CLASS
Crosslinguistic
Acquisition of
Sentence Structure
Funded by the
European Research
Council
BenAmbridge,RamyaMaitreyee,TomokoTatsumi,LauraDoherty,AnnaSamara(Liverpool)
BhuvanaNarasimhan(Colorado),DipBMisra-Sharma(IIIT),RukminiNair(IIT)
InbalArnon(HUJ),ShiraZicherman(HUJ),RuthBerman(TelAviv),CliffPye(Kansas),Pedro
MateoPedro,(UVG),KumikoFukumura(Strathclyde),LizWonnacoR(UCL).
TheHumanMindandItsComplexity
What’suniqueabouthumanlanguage?
Answer:ProducBvity(e.g.,Chomsky,1957)
IntransiBve à TransiBve
[SUBJECT][VERB] [SUBJECT][VERB][OBJECT]
ThesBckbroke John brokethesBck
Theballrolled John rolledtheball
Theballmeeked Themousemeekedtheball
A“Produc;vityParadox”
ChildrenmustavoidapplyingthisgeneralizaBonto
someverbs,whileconBnuingtodosoforothers
IntransiBve à TransiBve
[SUBJECT][VERB] [SUBJECT][VERB][OBJECT]
Thedoor opened John openedthedoor
Theball fell *John fell theball
Theman laughed*Theclownlaughedtheman
OverarchingAim:
Explainhowlearnersofanylanguageintheworld
(eventually)arriveatexactlytheright
generalizaBons,avoidingerrorwhilemaintaining
producBvity
Methods:Judgments
CurrentProposals:Theory
*Theclownlaughedtheman
Entrenchment:Repeatedlyhearlaugh,but
neverinthissentenceconstrucBon–inference
fromabsence(“wouldhavehearditbynow”)
PreempBon:Inrelevantcontexts,hear(e.g.,)
Theclownmadethemanlaughinstead.
VerbsemanBcs:Verbsofinternally-caused
acBons(e.g.,laugh,smile,giggle)cannotappear
inthisconstrucBon(c.f,break,fall,open).
CurrentProposals:Evidence
*Theclownlaughedtheman
Entrenchment:NegaBvecorrelaBonbetween
overallverbfrequencyandratedacceptability/
producBonprobabilityoferrors
PreempBon:Dissociableeffectoffrequencyin
compe;ngconstruc;on(e.g.,XmakeYVERB)
VerbsemanBcs:RaBngsofinternal/external
causaBonpredictacceptabilityinthisconstrucBon
(seeAmyBidgood’sthesisforallthree)
CurrentProposals:Evidence
*Isaidher“no”
Entrenchment:Repeatedlyhearsay,butnever
inDO-daBveconstrucBon–inferencefrom
absence(“wouldhavehearditbynow”)
PreempBon:Inrelevantcontexts,hear(e.g.,)I
saidnotoherinstead.
VerbsemanBcs:Verbsofcausing-to-havevs
causing-togofavourtheDO-andPO-daBve
respecBvely(e.g.,Igaveherabook>Igavea
booktoher)
Preemp;onChi-Square
Say
Alltheother
daBveverbswe
included(N=301)
VerbinDO
Da;ve
(e.g.,*Isaidher
no)
0
92,705
VerbinPO
Da;ve(e.g.,I
saidnotoher)
1273
35,077
NB:PreempBonpredictoristhesamewhetherwe’repredicBng
raBngsinthePOorDOdaBve(asthecalculaBonincludesthe
frequencyoftheverbineach)
EntrenchmentvsDOChi-Square
Say
Alltheother
daBveverbswe
included(N=301)
VerbinDO
Da;ve
(e.g.,*Isaidher
no)
0
92,705
Verbin
NONDATIVE
(e.g.,simple
transi;ve)
367,641
1,872,064
NB:ThisisforraBngsofDOsentences.WhenpredicBngraBngs
ofPOsentences,wecalculateentrenchmentvsPOinan
analagousway
DO
DO
DO
5−6yrs
9−10yrs
Adults
Pass
Throw
Owe
Sell
Give
Show
Read
Tell
Teach
Award
Send
Bring
Post
Promise
Take Feed
Email
Offer
Toss
Kick
Present
Supply
Whisper
Push
Lower
Hit
Carry
Drag
Telephone
Drop
Raise
Entrust
Shout
Heave
Hoist
Haul
LiftMumble
Yell
State
Rating (raw)
6
Show
Give
Send
Bring
Tell
Read
Offer
Pass
Present
Whisper
Award
Sell
4 Say Carry
Teach
Owe
Post
Mumble
Drag
Take Shout
Email
Kick
Telephone
Throw
Supply
Yell
Toss
Promise
Heave
Raise
Mention
Lower
Lift
Push
Pull
Entrust
State
Hit
Feed
Drop Hoist
Scream
Haul
2
Give
Show
Send
Offer Tell
Toss
Sell
Email
Read
Award
Present
Feed
Post
Teach
Promise
Owe
Throw
Bring
Lower
Pass
Telephone
Take Whisper
Yell
Scream
Kick
Mention
Shout
Mumble
Supply
Hoist
Pull
Lift
Drag
Carry
Haul
State
Say
Drop
Hit
Scream
Raise
Pull Heave
Push
Mention
Entrust
Verbtype
a Alternates
a PO−only
Say
−10
−5
0
5
10
−10
−5
0
5
10
−10
−5
0
5
10
Entrenchment away from (−) / towards (+) DO (LN+1 Chi−Square)
PO
PO
PO
5−6yrs
9−10yrs
Adults
Rating (raw)
6
Bring
Kick
Carry
Read
Show
Post Throw
Owe Offer Drag
Take
Award
Hit
Sell
Tell
Lift Push
Email
Shout
4 GivePresent
Whisper
Teach
Send
Pull
Yell
Toss
Mention
Lower
Pass
Telephone
Feed
Mumble
Heave
Raise
State
Entrust
Promise
Drop
Supply Hoist
Scream
Haul
Say
Kick
Send
GivePresent Post Throw Pass
TossPush
Whisper Read
Email
Sell
Take
Show
Carry
Offer
Mumble
Bring
Shout
Tell
Lower
Yell
Feed
Supply
Award
Teach
HaulHoist
Drag
Scream
State
Mention Heave Pull
Owe Entrust
Lift
Hit
Raise
Promise
Drop
Telephone
Pass
Say
Post Email
Whisper
Sell
Kick
Tell
Send
Carry
GivePresent
Throw
Read
Teach State
Supply
Show
Award
Take
Bring
Lower
Mention
Toss
ShoutHit
Yell
Owe Offer Raise Hoist
Feed
Scream
Push
Mumble
Heave
Lift
Promise
Drag
Entrust
Haul
Telephone
Pull Drop
Say
