By: Omar AL-Rawajfah, RN, PhD
What Is Nursing Research?
What Is Nursing Research?
y Research: diligent, systematic Research: diligent systematic inquiry that used disciplined method to answer question or solve problem
y Nursing Research: issues related to the profession of nursing, nursing education, administration, practice & informatics
Examples of nursing research
Examples of nursing research
y Practice
y A comparison of patients
A comparison of patients' and nurses' assessments of and nurses assessments of pain intensity in patients with coronary artery disease
y Education
y Nursing students attitudes toward nursing research N i d
i d d i h course
y Administration
y Nurse Staffing and Patient Mortality in Intensive Care Units y Professional
y Creating a Healthy Workplace for New‐Generation Nurses
y Informatics
y Use of computerized nursing documentation system
Importance of Nursing Research
f
h
yEvidence‐based practice
p
yDocument the social relevance
yUnderstand the different dimensions of the profession of di
i
f th f i f nursing
us g
Level of Nurses in the Research Process
y Evaluator of nursing research
y Producer of nursing research
y Utilization of nursing research
h
y Consumer of nursing C
f i research
Hi t i l B k
d
Historical Background
y The word “nurse” originates from the Latin word The word nurse originates from the Latin word “Nutricius” which means something that nourishes, fosters and protects. y NURSING AS AN ART means that the nurse must develop skilled techniques in the d l kill d h i
i h performance of the various procedures required for giving adequate care to the patient. y NURSING AS A SCIENCE means that the underlying principles of nursing care depend on knowledge of biological sciences such as y, p y
gy,
gy
anatomy, physiology, microbiology and chemistry. y NURSING AS A SPIRITUAL QUALITY means that the primary aim is to serve humanity, not only by giving curative care to the bodies of the l b i i ti t th b di f th sick and injured, but by serving the needs of the mind and the spirit as well”. (Alice L. Price) Hi t i l B k
Historical Background
d
y In 1859, Miss Nightingale published 59,
g
g p
her first classical book titled “Notes h
fi l i l b k i l d “N
On Nursing: What It Is, And What It Is Not” y Nightingale to 1950s
y 1900 American Journal of Nursing
y Research on nursing education
y The Journal of Nursing Research 1952
y Research in 1960s
R
h i 6
y More concern about lack of research p
in practice
y The International Journal of Nursing Studies
Hi
i lB k
d
Historical Background
y Research in 1970s
y More Journal in Nursing
y More concern about practice research
y Research on psychological and sociological backgrounds
y Research in 1980s
y Evidence‐Based Medicine
y Increased of research utilization
y Set priorities for nursing S i i i f i research
y Specialized institutions in nursing research started e g nursing research started e.g., NCNR at the NIH
Historical Background
y Research in 1990s ‐ Present
y National Institute of Nursing N i
l I i
f N i Research
y 2010 budget $144 million
y More research on intervention y More collaboration with other health care disciplines
y More randomized clinical trials
y More publication on other health care related journals
health care‐related journals
Future irection of Nursing Research
Future Direction of Nursing Research
y Outcome research: effectiveness of healthcare services
i
y Increased focus on biophysiologic research
y Promotion of evidence‐based practice
y Use confirmatory research
y
y Multidisciplinary collaborations
y Expand dissemination of research findings
y Increase the visibility of nursing research
Sources of Nursing Knowledge
Sources of Nursing Knowledge
y Tradition
y Authorities
y Personal Experience
y Trial and Error
y Logical Reasoning:
y Inductive reasoning
y Deductive reasoning
y Disciplined Research
Logical Reasoning g
g
y Inductive reasoning
y Part‐to‐whole: where the whole is assumed to be like individual parts (only bigger).
y Extrapolations: where areas beyond the area of p
y
study are assumed to be like the studied area. y Predictions: where the future is assumed to be like the past.
y
y
y
Mohammed is Jordanian. (premise)
Most Jordanians eat Mansaf. (premise)
Mohammed ate Mansaf. (conclusion)
y Deductive reasoning
y All infections are associated with fever. pneumonia iis infection. Therefore pneumonia is associated i f i Th f i i i d with infection .
y All chemists are smart, since chemists are scientists and all scientists are smart.
Qualitative vs Quantitative Research
Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research
Quantitative Research
Qualitative Research
Quantitative Mode
Qualitative Mode
Assumptions
• Objectivity of reality
• Variables can be identified and
relationships measured
• Etic
Eti (outside's
( t id ' point
i t off view)
i )
Assumptions
• Reality is subjective
• Variables are complex, interwoven,
and difficult to measure
• Emic
E i (i
(insider's
id ' point
i t off view)
i )
Purpose
• Generalizability
• Prediction
• Causal explanations
Purpose
• Contextualization
• Interpretation
• Understanding actors' perspectives
Approach
• Begins with hypotheses and
theories
• Manipulation and control
• Uses formal instruments
• Experimentation
• Deductive
• Component analysis
• Reduces data to numerical
indices
Approach
• Ends with hypotheses and
grounded theory
• Emergence and portrayal
• Researcher as instrument
• Naturalistic
• Inductive
• Searches for patterns
• Makes minor use of numerical
indices
Researcher Role
• Detachment
• Objective
Researcher Role
• Personal involvement
• Empathic understanding
Basic vs Applied Nursing Research
Basic vs. Applied Nursing Research
Basic Research
Applied Research
Basic vs. Applied Nursing Research
y Basic Research (fundamental or pure research)
y Primary objective the advancement of knowledge
y It is conducted without any practical end in mind
y Theoretical understanding of the relations among variables
y Applied Nursing Research:
y Primary goal is finding solution of immediate problems
y Findings can be used to generate basic research q
questions
Questions and Answers