ME. 0. BENTIIAM ON ANONACEE.
67
Fig. 3. More advanced stage-the cotyledons nearly e q d .
Figs. 4 5. 8.a$zow (with nat. size of larger cotyledon). Cotyledons h d ~
very unequal.
Fig-6. Thesame.
Big. 7. The same, a: scar of a detached leaf ( d ) ; b, smaller cotyledon.
Fig. 8. S. polyanthlcs : a, inverted leaf; b, young undeveloped scap; c, flowering scapes ; d, enlarged foliaceous and persistent cotyledon.
BENTHAM,
Esq., F.L.S.
Notes on Anonacee. By GEORGE
[Read May 3rd, ISSO.]
THEhistory, aGtieR, and generic distribution of this very natural family have been so fully discussed by Hooker and Thomson
in their ' Flora Indica,' that little remains to be observed on the
Asiatic species, from the materials we at present possess; but
there is still some degree of confusion with regard to the American
ones. When Martius, in an early part of the great ' Flora ' published under his editorship, described the Brazilian Anonacece, the
principles more recently adopted for their classification had not
yet been proposed; and although the principal American genera,
Cfuatteria, Duguetia, Anom, Xylopia, Rollinia, Bocagea, and
Anaxagorea, remain pretty nearly within the limits there ascribed
to them, the generic characters of some of them, as well as their
classification in tribes, require modification, and the Uvarias of the
'FloraBrasiliensis' do not at all correspond to the Asiatic genus of
that name. I n our ' Genera Plantarum,' Dr. Hooker and myself
purpose following, with some slight modifications, the tribes proposed in the 'Flora Indica,' which, although somewhat artificial, are
the best which have suggested themselves. W e would, however,
suppress the Anonee, uniting them with Xylopiee ; for the character derived from the carpels consolidated in the fruit is variable
both in Rollinia and Duguetia. W e would also somewhat extend
the character of Xitrephorem, so as to include Oxymitra, Phanthus,
and Monodora, in which the inner petals, although not unguiculate, are erect and connivent or coherent, whilst the outer dissimilar ones are spreading, as in other XitrepRorem. The &atteriem, which cannot include the genus Guatteria as originally
constituted for the American species, must take the name of
Unonem ; and Popowia, admitted to be intermediate between these
Unonem and the Xitrephorem, appears to us to be better placed in
the former than in the latter tribe.
The h e American Guatterias, numerous in species, a l l belong
to the tribe of Uvam'em,&8 characterized by the imbricate Estivation
of the petals. The inner petals are very decidedly so in all the
.
68
MR.
Q. BENTIIAM
ON ANONACEBZE.
species I have seen, although in some few instances the outer petals
scarcely imbricate at the tips, or perhaps truly valvate. In
the Asiatic species referred to Guattem'a, the petals, wherever I
have been able to observe them, are strictly valvate, as described
in the ' Flora Indica j' but in most cases they open out at so very
early a stage, when the bud is still exceedingly small, that it is
difficult to find specimens showing the true aestivation. I n this
respect, as in most others, these Asiatic Guatterias agree with
Polyalthia, as limited in the ' Flora Indica,' only differing in there
being but one instead of two ovules in each carpel-a difference
not consdered as generic in the allied genus Popowia (perhaps
itself a section of Polyalthia), nor in Pheanthus and some others.
W e think therefore that these Asiatic species rejected from Quatteriar may well be considered as forming a section of Polyalthia.
The West Indian genus Oxandra has the petals very strongly
imbricate in the bud, and belongs therefore to Uvare'eq next to
h t t e r i a , although, by some inadvertence, Grisebach, in his
recently-published Flora of the British West Indian Islands, has
followed previous writers in supposing their aestivation to be
valvate.
Duguetia belongs also to Uvariee. It is indeed the only American genus in which the imbricate aestivation had been observed.
It should, however, include the Amna fu$uraeea, A. de St.-Hil.,
which has not only the lepidote surface and imbricate petals of
other Duguetias, but the fruit, which had induced its reference to
Anona, has not the carpels more united than occurs in some
other Duguetias, and they are much less so than in any Anona
whose fruit I have seen.