a Alternates
a PO−only
2
−10
−5
0
5
−10
−5
0
5
Verbtype
−10
Entrenchment away from (−) / towards (+) PO (LN+1 Chi−Square)
−5
0
5
DO
DO
DO
5−6yrs
9−10yrs
Adults
Throw
Pass
Owe
Give Show
Sell
Read
Tell
Teach
Award
Send
Bring
Promise
Post
6
Take
Offer
Email
Feed
Toss
KickSupply
Present
Whisper
Push
HitLower
Give
Carry
Drag
Show
Give
Send
Send
Bring Tell Show Offer
Tell
Telephone
Read
Toss
Drop
Offer
Sell
Raise
Award Email Read
Entrust
Mumble
Heave
Hoist
Shout
Pass
Feed
Post
Present
HaulLift
Yell
Teach
Promise
Award
Whisper
Present
Owe Bring
Sell
Carry
Throw
Lower
4
Say
Pass
State
Telephone
Teach
Owe
Take
Post
MumbleShout
Drag Take
Whisper
Email
Kick
YellKick
Scream Mention
Telephone
Throw
Supply
Mumble
Shout
Yell
Supply
Toss
Promise
Hoist
Heave Mention
Raise
Pull
Drag
Lift
Lower
Lift
Carry
Push
Pull
State Haul
Entrust
State
Say
Feed
Hit
Drop
Drop
Hoist
Hit
Scream
Heave
Scream
Raise
Pull
Push
Haul
2
Mention
Entrust
Rating (raw)
Say
Verbtype
PO
PO
PO
5−6yrs
9−10yrs
Adults
6
Say
Kick
Send
Throw
Post
Say
Pass
Kick CarryBring Give
Present
Toss
Whisper
Push
Read
Email Read
Show Offer
SellTake
Show Offer
Post
Drag
Carry
MumbleShout
Throw
Owe Take Tell
Bring
Award Email
Yell
Hit
Present
FeedLower
Tell
Sell
Lift
Shout
Push
4 Give
Teach
Whisper
Supply
Teach
Award
Send
Hoist
Haul
Pull
Drag
Yell
Scream
State
Toss Mention
Mention
Pull
Heave
Lower
Pass
Hit
Owe
Lift
Telephone
Entrust
Raise
Promise
Feed
Mumble
Drop
Heave
Telephone
State
Raise
Promise
Entrust
Drop
Supply
Scream
Hoist
Haul
a Alternates
a PO−only
Pass Say
Post Send
Tell
Kick
Sell
Email ReadWhisper
Carry
Give Show Teach
Throw
Present
Award
State Supply Take
Bring
Lower
Toss
Mention
Shout
Yell
Hit
Feed
Owe
Scream
Raise
Offer
Mumble
Hoist Push
Heave
Lift
Promise
Drag
Entrust
DropHaulPull
Telephone
2
−10
−5
0
5
−10
−5
0
5
−10
Preemption towards PO (+) / towards DO (−) (LN+1 Chi−Square)
−5
0
5
DO
DO
DO
5−6yrs
9−10yrs
Adults
Owe
Throw
Pass
Sell
Give
Show
Read Tell
Award
Teach
Send
Bring Promise
Post
6
FeedTakeOfferEmail
Toss
Kick
Present
Supply
Whisper
Give Drag PushLower
Carry Hit
Show
Show
Give
Tell
Send
Send
Offer
Telephone
Read TellBring Offer
Drop
Sell
Email
Read Feed Toss
Award
Entrust
Heave
Mumble
Shout
Hoist Raise
Pass
Present
Post
Haul
Lift
Yell
Teach
Promise
Whisper
Present
Owe Bring
Sell
Carry Say Award
Throw Pass
Lower
4
State
Telephone
Teach
Owe
Shout
Take
Post
Mumble
Drag
Whisper
Take
Email
Kick
Yell Kick
Scream
Telephone
Mention
Throw
Supply
Mumble
Shout
Yell
Supply
Toss
Promise
Hoist
Heave MentionRaise
Pull
DragState
Lift
Lift
PushLower
Haul Carry
Pull
Entrust
State
Say
Feed
Hit
DropHit
Hoist Drop
Scream Raise
Heave
Scream
Pull
Push
Haul
2
Mention
Entrust
Rating (raw)
Say
Verbtype
PO
PO
PO
5−6yrs
9−10yrs
Adults
a Alternates
a PO−only
Say
Pass
WhisperKick
Post
Tell
Sell
Send
Email
Carry
Throw
Give
Read
Present
Teach
Show
Supply
State
Award
Take
6
Bring
Lower
Mention
Toss
Shout
Yell
Hit
Feed
Scream
Raise
Mumble
Push
HoistOwe
Offer
Heave
Lift
Promise
Drag
Entrust
Say
Kick Say
PullHaul Drop
Telephone
Send
Bring
Throw
Post Give
Pass
Kick
Present
Toss
Carry
Whisper
Push
Read
Read
Show
Drag Show
Carry TakeOfferEmailSell
OfferThrow Post
Mumble
Owe
Bring
Shout
Tell
Take
Award
Yell Lower
Present
Feed
Sell
LiftHit
Email
Shout
Push Tell
4
Whisper
Teach
Supply
Give Drag
Award
Teach
Send
Haul
Hoist
Pull
Yell
Scream
State
Toss
Mention
Pull
Mention
Heave
Lower
Pass
Owe
LiftHit Promise Entrust
Telephone
Raise
Feed Promise Entrust
Mumble
Drop
Heave
Telephone
State Raise
Drop
Supply
Scream
Hoist
Haul
2
−1
0
1
2
3
−1
0
1
2
Semantics: BROAD DO 1
3
−1
0
1
2
3
Figure
Figure
Figure
Age5
Age9
AgeAdult
6
4
Sprinkle
Pack
Attach
Spray
Stick
Crowd
Spread
Load
Paste
Squirt
Pile
Twirl
Splotch
Spill
Dump
Pour
Brush
Vomit
Tape
Drizzle
Dribble
Staple
Bind
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Smudge
Glue
Drip
Nail
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Fill Splash
Ripple
Pin
Bandage
Whirl
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Litter
Heap
Dab
Spew
Scatter
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Stock
Jam
Cram
Splatter
Soak
Infect
Fasten
Saturate
Entangle
CoverFlood
Stain
Coat
Clog
Block
Drench
Dirty
Rating (raw)
2
Stick
Glue
Attach
Squirt
Spill
Pin
Spray
Pour
Stack
Dump
Tape
Rub
Load
Smudge
Twirl
Spread
Pack
Splotch
Sprinkle
Vomit
Paste
Whirl
Nail
Stock
Pile
Jam
Dab
Drizzle
Staple
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Splash
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Dribble
Drip
Scatter
