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AMALYLEB
Thermal Properties &Building
Materials at Elevated
Temperatures
by X.F. Hu, T.T. Lie, G.M. Polomark and J.W. MacLaurin
Internal Report No. 643
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Date of issue: March 1993
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This is an internal report of the lnstitute for Research in Construction. Although not
intended for general distribution, it may be cited as a reference in other publications
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF BUILDING MATERIALS AT ELEVATED
TEMPERATURES
ABSTRACT
The results of measurements of thermal properties at elevated temperatures of construction
materials, commonly used in China, are given. Tabulated values, graphs and equations are given
for the specific heat, mass loss, thermal conductivity and thermal expansion of the materials as a
function of temperature, up to 1000°C.
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF BUILDING MATERIALS AT ELEVATED
TEMPERATURES
1
INTRODUCTION
Numerous mathematical models for the calculation of the fire resistance of structural
members have been developed in recent years. To be able to calculate and vredict the behaviour of
these members during fire exposure, it & essential to know, at elevated terdperatures, the
fundamental thermal and mechanical properties of which the members are composed.
For more than twenty years, the National Fire Laboratory of the Institute for Research in
Construction, National Research Council of Canada has been engaged in research to predict the fire
resistance of structural members. As a part of this research, measurements were made of the
thermal properties of various building materials [I].
Rapid advances in facilities and techniques for measuring thermal properties of building
materials have made it possible to improve the precision and increase the tem~eratureranee of the
measurements. In this bauer,- the tesimethods -md the results of measuremeits on 30 segcted
construction materials, commonly used in China, are described. These materials are listed in
Table I.
.
A
The measurements were made with the objective of providing data for a joint Sino-Canada
research project on fire resistance evaluation. The data can be used as input for existing computer
programs for the calculation of the fire resistance of the members being investigated in this project
12-41. In addition, the data can also be used in programs under development for the calculation of
e
of various building members, such as columns, walls, floors and beams.
the f ~ resistance
2
METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS
The following methods and instruments were used to measure the thermal properties of the
selected building mate&
2.1
Specific Heat (Cp)
The specific heat of a material is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one
unit mass of a material 1°C. In this study, the specific heat will be expressed in J/kg°C.
Usually, the specific heat of a material is temperature-dependent. If, in addition, the
material becomes unstable, i.e., undergoes a "reaction", which can be decomposition or transition,
etc., the heat necessary to raise the temperature of the material is affected by the heat contributed by
the reaction, which results in a peak in the curve of specific heat vs temperature.
In this report, the specific heat at constant pressure (Cp) was measured using a DuPont
Differential Scanning Calorimeter @SC) for temperatures up to 6W°C. The DSC measurements
were carried out with a scanning rate of 10°Clmin and a sample size of 30-40 mg in a nitrogen
atmosphere. For measuring the specific heat at temperatures up to 1000°C, a DuPont 1600°C high
temperature Differential Thermal Analyzer @TA) was used.
For materials that do not undergo reactions, the specific heat was measured by carrying out
two runs; namely, one with powdered sapphire (AkO3) as the calibration material and one with the
sample. A stepwise heating program (namely, a period of constant material temperature followed
by a period of temperature rise, which is followed again by a period of constant material
temperature, etc.), through the temperature range from 400°C to 1000°C, was used during the
measurements. Since, in this case, the specifc heat of the materials is proportional to the
temperature difference measured by the DTA, the specific heat of the samples was calculated by
comparing the temperature difference (Wmg) obtained during the test with the samples in the
temperature range between 600°C and 1000°C with that obtained during the test with powdered
sapphire (A1203).
For materials that undergo reactions, as well as carrying out the stepwise DTA runs for the
Cn measurements mentioned above, the heat of fusion of the materials was taken into account in
tlk specific heat calculation. ~ e a s k m e n tof
s the heat of fusion of the materials were carried out
according to the method described in Reference [6].
A heating rate of 10°Umin was used in the DTA measurements, unless otherwise specified.
Heating rates of SOUminand 20°Umin were also used to compare the effect of the heating rate on
the specific heat The results of carbonate aggregate concrete measurements show that the curves
shifted to the left by about 20 to 25OC when the rate was decreased from 1O0Umin to SoUmin and
shiffed to the right by about 25OC when the rate was increased from 1O0Uminto 20°Umin. The
results also showed that the peak areas increase with decreasing rate of heating, Figures 1 through
12 show the linear fits of the Specific Heat versus Temperature. The Figures also include the raw
data in tabular form.