Askina, a North American genus, has, like several Umnea?,
the petals open at so early a stage of their growth, that their true
estivation had not been well observed on the very few flowers
which herbarium specimensgenerally show ; A. Gray has, however,
recently ascertained that they are truly valvate ; and the genus
therefore belongs to the true U m e e , and indeed is very new to
ZTn0n.a itself, and ought perhaps to be united to that section of
the latter genus which have the ripe carpels ovoid and continuous,
not constricted between the seeds as in most Unonas. We do not
know, however, whether the Asiatic species have the arillate seeds
attributed to the American ones.
Porcelia, from South America, united by some with Asimina,
appears to be nearer allied to Uuaria proper ; but the specimens at
Kew are not in a sufEciently perfect state to ascertain its characters with precision. The aestivation of the petals, both inner and
69
MS. G . BENTEAM ON ANONACEE.
outer, is however certainly imbricate, and fixes its place among
the UvaTiece, and not with the Unonea
A North Brazilian plant which 1 described in 1843 as Gruatteria
heteropetala, Gom a specimen of Schomburgk’s, and which occurs
again in Spruce’s collection under the no. 3184 (gathered on the
sandy banks of the Vasiva, an affluent of the Casiquiare), must be
excluded from that genus and from the tribe of Uvariece. The
outer petals are small and sepal-like, and the inner ones thick,
erect, and comivent, as in the Asiatic Pheanthus. I felt, indeed,
some hesitation whether I should not refer it at once to that genus ;
hut some differences in the consistence of the petals, in the styles,
in the habit and country, may warrant the maintaining it distinct,
and we have accordingly proposed it a8 such, under the name of
Heteropetalum brasilieme.
Uvaria brasiliensis, Vell., described and partially figured in
Martius’s Flora Brasiliensis, and of which Mr. Spruce gathered a
variety with longer peduncles in the woods near Tarapoto, distributed under the no. 4097, is again a very distinct plant, to be
removed from Uvariece and placed under the same subdivision of
the tribe Mitrephoree. The large, thick, concave inner sepals and
the many-ovuled carpels are quite sufficient to characterize it as a
distinct genus, to which we have given the name of Cymbopetalum.
The second speciesreferred to Uvaria by Martius is the Ti*igyneia
of Schlechtendahl, equally to be removed from Uvariee on account
of the valvate petals, and forming a new genus allied on the one
hand to Unona among Unonee, and on the other to Melodorunt
among Xylopiee, but best placed next the former genus, from
which indeed it chiefly differs in the small size and orbicular concave shape of its petals. Besides the original T. oblongifolia,
Schlechtendahl (to which, rather than to Cuatterin Hilariana, I
would refer the Uvaria hirsuta, Vell. F1. Flum. vol. vi. t. 124),
this genus will comprise the following three new species :TRIGYNEIA
MATTHEWSI. Glabra v. partibus novellis minute pilosulis, foliis oblique oblongis acuminatis basi subangustatis vix coriaceis,
baccis g1obosis.-Arbor parva, valde ramosn. Folia 4-6 poll. longa,
16-2 poll. lata, venis primariis a costa divergentibns obliquis arcnatis
utrinque 6-8, supra impressis snbtus prominentibus. Petiolus brevissimns. Pedieelli 6-8 lin. longi, in axillis solitarii v. saepius complures
peduneulo brevi eommnni fulti, infra medium minute bracteolati.
Plores dbidi, &en 3 lin. diametro. Carp4la 5-6. Bacca: globes*,
4-5 lin. diamctro, stipite 2 lin. longo.
Near Tarapoto iu Eastern Peru (JIcLt//relos,no. 1421 ; S p r ~ c e110.
. -1 I(’?).
LINN. P R O C . - ~ H O T A S P , r O L . T .
G
70
MR. 0. BENTEAM ON ANONACEBE.
TRIGYNEIA
A N G U S T I F O L I A . Glnbra infloresccntia excepts, f o l k elon@to-oblongis longe acuminatis basi angustatis vix coriaceiu, barcis
oblongis.-Arbor gracilis, 30-pedalls. Folia 6-8 poll. longa, vix 2 $1.
lata, acumine ultrapollicari, venis a costa obliquis utrinque 10-12.