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ClogCram
Bind
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Entangle
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Saturate
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Fill Soak
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Cover
Drench
Litter
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Pin
Pour
Load Cram
Glue
Staple
Pack
Attach
Dump
Sprinkle
Squirt
Spread
Scatter
Stack
Splash
Spill
Drizzle
Stick
Pile
Spray
Brush
Jam
Splatter
Dab Dribble
Fasten
Nail
Tape Drip
Coil
Smudge
Whirl Paste
Rub Vomit
Spew
Twirl
Bind
Crowd
Bandage
Stock
Heap
Splotch
Coat
Ripple
Stain
Flood
Litter
Clog
Clutter
Entangle
Soak
Fill
Drench
Block
Cover Saturate
Infect
Dirty
VerbType
Ground
Ground
Ground
Age5
Age9
AgeAdult
6
4
2
Splash
Saturate
Rub
FillCover
Load
Entangle
Block
Sprinkle
Jam
Stain
Soak
Spray
Dab
Pack
Smudge
Drizzle
Infect
Spread
Stack
Fasten
Splatter
Ripple
Clog
Dirty
Coat
Nail
Paste
Drench
Litter
Bandage
Bind
Cram
Splotch
Flood
Twirl
Pour
Brush
Squirt
Scatter
Stock
Heap
Coil
Staple
Clutter
Dump
Stick
Whirl
Pile
Spill
Crowd
Dribble
Drip
Pin
Glue
Spew
Attach
Tape
Vomit
−2
0
2
Block
FillCover
Splash Bandage
Flood
Saturate
Coat
Infect
Load
Soak
Dirty
Spray
Clog
Sprinkle
Stack
Brush
Rub
Pack
Crowd
Smudge
Entangle
Cram
Dab
Fasten
Stain
Jam
Drench
Stock
Splatter
Clutter
Ripple
Litter
Twirl
Bind
Nail
Squirt
Coil
Scatter
Whirl
Drizzle
Splotch
Tape
Spread
Pile
Heap
Spew
Paste
Staple
Glue
Stick
Dribble
Pour
Pin
Attach
Spill
Drip
Dump
Vomit
−2
0
2
a Alternates
a Figure−Only
a Ground−Only
Load
Stock
FillCover
FloodBlock
Spray Fasten
Clutter
Splash
Clog
Rub
SoakDab Litter
Coat
Sprinkle
Stain
Stack
Bandage Infect
Squirt
Pack
Drizzle
Brush
Cram
Jam
Smudge
Scatter
SaturateDirty
Splatter
Pile
Drench
Bind
Splotch
Entangle
Spread Coil
Heap
Staple
Paste
Ripple
Crowd
Pin
Whirl
Dribble
Twirl
Nail
Tape
Spew
Attach
Drip
Stick
Pour
Dump
Glue
Vomit
Spill
−2
0
Entrenchment (chi−square Z score) towards (+) / away from (−) target construction
2
Figure
Figure
Figure
Age5
Age9
AgeAdult
6
4
Sprinkle Pack Attach
SprayCrowd
Stick
Spread
Load
Paste
Squirt
Splotch
Twirl
Pile
Spill
Dump
Pour
Brush
Vomit
Drizzle
Dribble
Staple
Tape
Bind
Smudge
Rub
Glue
Drip
Splash
Nail
Stack
Fill Bandage
Ripple
Pin
Whirl
Coil
Litter
Dab
Heap
Spew
Clutter
Scatter
Stock
Jam
Cram
Splatter
Infect
Soak
Fasten
Saturate
Entangle
Cover Flood
Stain
Coat
Clog
BlockDrench
Dirty
Rating (raw)
2
Stick
Glue
Attach
Squirt
Spill
Pin
Spray
Pour
Stack
Dump
Tape
Smudge
Rub
Twirl
Load
Spread
Pack
SplotchJam
Sprinkle
Vomit
Paste
Whirl
Nail
Stock
Dab
Pile
Drizzle
Staple
Coil
Splash
Splatter
Dribble
Drip
Clog
Brush
Scatter
Cram
Bind
Crowd
Entangle
Clutter
Heap
Fasten
Ripple
Saturate
Flood
Spew
Coat
Fill Infect
Stain
Bandage
Soak
BlockDrench
Cover
Litter
Dirty
Pin
Pour
Load
Glue
Staple
Pack
Dump
Attach
Sprinkle
Squirt
Cram
Spread
Scatter
Stack
Splash
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Drizzle
Stick
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Brush
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Dab
Splatter
Fasten
Dribble
Nail
Tape
Coil
Drip
Smudge
Whirl
Paste
RubVomit
TwirlSpew
BindCrowd
Bandage
Stock
Splotch
Heap
Coat
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Stain
Flood
Litter
Clog
Clutter
Entangle
Fill Soak
BlockDrench
Saturate
Cover Infect
Dirty
VerbType
Ground
Ground
Ground
Age5
Age9
AgeAdult
Block
Fill
Cover
Splash
Flood
Saturate
Bandage
Coat
Infect
Load Sprinkle
Dirty
Soak
Spray
Clog
Stack
Pack
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Fasten
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Stain
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Splatter
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Clutter
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Twirl
Nail
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Coil
Bind
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Drizzle
Scatter
Splotch
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Pile
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Vomit
Load Spray
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Fill
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Fasten
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Drip
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Attach
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−2
0
2
−2
0
2
−2
0
Preemption (chi−square Z score) towards (+) / away from (−) target construction
a Alternates
