Cyclone Resistant Glazing
Jennifer Schneider, Global Manager Structural Glazing,
Kuraray America Inc.
Typhoons, Hurricanes and Cyclones
Same Storm different name depending on region
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Different Scales Depending on Region
Wind Speed Defines Category for All Scales
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Western Pacific
Atlantic, Eastern and
Central Pacific
Australia and Fiji
Different Scales Depending on Region
Wind Speed Defines Category for All Scales
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North Indian Ocean
South-Western India Ocean
Some of the Most Damaging Recent Storms
 Hurricane Andrew 1992- South Florida, Louisiana, and Bahamas
 Category 5 (Saffir Simpson Scale)
 $26.5 billion 1992 USD
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 Hurricane Katrina 2005 Louisiana and Mississippi
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 Category 3 (Saffir-Simpson Scale)
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 $108 billion 2005 USD
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ualso know
n as Typhoon Yolanda- Philippines,
 Typhoon Haiyan in 2013
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Vietnam and South
China
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 Typhoon(JMA Scale)/Category
5 (Saffir-Simpson Scale)
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a $2.86 billion USD damage
 11,801 killed and
 Cyclone Yasi 2012 struck Queensland Australia
 Catergory 5 Australia Scale/ Catergory 4 (Saffir-Simpson Scale)
 $3.56 billion USD
Some Indications That Storm Frequency is
Increasing
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What Causes the Damage
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T Storm
Surge
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Strong Winds
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Tornados
Flooding
Dangerous Rip Currents
Strong winds cause the majority of damage during a storm
by creating wind borne debris
How does Wind Borne Debris cause Damage
 Wind Borne debris from building
components can fly up to several 100
feet and impact buildings
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Glass is particular vulnerable to
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breakage from wind borne debris
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Wind can cause pressure that can
pull
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the window frame off the C
building ba
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Once window is broken the building
can
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be over-pressurized resulting
in damage
a
to the building
 Wind Borne Debris can come from
roofing materials being dislodged
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 If you can prevent the building
envelope from opening you can
greatly reduce damage
Broken Glass that is not retained
 Costly board up until
glazing can be
replaced
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 Interior damage
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 Potential mold
problem
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 Interruption
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Wind borne debris damage to glazing system
Roof failure from over
pressurization due to
window failure on the
windward face window
system
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Inadequate pressure rating of
window. Frame remained but
glass was blown out
Hurricane Andrew- The Storm that Changed Building Codes
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Miami
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© d UAndrew
1992 Hurricane
Hits Homestead
an as a
Category 5 Hurricane
with winds gust of 270
KPH
$26 billion in damage
Post Hurricane Andrew Assessment
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 Most of the damage was caused by the very high winds
 Improvements to Glazing System Design Could Have Prevented Much of the
Damage Seen
Evolution of Building Codes in Florida
Three Components to Developing an Effective Building Code
Requirments
Adoption
sEnforcement
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Engineers and
Need a process to
Codes need to be
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construction
ensure compliance
adopted byalocal
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experts determine
government
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what is needed in
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 Prior to Hurricane Andrew Florida had outdating building codes and a
lack of enforcement of what codes were in place
 Prescriptive requirements were in place in Miami-Dade but not
enforced
Evolution of Building Codes
• 1994 Miami Dade developed first codes with Palm Beach county
following
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ou bCommission
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1996 the FloridaC
Building
recognized a need for a
state wide code
