FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA
Translation Series No. 1546
On the distribution of trophic groupings of
benthos on the shelf in different geographical zones
(from "Problems of commercial hydrobiology")
By A.A. Neiman
Original title: 0 raspredelenii troficheskikh gruppirovok donnogo
naseleniya na shel'fe v raznykh geograficheskikh ("Problemy
Promyslovoi Gidrobiologii").
From:
Trudy Vsesoyuznogo Nauchno-Iàsledovatel'skogo Instituta
Morskogo Rybnogo Khozyaistva i Okeanografii (VNIRO)
(Proceedings of the All-Union Research Institute of Marine
Fisheries and Oceanography). Publ. by: Pishchevaya
Promyshlennost, Moscow, 65 : 282-295, 1969.
••
Translated by the Translation Bureau( GNK)
Foreign Languages Division
Department of the Secretary of State of 'Canada
Fisheries Research Board of Canada
Arctic Biological Station, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, P.Q.
Marine Ecology Laboratory, Dartmouth, N.S.
1970
31 pages typescript
Fe
•
DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE
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INTO -
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AUTHOR - AUTEUR
A.A. Neyfinn
TITLE IN ENGLISH - TITRE ANGLAIS
Concerning the Distribution of Trophic Groupings of Benthic Population
on the Shelf in Different Geographical Zones
•
Title Xr) foreign Ianguage (transliterate _foreign characters)
-
0 raspredelenii troficheskikh gruppirovok donnogo naseleniya na shel , fel
raznykh geograficheskikh
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. 'itrudy Vsesoyuznogo nauchno-issledovateltskogo instituta morskogo
rybnogo khozyaystva i okeanografii (VNIRO)
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Proceedings of the All-Union Research Institute for
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Concerning, the Distribution of Trophic Grqupings .
of Benthic Population on the Meir in Dieterint Gelera-
ohigal
Zones (With Béring and East China Seas as
Example.
By
•(From:
"Trudy VNIRO"
A.A. Neyman.
/Transactions of the All-Union
Research Institute for Marine Fisheries and Oceanography/,
Volum LXV, 1969).
.101•
mllib «I*
In recentyears the domestic literature haSelienmcre
and more attention to the study of trophic zonality in
the distribution of lenthic fauna in seas and oceans.
This
zonality was initially described by M.N.SokoloVa (1956,.
1960). for the bathyal and abyssal zones of the northwestern
part of the Pacifie 'Océan.
•
•
The trophic zonality was then found and studied
by many authors on the shelves of open seas; the.Sea of .
Okhotsk . (Savilov, 19571 1961), western Kamchatka (Neyman,
SOS-200-10-31
#04i
.
• 2.
the present compendium); eastern Kamchatka and the : western part of thé àering Sèa:(KUeletsoV, 1963, 1964); eastern
part:of. the Bering Sea (Neyman, 1963; SemènOv, 1964);
•
.
gulf of Alaska (Shevtgov, 1964; Semenàv,1965); ,the region
of .Newfoundland.and Labrador .(Negis, 1965), as welLas in
•
the Caspian Seas (RoManova, 1963; Viâogradov and Neyman, 1965).
.0n the'shelves'of . the mentioned regions the trophic
zonality turned aittobe, nwincIple, thesame a i.n the bathyal . :
and abyssal zones in the northwegtern part of theacific
Ocean; in - other words, a . distinct connection between the
relief, sediment accumulation and the distribution of
trophic groupings was observed. Therefore, we were able. to compile -a diagram for the dibtributiOn relationship. .
••
of trophic zones - on the shelves of - different structures,
i.e. shelves with different width.and stéepnebs (Ereyman,
1961, 1963)- Within the confines of the Bering Sea:Shelf
. .
we were able . to determine a direct relationshiPinthedistribution
of the biomass of détritophages to the distribution of
.
in the sediment and of the 'distribution of the biomass
org
of the sestonophages to the amount of suspension in the
water stratum (Neymani 1961, 1963)..
benthic
The irindiples of the vertical trophic zonality
were established- by M.N.SokOlova (1956, 1960) for the
North-Pacific province of the l'acific deep-:sea zone
(Vinogradova, 1956). Those regions of the shelf, in which
3.
the trophic zonality on the shelf was studied, are either
from the North-Boreal subzone of the Boreal zone, or from
the Low Arctic subzone or the Arctic zone (Ekman, 1953;
-
Vinogradov, 1946, 1948; Neyman, 1963).
In other words,
these studies of the trophic zonality in the abyseal zone
and on the shelf were carried out on sections of the bottom
washed by waters of the Sub-Arctic structure (Pobrovolsky,
1961).
'Further investigations of . the deep-se0 benthic fauna
in the Pacific. Ocean left the boundaries of the NorthPacific.province and were carried out within the confines
of the western and - eastern provinces of the Pacific abyssal
.zone (Vinogradova,.1956),-i.e. outside the boundaries of .
waters of the Sub-Arctic structure.