a Figure−Only
a Ground−Only
2
Figure
Figure
Figure
Age5
Age9
AgeAdult
PinPour
Load
Staple
Attach
Pack
Dump
Cram
Spread
Sprinkle
Squirt
Stack
Scatter
Splash
Spill
Drizzle
Stick
Pile
Spray
Brush
Jam Splatter
Dab
Dribble
Nail Fasten
Tape
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Smudge
Whirl
Paste
Vomit
Rub
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Twirl
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Bandage
Crowd
Stock
Heap
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Stain Clutter
Flood
Litter
Clog
Entangle
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Fill
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Block
Saturate
Dirty Infect Cover
Glue
6
4
Pack
Sprinkle
Attach
Stick
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Load
Squirt
Splotch
Dump
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Pile
Spill
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Brush
Tape
Staple
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GlueNail
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Splatter
InfectClutter
Soak
Fasten
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Rating (raw)
2
Glue Stick
Attach
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VerbType
Ground
Ground
Ground
Age5
Age9
AgeAdult
6
4
2
Splash
Saturate
Cover
Rub
Fill
Load
Entangle
Block
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Sprinkle
Soak
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aste
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LoadSoak
Spray
Sprinkle
Stack
Brush
Rub
CrowdPack
Smudge
EntangleDab
Cram
Fasten
Stain
Jam
Drench
Stock
Splatter
Clutter
LitterCoil
Ripple
Twirl
Squirt
SplotchWhirl
Drizzle
Scatter
TapeNailBind
Heap
Pile
Staple
SpewSpread
Glue Paste
Stick PourDribble
Pin
Attach
Drip Spill
VomitDump
−2
0
2
Semantic predictor: Manner (Z score)
a Alternates
a Figure−Only
a Ground−Only
Load
Stock Block Clutter
Cover
Fill
Flood
Spray
Fasten
Clog
Splash
Coat
RubSoak
Dab
Litter
Sprinkle
Stain
Bandage
InfectPack Stack
Squirt
Brush
Cram
Jam
Smudge Drizzle
Scatter
SaturateSplatter
Dirty
Pile
Drench
Bind
Splotch
Entangle
Spread
Coil Staple
Heap
Paste
Ripple
Crowd Pin
Whirl
Twirl
Dribble
Nail
Tape
Spew
Attach
Drip
Stick
Pour
Dump
Glue
Vomit
Spill
−2
0
2
Figure
Figure
Figure
Age5
Age9
AgeAdult
6
4
Sprinkle
Pack
Attach
SprayStick
Crowd
Spread
Paste
Load
Squirt
Twirl
Splotch
Pour
Pile
Dump
Spill
Brush
Vomit
Dribble
Drizzle
Tape
Staple
Rub
Glue
Smudge
Bind
Drip
SplashRipple
Nail
Stack
Fill
Pin
Whirl
Coil
Bandage
DabJam
Litter
Heap
Spew
Clutter
Scatter
Stock
Cram
Splatter
Soak Fasten
Infect
Entangle
Saturate
Flood
Cover
Stain
Coat
Clog
Block
Drench
Dirty
Rating (raw)
2
Glue Stick
Attach
Squirt
Spill
Pin
Pour
Spray
Stack
Dump
Tape
Rub
Twirl
Spread
Smudge
Load
Pack
Splotch
Sprinkle
Paste
Vomit
Whirl
Nail Staple
Dab
Jam
Stock
Pile
Drizzle
Coil
Splash
Dribble
Drip
Splatter
Brush
Scatter
Clog Bind
Cram
Crowd
Entangle
HeapClutter
Fasten
Ripple
Flood
Spew
Coat Saturate
BandageSoakStain
Fill
Infect
BlockCover
Drench
Litter
Dirty
Pour
Pin
Glue
Staple
Pack
DumpLoad
Attach
Sprinkle
Squirt
Cram
Spread
Scatter
Stack
Splash
Spill
Drizzle
Pile
SprayStick
Jam Brush
Dab
Splatter
Fasten
Dribble
Nail
Tape
Coil
Drip
Whirl PasteSmudge
Vomit
Rub
Spew Bind
Twirl
Crowd
Bandage
Stock
Heap
Splotch
Coat
Ripple
Stain
Flood
LitterClutter
ClogSoak
Entangle
Fill
Drench
Block
Saturate
Cover
Dirty
Infect
VerbType
Ground
Ground
Ground
Age5
Age9
AgeAdult
Splash
Saturate
Cover
Rub
Fill
Load
Entangle
Block
Sprinkle
Jam
Stain
Dab
Spray
Soak
Drizzle
Pack
Smudge
Infect
Spread
Stack
Fasten
Splatter
Ripple
Coat
Clog
Dirty
Paste
Nail
Litter
Drench
Bandage
Splotch
Cram
Bind
Flood
Twirl
Squirt
Brush
Pour
Coil
Heap
Stock
Scatter
Clutter
Staple
Dump
WhirlCrowd
Stick
Pile
Spill
Dribble
Drip Pin
Glue
Spew Attach
Tape
Vomit
BlockCover
Fill
Splash
FloodInfect
Saturate
Bandage
Coat
Load
Soak
Dirty
Spray
Clog
Sprinkle
Stack
Rub
Pack
Brush
Crowd
Smudge
Entangle
Cram
DabJam
Fasten
Drench Stain
Stock
Splatter
Clutter
Litter
Ripple
Twirl
Coil
Squirt
Nail
Bind
WhirlDrizzle
Splotch
Scatter
Tape
Spread
Heap
Pile
Paste
Spew Staple
Glue
Stick
DribblePour
Pin
Attach
Drip Dump Spill
Vomit
LoadFlood
Stock
Block
Cover
Fill
Clutter
Spray
Fasten
Splash
Clog
Rub
Coat
Soak
Dab
Litter
Sprinkle
Stain
Bandage
Stack
Infect
Squirt
Pack
Drizzle
Brush
Jam
Cram
Smudge
Scatter
Dirty
Splatter Saturate
Pile
Drench
Bind
Splotch Entangle
Spread
Coil
Heap
Paste
Ripple Staple
CrowdPin
Whirl
Dribble
Twirl Nail
Tape
Spew
DripPour
