0-8,0
cm2
120
Hgmm
80
Hgmm
Pulse pressure (pulse
amplitude)
Blood pressure drop
in the arterioles
Capillary hydrostatic
pressure (mean)
Hydrostatic pressure
in the interstitium
Colloid osmotic
pressure of the
plasma
Colloid osmotic
pressure of the
interstitium
Reflection coefficient of
the endothelium
σ
(average)
Lymph recirculation in
the vv. Cavae
Central venous
CVP
pressure
Hydrostatic pressure
in the postcapillary
venules
Mean systemic filling
SFP
pressure
Volume (blood) shift
during orthostasis
Hydrostatic pressure in
the leg veins during
orthostasis
critical closing pressure
Proportion of the blood
volume in the systemic
circulation
Diastolic blood
pressure, right ventricle
(aorta)
Systolic blood
pressure, right
ventricle
Diastolic pressure,
arteria pulmonalis
40
Hgmm
50-60
Hgmm
25
Hgmm
-1
Hgmm
25
Hgmm
0,2-10
Hgmm
0,95
3,0-4,0
÷
l/day
0-2
Hgmm
10,0-20,0
Hgmm
7
Hgmm
500
ml
100
Hgmm
6-40
Hgmm
73
%
1,0-2,0
Hgmm
24
Hgmm
9
Hgmm
Pulse pressure (pulse
amplitude), a.
pulmonalis
Mean arterial Blood
Pressure (a.
pulmonalis)
Blood pressure, left
atrium
Perfusion pressure
(pulmonary circulation)
Total pulmonary
circulatory resistance
Proportion of the blood
volume in the
pulmonary circulation
Hydrostatic pressure in
the lung capillaries
Intrinsic pacemaker
frequency of the
sinoatrial node
Intrinsic pacemaker
frequency of the
atrioventricular node
Intrinsic pacemaker
frequency of the
Purkinje fibres
Conduction velocity in
the sinoatrial node
Conduction velocity in
the atrial myocardium
Conduction velocity in
the atrioventricular node
Conduction velocity in
the bundle of His
Conduction velocity in
the bundles of Tawara
Conduction velocity in
the Purkinje system
Conduction velocity in
the ventricular
myocardium
Length of different
phases of cardiac cycle
Ventricular systole
15
Hgmm
14
Hgmm
8
Hgmm
6
Hgmm
1,5
Hgmm/l
27
% of total blood
volume
10,5
Hgmm
100
1/s
40-55,0
1/s
25-40
1/s
<0,01
m/s
1,0-1,2
m/s
0,02-0,05
m/s
1,2-2,0
m/s
2.0-4,0
m/s
2,0-4,0
m/s
0,3-1,0
m/s
270
ms
Isovolumetric
contraction
Rapid ejection
Decreased ejection
Ventricular diastole
Protodiastole
Isovolumetric relaxation
50
90
130
530
40
ms
ms
ms
ms
ms
80
110
ms
ms
SV
190
110
420
70-80
ms
ms
ms
ml
LVESV
40-80
ml
LVEDV
110-160
ml
0,5-0,7
5,5
3,2
÷
l/min
l/min/m2
Rapid ventricular filling
Decreased filling
(diastasis)
Atrial systole
Stroke volume
Left-ventricular endsystolic volume
Left-ventricular enddiastolic volume
Left ventricular
ejection fraction
Cardiac output
Heart index
Cardiac output at
maximal exercise
Heart rate (rest)
Heart rate at maximal
exercise
Left ventricular stroke
volume at maximal
exercise
Length of different
phases of ECG
PQ-interval
QT-interval
QRS-duration
P-wave
RR-interval
Classification of the
axis of ECG (QRS
vector) in the frontal
plane
horizontal
normal (indifferent)
vertical (steep)
rightward deviation
leftward deviation
LVEF
CO
HR
SV
Gastrointestinal
functions
Daily intake of
carbohydrates
Recommended dietary
allowance of protein
24
70
l/min
1/min
187
1/min
Daily intake of fats
(triglycerids)
Daily intake of fluid and