It was observed that
when entering these provinces (approximately to the south
of jON.) the biomass of thé.benthosdr6ps extremely , sharply
(Zenkevich l q3arsanova, Belyayev,1960) in complete correspondence with the change in the productivity of the upper
zohes in the
oceah
(Bogorov ) l965) i.e.i
correspondence
with the latitudinal zonality.
M.N.Sbkoloya (1964, 1965) found that.this decrease
in the totarbiomass is accompanied by a.separàtion of
detritophages from the composition ofthetenthos,particulai-ly
of the non-selectivedetritophages which feed on the
ground strata, and by theformation,practically independently.
.of the bottom relief, of a single zone of sestonophage
/283
•
•
.
•
•
4.
domination. M.N.Sokolova demonstrated -that these. changes
-
in the composition of benthos are associated with thé fact
that4nthetropics,verylittleC org ,isfoundin.the bottom,
depositb.
This Corg s deeply transformed*) and unsuitable
as food for detritophages. This phenomenon ,is partidularly
clearly expressed in the central parts of the ocean owing
to circàmcontinental,zOnality of the.sediment accumulation
rate ih the ocean **) (Bezrukov, 1964), and:it is exactly
in the central parts of the ocean that the biomass of the
benthos is lowest, the non-selectiVe .detritophages are
practically absent; and the sestophages constitute the
overwhelming portion Of benthos. - Thus, M.N.Sokolova proved
that the 'composition- and the distribution of benthos in the •
abyssal zohe are subject to a latitudinal and circumcontinental zonality (1965). .14.N.SokoloVa segregateb
•
*)
The - pelagic communities of waters'of the Sub-Arctic
structure belong, to the- category of rich but, at least in
the neritic regions; poorly balanced water, while'the
pelagic communities of the tropical waters- beloneto the
category of poor and well-balanced ones.. (Geinrich, 1961, a,b). As
a result we have profuse entry of organic detritus to the bottom in
waters of the Sub-Arctic structure and a minor entry into the
tropical waters.
•
**)
kccording to 0.K.Bordovsky (1964) e the - degree of the
conversion of the buried C orm . depends on the burying rate,
i.e. upon the sedimentation Ilccumulation rate, and to a
•
much lesser degree upon the depth of the water basin. ,
5.
eutrophic zones in the abyssal zone, where threé trophic
grotipings are represented'in the benthos; these groupings
arrange themselves according to the relief, and the.oligotrophic
zones . , which have_only a single zone of sebtonophage domination
(Sokolova, 1964, 1965; Sokolova and Neyman,. 1966).
.
A sharp drop in the benthic biomass at the transition
from the Boreal zone to the tropical one is.also . observed
on theshelf (Neyman, 1965 .
)
In this phenomenon one may see
an anblogy to the drop in the benthic blomasS in the abyssal
Zone south of 30°N., in. other words, One may assume that the
boundary-between the boreal and the tropical zones on.
the shelf is likewise the boundary between the eutrophic and
.
the oligotrophic zones.
To solve this - problem We must
'study and compare the distribution of the trophic
groupings on the Shelf in the boreal and in the tropical zones.
•
In order to get away from the effect ot the relief
orLthe distribution of the trophic.grôupings during this
comparison, it is necessary to select regions where the structure of the shelf would be th è closest relted one.
WP have had an opportunity to study the benthos of such
two regions:
the continental shelf of the East China Sea •
and the continental shelf of the eastern part of the Bering
L;ea.
There is mucn similarity
between theSe regions: both
seas are fully saline border seas separated from the Ocean
by
aroned lines of.islands with deep 7Water Straits; the
continental shelves are very wide, smooth With sharp
6.
transition dolma steepslOpeto the deep water b-asià
(gershanovich, 1964; . KoteneV, 1963) 0 . the external part of
the shelf is washed by currents entering the sea from the
•
ocean through the Straits in the island chain.
At the same time these two'seas are in different geographical zones. Within the confines of the Bering'Sea runs
the boundary between the Arctic and the boreal zones (Vinogradov, 1948; Neyman, 1963); the tast - China Sea is totally
•
•
within the Sub-tropical'subzons of.the Indian-West-Pacific
.11) 0 285
Tropical zone (4kman, 1953; Vinogradov, 1946).
The shelf .of the eastern part of the Bering Sea is
washed by waters of the Sub-ArctiC structure (Natarov, •
1963.
The major part . of the shelf in, the .East China . Sern a is
washed by Sub-Tropical waters of Kurosio, while at the boundary to the Yellow Sea there is a mixture zone of the Sub- Tropical water or the.Kutosio with watera . of the Yellow Sea (Ger.
shanoVich, 1963; Krylov e •anarticls:pilblished in the present
cOmpendium).
. Waters of the eastern . part of the Bering Sea are distinguished by . their high productivity (Mestitheryakova,.1964),
their seasonal phenoMena are expressed very distinctly and the . PelaKie
community is not a balanced one.
.
Waters of the Kurosio . are distinguished by - their low
productivity, its seasonal phenomena are almost unexpressed e .the
pelagic coramunity is, apparently, not .a balanced.one.