Attach
Stick
Dump
Glue
Vomit
Spill
−2
−2
−2
6
4
2
0
2
0
2
Semantic predictor: End state (Z score)
0
a Alternates
a Figure−Only
a Ground−Only
2
Rating (1=Ungrammatical, 5=Grammatical
Rating (1=Ungrammatical, 5=Grammatical
Age5
Age9
AgeAdult
fill
give
give spray carry
pour
takelaugh
laugh
spray
hand
roll
smash
hit
giggle
break
move
move
splash
giggle
sprinkle
cover
hand
sprinkle
smash
roll
chase
push kick
remove
show
tumble
break
fall
s
pill
splash
strike
move
show
resemble pat coat
roll
dribble
fall
tumble
drip
scream
smash
line
spatter teach
coat
shriek
deny
fill
teach spattershriek
scream
line
strike
break
deny
refuse
cover
refusestrike
pour
carry
haul fine cost
spill dribble
looklike
fine
lasttumble
drip
weigh
hit
remove
hit cost remove
haul
take
giggle
fall
laughtake
hit
give splash
move
fill
smash
takelaugh
giggle
spray
pour
spray carry
break
laugh
giggle
chase
spill
hand
cover
give
push
show
sprinkle
sprinkle
roll
move
break
hand
splash move
smash
fall
roll linedribble
strike
coat
kick
roll show
deny
remove
drip
pat
fall
tumble
tumble
spatter
smash
refuse
teach
scream
resembleline
fill break
deny
refuse
teach shriek
haul
coat spatter cost
scream
fine
shriek
strikecarry
pour dribble
cover
looklike
strike
haul
costdrip
fine tumble
hit spill remove
weigh
remove
last
laughtake
hit
giggle
fall
take
6
4
2
give
hand
fill
give
hand spray
sprinkle
giggle laugh
spray
carry
move
giggle
pat
laugh
sprinkle
roll
roll
fill
line
hit spour
line
splash
fine
pill
remove
fallcarry
push
roll
take
move
move
teachstrike
teach
drip
haulchase
pour
spatter
tumble
show
smash
fine
haul
show
splash
refuse
fall
strike
break
dripshriek smash
cost
weigh
break
scream
cost
kick
break
scream
hitcoat
tumble
refuse
shriek
looklike
strike
deny
deny
last
smash
cover
giggle
resemble
spatter
dribble
tumble
dribble
coat
laughcover
hit spill remove
remove
take
take
fall
SentenceType
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
(a) PO Dative
(b) DO Dative
(c) Intransitive
(d) Transitive
(e) Periphrastic
(f) Figure locative
(g) Ground locative
(h) passive
0
−2
−1
0
1
2
−2
−1
0
1
2
−2
−1
0
1
2
Preemption: (chi−square Z score)
Age5
Age9
AgeAdult
6
4
2
hit
move
laugh
give
fill
smash
take
splash
giggle
spray
pour
spray
break
laugh
carry
giggle
chase
hand
spill
cover
give
push
show
roll
sprinkle
sprinkle
move
line
break
hand
splash
smash
move
fall
roll
strike
coat
dribble
kick
roll
show
deny
remove
drip
pat
falltumble
tumble
spatter
smash
refuse teach
scream
resemble
fill refuse
deny
line
break
shriek
teach
haul
coat spatter
cost
scream
fine
shriek
strike
carry cover
pour
tumble
looklike
strike
haul
costdribble
fine
drip
spill
hit remove
weigh
remove
last
laugh
hit
take
take
fall giggle
fill
give
pour
give
take
laugh
laugh
carry
spray
hand
rollsmash
hit
giggle
spray
break
move
move
splash
giggle
sprinkle
cover
hand
sprinkle
smash
roll
push
chase
kick
remove
show
tumble
break
fall
spill
splash
strike
move
coat
show
resemble pat
dribble
falltumble
driproll
scream
smash
line
spatter
shriek
coat fill
deny
teach
shriekspatter
teach
scream
line
strike
break
deny
refuse
cover
strike
refuse
carry haul
pour
cost
fine
spill
looklike
fine
lastdribble
tumble
drip
weigh
hit
remove
hitcost
remove
haul
takegiggle
fall
take
laugh
give
hand
fill
give
laugh
giggle giggle
sprinkle
hand
spray
spray
carry
move
pat
laugh
roll
roll
sprinkle
line
fill
hit
splash
finepush
spill
pour
remove
carry fallline
roll
take
move
move
chase
teach
teach
strike spattertumble
drip
haul
pour
smash
show
haul
fine
show
splash
refuse
fall
strike
drip
cost
weigh
break
scream
cost
shriek
kick
break
scream
smash
tumble
hit
shriek
coat dribble
refuse
looklike
deny
strike
deny
last
smash
giggle
resemble
spatter
tumble
dribble
coat cover
laugh
cover
spill
hit remove
take
remove
take
fall
SentenceType
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
0
−2
−1
0
1
2
−2
−1
0
1
2
Entrenchment: (chi−square Z score )
−2
−1
0
1
2
(a) PO Dative
(b) DO Dative
(c) Intransitive
(d) Transitive
(e) Periphrastic
(f) Figure locative
(g) Ground locative
(h) passive
Age5
Age9
5
Rating 1−5
3
2
Wrap Button
Tie
Chain Zip
Screw
Leash
Buckle
Lace
Pack
Roll
Crumple
Lock
Veil
Fasten
Do
Snap
HookBend
Mask
Bandage
Reel
Cork
Screw
Pack
Leash
SnapZip Fasten
Tie Lock
Chain
Roll
Reel
Do
Tighten
LatchWrap
Buckle
Button
Hook
Bandage
Close
Allow
Loosen
Crumple
Veil
Put Mask
Fill
Squeeze
Cork
Lace
Press
Freeze
Straighten
Release
Embarrass
Believe
Bend
Pull
Remove
Delete
Lift
Lock
Wrap
Button
Pack
