THE HISTORY OF FLORENCE, ARIZONA
1 8 6 6 -1 9 4 0
by
Ava S . B aldw in
A T h e s is
su b m itte d to t h e f a c u l t y o f th e
D epartm ent o f H is to r y
in p a r t ia l f u lf illm e n t o f
th e r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r t h e d e g r e e o f
M aster o f A r ts
i n t h e G raduate C o lle g e
U n iv e r s i t y o f A rizo n a
1941
A pproved:
D ir e c t o r o f Thes
GO ITOOTOIH CTHT
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Home o f C h a rles M ason, 1866
/■ f-/O O f
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
I n t r o d u c t io n . .
. . . . . . . . .
..................................
, .
1
. . .
1
.
. .
1
..
. .
1
; C h a r le s Adams e r e c t e d rf l r s t : : b u i l d i n g , 1886
1
CHAPTER
I . FLORENCE: THE PLACE OF RICH FARMING LANDS
The G ila V a lle y . . ........................ ....
A d a m s v ille
,.
>. . .. .............................
.
H ea d q u a rters o f th e B ich a rd B r o th e r s
flo u r m ill
. ,. ............ . . . . . . .
P rom ise o f a t h r i v i n g to w n . .
. . .
:
12
. . . .
2
D i s i n t e g r a t i o n o f th e town ..................................
F lo r e n c e
- ■
- --
2
. - '■
F i r s t s e t t l e r , :1 8 6 6 , C h a r le s G. Mason
. .
3
L e v i B u g g ie s , In d ia n A g e n t, 1 8 6 6 -1 8 6 9
. .
3
The name o f t h e town . . . .
iTown s i t e
.
. . . ;
...................... 3
.. . . . . .
4
. . . . .
5
I r r i g a t i o n d i t c h e s , "1869 *.
M a il s e r v i c e in t r o d u c e d . S e p t. 1869
• '• .
6
The Grant S ta g e L in e s , 1 8 6 9 -1 8 7 4 . . . . .
6
A r r iv a l o f f r e i g h t t r a i n s
7
. . . . . . . .
Road to I n f a n t r y Camp, 1873
. .........................8
D e g r a d a tio n s o f P in a l A p a ch es. . . . . . .
S o c ia l in s t it u t io n s . . . .
C a t h o lic Church, . 1870
.
8
. . . . . .
. . . .
. .....
.
9
III
PAGE
.
:F i r s t p u b l i c i s c h o o l . S e p t . . 1 2 ,« 1 8 7 1 . . • 10
LlUnlted-:States'F ederal'': Lana:‘-0f f l e e , . June .
2 , 1873 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
' i " ' C : b'i'yir
. , • - , .
•
, . ,
Growth o f th e tow n, 1875 . . . . .
. .
--r v- ** /.- r-': .~.<•■'••-i.*:—. ' ■ • ",-.\
.- ^ ^- i. v *. -'»•;r^
* v *. *• •# fc
*~
I I . FLORENCE:" INTERESTING CHARACTERS BEFORE 1890
:: '• Vi'
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A t t r a c t i o n s o f th e town . . . . . . . .
.
• 'r V .
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. 10
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. 12
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L ev i R u g g le s , an In d ia n A g e n t, 1866 . . .
1 *
• — -•
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i.? .--
x • .
"
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• •. »
•- r * •
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•
.1 3
'•
*
P e te r R. Brady, one o f th e f i r s t c i t i z e n s
'
V*
r\.
*
*
' »
* -
t
x
jt
«
■-
. 13
r
«
*
/
... A
G r a n v ille Oury, d e l e g a t e to C o n fe d e r a te
C o n g re ss . - ." • ■■
..
.
.*.
.. . . .
"D^" C. :S te v e n s" ,v p lo h e e r ' stage" man . . . . . .
.. . . 14
14
;'•Grahv i l l ' e - W heat, ••te a m s te r -fo r * B u t t e r f i e l d ,
S ta g e L in e ................................................................... 1 4
^
. •i f.; -?
. ■
•
A. J . D oran, Union s o l d i e r
. .
. . .
. . . 15
v.; -:’ •- 7' - -.L ="i ; -?' H" • i
* x •, , - >. * John W. W alker, In d ia n t r a d e r .
. . . . . .