The •
waters of the mixture zone arS_distinguished by a higher productivity than the waters of the Kurosio, their seasonal pheno-
mena are expressed rather oleariy ana . the.cOmmUnity is, apparently,
balanced to a lesser degree than in the . Waters of Kurosio
.
•
(Krylov, an articie : pubiished in the present -Compendium..)
TABLE I.
Zoogeographical and trdphic.al charact,eristicsof . the benthic
animais on the shelf in the East China Sea.
.
I - •
1 Loogengraphic charecteristics
Species asscciation not
Trophic
caracteristics
i
i Lub
. -Tro pica'
.
•
•
Tropical
.yet establi àhed • «
widel y
occurring •
•
•-1
Bivalvia:
BivalVia:.
Crassitella loebeckii Modiolus rhomboidea
• Pilaus atenuatus
Cuspidaria tomlini
Madreporaria g. ap.
Sestonophes
"
'
-
.
•
.
,
'-'
Amphipoda:
Ampelisca•
furcigera
-i- j-
•
cl e h r it o ph as,;e;r:
.
Polychaeta:
Paratacictoxnaia,•para-
Polychaeta:
rt i is
Amer ice
Polychaeta:roiaryta
AGrlileceiar an•enb
Nephthys. sinensis
ir
Bryozoa, Àscidia,
Spongia, Alcionaria,
Gorgonaria, Plumulariidae
Biva 'via:
Solen, Clycimeris,
Plicatula, Paphia,
Anodana, Arca
'Polychaeta:
ci:
dt■IaeoptitAhpyiro(Uutncliae
,
.h
Eunice indica*
Bivalvia:
Cumacea:
Fabullna minuta
Heterocuma sarsi
Gastropoda:
Gastropcida:
..
Vex ilium sanguissida Eulima bilineata
SiphonallS fuscoides
Bivalvia:
Telindsova Notocochlis chilaris
Macorna praerupta
Nucula dauzenbergii
Nuçula cumingli
Nuculana •rObsoni
Echinoidea:.
Schisaster lacttno-
Ampharetidae
Terebellidae
Echiuroidea
Bivalv ia:.
'
•
.
'
Donax, Merisca
'
.
•
•
'
•
.
•
•
•
.
N o r. - c .c. 1 1 e c t .i. r 1 7
detri t,opl'ia7es
'
sus
'
..
-
.
.
Polychaeta:
Sternaspis
scutata
.
Polychaeta:
Maidanidae, Ophelithe, Capitellidae,
Sipunculoidea
.
. '
)
AccOrding to the data .of . Usliakov and U 113ao-Lin; 1962.
•
•
„ 8.
Benthos of the eastern part of the Bering.Sea has
been desCribedimconsiderabledetaïl (Nelman,1963;Seménov,1FÎ64).
We. have nothing but preliminary infortnation:bn the benthos ,lite2112
•
in-the East phina.Sea (Gershanovich and:Neyman,.1964) ,w
Therefore; before embarking.upon any - comparison ofthe benthOs
in.these two regions, the composition of benthos.in .the East
•
China Sea should be decribéd, *) ,
.Representatives of several:zoogeographical complexes
occur in the fauna of thé East ChinaSea shelf. (table . 1).
Notwithstandiruthe fact that- the representatives of these. .
complexe s. over a cOâsiderable part of the she.Ifis. sea territory live together, we neverthelese see - (fig. 1) that. '
I
the Tropical species (basically the Indian-West-PaCific ores)
in the aouthern part of the atinhergstdvlopmen
shelf, yhere the effect of the Kurosio waters is'strongeSt.
Expansion of these species-northwardsto.thé Tsusima Strait
. .
and to the island:àf Cheju-DO is eyidentlyconnected . with
the direction of:the Kurosio offehoots.
*)
The author . considers it his pleasant . duty:t•
express'
his sincere gratitude to Z.I.Baranova, A,N,Golikov, N.B. Lomakina,
O.V. Naumov, O.A. Skarlato and P.V.. Ushakov for the determination of material.
•
9.
te
.
.
0
.
;al
%
0
•
'I
•
/
e
•
■
1
•
00 •
•
0e0 • "
•, -II
%1
•
on
Q el
a
. oo
0
•
C.—J.
a
. •
./
.1) 0 #1 •
#
,./
./.«-.
Ie
.
(■•■
'
o/
;
. , . . /. Î . • . .,,,.j ei-,e0 1
a
,
/
l
1
•
i
es•
y
•o .3
1112
.. •w1
Fig. • 1. Distribution on the shelf in.the.East China Sea of - .
representatives of : different gebgraphical'complexes.
Tropical .species:.. 1' - - • pres(..nt;• 2 .-.
according . to
present;. 4
: .mass
'predominant
Subtropical spedies: 3 -
.predominant accdrding to - . mass;
5 - widely distributed
-
species are present.