Mask Buckle
Bandage
Screw
Zip Tie
Lace
Tighten
Fasten
Squeeze
Straighten
Chain
Veil
Remove
Snap
Bend
Do
Believe
Delete
Pull
CrumpleHook
Loosen
Fill
Press
Cork
Roll
Lift
Freeze
Stand
Close
Latch
Open
Reel
Sit Allow
Leash
Release
Give
Ask
Come
Put
Embarrass
4
AgeAdult
AskLoosen
Tighten
Latch
Delete
Open
Straighten
Fill
Release
Close
Embarrass
Press
Allow
Remove
Come
Put
Sit
GoSqueeze
Pull
Lift
Stand
Give
Believe
Go
ComeSit
Open
Ask
Go
Give
Stand
1
−3
−2
−1
0
1
2
3−3
−2
−1
0
1
2
3−3
−2
−1
0
Type
a Un
a Zero
Freeze
1
2
3
Preemption (chi−square Z score)
Age5
Age9
5
Rating 1−5
3
2
Wrap
Button
Tie Zip
Screw
Buckle Leash
LacePack
Roll
Crumple
Lock
Veil
Fasten
Do
Snap Bend
Hook
Bandage
Reel Mask
Cork
Screw
Pack
Zip
Leash
Snap
Lock
TieFasten
ChainRoll
Do TightenReel
Latch
Buckle
Wrap
Hook
Button
Bandage
Allow
Close
Loosen Mask Veil
PutCrumple
Fill
Squeeze
Lace
Cork
Press
Freeze
Straighten
Believe
Release
Embarrass
Bend
Pull
Remove
LiftDelete
Lock
Wrap
Button
Pack
Mask
BandageBuckle
Tie Screw
Zip
Tighten Lace
Fasten
Squeeze
Straighten
Chain Bend
Veil
Remove
Snap
Do
Believe
Pull
Crumple
FillDelete
Loosen Hook
Press
Roll
Lift
FreezeCork
Stand
Close
Open
Reel
Latch
Allow
Sit
Leash
Release
Give
Ask
Come
Put Embarrass
4
AgeAdult
Chain
Come
Open
Sit
Ask
Go
Give
Stand
1
−2
−1
0
1
2
3−3
−2
−1
0
1
2
a Un
a Zero
Ask Loosen
Tighten
Latch
Open
Straighten
Delete
Fill
Release
Close
Embarrass
Freeze
Allow
Press
Remove
Come
Put
Sit
Go Squeeze
Pull
Lift
Stand
Give
Believe
Go
−3
Type
3−3
Entrenchment (chi−square Z score)
−2
−1
0
1
2
3
Age5
Age9
5
Rating 1−5
3
2
Button
Wrap
Tie
Zip
Screw
Leash Chain
Buckle
Lace
Pack
Roll
Veil Crumple
Lock
Fasten
Do
Snap
Hook
Bend
Mask
Bandage
Cork
Reel
Screw
Leash
Zip
Pack
Snap
Lock
Fasten
Tie
Chain
Roll
Reel
Do
Tighten
Button
LatchBuckle
Hook
Wrap
Bandage
Close
Allow
Mask
Crumple
Veil
Loosen
Put
FillSqueeze
Lace
Cork
Freeze Press
Straighten
Embarrass
Release
Bend
Believe
Pull
Remove
Delete
Lift
Lock
Wrap
Button
Buckle
Pack
Mask
Screw
Bandage
Tie
Zip
Lace
Tighten
Fasten
Squeeze
Straighten
Veil
Chain
Remove
Bend
Snap
Do
Believe
Hook
Delete
Pull
Crumple
Loosen
Fill
Press
Cork
Roll
Freeze
LiftClose
Stand
Latch
Reel
Open
Allow
Sit
Leash
Release
Give
Ask
Come
Put
Embarrass
4
AgeAdult
Come
Sit
Open
Ask
Go
Stand
Give
1
−2
−1
0
1
2
3−3
−2
−1
0
1
a Un
a Zero
Loosen
Ask
Tighten
Latch
Straighten
Delete
Open
Fill
Release
Close
Embarrass
Freeze
Press
Allow
Remove
Come
Put
Sit
Squeeze
Go
Pull
Lift
Stand
Give
Believe
Go
−3
Type
2
3−3
−2
−1
0
1
2
3
Rating for bare (zero) form (Z score)
Age5
Age9
Rating 1−5
5
Lock
Wrap
Button
Buckle
Pack
Bandage
Screw
ZipMask
Tie
4
Lace
Fasten
Tighten
Squeeze
Chain
Veil
Straighten
Snap
Bend
Remove
Do
Believe
Delete
Hook
Pull
Crumple
Loosen
Fill
Press
RollCork
Lift
Freeze
Stand
Close
ReelLatch
Open
3
Allow
Sit
Leash
Release
Give
Ask
Come
Put
Embarrass
2
AgeAdult
ButtonWrap
Zip Tie
Chain
Screw
Leash
Buckle
Lace
Pack
Roll Crumple
Veil
Lock
Fasten
Do
Snap
Hook Bend
Mask
Bandage
Reel
Cork
Screw
Leash
Zip Pack
Snap
Lock
Fasten
Tie
Roll
Chain
Reel Do
Tighten
Hook
Button
Latch
Buckle
Wrap
Bandage
Allow
Close
Crumple
VeilMask
Loosen
Put
Fill
Squeeze
Cork
Lace
Press
Freeze
Straighten
Embarrass
Believe Bend
Release
Pull
Delete
Remove
Lift
Embarrass
Come
Sit Open
Go
Give
Stand
1
−3
−2
−1
0
1
2
3−3
−2
−1
0
1
Reversibility (Z score)
a Un
a Zero
Ask
Go
Ask
Type
2
3−3
−2
Loosen
Tighten
Latch
Delete
Straighten
Open
Release Fill
Close
Freeze
Press
Allow
Remove
Put Go Come
Sit
Squeeze
Lift
Pull
Stand
Give
Believe
−1
0
1
2
3
Age5
Age9
5
Rating 1−5
3
2
Button Wrap
Tie
Zip
Screw
Chain
Leash
Buckle
Lace
Pack
Roll
Crumple
Veil
Lock
Fasten
Do
Snap
Bend Hook
Mask
Bandage
Reel
Cork
Screw
Zip
Leash
Pack
Snap
Lock
Tie Fasten
Roll
Chain
Do Reel
Tighten
Hook
Button Buckle
Latch
Wrap
Bandage
AllowCrumple
Close
Veil
Loosen
Put Mask
Fill
Squeeze
Lace
Cork
Press
Freeze
Straighten
Embarrass
Believe
Release
Bend
Pull
Delete
Lift
Remove
Lock
Wrap
Button
Pack
Buckle
MaskTie
Bandage
Screw
Zip
Lace
Tighten
Fasten
Squeeze
Straighten
Veil
Chain
Bend
Remove
Snap
Do
Believe
Delete
Pull
Hook
Crumple
Loosen
Fill
Press
Cork
Freeze
StandRollLift
Close
Reel
Open
Latch
Allow Sit
Leash
Release
Give
Ask
Come
Put
Embarrass
4
AgeAdult
Loosen
Tighten
Latch
Straighten
Delete
Open
Fill
Release
Close
Embarrass
Freeze
Allow
Press
Remove
Come
Put
Go Sit
Squeeze
Lift Pull
Stand
Give
Believe
Come Sit
Ask Open
Go
Stand
Give
1
−2
−1
0
1
2
3−3
−2
−1
0
1
Semantics (Z score)
2
a Un
a Zero
Ask
Go
−3
Type
3−3
−2
−1
0
1
2
3
So,what’stheproblem?