16
G eorge A. Brown, W ells Fargo a g e n t . . . . .
16
i. :
; c li,i 1 . i - - , . - , ."••••
C h a r le s D. P o s to n , c o l o r f u l f i g u r e .................... 17
P o s t o n 's tem p le to f i r e w o r sh ip p e r s
. . . .1 7
i' - v ;!
i,"
I'*
Work o f P o sto n r e c o g n i z e d ...........................
17
.
r
.
»
,
.
*
,
R ich ard E. S lo a n , l a s t T e r r i t o r i a l g o v ern o r
17
P e te G a b r ie l, o u t s t a n d in g s h e r i f f
18
. . . . .
B aers oh "O liver S tr a tto n -, c o u n ty • s u p e r v is o r - and t r e a s u r e r .............................
. . . . 18
"C i::i, i ^ r*
1:fi i ^ -ii-n
Pauline-C ushm anv "Union sp y . . . .
. » . . 19
I I I . FLORENCE: 1 THE’ "RISE-OF THEf TOWN - -
r:
- - * - i:
P in a l County', m easure t o c r e a te * co u n ty b lo c k , =
-1 8 7 1 . , . • . • • • • . . . . . . .
. . 21
P in a l County c r e a te d January 2 6 , 1875
x-
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- * " .
»-
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• ....... 21
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S i l v e r K ing M ine d is c o v e r e d March 2 1 , 1875 • 22
I ll
PAGE
• Im p ortan ce o f th e S i l v e r K ing . . .
W e lls F argo E x p ress Company, - 1874
S ta g e r o b b e r ie s . v f . ; . :
. . . . . -23.. . . .
.. .
25
. 25
S c a r c i t y 'of A m erican women
25
S i l v e r K ing f r e i g h t tr a in ,' I 8 7 8 ':.r . .
26
Types o f homes: .
'
^
.* . . 28
Homes o f d i s t i n c t i o n
. . 28
J-• \r -r %- • 4 •
»■4 » * • 1 t. -4 * 4i '
V alu e o f r e a l e s t a t e
. .
...
. .
.. .
. 29
■c,: n
Crv:..;; > .
P u b lic s c h o o l s , 1881 . . . . . . . . . . .
. 30
B u ild in g o f seco n d C a th o lic Church
. S a in t T h er esa ' s-A cadem y, 1882 . . .
P r e s b y te r ia n C hurch, 1887
• -■
^
r
*
.. . . .
31
. . . .•
32
:
»■
*
*
r
. 32.
- i-
%
1
«•
-
P e te G a b r ie l k i l l s J o e P h y e .................................. .... 32
P e r a lt a G rant "C laim r. . J .
.- . .
M agnitude o f t h e c la im
"V. .
.
. . .- .- . .*
. 34
. . . .♦ .•
. 34
\
36
i
F a l s i t y o f th e g r a n t
D iv e r s io n o f w a te r
;
. A
. .- .- 36
IV. TRANSPORTATION AND IRRIGATION
The need f o r r a i l r o a d s
- !"•
. . v
;. . 38
P r o p o s a ls o f v a r io u s com panies t o b u i ld
r a ilr o a d s ' . .
. . . . .
. . . . . 38
D isp u te b etw een "Arizona E a s te r n and s - - * P h o e n ix E a ste r n . .
.
...
. .. . . . .
. 39
C
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t
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F in a n c ia l d i f f i c u l t i e s o f A r izo n a E a s te r n . . 4 1
T r i-w e e k ly s e r v i c e . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
41
R a il s e r v i c e d is c o n tin u e d J a n . 3 1 , 1934 . -. . 4 1
Highways .
. -. . ' V
•• yr .
.
•. ’ . f
V
V:
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- •
. :. 42
-
. •• .
L
IV
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Cvv:c^j^.:
:n-:” JivS :o •"rr.Li:-: . .. . ,
, , »
-’:j-v Change o f Bankhead Highway, .. .
; ,
. .. . 4 2
Highway d iv e n t e d t h y 'C asa-G rande /
"ail--; I r r i g a t i o n
...
......
page
. 42
.. . . .. . .. . 43
0( - clO rg a n lza tio n . of. F lo r e n c e C a n a l, ,1888 43
a,
F i n a n c i a l ' c o n d i t t e s i of.-company. . .. . 4 3
r i.