fibres
Total secretory product
of GIT glands
Water reabsorption in
the small intestine
Water reabsorption in
the large intestine
Saliva production
Daily gastric juice
production
Daily fluid secretion small intestine
Daily bile secretion
Daily pancreatic juice
secretion
Daily amount of stool
Proton concentration
in the gastric juice
ml
Basal Acidic Output
Maximal acidic Output
127
< 0,2
0,32-0,39
<0,1
<0,1
0,86
0-30
30-60
60-90
90-120
0--30
s
s
s
s
s
degree
degree
degree
degree
degree
Peak Acidic Output
Daily calcium intake
Net calcium absorption
Daily iron loss
Recommended dietary
allowance of iron
Recommended dietary
allowance of iodide
Recommended dietary
allowance of vitamin
B12
Recommended dietary
allowance of folate
300
g/day
60-80
g/day
50-100
g/day
1500-2000
ml/day
6000-8000
ml/day
5000-6000
ml/day
1500-2000
500
ml/day
ml/day
1200
ml/day
8000
600
ml/day
ml/day
200-700
75-150
ml/day
g/day
70-80
5
mmol/l
mmol/h
15-20
50
1000
mmol/h
mmol/h
mg/day
200
1 (M), 2-3 (F)
mg/day
mg/day
10,0-20,0
mg/day
500
µg/day
1,0-2,0
µg/day
200
µg/day
Recommended dietary
allowance of vitamin C
60-100
Energy metabolism
Efficiency of the skeletal
muscle
Fuel value (heat of
combustion) of
carbohydrates
Fuel value (heat of
combustion) of fats
Fuel value (heat of
combustion) of
proteins
Energy equivalent of
carbohydrates
Energy equivalent of
fats
Energy equivalent of
proteins
respiratory coefficient
of carbohydrates
respiratory coefficient
of fats
respiratory coefficient
of proteins
Mean respiratory
coefficient
Mean energy
equivalent
Basal metabolic rate
Metabolic rate, light
physical exercise
Metabolic rate, sever
physical exercise
Tehrmoregulation
core temperature
neutral thermal
environment
Maximal tolerable body
temperature
Heat production of the
body (rest)
BMR
mg/day
<25
%
17,2
kJ/kg
39
kJ/kg
17,2
kJ/kg
21,2
kJ/l O2
19,7
kJ/l O2
19,2
kJ/l O2
1
÷
0,7
÷
0,8
÷
0,82
÷
20,2
7100
kJ/l O2
kJ/day
21
kJ/min
100
kJ/min
37,5
°C
21-23
°C
42-43
°C
4-40
kJ/h
Proportion of the
cutaneous heat loss
Proportion of the
pulmonary heat loss
Total cuteanous blood
perfusion (rest)
Total cuteanous blood
perfusion (heat load)
Body surface area
Nervous system
Cerebrospinal fluid
volume
Production of CSF
Hydrostatic pressure
of CSF
Classification of the
EEG waves
Delta wave
Theta wave
Alpha wave
Beta wave
Gamma wave
Vision
Refractive index of the
air
Refractive index of the
cornea
Refractive index of the
aqeous humor
Refractive index of the
lens
Refractive index of the
vitreous humor
Total refractive (focal)
power of the eye
Refractive (focal)
power of the cornea
Radius of the cornea
Physiological
astigmatism
Refractive (focal)
power of the lens
Near point distance
Intraocular pressure
85
%
15
%
0,3
l/min
8,1
1,7-1,8
l/min
m2
140
500
ml
ml/day
5
Hgmm
1,0-3,0
4,0-7,0
8,0-13,0
14,0-30,0
30-50
Hz
Hz
Hz
Hz
Hz
1
÷
1,376
÷
1,336
÷
1,416
÷
1,336
÷
60
D
40-43
7,8
0,5
17-20
10
16
D
mm
D
D
cm
Hgmm
Average number of rods
Average number of
cones
Transmembrane
potential of the
photoreceptors - dark
Transmembrane
potential of the
photoreceptors illumination