The Subtropiçal . species occurring froM • •
.island to the northern tip of
Kaynan
'Khonsyu island attain in
the East China Sea their maximum'developMent.near.tne
continental coast.of China, i.e. beloW the merging zone of
Kurbsio and of the wateus of the Yellow Sea. In the same
1 0.
location we have species that are extensively occurring in our
Far-Eastern seas and who also enter the gubtropics.
Thus the benthic fauna on the shelf in the East China
Sea is a sufficiently distinct indicator of waters washinS
a certatn section of the'bottom.
■-•
Distribution Of benthos in the East China Sea
Fig. 2 . .
Un g rams
per square meLre): .
1 indicatet
from - 0 to 1 gram per square metre; 2 -.from 1
to 10; 3 - from 10 . tO 50 ; 4 - from 50 to 100.
•
.
Fig. 3.
Distribution of trophic groupings'of benthos in
the East China Sea (in grams per square metre
3 - from 1 to 5; 4 - from
1 - indicates 0; 2.- from Ù to 1;
5 to 10; 5 - frum 10 to 30;
6
.
from 30
to
100;
A - means sestonophages; 6 - selective . uetritophages feeding
upon deLritus . from the surface of the ground; b- are nonseiectie • detritophages feeding - upon buried detritus from
the ground
UlaS13.
•
•
As. alreadymentiOned àboVe,the biomass
9f. benthos upon the shelf decreases sharPly at the transition
from the Bôreal zone to the Tropical one,
at the Asian
coast -t9 the south'of the Tsusima Strait- (Neyman, 1965). The biomaSs of benthos. on the Shelf in the Bering Sea, Sea of
Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan is,measuredsin hundreds .of grams
• pOr square metre,. but on the'shelf in the East China Sea the
average biomass of benthos is 15 grams per square . metre
(GershanoViCh and Neymar4 1964).
However, according to the quantitative distribution
Thereisa
of benthos the shelf in the East China Sea isclearlybeterogeneous,/
.
segregated sectorwhichcoincideswiththe merging zone of the
Kurosio and the Yellow Sea waters; in this section thebiomass
of benthos attains 100 grams per square metre (fig. 2).
Furthermore, in the merging zone a high biomass is determined by the development of all the three trophic
groupings (fig. 3).
Thus, the trophic structure (weight ratio of the
trophic groupings) of the benthos in the merging zone in
principal is identical to the one in the eastern part of
the Bering Sea
1 3.
(Neyman, 1963),,i.e: ail the•trophic'groupings are repi.esénted
in• the benthos. The relatively high •bioMass of the benthos
and the presence" Of all
•
three trophic groupings permit.
'
us to consider. the shelf section below, the merging.zOne as
eutrophic.
The eutrophicity - of this section•depends, evidently, ,
upon the relatively high productivity of. the planktonic cOmmunity
of this zone (Krylov, an article published in the prescrit
compendiUm), therefore, the Oiogenous sédiment-formation is
•
increased.
• The . bioMass of the benthos, on the major part of the
shelf in the .East China Sea. is small .(see Fig. 2 ) 1 .individual .
spots of h • gh biomass consist exclusively of.sestophàges, the
selective
.
detritophages are.poorly developed, while the
non-•selective . ones are totally absent at many stages .(see
fig. 3).
All these peculiarities of thé benthos distribution
permit us to characterize this section as having characteris-
.
tics- of oi4ptrophicity.
The cause for this section's oli-
otrophicity•is, apparently, the low productiVity of the
•
pelagic community • of Kurosio water-8 (Krylov, an article
published in tne
-
i_Tesent
the small amount of
compendium) and, consequently,
.
•
• biogenous sediment formation.
As we have mentioned in the foregoing, within the con-
.
•
fines of the shelf in the eastern part of the Bering Sea we
succeeded in establishing a direct relationship ofthebiomasscf
detritopnages to the C org content in benthic ueposits.
•
In:general,a simi1arre1ationship1sd6servedaltheshe1finthe
East China Sea, .although the biomass of the detritpphages in the
East China Sea is ten to twenty .times lower than in the
Bering Sea.
. ,
HOwever l .the-différences in the C org content.in the benthic
deposit's of these'two régions aré much smaller than the*
differences in the biomasà of the benthos. The C org content
on the shelf in the eastern part of the Bering Sea fluctuates
between 0.11 and 2.00% of theair-dry weight of the sediment
(Gershanovich, 1946, 1965à), but on the shelf in the East China
.Sea it fluctuates between:0.24 and 0.75% (Gershanovich and
Neyman, 19b4)... On the shelf in the Bering Sea to the maximum
content of C org of 2.00% corresponds a bioniass of detritophages
of WO to 500 grams per square metre, but on the' shelf in the
East China Sea to the maximum C org content of 0.75% correspohds
a detritophage
biomass of 30 to 50 grams per square metre, • .
i.e. per 1%*of Corg in the Bering Sea we have 200 grains per,
square metre, while in the' East C hina Sea we have only 40 to 60
grams per square metre.
