Species list of non-flying mammals in the Jamari
National Forest, Rondonia, Brazil
April Hampton (SUNY Oswego) Marcelo Mazzolli (UNIPLAC)
Introduction
Before conducting research on biological communities, researchers must know what species
are expected to inhabit the region. In the process of preparing for Projeto Puma, a list of species
found in the Jamari National Forest was compiled; however, this list was not complete as its purpose
was to provide a list of species likely to be recorded using the methods that were employed. A
complete guide is imperative to researchers who need to readily identify species as they are
presented. Therefore, a review of the literature on the species found in the Jamari National Forest
combined with the list made prior to the expedition would be of significance to future research
conducted in the study area.
Results
Non-Flying Mammals within the Jamari National Forest
Emmons & Feer
X
X
Tayassu tajacu
X
IUCN Red List
X
X
X
X
Nowak
X
X
X
X
Recorded
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Felis pardalis
Felis wiedii
X
X
X
X
X
X
Felis yagouaroundi
Felis concolor
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Felis paradalis
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Felis yagouaroundi
Felis concolor
X
-­‐
-­‐
-­‐
X
-­‐
-­‐
X
X
-­‐
-­‐
-­‐
-­‐
X
-­‐
Southern Naked-­‐tailed Armadillo
Greater long-­‐nosed armadillo
Nine-­‐banded Long-­‐nosed Armadillo
Giant armadillo
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-­‐
-­‐
X
-­‐
Didelphimorpha Didelphis marsupialis
Marmosa murina
Metachirus nudicaudatus
Philander opossum
Common opossum
Murine mouse opossum
Brown four-­‐eyed opossum
Common gray four-­‐eyed opossum
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-­‐
-­‐
-­‐
-­‐
Perissodactyla
Tapirus terrestris
Brazilian tapir
X
X
X
X
Pilosa
Bradypus variegatus
Cyclopes didactylus
Myrmecophaga tridactyla
Tamandua tetradactyla
Brown-­‐throated three toed sloth
Silky anteater
Giant anteater
Collared or Southern tamandua
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-­‐
-­‐
X
-­‐
Primates
Aotus nigriceps
Ateles chamek
Callicebus brunneus
Cebus albifrons
Cebus apella
Mico rondoni
Pithecia irrorata
Saguinus fuscicollis
Saimiri ustus
Black-­‐headed night monkey
Black-­‐faced black spider monkey
Brown titi monkey
White-­‐fronted capuchin monkey
Guianan/ Margarita Island brown capuchin
Rondon's Marmoset
Gray's bald-­‐faced saki
Saddleback tamarin
Bare-­‐eared squirrel monkey
X
X
X
X
X
-­‐
Pithecia monachus irrorata
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-­‐
X
X
X
-­‐
X
X
-­‐
X
X
X
X
X
Coendou prehensilis
Cuniculus paca
Dasyprocta fuliginosa
Holochilus sciureus
Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris
Nectomys rattus
Oecomys bicolor
Oligoryzomys microtis
Hylaeamys yunganus
Oxymycterus amazonicus
Proechimys steerei
Sciurus spadiceus
Brazilian porcupine
Paca
Black agouti
Marsh Rat
Capybara
Small footed bristly mouse
Bicolored arbooreal rice rat
Small-­‐eared pygmy rice rat
Yungas rice rat
Long-­‐nosed mouse
Spiny Rats
Southern Amazon red squirrel
X
Agouti paca
-­‐
X
Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-­‐
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Agouti paca
X
X
Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-­‐
X
X
-­‐
-­‐
-­‐
-­‐
-­‐
-­‐
-­‐
-­‐
-­‐
Artiodactyla
Carnivora
Figures left to right: Preparing track traps, footprint of an ocelot, Rondon’s marmoset, camera trap picture of an ocelot, road near the
base camp, and footprint of a puma.
Methods
The purpose of this review was to create a list of non-flying mammals located in the Jamari National Forest in
Rondonia, Brazil. Various literature was consulted in order to create this list. Very little research has been conducted
in the local area so the forms of literature employed were books and field guides that discussed the many species of
mammals in Brazil. The IUCN red list was employed as the main authority in species’ range and nomenclature(IUCN,
2013). In one source, Emmons, L. H., & Feer, F. (1990), maps had to be consulted to determine which species were
listed as occurring in the Jamari National Forest. The other source, Nowak, R. M. (1999), was utilized to determine if
other nomenclature was used. During the two week expedition, sampling was conducted in a variety of ways. Small
groups walked different trails everyday to record tracks, visual sightings, and vocalizations. Track traps were placed
every two-hundred meters on all nine trails and at least one camera trap was placed on each main trail and adjacent
roads.
Discussion
Using the species list prepared prior to the expedition, forty-three species were expected to be found in the
Jamari National Forest. Since the IUCN study of species distribution and taxonomic naming is constantly updated, this
was considered the most vital source.
