Nickel
Physico-chemical properties
DACTARI
Element
Symbol
Atomic number
Atomic weight
Chemical series
Discovered
Origin of the name
Electron configuration
Density
Melting point
Boiling point
Pearson classification (acid and base)
Electronegativity (Pauling scale)
Ionic Radius (Marcus)
Coordination number
Oxidation states (main in bold)
Redox potential
Main mineral compounds (solids)
Main Industrial compounds (solids)
Main industrial compounds (solution)
Biological role
Main isotopes
Nickel
Ni
28
58.7
Transition metal
A.F. Cronstedt (1751)
German kupfernickel meaning copper of the devil
[Ar] 3d8 4s2
8.9 g/cm3
1455°C
2913°C
Borderline
1.91
0.69 Å
4-6
II (Ni2+), III (Ni3+)
- 0.23 V (Ni2+/Ni)
Limonite, garnierite, pentlandite…
NiO, Ni2O3, NiCl2, NiSO4, NiS, NiS2...
NiCl2, NiSO4, Ni(NO3)2, Ni(CO)4 (gas)
Not present. Role in F430 in archea
59Ni (T1/2 = 7.6 104 y, EC) (1g = 2.95 109 Bq)
63Ni (T1/2 = 100.1 y, β) (1g = 2.10 1012 Bq)
Nickel
Acute toxicity
DACTARI
Element
Symbol
Nickel metal
Nickel oxide
Nickel nitrate : Ni(NO3)2
Nickel chloride : NiCl2
Nickel sulfate : NiSO4
Nickel acetate : Ni(CH3CO2)2
Nickel sulfide, bisulfide : NiS, NiS2
Nickel
Ni
LD 50 (mg/kg) (rat/oral)
Classification LD50*
> 9000
NC
> 3930
NC
1620
4
105 - 285
3-4
39 - 46
2
116 – 136 (rat/mice)
3
> 3665
NC
References
Fractional absorption : fA (ICRP 100)
Materno-fœtal transfer (ICRP 88)
ATSDR, INERIS, INRS (FT 68), OEHHA, HSDB
0.01
2
*Classification of Acute Toxicity on the Basis of the LD 50.
Exposure Route
Oral (mg/kg
bodyweight)
Dermal (mg/kg
bodyweight)
Gases (ppmV)
Vapours (mg/l)
Category 1
Category 2
Category 3
Category 4
ATE < 5
5 < ATE < 50
50 < ATE < 300
300 < ATE < 2000
ATE ≤ 50
50 < ATE < 200
200 < ATE < 1000
1000 < ATE < 2000
ATE < 100
100 < ATE < 500
500 < ATE < 2500
2500 < ATE < 20000
ATE < 0.5
0.5 < ATE < 2.0
2.0 < ATE < 10.0
10.0 < ATE < 20.0
*Acute toxicity hazard categories and acute toxicity estimates (ATE)
* Classification du GHS (United Nations Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of
Chemicals) des DL50 devant rentrer en vigueur en Europe en 2008. Proposal for a regulation of the
European parliament and of the council on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and
mixtures, and amending Directive 67/548/EEC and Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006.
Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 27.6.2007 - COM(2007) 355 final , 2007/0121
(COD).Volume II (Annex I),
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/reach/ghs_legislation_en.htm (volume 2, annexe 1 )
Nickel
Chronic toxicity
DACTARI
Element
Symbol
Nickel
Ni
Chemical compound
Isotopes
WHO
RN water guide value (Bq/L)
chemical water guide value (mg/L)
CMR classification
IARC (1 to 4)
59Ni
63Ni
1000
1000
0.07
CEE
-
EPA
-
Nickel compounds C:1
Nickel metal C:2B
Nickel (oxides, sulphides) C:1
Nickel (metal, carbonate,
sulphate) C:3
Nickel sulphide C : A
Ni(CO)4 C : B2
Non carcinogen
Critical effect
Target organs : kidneys, soft tissues
RfD (reference dose) mg/kg/d
2 10-2 (EPA)
NOAEL mg/kg/d
Ni sulfate : 62 (dog) -187
Risk phrases
R 40-43-49
Risk group (Delacroix)
5
# Specific activities : 59Ni (1g = 2.95 109 Bq) ; 63Ni (1g = 2.09 1012 Bq)
IARC carcinogenicity to humans:
C:1
C : 2A
C : 2B
C:3
C:4
Carcinogenic to humans
Probably carcinogenic to humans
Possibly carcinogenic to humans
Unclassifiable as to carcinogenicity for humans
Probably not carcinogenic for humans
Radiotoxic groups (Delacroix et al., 2002) :
G 1 : Exemption < 104 Bq
G 2 : Exemption < 105 Bq
G 3 : Exemption = 106 Bq
G 4 : Exemption = 107 Bq
G 5 : Exemption > 108 Bq