On the shelf-pf the eastern part.of the Bering Sea,
sediment accumulation rates of up to 30 centimetres per 1000 years
correspond to the sections with a considerable C org content
(Gershanovich, 1965b). The high rate of sediment accumulation
L293
contributes to the burYing. 0f -org
n
in a non-converted state
suitable as food to the detritophages (Bordovsky 1964) and this, evidently, explains the abundance of detritophages in the
•
eastern part of the Bering Sea.
We have no data on the sediment accumulation rate and
•
15.
the C org burying conditions in the hast China .Sea. Une
may only assume that they differ considerably from tint
•
in the Bering Sea, and that the.conversion uegrée
Of ,Corg also differs. .Furthermore, one . may Assume that
there are difference's in the burying conditions of C org
in the East ChinèA bea belo\4 the merging zone of the Kurosio
waters and of the Yellow S3a waters, and on the major portion
of the shelf _which is affected-by the lurosio waters; because
below the,merging zone the biogenous sediment formation must
be of . .greater importance.
16.
r>.1
.Fig. 4.
Distributin of the sestonophages in ,o of the
total biomass.
•
A - in the easteru part of the Bering Sea;
China Sea;
10 to 25%;
in tne East
1 - indicates CsiJ;' .2 - fromp to 1(»; 3 - from
4 - from 25 to .60%; 5 - front 60 to 1 00 .
. 1 7.
Fig. 5.
Distribution ofselective detritophages in
% of. the total biomass.
A
in the easter , , part of the Bering Sea;
China Sea.
t -in the East
Symbols .are, the same ..as in fig. 4 •
'
18.
Fig. t.
Destribution Of the non-selective detritophages
in % of the total biomass.
A - in the,eastern part of the Bering Sea; .5 7 in the East
China -Sea. Symbols ar
the same as in fig. 4.
110i!I
G›
c9
°%.°
0
101111 1
2HME
,301:3
1 9.
6
Fig. 7. Distribution of domination zones (by -weight) of
.the trophic groupings in.easteril,part of the Bering Sea
(A) and in the East China Sea (Pb. ).
1- .
non-Selective detritophages; 2
selective
detrito-
phages; 3 - sestonophages.
Considerable.differences in the -composition and distribution character . of benthos on•the. shelf in the eastern part
of the Bering Sea and in the East China Sea may be seen in
Fig. 4 to 7. •The smallest differences are found in the distribution
of the selSCtive
detritophages . (sée fig. 5 and 7). In
both seas the latter form‘ two distinct domination zones;
one
in the middle horizons of the shelf and another in the upper
part of the slope, i.e. in the East China'Sea.in the
distribution of selective
.detritophages conditions in the
distribution of this trophic grouping are preserved. . These
20.
conditions are characteristic of the wide sloping - shelves .
(Neyman, 1961, 1963).
A • domination zone of sestonophages at the transition
point between the shelf and the slope is:characteristic of
the gently sloping shelves.
This zone occurs both in the
eastern• part of the Bering Sea and in the East China - Sea
(see fig. 4 . and 7). dowever, this zone is truly liMited
the edge of the shelf in the Berg Sea. but in the East
China Sea it includes a considerable part of the shelf.
The greatest difference.is observed in the
distribution of th , non- selective detritophages (see
fig.. 6 and 7). • In the Bering Sea , they occUr ubiquitously•
and at the exterier part of the shelf they form a diStinct
zone of domination;
In the East China Sea they are absent
at very many stations, and they do not have a zone of
dominatlon.
. -•
•
. We see from table 2 that in the v EWring Sea the ,
selective :detritophages are the main trophic grouping,
while in the East China Sea . th.is rOle is-,played by sestonophages. However, all these differences in the distribution
of. trophic groupings . do not allow us to . speak of à true.
oligotrophicity on the shelf , in - the East China Sea, because,
with some eXcéptionS, 'the zonality in the
distribution of the trophic groupings cilaractei.iStic of
wide shelves is .nevertheless preserved (Neyman, 1961, 1963).
•
21.
TABt
2.
Percentage of truphic groupings in benthos in % of the total
average . biomass.
Region of the shelf:
Eastern part East Chi- Great Austrahan Bight
of the Ber- na Sea ing Sea
Number of stations
261
•
Non- selective detritophages:
-Fraetion in 5,)
28
57
22
13
4
2
44
64
42
10
'A
32
45
75
8
lo
% of stations without
trie given grouping
selective detritophages:
Fraction in %
49
% of stations without
the given grouping
Sestinophages:
•
3
•
•
Fraction in %
>Stations without
the given grouping
.
The reason for this
•
.is evidently.the fact that
on a shelf . in immediate'proximity.to the
- continent, and
ip.294
also to the region with-the greatest land denudation in
the world . (Strakhov, 1961. ), the sedimeht accumulation rate
does not attain the minimum values at which the oligotrophic
zones and the abyssal zones'aré formed (Sokolova, 1964, 1 96 5;
Sokolova and Neyman, 1965).
The-characteristics of the•oligo-
trophicity riay be expressed more distinètly upon the'shelyes
adjoining the continental zones with
_
poor land . denudation:
22.
such a shelf region ïs. the Great Australian.Bight (see
table 2. ).