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2002 the Florida building codes were established along with a
• Large missile impact resistance first 9 meters of finished
grade
• Small missile impact resistance above 9 meters to 20 meters
• Pressure cycling to simulate the effect of an approaching
hurricane and leaving
•
•
product approval process for building envelope components
including special requirements for High Velocity Hurricane
Zone (HVHZ) Wind Zone 4. All Windows, Doors, Shutters,
were to be tested and approved
Evolution of Building Codes
ASTM developed 2 test standards
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• ASTM E1996 Standard Specification of Exterior
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il Impacted by Wind-borne
Walls, Doors, and Impact Protective Systems
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Debris in Hurricanes
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• ASTM 1886 Standard TestilMethod
Performance
of Exterior
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Windows, Curtain Walls,
and impact Protective Systems
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Impacted by Missile
(s) andaExposed
to Cyclic Pressure Differentials
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ISO Standard ISO 16932n
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• Destructive Windstorm Resistant Security Glazing Test and
Classification
ASTM E1996
•
•
•
•
Specifies testing requirements for vertical glazing and skylights based
on Wind Zone as determined in ASCE7
Specifies number of specimens required for testing
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– 3 each for large missile and small missile
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Determines the location & numberTof missile
impacts
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alocations are typically center
n impact
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– For large missile impact resistance
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and corner of glass panelci
Hoperable panels, impact operable panel
un fixed
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– For test specimensowith
and
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r impact should be near locking device
– For operable
panels, corner
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dbracing, the impact should not be near the bracing
– For specimens with
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Determines pass/fail criteria for all impacts and cyclical testing
ASTM E1996 Missile Types
Level of Protection
Wind Rating
Enhanced Protection (Essential Facilities)
Assembly Elevation
<9.1 m (30ft)
>9.1 m (30ft)
Wind Zone 1
Wind Zone 2
> 130 mph (209 kph)
>140 mph (225 kph)
>140 mph (225 kph) (<1.6 Kilometers
inland)
> 150 mph(241 kph)
Wind Zone 3
Wind Zone 4 (HVHZ) > 160 mph (258 kph)
Missile Level
A
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D
E
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iMissile a
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2ugn
(31 grains), H
steel ball
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g (4.5
lb) 2 x 4 in
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Co 2050
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1.2
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4100 g (9 lb) 2 x 4 in
n
2.4 m (8ft) lumber
a 4101
g (9 lb) 2 x 4 in
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2.4 m (8ft) lumber
Basic Protection
< 9.1 (30 ft)
>9.1 ft (30 ft)
D
D
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A
A
D
D
D
D
A
A
Missile Speed
39.62 m/s (130 f/s)
12.19 m/s (40 f/s)
15.25 m/s (50 f/s)
24.38 m/s (80 f/s)
Testing needs to be conducted on the whole system
 Missile Level is determined by the wind zone of the building location
 Cycling pressure used is determined by design pressure of the building
Wind Zones
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Florida Product Approval Process Today
• Florida Building Code
– Requires wind-borne protection of glazed
openings for buildings that fall within
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Product approval program
u byaFBC
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Testing must be completed
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lab
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• Includes impact testing
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positive pressure and 4500 cycles negative pressure
• Wind borne debris protection required within 1
mile of the mean high water line where wind
speed is 130 mph (209 kph) or any location
where wind speed is 140 mph (225 kph)
• Glazing in the HVHZ region must be tested by
the FBC protocols
–
–
• Pressure is determined by design pressure of building
based on location
•
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IBC 2015 also has a requirement around wind
borne debris in hurricane prone regions
Hurricane Wilma Assessment
Hurricane Wilma Hit Florida in 2005 as a Category 3 Hurricane-Putting the
New Building Codes to the Test!