2.2
Mass Loss
Mass loss of materials was measured by a DuPont 951 Thermogravimetric Analyzer. A
scanning rate of 20°Umin in a nitrogen atmosphere was used and specimens weighed between 30
and 40 mg. Figures 13 to 24 show the results of the mass loss measurements.
2.3
Thermal Conductivity
The thermal conductivity of the materials was measured using a TC-31 Thermal
Conductivity Meter made by Kyoto Electronics. Results of the tl~ermalconductivity measurements
are shown in Figures 25 to 36.
2.4
Thermal Expansion
The thermal expansion curve was produced by a Theta Dilatory Apparatus with a computercontrolled program. The specimens tested were 30 to 40 mm long and 10 to 12 rnm square in
cross-section. The rate of heating was 10Wmin in static air from room temperature to 1000°C for
inorganic materials and to 200°C for organic materials. Results of the thermal expansion tests are
shown in Figures 37 to 48.
3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Since the measurement of specific heat of materials at high temperatures (over 700°C) is
stilt a subject to be explored by thermal analysts, data on the specific heat of materials at elevated
temperatures is rarely found in the literature. The method for measuring the specific heat at high
temperatures used in this report has not yet been found in the literature. The specific heats of two
types of concrete, i.e., siliceous and carbonate aggregate, measured in this project have been used
as data input for the calculation of the fire resistance of building components. Results of these
calculations show that they agree well with experimental observations [7].
4
MATERIALS DESCRIPTION
Most of the building materials selected and measured in this paper are commonly used in
and commercially available in China (Table 1). The identification of the materials is given below
where that information is available. The descriptions of the materials are listed in the same order
given in the figures section.
Figure 1
Name of Material:
Material Identification:
Batch Ingredients (by weight):
Density:
Carbonate Aggregate Concrete
Composed of M25 Portland Cement, Sand, Carbonate Rock
and Water.
M25 Portland Cement 1
Sand
2.6
Rock (egg size)
4.16
Water
0.56
2443 kg/m3
Figure 2
Name of Materiak
Material Identification:
Batch Ingredientsmy weight):
Density:
Siliceous Aggregate Concrete
Composed of #425 Portland Cement, Sand, Siliceous Rock and
Water.
M25 Portland Cement 1
Sand
2.6
Siliceous Rock
4.16
Water
0.56
2365 kg/m3
Figure 3
Name of Material:
Material Identification:
Batch Ingredients (by weight):
#525 Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete
Composed of #525 Ordinary Portland Cement, Sea Sand
medium size),Carbonate Rock (5-20 mm continues particles)
and Water.
..
#525 Ordinary Poatand Cement 1
Sea Sand
2.12
Carbonate Rock
3.75
Water
0.24
Figure 4
Name of Materiak
Material IdenWlcation:
M25 Portland Blast Furnace Cement Concrete
Composed of #425 Portland Blast Furnace Cement (#300), Sea
Sand, Carbonate Rock (5-20 mm continues particles) and Water.
Figure 5
Name of Materiak
Material Identillcation:
Batch Ingredients:
Fire Brick
Composed of Aluminous Clinker, Clay and Water.
Aluminous Clinker
50%
clay
50%
8%
Water
Baking Temperature: 1300°C
Figure 6
Name of Material:
Material Identification:
Batch Ingredients:
Density:
Standard Clay Brick
Composed of Clay, Furnace Ash, Coal Stone, etc.
clay
4
Furnace Ash
1
Coal Stone (fine powder)
Baking Temperature: 900-950°C
700-980 kglm3
Figure 7
Name of Material:
Material Identification:
Gypsum Board
Composed of CaSOz, 2H20, CaSOa MgC03, R203, K20,
Fe203, Al203, paper powder and starch.
Figure 8
Name of Materiat
Material Identillcation:
Fire Retardant Gypsum Board
Composed of C a s e , 2H20, CaS04, MgCO3, R203, K20,
Fe203, N203. fire retarding agent, paper powder and starch.
Figure 9
Name of Material:
Material Identification:
Light Heat-Insulating Brick
Composed of SiOz (70), A1203 (151, Fez03 (5.5), CaO (3).
MgO (2), R2O (4.5).
Figure 10
Name of Material:
Supplier:
Grdnite (nalural)
Zibo Granite Factory, Shandong Province, China.
Figure 11
Name of Material.
Material Identjfication:
Density
Glass Fibre Reinforced Inorganic Board
Glass Fibre Reiiorced Ma~nesiumOxvchloride Cement
Figure 12
Name of Material:
Material Identification:
Fire Retardant Glass Fibre-Reinforced Polyester Board
Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyester with Al(OH)3 as Filler.
TABLE 1.
1.
2.
3.
