Nationalism
Case Study: Italy
and Germany
Chapter 24, Section 3
1
What was the definition again?
NationalismThe belief that people’s greatest loyalty should
not be a king or an empire but to a nation of
people who share a common culture and
history
2
Nationalism: A Force for Unity or
Disunity?
Nationalists believed that
that people of a single
“nationality,” or ancestry,
should united under a single
government
People who wanted to
restore the old order from
before the French
Revolution saw nationalism
at a force of disunity.
3
Nationalism…(Cont.)
Bismark
Eventually, authoritarian
rulers began to realize that
they could unify masses of
people using nationalism
Built nation-states in areas
where they remained firmly in
control
There were three types of
nationalist movements
4
Nationalist Movements- Unification
Unification
Characteristics- mergers of politically divided
by culturally similar lands
Examples- 19th century Germany
19th century Italy
5
Nationalist Movements- Separation
Separation
Characteristics- Culturally distinct group
resists being added to a state or tries to
break away
Examples- Greeks in the Ottoman Empire
French-speaking Canadians
6
Nationalist Movements- State-building
State-building
Characteristics- culturally distinct groups form
into a new state by accepting a single culture
Examples- The United States
Turkey
7
Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
Three
aging empires-
Austrian Empire of Hapsburgs
Russian Empire of Romanovs
Ottoman Empire of the Turks
8
Austrian Empire of Hapsburgs
Brought together these kinds of
people:
Slovenes, Hungarians, Germans,
Czechs,
Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, and
Italians
Prussia defeated Austria in 1866now within the North German
Confederation
Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria
split empire in half- empire now
called Austro-Hungarian Empire
Nationalist disputes weakened
country
After WWI, Austria-Hungary broke
into separate nation-states
9
Russian Empire of Romanovs
Nationalism broke up the 370-yearold empire of the czars in Russia
Ruling Romanov dynasty of Russia
was determined to maintain control
over many other ethnic groups that
had their own separate cultures
Russification- forcing Russian
culture on all the ethnic groups in
the empire
Strengthened ethnic nationalist
feelings and helped to break up
Russian unity.
Weakened czarist empire could not
stand WWI and communist
revolution- over in 1917
10
Ottoman Empire of the Turks
From pressure of the British
and French, the Ottomans
granted equal citizenship to
all the people under their rule
This angered conservative
Turks who did not want
change- caused tensions in
the empire
Like the Austria-Hungary, the
Ottoman Empire broke apart
soon after WWI
11
Case Study: Italy
Cavour Unites Italy
Italian nationalists looked for
leadership from the kingdom of
Piedmont-Sardinia
Kingdom had adopted a liberal
constitution in 1848- to liberal Italians,
unification under Piedmont-Sardinia
seemed like a good idea
1852- Sardinia’s king Victor
Emmanuel II named Count Camillo di
Cavour his prime minister
Cavour used diplomacy and wellchosen alliances to set up gaining
control of northern Italy
12
Cavour…(Cont.)
Biggest roadblock to
gaining Italy was Austria
French-Sardinian army
fought Austria-won and
gained northern Italy
(except Venetia)
As Cavour was uniting
northern Italy, he was
secretly starting to help
nationalist rebels in
southern Italy
13
Cavour…(Cont.)
1866- Austrian province of
Venetia (included Venice)
became part of Italy
1870- Italian forces took over
the last part of a territory
known as Papal States
City of Rome came under
Italian control
Soon Rome became the
capital of united kingdom of
Italy
Pope continued to govern over
Vatican City
14
Cavour… (Cont.)
Garibaldi “The Red One”captured Sicily, crossed
into the Italian mainland
Agreed to unite the
southern areas he had
conquered with the
kingdom of PiedmontSardinia
Met with King Victor
Emmanuel II- Sardinian
king ruled
15
Case Study: Germany
Bismarck Unites Germany
1815- 39 German
states formed a loose
grouping called the
German Confederation
Austrian empire
dominated the
confederation
However, Prussia was
ready to unify all the
German states
16
Bismarck…(Cont.)
Prussia had advantages that would help it
forge a strong German state
1. It had a mainly German population
2. Prussia had a strongest army in central
Europe
1848- Berlin rioters had constitutional
convention write up a liberal constitution
17
Bismarck…(Cont.)
1861- Wilhelm I took throne
Liberal parliament refused
him money for reforms that
would double army strength
Saw this as a major
challenge of authority
Junkers- strongly
conservative members of
Prussia’s wealthy landowning
class
1862- Wilhelm named Junker
Otto von Bismarck his prime
minister
18
Bismarck…(Cont.)
Realpolitik- German term that means “the
politics of reality”- tough politics with no
room for idealism
Bismarck declared he would rule without
the consent of parliament- violated
constitution
19
Bismarck…(Cont.)
1864- Bismarck took first
step towards molding
empire
Prussia and Austria
formed an alliance and
went to war against
Demark
Prussia and Austria won
the war- gained respect
from other Germans
20
Bismarck…(Cont.)
Bismarck wanted to stir up border conflicts
with Austria- Austria declared war in 1866known as Seven Weeks’ War
Prussians won using superior training and
equipment
Prussia took control of northern Germany
21
Bismarck…(Cont.)
1867- southern German states remained
independent of Prussian control
Majority of southern Germans were
Catholics- many resisted domination by a
Protestant Prussia
Bismarck felt he could win the support of
southerners if they faced threat
He manufactured “Incidents”
22
Bismarck…(Cont.)
Prussian army poured into
northern France
France surrendered to German
forces
Franco-Prussian War was final
stage in German unificationpeople accepted nationalism
and leadership
1871-Wilhelm I of Prussia was
crowned kaiser, or emperor
Germans called empire
Second Reich
23
A Shift in Power
1815- Congress of Vienna had established
five Great Powers in Europe
1. Britain
2. France
3. Austria
4. Prussia
5. Russia
24
A Shift in Power
1871- by now, Britain and Germany were
the most powerful powers
Austria and Russia lagged far behind
During that century, artists, composes, and
writers pointed to paths that they believed
European society should follow
25