CONCLUS.I-O-N:
We-have compared the structure of benthos -(ratios of trophic-groupings) in two'regions with Coparable.
structure, but lôcated in different geographical zones:
in the eastern part of:the Bering Sea'and in the East China
Sea..
-
•
•
•
•
The shelf in the eastern part of the Bering Sea is
:washed by nigh-productive waters of the Sub-Arctiè structure, the biomass of benthos exaeeds.100 grams per,square
metre, all the three trophic groupings are:well - expressed- in
the benthos, they are distributed in relation to . the relief,
i.e. the benthos of this.region 4.eutroPhic.
' •
The exterior part or the shelf in the East China Sea'is.
washed by:low- productive Sub-Tropica l waters of1(tIrasio,.the
biomass'of the benthos:is,léss than 10 grams per square metre,
the sestonpphages predominate in the benthos, the selective .
detritophages are poorly developed, the non-•selective. ones4re
•absent over considerable areas, in ,other words, the benthos
has the distinctly pronounded characteristics ofoligotrophicity.
.
•
•
Thus, at the transition from the Boreal zone to the . Tro-
picalpwa . observe a. sharp drop in the biomass of benthos on.
:
.
2 3.
the shelf. Changes in thetrOphid strUcture of.
benthos associateu with this drop in biomass permit Us to
see in this . phenomenon'an analogy in the drop of biomass
and with the change . ih,the troPhic structure of benthos . in
the abyssal zOnet0 - the south of the 30 °N. and 1,ie may assume .
that the boundary between the Boreal and'the Tropical 'zones on the shelf is simultaneously the boundary between the
eutrophicand oligotroPhic zonés..
.
1
•
The eutrophicity and the oligotrophicity of benthos. •
on the shelf, as- in the abyssal zone, are connected with •
. the productivity.of water. ..Therefore; in sections of sea -
'bottom_ that areunder the influence of . waterà with identickl .
productivity, the benthos (regardleàs of.depth) acciuires
number of similar traits.
•
•
Rowever e on the shelf in the East China Sea,no
•
true olietrophicity occurs- becausethere,although in a
•
-
•
distorted way.,. the vertical trophid . zonality is preserved.
Such azonaiity is-characteriptic of widely sloping shèlves.. •
,
The reason . for this • rèàts -- in the fact that in . the system
•
of circumcontinental zonality the shelves tuim out to be
in the - coastai zone, where the . sedimentation. accumilation
rate•does not attain the minimum values at which the true •
oligotrophicity of benthos is formed.
.
.
• •
•Bezrukov, P.L.
'
-
B'I B L I à - G R A p 1-1 Y. •
•
"Zonainost i neramnomernost osadko-
obrazOvaniya v okeane.n /Zonality and heterogeneity'of the
sediment formation in the ocean./,
From the compendium:
,
24.
•"E.bvremennyye problemy geografii"
/Contemporary Problems of
:
Geography/. Mbscow, published by "Naukan, 1964.
Bogorov, V.G.
"Produktivnyye'zony okeana"
/Productive
zones in the ocean/. "Trudy VNIRO 0 /Transactions of the All.
,
-Union Research Institute for karine Fisheries and Oceanography/.
'
'Volume 57, 1965.
Bordovsky, O.K. . "Nakopleniye i preobrazovaniye organi-
chéskogo veshchestva v môrskikh ôsadkakh."
/Accumulation and ,
:rônversion of.organic substances. in.marine sediMents/.
— pUblished
'Moscow,'
•
by "Nedra",
Vinogradov, L.G.
kamchatskogo kraba."
"0 geograficheskome raspredelenii: -
/Concerning the geographical distribution
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•
Pacific Research Institute . for Ïarine Fisheries.and Oceanography/ r
.
.
Volume2,1946.
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VinOradov, L. • G. • "OSoogeograficheskonrayonirovanii.
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/Concerning the geographical division
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/Reports of the Pacific Research Institue for Marine Fisherieà •
and Oceanography/, Volume 2e, 1.948.- •
•
- - . •
.
• Vinogradova, N.G. • • "Zoogeograficheskoye rayonirovaniye
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/Geographical division into regions
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of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Volume 111, No. 1,.1956.
Geynrikh i A.K. •
•
"Sezonnyye yavleniya v planktone
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Mirovogo oàana." /Seasônal phenomena
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the World Ocean /. 4 "Sezonnyye yàvleniya v planktone srednikh
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•
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i'vysOkikh shirot.'"
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/Seasonal phenomena in thé plankton of..
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Volume 51; 1961a.
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"Sezonnyyeyavleniya-v planktone
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loWer latitudes I. "OkeanOkogiya"
:
. -
/Seasonal phenomena in the plankton of the
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GerShanovich, D.L.
"Kompleksnyyè okeanologicheskiye
issledovaniya v severnoy chasti Tikhogo okeana."
/Composite
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1963.
.