There were two main reasons for the change in nomenclature: purely taxonomic and new findings regarding
distribution and correct identification. In total, eight species differed from those provided by the IUCN red list due to
purely taxonomic reasons. The first being Pecari Tajacu. In Emmons, L. H., & Feer, F. (1990) , this species was listed as
Tayassu tajacu due to the fact that DNA studies suggest that P. Tajacu may consist of two major clades or lineages
comprising North/Central and South America with structural chromosomal differences. The second was Puma concolor
and Puma yagouaroundi which were referred to as Felis concolor and Felis yagouaroundi, respectively, in several of
the resources. Mitochondrial DNA analysis suggests that the puma and the jaguarundi are more closely related to other
felines in the genus Puma than the domestic cat, which shared the genus Felis with the two felines. Leopardus pardalis
and Leopardus wiedii were referred to as Felis pardalis and Felis wiedii, respecitvely. The genus Leopardus was
orginally considered a subgenus of the genus Felis. Genetic studies indicate that Leopardus forms a distinct clade within
the subfamily Felinae and within the genus two distinct evolutionary lineages are present. In Emmons, L. H., & Feer, F.
(1990), Pithecia irrorata was termed Pithecia monachus irrorata. This is due to the fact that the genus monachus was
once considered a subgenus of Pithecia, but is now under revision. In several sources, Cuniculus paca was referred to as
Agouti paca. The International Commision on Zoological Nomenclature ruled in 1998 that the appropriate genus name is
Cuniculus because Agouti refers to the common name of a species found in the genus Dasyprocta. The IUCN lists the
scientific name for capybara as Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris; however, several sources listed it as Hydrochaeris
hydrochaeris . The IUCN states that the two genus names are interchangeable, but Hydrochoerus is used more frequently.
There was one species whose change in nomenclature stemmed from the fact that its distribution changed. In Emmons, L.
H., & Feer, F. (1990), Callithrix argentata (Mico argentatus), was said to be found in the Jamari National Forest;
however, according to the IUCN red list, C. argentata is no longer found in the forest: the species’ distribution is further
east. Another species, Mico rondoni is now found in the area that C. argentata once inhabited. Since both of these species
have distinct silvery fur and posses similar physical characteristics, it is also possible that M. rondoni was mistaken for C.
argentata, but further research must be conducted to determine this.
Of the forty-three species expected, twenty-three were recorded. The lack of detection of more species does not
accurately reflect on the presence of other non-flying mammal species. Using different methods of observation should
result in detection of other species.
Conclusion
Creating a complete species list for a specific study area takes a great deal of time and
resources. This task becomes more difficult when very little research has been conducted in the
study area. The main reason for the variation in number and name of species in the study area are
changes in the range map of certain species, as can be seen when comparing older literature to a
database that is constantly updated.
Discrepancies arose when attempting to determine the correct taxonomic nomenclature for
a given species. When the scientific name of a species is changed, it cannot be updated in a source
that has already been published. This leads to problems when trying to identify the species that was
recorded.
The non-flying mammal species list that resulted from this expedition should be a
valuable resource for future research in the Jamari National Forest due to the fact that it is crucial
to know the species that inhabit a study area prior to any research or expeditions being conducted.
This list does not assure the occurrence of all species, but instead provides a list of the possible
species that may be encountered. With further expeditions, aimed to record a broader range of
species, the existence of other species on the list can be determined.
.
Cingulata
Rodentia
Species
Mazama americana
Mazama gouazoubira
Pecari tajacu
Tayassu pecari
Common Names
Red Brocket Deer
Gray Brocket Deer
Collared peccary
White-­‐lipped peccary
Atelocynus microtis
Eira barbara
Galictis vittata
Leopardus pardalis
Leopardus wiedii
Lontra longicaudis
Nasua nasua
Panthera onca
Potos flavus
Procyon cancrivorus
Pteronura brasiliensis
Puma yagouaroundi
Puma concolor
Speothos venaticus
Short-­‐eared dog
Tayra
Grison
Ocelot
Margay
Brazilian Otter
South American Coati
Jaguar
Kinkajou
Crab-­‐eating raccoon
Giant otter
Jaguarundi
Puma
Bush Dog
Cabassous unicinctus
Dasypus kappleri
Dasypus novemcinctus
Priodontes maximus
References
Emmons, L. H., & Feer, F. (1990). Neotropical Rainforest Mammals: A Field
Guide (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1.
<www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 05 August 2013.
Nowak, R. M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the world (6th ed., Vols. 1 - 2).
Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Reason for name change
This species was placed in genus Dicotylesby some authors, the genus Pecari by Grubb (1993, 2005), and the
genusTayassuby Jones et al. (1992). MtDNA data support the recognition of three genera of extant peccaries: Catagonus,Pecari, and Tayassu, with this species in the genus Pecari(Theimer and Keim 1998, Gongora and Moran 2005). DNA studies suggest that P. tajacu may consist of at least two major clades or lineages comprising specimens from North/Central and South America (Gongora et al. 2006, 2011) with structural chromosomal differences (Gongora et al. 2000, Adega et al. 2006). Thegenus Leoparduswas origninally considered a subgenus of the genus Felis. Genetic studies indicate that Leopardusforms a distinct clade within the subfamily Felinae and within the genus two distinct evolutionary lineages are present. Mitochondrial DNA Analysis suggestthat the Puma is more closely related to the yagouaroundi than the domestic cat. So as of 1993 the puma was removed from the genus Felis and placed in the genus Puma. Monachuswas originally considered a sub genus of Pithecia, but is currently being revised..
Agoutirefers to the common name of a species found in the genus Dasyprocta, so the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ruled in 1998 that the appropriate genus name is Cuniculus.
The genus Hydrochaeris andHydrochoeruscan be used interchangeably, but Hydrochaeris is used more frequently. Acknowledgements