Flores dhidi, ad nodos defoliatos fasciculati, quam in cseterk speciebiis majores, petalis exterioribus 4-4a lin. longis. Cnrpella 4-6. Baccse
juniores tomentosse.
In the gap6 of the Rio Uaup2s in Venezuela (near the borders of Brazll)
(Spruce, no. 2567).
TRIGYNEIA
G R A N D I S Glabra inflorescentia excepta, foliis oblique ovaliobloilgis acuminatis infra medium sublatioribus coriaceis nitidls, baccis
oblongis.-Arhor 20-pedalis. Folia G-9 poll. longa, 2:-33 poll. Iata,
rigidiora quam in praecedentibus, venis primariis a costa divergentihus
utrinque 7-10. Flores ad axillas fasciculati, albidi, circa 3 lin. diametro,
pedicellis semipollicaribus. Baccze crassBe, 8-9 lin. longae, stipite 3 lin.
longo. Semina orbiculata, depressa.
Ou the banks of the Lower Casiquiare in Venezuela (Spruce, no.
3163).
It is possible that the Unona lucida, DeC., a Peruvian plant only
known from a fruiting specimen in Jussieu's herbarium (figured
in Delessert's Icones, rol. v. t SO), limy be a fifth species of T7-igyneia.
In the above-mentioned four true species of l'u&yneia thc stamens are closely packed, with the flattened top concealing the
cells, as in the majority of Anonacem. The plant distributed from
Mr. Spruce's collectioii as Bocayea canescens has them less close,
with an ovate tip, and the cells rather more exposed, nearly as in
Boca.9ea ; but the petals are strictly valvate in each row, as in Zkiyyneia, whilst in Bocagea multijlova, Mart., they are rery much
imbricate. We have no speciineua of the two original species of
Bocagea ( B . alba and B. viridis, St.-Hil.) ; and it docs not appear
from the published descriptions and figure what is their real zestivation; therefore it remains doubtful to which group the name of
Bocagea should remain attached. Should St.-Hilaire's species correspond with the B. mdtijlora in estivation, as they do in other
characters, the B. canescens may be transferred to Digyneia, but
as a distinct section, with the following character :TRIGYNEIA?
C A N E S C E N S . Foliis oblongis breviter acuminatis coriaceis
subtus pallidis canescentibusve, pedicellis brevissimis solitariis, staminibus circa 12 ultra loculos ovatis, bacris g1obosis.-Arbor parva, rnmis horizontalibus. Folia breviter petiolata, 2-4 poll. longa, 1-1; poll.
lnta, renis parum conspicuis. Pedicelli asillares, 2-3 lin. longi. Flores
.
71
XI11. (1. BEIVTRABI O S .\NOKACE.F..
albidi, tomentosi, 2 liu. diametro. Ovula in carpellis floridis circa 4 .
Baccac globosac, 1-2-spermac, tornentosrr., subsessiles, 3-5 lin. diametro.
In damp woods near Tomo on the Guainia (or Upper Rio Negro, above
its junction with the Casiquiare), i n Venezuela (Spruce, no. 3549).
.\ new species, a congener of Bocngen multi$ova, may be described as follows :Spruce. Foliis ovalibus v. elliptico-oblongis
glabris uitidis, floribus subsessilibus glabris, ovulis solitariis erectis." Arbnscula 12-18-pedalis, truuco brevi vix brachiali, ligno tenacissimo,
ramis adscendentibus subpinnatis." Folia subsessilia v. brevissime
petiolata, obtusa v. subacuminata, 2;4-pollicaria, coriacea, reticulatovenosa. Flores albescentes, solitarii v. gernini. Pedicelli brevissirni,
bracteis squamiformibus obtecti. Sepala brevissima, orbiculata, concava, glaberrima, duplici serie imbricata. Stamina circa 14, incurva,
ultra loculos dorsales parum prodncta. Carpella 4-6, glabra, sessilia,
stylo capitato parvo.