Gershanovich, D.E. •
"Donnyye otlozheniya . . -tsentralnykh
I vostochnykh chastey Beringova morya."
/BottOill deposits in
Trudy VNIRO
the central. ni eastern parts of the Bering Seà/.
/Transactions of. the All-Union Research Institute fOr Marine
Fisheries and CceanographY I. Volume 53, 1964.
.
GershanoviCh, D.E.
.
."Novyye dannyye o nakopledii orga-
nicheskogo veshchestva v sovremennykh osadkakh kraynego severa.
Tikhogo okeana"
/New data on the accumulation of the organic
substance in contemporary extreme north of the PaCific Oc é an/.
"Okeanologiya"
/Oceanology/. Volume V, No , 2, 1965a.
.
•
•
Gershanovich,
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.26.
"Moshchnost sovremennykh osadkov
skorost.osadkoobrazovaniya v Beringoxom more"
•
/Thickness
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•
rate ,in the:Bering Seal. "Trudy .VNIRO" . /Traneactions.of . the. All-Union Research Institue for Marine.Fisheries - and OCeanography/..
,Volume 57, 1965b.
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"Donnyye etlo- . • •
zheniya . i• donnaya fauna Vostochno-Kitayskogo.morya.
/Bottom'
deposits and bottom (benthic) fauna in the East China Sea/.
"Okeanologiya" /Oceanology/. *Volume IV, No. 6,- 1964.
Dobrovolsky, - .A.D.
"Ob opredelenii vodnykh mass."../Obn-
cerning determination of water.masses/.. "OkeanologiYe• /Oceanology/.
Volume I. No. 1, 1961.
"Biologiya Morey SSSR" '/Biology of
the USSR seas/. Published.by the USSR Academy of SCIENCES,•
1963.
Zenkevich,,L.A., Barsanovall.G. - and Belyayev,,G.M..
"Kolichestvennoye raspredeleniye donnoy •fauny v abissali
Mirovogo okeana."
/Quantitative distribution of the benthic
fauna in the abyssal. zone of the World Ucean/i'
(Doklady) of the USSR Academy of Sciences".
"Reports
Volume 130, No. 1,
1960.
Kotenev_e •B.N.
morya."
"K'geomorfologii dna Vostochno-Kitayskogo
/Contribution to, thé.geomorphology of the East China .
Sea bottohl. "Vestnïk .Moskovskogo Universiteta"
/Bulletin
of the P,bsCow University/, Geographical series, No. 5, 1963.
Krylov, V.V.
"Raspredeleniye planktona Vostochno-
27.
-Kitayskogo morya."
China Seà/.
/Distribution -of plankton in'the'East
Published - in the présent. cOmpendium. - • •
• Kuznetsov,: -A.P.
.
••
"Fauna donnykh:beSpOzvonochnykhpri-
.kamchatSkikh vod Tikhogo okeana i Sevenykh . Kurilskikh:.oStro- .
voV."
/Fauna of benthic invertebrates of the'.Kamchatka_waters- .
of the Pacific Ocean and of. the Northeeh.Kuriles/..
Published
.
.
. by the USSR Academy of SçienceS, 1963..
.
.
- Kuznetaov:4,A,P.
"Raspredeleniye donnoy fauny zapadhoy :
chasti Beringova ynorya po troficheskim zonam'i nékotôryyeobshchiyu voprosy troficheskoy zonainosti." /DistributiOni of
the benthic faUna of the western part of the Bering Sea accord:- .
ing to the trophic zones and certain general problems of the trophié zonality/. - "Trudy . WAN/Transaçtions of the :Ljceanographic
•
Institute/. Volume 69, 1964.
Meshchèryakova.M.
"Kolichestvennoye raspredeleniye
planktona v -yugo-vostochnoy chasti Beringova moryà letom 1958
i 1959 gg." /Quantitative distributiorkofthe plankton in the
southeastern part. of the ,Béring Sea, in the summer of l95. and
1959/.
"TrudyVNIRO" /Transactions of the . 1111 7 Union Research
Institute for Marine Fisheries anu Oceanography/.
Natarov,_ V.V.
Volume 49, 1964.
"0 vodnykh massakh i techeniyakh Berin-
gova morya." - /Concerning the water masses and currents in
the Bering Sea/. "Trudy . VNIRO"
/Transactions of the All-
• -Union Research Institute for Marine Fisheries and Oceanography/.
Volume 48, 1963.
.
28.
.
Neymon, A.A. . "Nekotoryye.zakohomernosti kolichest
vennogb.raspredeleniye bentosa_V Beringovom more.".
/Certain •
regularities in the: quantitative distribiltion of the benthos in
.
.
the Bering Sea. I. "Okeanologiya" /Oceanology/, Volumel, No 2 ,
•
Neyman, A.A. - • "Kolichestvennoye raàpredeieniye bentosa
na Shelfe i verkhnikh gorizontakh sklona-vostochnoy chasti
ringova.morya."