LIST OF TESTED MATERIALS AND FIGURES
Carbonate Aggregate Concrete: Figures 1,13,25,37
Siliceous Aggregate Concrete: Figures 2, 14,26,38
#525 Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete: Figures 3,15,27,39
4.
#425 Portland Blast Furnace Cement: Figures 4, 16,28,40
5 . Fire Brick: Figures 5, 17,29,41
6. Standard Clay Brick: Figures 6,18,30,42
7. Gypsum Board: Figures 7, 19,31,43
8. Fire Retarding Gypsum Board: Figures 8,20,32,44
9. Light Heat-Insulating Brick: Figures 9,21,33,45
10. Granite: Figures 10,22,34,46
11. Glass Fibre Reinforced Inorganic Board: Figures 11,23,35,47
12. Fire Retarding Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyester Board: Figures 12,24,36,48
REFERENCES
Harmathy,T.Z., Properties of Building Materiats at Elevated Temperatures, DBR Paper
No. 1080, National Research Council of Canada, NRCC 20956, Ottawa, March 1983.
Lie, T.T., Calculation of the Fire Resistance of Composite Concrete Floor and Roof Slabs,
Fire Technology, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1978.
Sultan, M.A., Lie, T.T. and Lin, J., Heat Transfer Analysis for Fire-Exposed Concrete
Slab-Beam Assemblies, IRC Internal Report No. 605, National Research Council of Canada,
Institute for Research in Construction, Ottawa, Ontario, 1991.
Lie, T.T. and Irwin, RJ., Evaluation of the Fire Resistance of Reinforced Concrete
Columns with Rectangular Cross-Section, IRC Internal Report No. 601, National Research
Council of Canada, Institute for Research in Construction, Ottawa, Ontario, 1990.
DuPont Co., DSC Heat Capacity Data Analysis Program Manual, Version 1.0 for use with
the Thermal Analyst 2000/2100, Issued January 1991.
Miller, G.W. and Wood, J.L., Journal of Thermal Analysis, Vol. 2, 1970, pp. 71-74.
Zhu, J.L. and Lie, T.T., Fire Resistance Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Columns, IRC
Internal Report, National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Research in
Construction, Ottawa, Ontario, in preparation.
Temperature
SpecificHeat
"C
50
570
610
690
800
880
J/kg"C
1138
1165
1378
8489
lo00
507
507
540
510
900
920
940
Figure 1
Specific Heat of Carbonate Aggregate Concrete as a Function of
Temperature
1400-
u 1200-
0
&
600-
V)
400200-
o+
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Temperature, "C
Temperature
"C
Specific Heat
J/kg0C
114
500
570
600
680
740
770
88 1
982
903
603
1178
603
423
1418
400
400
400
Figure 2
Specific Heat of Siliceous Ag,gegate Concrete as a Function of Temperature
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Temperature. "C
Figure 3
SpecificHeat of #525 Ordinary Poaland Cement Concrete as a Function
Temperature,OC
Figure 4
Specific Heat of #425 Portland Blast Furnace Cement Concrete as a
~ L c t i o nof Temperature
1000-
2
3
8
l
800600-400-
2000.
0
200
400
600
800
Temperature, O C
Figure 5
Specific Heat of Fire Brick as a Function of Temperature
1000
Figure 6
Specific Heat of Standard Clay Brick as a Function of Temperature
Temperature, "c
Figure 7
SpecificHeat of Regular Gypsum Board as a Function of Temperature
Temperature, "C
Figure 8
Specific Heat of Fire Retardant Gypsum Board as a Function of Temperature
1000-
5'
800-
3'
k
J
3
x
1
rn
600--
400-200--
010
200
400
600
Temperature,
800
1000
Figure 9
Specific Heat of Light Heat-Insulating Brick as a Function of Temperature
1600~
P
1200-
.
M
24
CI
d
2a
800-
0
s0
'
C
A
400.0.
0
200
400
600
800
Temperature, "C
Figure 10
Specific Heat of Granite as a Function of Temperature
1000
Temperature, "C
/ Temperature / Specific Heat I
Figure 11
Specific Heat of Glass Fibre Reinforced Inorganic Board as a Function
of Temperature
Temperature, "C
O°C< T 9 0 0 ° C Cp = 767.3+4.77T
200°c< T asoOcc p = -31473.96+155.96~
280°C< T OIO°C. Cp = 96648.7-312.1T
310°C<T 5600°C 'Cp = 5476.95-10.56T
Figure 12
Specific Heat of Fire Retardant Glass Fibre Reinforced-Polyester Board as a
Function of Temperature
Figure 13
Mass Loss of Carbonate Aggregate Concrete as a Function of Temperature
Figure 14
Mass Loss of Siliceous Aggregate C o n e as a Function of Temperature
O°CS T S520°C MlMo = 1.00000-0.00007T
520°C~
T 59oOoC M/Mo = 1.16725-0.00038T
900°Cc T S1OOO°C MlMo = 0.86111-0.00004T
Figure 15
Mass Loss of #525 Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete as a Function of Temperature
Figure 16
Mass Loss of #425 Portland Blast Furnace Cement Concrete as
a Function of Temperature
Temperature, OC
Figure 17
Mass Loss of Fire Brick as a Function of Temperahue
rP
g
z
95-
90.