Thesearesingle-processsoluBons.None
aRemptstoexplainfindingsaRributedtothe
others…
OreventoreconciletheircompeBng
predicBons…
Eventhoughweotenfindallthreeeffectsin
thesamedataset
Whatweneedinstead
Anaccountthatexplainshowtheeffectsof
entrenchment,preempBonandverbsemanBcs
falloutofalearningmechanismthatalso
explains…
(a)Whythesizeofeacheffectvariesacross
construcBonsandlanguages
(b)HowchildrenformthegeneralizaBonsinthe
firstplace(beforerestricBngthemàadultlike)
(c)Whatlearnersbringtothetask,intermsof
(evolved?)cogniBve-semanBcuniversals
The clown made
the man laugh
Message: CLOWN (X) CAUSE
[MAN (Y) LAUGH (VERB)]
Semantic fit
Relevance
Periphrastic
Causative:
X make Y VERB
Verb in con. freq
Semantic fit
Transitive
X VERB Y
Relevance
Semantic fit
Relevance
Verb-in-constrction
frequency
Intransitive
Y VERB
*The clown
laughed the man
Verb-in-con-freq
The man
laughed
WP1:Crosslinguis;ccausa;ves
Aim1:TestcrosslinguisBcpredicBonsofthis
accountforcausaBveconstrucBons
•  PreempBoneffectinlanguageswheretwo
construcBonshaveverysimilarmeanings
•  Entrenchmenteffectwheretheydon’t
•  SemanBceffectswhenlanguagemakesclear
semanBcdivisionbetweenverbs.Relatesto
Aim2:UniversalsimilariBesbetweenthetypes
ofverbsthatare(non/)causaBveonly/basic
Language
Regular,morphosyntac;c,
predictable,indirect
Irregular,lexical,semi(un)predictable,direct
K’iche’
paax
-isa
zeromarking
*Leachix-0-u-paax-isa- Leachix-0-u-pax-ii-j
jlequmub'al
lequmub'al
Japanese
koware
-(s)ase
*Darekagatorakkuo
koware-sase-ru
Hindi
TUT
-aa
Vowelchange
*kisi-neTrak-koTUT-aa kisi-neTrak-kotoD
English
break
PeriphrasBc
?Someonemadethe
truckbreak
TransiBve
Someonebrokethe
truck
Hebrew
sh.b.r
PeriphrasBc
Mishehugaramlamasa'itle-hishaber
Hif’ilbinyan
*Mishehuhishbiret
ha-masa'it
“lexical”
Darekagatorakkuo
kowas-u
Shibatani’scausaBveconBnuum
Noteven Indirect
causa;ve Causa;on
Supervision Assis;ve Jointac;on Direct
Sodirect,indirect
causa;on isnoteven
possible
Thechild Mother
Mother Mothermade Asle[ Mother
?Mother Motherkilledthe
peed
persuaded hadthe thechildpee but
madethe playedthe child
(completelythechildto childpee (bytaking
slightly childplay child(by
independen pee(by
(by
down
lessdirect(byplaying placinga
tly)
tellingher supervisingunderwear, (e.g.,just withher)/? raZleinher
togotothe everystep, providing
providing Mother
handand
toilet,but thoughnotpoZyetc
poZy)
felledthe shakingthat
notactuallyactually
child
hand)/?
supervising assis;ng)
Thedoctor
directly)
peedthe
child(by
squeezingit
out!)
Shibatani’scausaBveconBnuum
Completely
regular/
Notatallregular/
predictable predictable
Analy;c/Syntac;c
Agglu;na;ve
Fusional
Lexical
English
English
CausaBve
AggulBnaBv Fusional/ Lexical
Lexical LexicalcausaBves
periphrasBc periphrasBc morpheme ecausaBve InflecBonal causaBves causaBvethatare
causaBve causaBve
whichis
morpheme morphologic thatseemto -Labile completely
withcause/ withget/
etymologically (likealcausaBvesincludean (e.g.,
unpredictable;
persaude/ make/
traceabletoa (s)ase),
(e.g.,
aggluBnaBve English i.e.,arenotatALL
force(which have(which verblike
whichcan internal
/fusionsal open/ segmentableinto
retaintheir "showthe make/do(e.g., beclearly vowel/
causaBvizaBo break
stem+
literal
semanBc
Japanesesegmented consonant nprocess, that
aggulBnaBve/
meaning) bleaching
(s)aseislike fromthe change;e.g.,butnotina don't
fusionalcausaBve
characterisBc su,'do')
verb,butis tofall/to
regular/
change markerORrelated
of
not
fell;tosit/to predictable form)
(eveninalabile
grammaBcaliz
necessarily seat)
way
way)tothenonaBon")
etymoligical
causaBve
lytracable
tomake/do
Methods:Judgments
Methods:Produc;on(priming)
Dogtoy:Thecluewordis“lit”
Experimenter:Margelitedthebox
Dogtoy:Thecluewordisgiggle
Child:*Homergiggledthegirl
tee
hee!!!