Portofino tower built 1997
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Greenburg building
downtown Miami built before
hurricane codes
Codes beyond Florida
Texas Department of Insurance
•
Wind-borne Debris
requirements:
–
–
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Seaward of the Intracoastal
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Canal
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• All unprotected exterior
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openings are required toibe
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impact resistant andnsubject
ugust design
130 mph 3-second
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Inland I (inlandC
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Intracoastal Canal)
n wind gust
• 120 mph 3-asecond
design and all glazed exterior
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opens shall be protected or
impact resistant
– Inland II (inland of the 120 mph
contour)
• No impact requirements
16 States in US have adopted wind borne
debris codes
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Florida Approval Process-3 Options for Protecting the Glass
Plywood
Shutters
Impact Glazing System
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H be automated
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Lowest Cost
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• People and time
installation
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install
a
• Can’t see out
•
•
•
window/No light
Not a good option on
a tall building
ugly
Not allowed in HVHZ
•
•
•
Still need someone to
activate
Can’t see out
window/no light
Not a good option on
a tall building
•
•
•
No installation or
activation required
Can see out window
and light can come
in
Aesthetically
pleasing
More costly option
What is Impact Glazing
Laminated Glass
• Laminated Glass
Glass gs Interlayer
• Two or more lites of glass and
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one or more interlayers
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Glass
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• Glass retention if breakage
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occurs
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• Types of laminated glass il
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– Polyvinyl butyral
(PVB)
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– Ionoplast ©
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Typical Constructions
 6 mm HS Glass/ 2.28 mm interlayer/ 6 mm HS Glass for Large Missile
impact
 6 mm HS Glass/1.52 mm or 0.89 mm interlayer/ 6 mm HS Glass for Small
Missile Impact
Designing an impact Glazing system
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 Need to understand the wind load for building location to determine
the impact missile
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 Wind load on building needs to be calculated
based on the wind zone
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t to other buildings
and size and shape of building n
and its location
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 Determine type of interlayer,
u anglass, and framing system needed to
o
meet desired level
Cof performance
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Types of Interlayer
Polyvinyl butyral
 Typically used for relatively small glass panel sizes & low pressures in
large missile impact resistance applications in 90 mil thickness
 Small missile impact resistance uses 60-mil thickness
 Available in clear or colors
 UV-filtering
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Ionoplast
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t windows, large missile
 Typically used for high design pressures,
large
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impact
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 Can be used in dry glaze
lower cost and easier installation
u systemsn
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 High modulus interlayer
to bond two lites of glass together
C used
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 100x stiffer than
5x
more tear resistant
U
d35-mil, 60-mil, & 90-mil, and greater thicknesses
 Thicknesses include
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 UV-filtering
 UV-transparency available
 Available in clear or translucent white
 Less sensitive to moisture intrusion at the laminate edge than PVB based
interlayers
Porsche Design Tower


Location: Sunny Isles Beach
Florida
Architect: Studio F-A Porsche
and Sieger Suarez Architects
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60 Floors High- One of the Tallest in
ll Sunny
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Isles
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b All glass is impact glazing using
il
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n n H ionoplast interlayer to meet the high
u
design pressure requirements
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 2.28 mm caliper ionoplast used
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in first 9 meters for large missile
impact
 .89 mmm caliper ionoplast used
above 9 meters to the top for
small missile
Brickell City Center
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 Location: Miami, FL
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 Used ionoplast for the large missile
impact (lower floors)
 PVB for small missile impact
(higher floors)
 Ionoplast was used for the
balustrades
1000 Museum
 Location: Miami, Florida
 Zaha Hadid Architects
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a
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 Ionoplast for first 30 feet
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(9 meters) for large missile
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 PVB for upper floors for
 Under Construction
small missile impact
 Balustrades use ionoplast
interlayer
Revel Casino
Atlantic City, NJ
s
g
 Location:iAtlantic
City New
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Jersey
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 Built:t 2012
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 Tallest structure in Atlantic
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n n H City at 710 feet
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 Uses Ionoplast interlayer for
impact glazing
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Projects in Mexico
Secrets The Vine-Cancun
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 Developer: Frel Ingeneiros y Arquitectos
 Wanted a high quality modern look with
maximum protection from hurricanes
 Ionoplast was used in all the glazing
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February 10, 2017
Trosifol Business
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CTBUH Research Project
The research will investigate current, state-of-the-art cyclone-resistant
façade technologies in the Asia-Pacific region. In this area of the world,
megacities are developing to address the demand for additional
residential and office space, which calls for the construction of high-rise
buildings.
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tand standards could address
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The study will analyze how existing
codes
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cyclone-induced risks through
technologies. To support this
u afaçade
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research, a steeringCcommittee
will drive the research and evaluate the
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results
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February 10, 2017
Trosifol Business
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Conclusion
 Hurricanes/Cyclones/Typhoons are capable of causing great damage and
loss of life
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 Urban development in Hurricane/Cyclone/Typhoon
regions are vulnerable
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to the impact of these storms
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u systems
n has proven to greatly reducing the
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 The use of impact glazing
a
Cweatherrbevents
losses during these
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 Frequency of these events is increasing globally
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