Wavelength range of
the visible light
Physiological light
intensity range
Absorption maxima of
different photopigments
blue pigment
green pigment
red pigment
Maximum of the
wavelength - sensitivity
function: photopic vision
120
million
6
million
-40
mV
-70
mV
400-700
nm
10e-6 - 10e7
cd/m2
nm
nm
nm
555
nm
500
nm
Maximal activity of the
warm-sensitive afferents
90
Hz
22-25
Hz
Neutral temperature
range (local
temperature of the skin)
Critical fusion frequency
- photopic vision
Critical fusion frequency
- scotopic vision
16,7
0,8-1,5
Auditory functions
Frequency range of
the hearing
Intensity range of the
hearing
Endolymph-hair cell
potential
420
538
558
Maximum of the
wavelength - sensitivity
function: scotopic vision
nodal point - retina
distance (reduced eye
modell)
Two point discrimination
threshold of the vision
Frequency range of the
hearing - speach
Intensity range of the
hearing - speach
Reference sound
pressure level
width of the lamina
basilaris
Number of the outer
hair cells
Number of the inner hair
cells
Number of the afferent
fibres supplying the
cochlea
Endocochlear potential
mm
arc minute
20-20000
Hz
0-120
dB
Somatosensory
system
Two point
discrimination
threshold in the skin
Maximal activity of the
cold-sensitive afferents
Threshold of the
noxious heat sensation
Threshold of the
noxious cold sensation
Local densitiy of the
cold points in the skin
Local densitiy of the
warm points in the skin
Local densitiy of the
tactile (mechanoceptive)
points in the skin
1000-4000
Hz
40-70
dB
2x10e-5
Pa (N/m2)
100-500
µm
20000
cells
3500
cells
60-70000
fibres
60-80
mV
150
mV
0,01-7
cm
23-28
°C
38-43
°C
31-36
°C
43-45
°C
17
°C
0,1-0,5
point/cm2
0,4
point/cm2
20
point/cm2
Local densitiy of the
pain (nociceptive) points
in the skin
Cellular
neurophysiology
Classification of the
nerve fibres in a mixed
peripheral nerve
according Erlanger &
Gasser
Aα
Aβ
Aγ
Aδ
B
C
Classification of the
sensory fibres in the
peripheral nerve
according to Hunt &
Lloyd
I
II
III
IV
Proteinate anion
200
point/cm2
25-30
mmol/l
day
10,0-12,0
date of the LH surge
100
50
20
15
7
1
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
75
55
11
1
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
1
ms
Myocardial cell
10
200-300
ms
ms
Synaptic delay
1-1,5
ms
Duration of the action
Potentials
Neural action potential
Skelet muscle fibre a.p.
Ionic composition of the
cytoplasm - mammalian
muscle fibre
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Cloride
Bicarbonate
Endocrinology,
reproductive
functions
length of the menstrual
cycle
duration of the LH surge
155
12
155
10e-8-10e-7
4
8
mmol/l
mmol/l
mmol/l
mmol/l
mmol/l
date of the luteolysis
Duration of the
menstruation
Volume of the
menstrual bleeding
Number of spermiums
in the sperm
duration of the viability
of the spermia
Total volume of sperm
Duration of the
migration of the oocyte
Implantation of the
blastocyst
Length of the
pregnancy
hour
day of the
14 menstrual cycle
days after
9,0-14,0
ovulation
4,0-6,0
day
30-50
ml
250
million
48
3,0-4,0
hour
ml
1,0-2,0
7
day
days after
ovulation
40
week