WP1:PredictorVariables
*Theclownlaughedtheman
Entrenchment:Overallfrequencyoflaughin
eachlanguage
PreempBon:Frequencyofwhatevercompetes
withtheerror(e.g.,English:Theclownmadethe
manlaugh)
VerbsemanBcs:RaBngsofextenttowhich
parBcularverbs(or,rather,meanings)are
internallyvsexternallycaused
PreviousaZempt
20semanBc
properBes
condensedtofiveby
PCAàResults
uninterpretable
Crosslinguistic Causatives
•  Prediction: The greater the extent to
which a particular event scores higher
on the event-merge measure, the
greater the likelihood that
•  (a) languages will lexicalise this event
with a causative-only / causative-basic
verb (i.e., the less transparent /
predictable / regular the causative form
will be)
Crosslinguistic Causatives
•  Prediction: The greater the extent to
which a particular event scores higher
on the event-merge measure, the
greater the likelihood that
•  (b) children will correctly prefer an
irregular/vowel change/lexical form
over a regular/periphrastic/morphosyntactic form in judgments/production
Thecausa;vecon;nuum:Pilot
Age5
Age9
AgeAdult
Difference score (Intransitive minus Transitive)
5.0
drink
hop
come
laugh
eat
arrive
climb
swim
go
sing
grin
moan
sleep
giggle smile
frown
run
groan
chuckle
rise
talktumble
jump
chortleexitenter ascend
descend
inflate
dissolve
improve
shatter break
expandfreeze
smash
grow
strike
melt
drop
shrink
crash
boildeflate
defrost enlarge
rip split
change
bake crease
open
slash
crackclose
fry
raise
alterfold
cook
burn tear
slice
amuse
saw
peck
tapmash
crush
squash
chop
hoist
lower
whack
cut
nudge
hit
bite
lift
leave
tickle stroke
kicktouch
bring
kiss
take
punch
drinkswim
fall
go climb
eathop
giggle talk
come
arrive
laugh grin
moan
sing
freeze
enter
tumble
jump
sleep
run
frown
rise smile
exit improve
shatter fold
open
chuckle
rip alter
defrost
chortle
groan
crash
deflate
amuseboil
expand
ascend
descend
touch
dissolve
fry
cook
strike
drop
shrink grow
lower
crush
saw
enlarge
smash
crack
close
melt
bake
burn
inflate
kick
chop
raise
tear
slash
break
change crease
split
tap
hit
nudge
slice
peck
squash
hoist
mash
leave
bite
liftpunch
whack
tickle
bringcut
kiss
stroke
take
2.5
0.0
drink
laugh
groan
grin
come
giggle
climb
go fall
sing
chuckle
arrive
eat
smile
frown
moan
sleep hop
swim
chortle
rise
talkenter
tumble
run
exit
expand descend
ascend
jump
improve
fall
−2.5
VerbType
growfreezeshatter
break
shrink
dissolve
melt
change
crash
split
crack
defrost
open
burn
smash
inflate
fold
boil
deflate
rip alter
fry bake
drop
crease
close
cook
tear
a ALT
a INT
a TRN
enlarge
squash
tap
crush
lower
slice
nudge
saw
strikehit
peck
slashmash
hoist
amuse
raise chop
lift
whack
kickleave
cut
kiss
touch
tickle
bring stroke
takebite
punch
−5.0
0
25
50
75
100
0
25
50
75
Semantics (Event Merge)
100
0
25
50
75
100
Crosslinguistic Causatives
We also plan to use three other semantic
predictors from Shibatani and Pardeshi:
1. We are interested in how A would usually cause this type
ACTION/ EVENT/ CHANGE. On a scale from 1-100, please
rate the extent to which A … can ensure that the ACTION/
EVENT/CHANGE happens by physically manipulating B
(higher numbers)… … can only ask/tell/instruct B to undergo
the ACTION/EVENT/CHANGE (lower numbers)
Crosslinguistic Causatives
We also plan to use three other semantic
predictors from Shibatani and Pardeshi:
2. We are interested in how much choice B has over the
ACTION/EVENT/CHANGE. On a scale from 1-100, please
rate the extent to which…. …B chooses to carry out/undergo
the ACTION/EVENT/CHANGE (lower numbers) VERSUS …A
forces B to carry out/undergo the ACTION/EVENT/CHANGE,
whether B likes it or not (higher numbers)
Crosslinguistic Causatives
We also plan to use three other semantic
predictors from Shibatani and Pardeshi:
3. We are interested in the extent to which A is necessary in
bringing about this ACTION/EVENT/CHANGE. On a scale
from 1-100, please rate the extent to which…. …B's ACTION/
EVENT/CHANGE could come about with absolutely no
involvement from A (lower numbers) VERSUS …B's
ACTION/EVENT/CHANGE requires A's involvement, and
could not happen without A (higher numbers)
CLASS
Crosslinguistic
Acquisition of
Sentence Structure
Funded by the
European Research
Council
BenAmbridge,RamyaMaitreyee,TomokoTatsumi,LauraDoherty,AnnaSamara(Liverpool)
BhuvanaNarasimhan(Colorado),DipBMisra-Sharma(IIIT),RukminiNair(IIT)
InbalArnon(HUJ),ShiraZicherman(HUJ),RuthBerman(TelAviv),CliffPye(Kansas),Pedro
MateoPedro,(UVG),KumikoFukumura(Strathclyde),LizWonnacoR(UCL).
Modeling
Aim1:MoststringenttestofCLASSaccount
(muchmoresothanispossibleforverbal
version).CancomputaBonalmodelwithrealisBc
inputsimulatejudgmentandproduc;ondata
acrossWP1-3?
Aim2:Canthemodelsimulatedevelopment
solelyasafuncBonoflearning,ordoweneed
qualitaBvechanges(e.g.,increasedsensiBvityto
semanBcs/increasedworkingmemory)?
Modeling
S14-15:CanthemodelsimulatethecrosslinguisBc
judgmentandproducBondatafrom(in)transiBve
construcBons(S1-6)andother,language-specific
generalizaBons(S7-9)?
S16:Whyarelanguagesthewaytheyare?Canthe
modelacquirelanguageswithparBcularlyfew/
manyexcepBons,high/lowskew,high/lowtype
frequencyetc?
S17:Canthemodelsimulatedevelopmentsolelyas
afuncBonoflearning,ordoweneedqualitaBve
changes(e.g.,increasedsensiBvitytosemanBcs/
increasedworkingmemory)?
ConstrucBons(e.g.,A=IntransiBve,
B=TransiBve,C=PeriphrasBc)
A
Message
=CAUSE
Y/N
SemanBcinputunits
(eachverbratedfor8
semanBcproperBes)
B
C
Hidden
units
24lexicalinputunits(one
perverb,orthogonal)
ConstrucBons(e.g.,A=IntransiBve,
B=TransiBve,C=PeriphrasBc)
A
Message
=CAUSE
Y/N
B
C
Hidden
units
.81.22.10.41.89.32.73.09000000010000000000000000
Trialcorrespondstocorpusinputsentence:
(e.g.,V=laugh;C=IntransiBve,Message=Nocause)