0
200
400
600
800
loo0
Temperature, T
Figure 18
Mass Loss of Standard Clay Brick as a Function of Temperatwe
Figure 19
Mass Loss of Gypsum Board as a Function of Temperature
75-1
0
200
400
600
800
I
lo00
Temperature. "C
Figure 20
Mass Loss of Fire Retardant Gypsum Board as a Function of Temperature
Temperature, OC
Figure 21
Mass Loss of Light Heat-Insulating Brick as a Function of Temperature
Figure 22
Mass Loss of Granite as a Function of Temperature
Figure-23
Mass Loss of Glass Fibre Reinforced Inorganic Board as a Function
of Temperature
0
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Temperature, OC
Figure 24
Mass Loss of Fire Retardant GFR-Polyester Board as a Function of Temperature
Temperature, OC
Figure25
Thermal Conductivity of Carbonate Aggregate Conmte as a Function
Figure 26
Thermal Conductivity of ~liceousAggregate Concrete as a Function
of Temperature
Figure 27
Thermal Conductivity of #525 Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete as a Function
of Temperature.
Temperature, "C
Figun: 28
Thermal Conductivity of #425 Portland Blast Furnace Cement Concrete as
a Function of Temperature
Temperature. "c
Figure 29
Thermal Conductivity of Fire Brick as a Function of Temperature
Figure 30
Thermal Conductivity of Standard Clay Brick as a Function of Temperature
Figure 3 1
Thermal Conductivity of Gypsum Board as a Function of Temperature
Temperature, "C
Figure 32
Thennal Conductivity of Fi Retarding Gypsum Board as a Function
of Temperature
1-
0.8-
0.6-
0.4-
0.2-
0-r
0
200
400
600
800
lo00
Temperature, "C
Figure 33
Thermal Conductivity of Light Heat-InsulatingBrick as a Function of Temperature
Figure 34
Thermal Conductivity of Granite as a Function of Tempe-
Temperature, "C
Temperature
Thermal Conductivity
"C
Wlm°C
21
0.791
61
0.792
130
0.789
180
0567
Figure 35
Thermal Conductivity of Glass Fibre Reinforced Inorganic Board as a
Function of Temperature
Temperature, "C
Temperature
Thermal Conductivity
OC
Wlm"C
21
0.79 1
61
0.792
130
0.789
180
0.567
Figure 36
Thermal Conductivity of Fire Retardant GFR-Polyester Board as a
Function of Temperature
Temperature, "C
Figure 37
Thermal Expansion of Carbonate Aggregate Concrete as a Function
of Temperature
Temperature, "C
Figure 38
Thermal Expansion of Siliceous Aggregate Concrete as a Function of Temperature
Temperature, OC
o0aT ~ 1 0 0 0 ~&iLo
~
= 0.000012T
Figure 39
Thermal Exuansion of #525 Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete as a
Function of~emperature
Temperature. "C
Figure 40
Thermal Expansion of #425 Portland Blast Furnace Cement Concrete as a
Function of Temperature
Figure 41
Thermal Expansion of Fire Brick as a Function of Temperature
.
Temperature."C
o0e
T ~1000°C . ALL0= 0.0000001T
Figure 42
Thermal Expansion of Standard Clay Brick as a Function of Temperature
Temperature, "C
Figure 43
Thermal Expansion of Gypsum Board as a Function of Temperature
0-
*
s
-2-4-
-6-87
0
200
400
600
Temperature,OC
800
1000
Figure 44
Thermal Expansion of Fire Retardaat Gypsum Board as a Function of Temperature
Figure 45
Thermal Expansion of Light Heat-Insulating Brick as a Function
Temperature, "C
Figure 46
Thermal Expansion of Granite as a Function of Temperature
-0.41
0
200
400
600
800
Temperature, O C
Figure 47
Thermal Expansion of Glass Fibre Reinforced Inorganic Board as a
Function of Temperature
1000
Temperature, "C
Figure 48
Thermal Expansion of Fire Retardant GFR-Polyester Board as a Function of Temperature