In woods near Tarapoto iu Eastern Peru, and along the Huallaga
(Spruce,no. 4920). The poles used by the Indians for impelling their
canoes up the rapids are made of the ligbt tough trunks of this tree
(R. Spruce).
~ C A G E AE S P I N T A N A ,
The plant distributed as B o c a p n Liccor7ei.n~is,Spruce, reinarkable for the white bark of its branches, reueiiibles the R.espintnnn
iu its glabrous carpels with a single erect ovule in each. I t iu
described as a tree of 40 feet, Kith long slender braiichcs. The
leaves are oblong, with long acumen, four to five inches long, glabrous and coriaceous. The inflorescence is that of B. vtultiJlorn.
I have not seen either the petals or t h e stamens, and am therefore
unable to characterize it more definitely, or absolutely to fix its
genus. It vras gathered on the river Pacimoni, an affluent of tlie
Casiquiare, and distributed under no. 3352.
Should the original Bocngea alba and B. viridis prove to have
truly ralvate petals, they must be associated with l'rigyneia cunescens, as a group intermediate between Tr<qyneia and the group
formed of Boeagea multijJora, B. espintann, and probably B. Zeucodermis, which T o d d in that case receive a new naiiie, and be placed
either near O x a n h a among Uuariem on account of the estivation
of its petals, or ainong Xilimere on account of its stamens.
The species of Anma.qorca gathered by Mr. Spruce near Barra
do Rio Negro in North Brasil, and distributed under the name of
A . brevipes, Spruce, no. 1722, does not appear, on further compariso11, to be specifically distinct from the A. ocuminatn, A. de
St.-Hil., \vhich ~vasagain gathered by Spruce on the Casiquiare,
mid distributcd uiider no. 3201.
02
72
MR.
cf.
BENTHAM ON ANONACEIE.
The Hexalobus brasiliemis, A. de St.-Hil., and Naud. in Ann.
Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 2, v. xvii. p. 133,t. 6, evidently differs in several
respects from the original species of that genus, which are a11
African. I have not seen the plant, and some slight discrepancies
in the figured analyses of the flower preclude my forming ally
inore precise idea of its affinities.
The collections transmitted by the late Rlr. Barter from Western
tropical Africa supply a few new species of Anonacece, amongst
which the most remarkable is a second species of Monodorn. The
structure of the ovary of this handsome genus appears t o have been
in some measure mismderstood. It has been supposed t o consist
of a single carpel with very numerous o d e s lining the whole inner
surface of the cavity. It is, however, perfectly centrical and regular, faintly marked outside with numerous longitudinal furrows,
and the peltate centrical stigma has as many curvatures or minute
radiating lobes. This shows that it is a compound ovary consisting
of the union of numerous carpels, the confluence of whose closelypacked placentae gives the appearance of the irregular dispersion
of the ovules over the inner surface.
The two species of Mmodorn may be distinguished as follows:1. M. MYRISTICA, Don, Hook. i i ~Bot. Mug. t. 3059. Foliis cuneatooblongis basi obtusis, petalis valde undulatis crassiusculis, interioribus
extus medium versus villosis.
2. M. TENUIFOLIA, sp. n. Foliis anguste oblongis basi longe acuteque
angustatis, petalis margine crispis interioribus glabriuscu1is.-Folia
quam in M . myristicn minora, multo tenuiora, et basi nequaquam obtusata. Petala exteriors anguste ovato-lanceolata, It-pollicaria, interiora minora quam in M.myristicn.
Gathered by Mr. Barter at Eppah on the Niger River. He describes it
as a shrub of seven feet in height, with deciduous leaves. Flowers
very beautiful : the outer petals white at the base, spotted red, brown
and yellow towards the apex, and crisped on the margin; the inncr
ones yellow, with a curious appendage in the centre. In the dried
specimens this appendage appears in the shape of a little hairy tuft on
the margin near the centre, but it is somewhat irregular in its position,
and is probably the effect of the puncture of some insect.
Our Borneo collectors have supplied us with two remarkable
new genera, Disepalum and SpJtcerothalnmus, which are described
and figured by Dr. Hooker for the next part of the Transactions
of the Society.