4e-
/Quantitative distribution of benthos on.the
shelf and in the upper horizons of the slopein the eastern
part Of the Bering Sea/:: - "TrudyVNIRO"::/Transactions of the
All,Union Research Institute_for'elarine Fisheries and
Oceanography‘VoIume 4 8, 1963.
Neyman t_ A.A.
•
•
"Nékotoryye zakonomernosti kolichést-
•
vennogo raspredeleniya bentosa na sheIfakh Severnoy Patsifil."
/Certain regularities in the qz.lantitativ e . distribution. of
benthos on the shelves. in th cNorthern Pacific/.' l'IYudy:VNIRO"
/Transactions of the All-Union Research Institute for Marine -
Fisheries and OceanograPhy/.
NeYman, A.A.
/Bénthos
,
•
Volume 57, 1965.
"Bentos zapadnokaMchatskogo shelfC
the West 4mchatka..shelf/.
Nesis K.N.
Present compendium.
"Biotsenozy i biomassa bentosa NYufaund-
léndsko 7 Labradorskogo rayona.”' /Biocoenoses and biomass of
benthos in the Newfoundland-Labrador region/.
ItTi-udy..VNI
/Transacticins Of the All-Union Research Institute . for "urine
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29.
Skvilov, A.I.
.eEkologicheskaya kharakteristika donnykh
•
soobshchestv bespozvonOchnykh Okhotskogo morya."
/Ecological
characteristics of benthic communities of invertebrates in the
- Sea of Okhotsk/. - "Trudy'*IOAN":/Transactions of the Oceanographic
InstitUte of the USSR Academy of,Sciences/Ï,Volume 46, 1961.
SemenoV,V.N.
* "Kolichestvennoye rasPredeleniye bentosa*
na shelfe-v yugo-vostochnoy chasti Beringova morya.". - /Quantitative distribution of , benthos• on the shelf in the southeastern
part of the Berinà Sea/.-
"Trudy VNT40".1Transactions of the
All-Union Research Institute for Maine-Fisheries and êceanography/.
Volume 53, 1964.
. 5emen0ViY.N-
• *"Kolichestvennoye raspredeleniye donnoy
.faunv.shelfa V verhney chasti . sklona zaliVa Alyaska.ty . /Quantitative_distribution of.benthiç.fa .una_on the :.shelf_in.the . upper
.part of the slope_inftlie_LAlaSkà:40.ay/.U"Trudy-VNIRO" /Transactions
of the All-Union Research Institute for Marine Fisheries and
Oceanography/. Volume.58, 1965.* .
.Sokolova, M.N.
• "0 zakonomernostyakh raspredeleniya
glubokovodnogo bcSà." '/Coricerningthe regularitieà in the
iplistrib-Aion . of the deep séà .benthos/.
Reports (DOklady) of
•
• thé USSR Academy of Sciences.' Volume 110, No. 4, 1956.
Sokolovall.N.Raspredelehiye gruppirovok (Biotsenbz)
donnoy fauny . glubokovodnykh,vpadin.severo-zapadnoy chasti
Tikhogb okeana." . /Distribution of ; the groupings (biocoenoS1s)
of the benthié fauna in the deep-water derpressions in the
northwestern part or thE:•Pacific Oceah./.."Trudy,10AN"
•
4
•
e
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liTransactions Of the uceanographic Institute of the USSR Academy
of Sciences /, Volume 34 ; 1960.
Sokoloya±M.N. «
"Nekotoryye. zakonomernosti raspredele-
niya pishchevyskh gruppirovok glubokobodnogo bentosa.e- . /Certain •
regulatities in the distribution of the food groupings of the
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No. 6, 1964. .
'Sokolova
,M.N.
"0 neravnomernosti raspredeleniya pish-
chevykh gruppirovok glubokovodnogo bentosa V svyazi s netaiffio-.
mernostyu oSadkonakopleiliya."
/Concerning the heterogeneity in
•
the distribution of the food groupings of the deep-sea benthos
in connection with the heterogeneity of the sediment
accumulation/... "OkeanolOgiya", /Oceanology/. Voliime V . , No. 3, .
1965.
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ante:4vMatit.A.
e
il'rroficheskiye gruppi-
rovki donnoy fauny i zakonomernosti,ikh taspredeleniya v okeane.
Ekologiya Vodnykh9rganizmov."'/Trophic:groupingS of the benthip
fatina and the regularities of their distribution in the ccean.
Ecology of thé, aquatic orenisme./.' rublished'bir, mNauka", 1966.
'
Strakhov _- , - N.M. . • . 0 0 nekotorykh zakonomernostyakh,denudatsii
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klimatov."
/Concerning - certain regulatities of denudation
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sediments in seas and oceans/..
Of Sciences, 19t 1 .
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/Contribution to the fauna of the polychaetos- wOrms at the•coasts
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cheskiye gruppirovki : bentosa v zalive Alyaska.n
/Quantitative
*.
- distribution and trophic greupings of benthos in the Alaska Bay./.
"Trudy VNIRO" /Transactions of the All-UniOn Research Institute
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• Ekman; S.
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**
*
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