28-4: Russia Under Stalin
Five Year Plans
Stalin ended Lenin’s
compromise with
capitalism and created a
command economy
Industrial growth
increased dramatically
but did not reach Stalin’s
high goals
Stalin’s agricultural
collectivization did not
improve production, led
to famine and an
estimated 10 million
deaths
Methods of Control
Daily Life
Stalin terrorized his
people and eliminated his
enemies with the Cheka,
the Gulags in Siberia, and
the purges of the
Communist Party
Leaders of the Communist
Party were part of the
new elite social class
Provided free services
such as free schools, job
training, and medical care
Propaganda created a cult
of personality for Stalin
Standard of living was low
but unemployment
Russification of other
problems of the Great
nations in the Soviet
Depression were avoided
Union
Women gained equal
State suppression of and rights under the law and
attacks on religions
helped the economy grow
28-3: Mussolini’s Rise to Power
Dissatisfaction
and Unrest
Italians dissatisfied with
the territories gained in
the Versailles Treaty
after WWI
Social, political, and
economic strife caused
disorder and chaos
The government split
into factions over the
issues and could not
solve the crises
Mussolini
Took Power
Mussolini
Changed Italy
Benito Mussolini dropped Mussolini became a
socialism and formed the dictator , “Il Duce”
Fascist Party in 1919
Brought the economy
Pledged to end the chaos under state control but
and unrest and return
supported wealthy
Italy to greatness
capitalists at the workers’
expense
Black Shirts used violence
and fear to silence and
New values glorified and
crush opposition
supported the state and
party and weakened or
Mussolini was legally
degraded individualism
given control by the king
after the March on Rome
in 1922
28-3: What is Fascism?
Values
a) No unifying set of beliefs;
b) Glorified nationalism, discipline, militarism, and loyalty
c) Anti-democratic
a) Centralized, authoritarian, but noncommunist
Characteristics b) Aggressive foreign expansion
Differences
from
Communism
Similarities to
Communism
a) Worked for nationalist rather than international goals
b) Supports defined/distinct socio-economic classes
a)
b)
c)
d)
Use of terror to support regimes
Demand blind devotion to the state
Led by elites from the only political party
Totalitarian government to control and change society
28-5: Germany After World War I
Under Weimar Republic Rise of the Nazi Party
Blamed for Versailles Treaty
French occupation of the
Ruhr led to economic crisis
Hyperinflation spiraled out
of control
Economy improved in the
late ’20s with U.S. help
Great Depression early ’30s
New cultural movements
stimulated by uncertainty
Berlin attracted writers and
artists from around the
world
Adolf Hitler wrote Mein
Kampf while in prison
Under the Nazis
Totalitarian state under Nazi
Party rule
Hitler’s ideas were rooted in Hitler’s policies brought
Aryan supremacy and antiGermany out of the Great
Semitism
Depression
Unemployment during the
Great Depression caused
membership in the Nazi
Party to rise
Hitler’s accomplishments
were praised domestically
and internationally
Nazi ideas were spread to
Hitler promised to end
the German youth through
reparations , create jobs, and schools and programs
to rearm the German
military
Nuremburg Laws for Jews
Hitler elected chancellor in
1933
Nazis weakened the arts and
isolated religions
27-2: Nationalism in Africa & Middle East
Oppressed by European colonialism
Africans fought in WWI and hoped for
more rights
Growth of Pan-Africanism
Europeans increased level of control
(apartheid system in South Africa)
African National Congress
Egypt gained independence
Negritude movement
Collapse of Ottoman Empire after WWI Ataturk established Turkey as secular
republic & encouraged industrialization
Persian resentment of British and
Russian influence
Reza Khan overthrew the shah of Persia
Reza Khan modernized Persia
Forced British to share oil profits
Growth of Pan-Arabism
Ongoing Arab resentment of Westerners
Feelings of betrayal at Paris Peace
Conference after WWI
Increased tensions between Arab
Muslims and Jews
Zionists wanted to create Jewish State
Balfour Declaration supported Jews
27-3: Independence in India
Causes
Millions of Indians served in WWI for
Great Britain based on the promise of
more self-rule
Effects
Gandhi called for a boycott of British
goods, especially cotton textiles
Limited British reforms after WWI
frustrated Indians
Gandhi’s Salt March inspired other
Indians to join his protest of the British
monopoly on salt
Protests against British rule sparked
riots and attacks on and by the British
Gandhi’s use on nonviolent
tacticsgained international attention
Congress Party did not represent poor
Indians who made up most of the
population
Congress Party did not represent poor
Indians who made up most of the
population
Mohandas Gandhi believed in using
nonviolent civil disobedience
(satyagraha) to protest unjust laws
World opinion became more
sympathetic to the cause of Indian
independence
Gandhi had broad appeal and
reached out to all Indians
Gandhi’s campaigns forced Britain to
hand some power over to Indians
27-4: Upheaval in China
Warlord
Uprisings
Foreign
Imperialism
Nationalism
Presidents Sun Yixian and
Yuan Shikai could not
create a strong central
government
Japan created the TwentyOne Demands in order to
make China a
protectorate in their
empire
The May Fourth
Movement tried to
strengthen China by
adopting Western
learning like Meiji Japan
Local warlords took
power in the provinces
and disrupted the
economy and worsened
famines
The Treaty of Versailles
gave Japan control of
former German spheres
of influence in China
Guomindang stressed
Sun Yixian’s Three
Principles of the People
Chinese Communists
formed their own party
led by Mao Zedong
27-4: Conflict in China
1921
Guomindang
(Nationalists) established
a government in
southern China
1927
Civil War between the
Guomindang and the
Communists erupted after
Jieshi’s surprise massacre
1931
Japan invaded and
conquered the northern
Chinese territory of
Manchuria
1925
Jiang Jieshi succeeded
Sun Yixian as the leader
of the Nationalists
1934-35
Jieshi’s forces harassed
the Communists on their
6,000 mile long retreat
into the mountains,
known as the Long March
1936
The Guomindang and
communists suspended
their conflict to resist the
Japanese
1926
Guomindang and the
Communists joined to
defeat the warlords in
the North
1937
Japan invaded China and
began the Second SinoJapanese War
27-5: Conflicting Forces in Japan
Liberalism in the 1920s
Militarism in the 1930s
Greater Democracy – political parties
expanded and suffrage extended to all
adult males
Natural disasters and economic
depression caused unrest and anxiety
Retreated from the aggressive
imperial expansion and signed military
reduction treaties
Unequal distribution of wealth –
peasants did not share in the nation’s
prosperity
Japanese youth in the cities revolted
against tradition and adopted Western
fashion and culture
Japan returned to aggressive expansion
to fix its economic woes and invaded
Manchuria
Militarists ,or ultranationalists, came to
power through violence and
intimidation
Ultranationalists were supported by the
public and revived traditional values
and the Emperor
Invaded China in 1937 to begin the
Second Sino-Japanese War