G eorge P o g u e,1 f i r s t p r e s id e n t of. .
;a
company . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
43
1 -1:;ra-' a a l Taunt'
C a p a c ity o f F lo r e n c e C anal . . . . , 4 4
Tvl an-a o f ".a. ’ Ta-iu
"vv: a :'ar:vaa:v.
; P i c t u r e , F lo r e n c e C anal ab ou t ",19.02 . 45
A. F.; Baker a tta c h e d p r o p e r ty o f
canal . . .
. '. . . . . . . . . .
46
nv :ui:a':
: a-r Ccr:
, ZffT .
, . , , . . -a
F lo r e n c e C an al became known a s San
" .T -'l T n: C a r lo s .. .. ... .. ._ .,
.. . .. .. . 46
Ha .’
- t -*=>■. r ..
*
.
San C a r lo s . d e c la r e d a P u b lic
C o r p o r a tio n . . . .
. . .
-Vv;»'r f •:*'i
--- ' :*• .
.
.
P r i o r i t y r i g h t s o f I n d ia n s .
-■Hr ,1---1 tu- u a-:a.::T fo:.’ u-; aicr;
H-.
P r o j e c t f o r r e s e r v i o r a t San
• • - j
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S e r v ic e
. ♦ . 4?
Z
. . . .
48
, , , f"'
C a r lo s . 48
r
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„ --
H ayd en -A sh u rst d i v e r s io n dam . . . . 49
In d ia n r i g h t s m ust be c o n s id e r e d . . 50
— -
-•
,
' - «-
*
v
r
-»•
>
*
>
' . •„
P r e s b y te r ia n Church a i d In d ia n s in
■ (:
a s e c u r in g w a te r r i g h t s . ;. . . . . 51
T! . B i l l p a sse d C on gress if o r San C a r lo s a
R e cla m a tio n P r o j e c t , A p r il 5 ,
^ ~ .1924 . . . « . . . . .
. . . . . - 52
0 - :S a n .C a r lo s Dam .named .C o o lid g e Dam
y
Graph, ia n n u a l :f low (G ila r i v e r
• 52
. . * 53
H,: . P r e s i d e n t C o o lld g e d e d ic a t e d dam
March 4 , 1930 . . . . . .
. .
.5 4
■C-:.-.;: u:y'V: 1 'cr.'T.:: y^'O :r:
,
I r r ig a t io n .p r o j e c t r e s u lt o f coopera­
t i o n b etw een w h ite s e t t l e r s and
...
I n d ia n s _• • • « . • • . .
. . .
54
V.
PAGE
V. FLORENCE:-BEGINNING .TO DECLINE . . .
F a ilu r e o f th e m in es . . .
. . .
. . . .
.
55
. . '. . .
55
P e o p le " b elieved d e c l i n e tem porary . . . . .
55
B u ild in g a c t i v i t y
55
.
. ...............................
C ou rth ou se . . . . .
.
. .
. .
. . .
.
55
.
56
. . . .
56
V7. G. Sm ith and Company S to r e . . .
E s ta b lis h m e n t o f P in a l County Bank
.
P in a l Bank and T r u st Company . . . .
. .
57
F a ilu r e o f P in a l Bank and T ru st Company,
1925 • * • . . . . . • . . • .
•.
.
57
F i r s t N a tio n a l Bank . .
57
. . . . . . . .
A rizo n a C a ctu s Company, 1902 .
. . . . . .
58
B r ic k F a c t o r y , 1 9 0 1 ....................................... ....
. .
58
R e v er ted to a g r ic u l t u r e . . . . . . . .
. .
59
P o u ltr y r a i s i n g . . .
War le d
. . . . .
. . . .
59
to demand f o r c o tt o n . . . ,. . ... , 60
S o c ia l in s t it u t io n s
. . .
. . . . . .
C hurches
. . .
60
.:
P r e s b y t e r ia n Church ....................
. . . .
C a t h o lic Church r e b u i l d s ,.1 9 1 1
62
• • .
62
C h r is t ia n Church e s t a b l i s h e d , 1 9 2 1 . .
63
S c h o o ls . » . . . . . .
C om parison, 1 9 0 6 -1 9 1 4
. . . .
..
. .
63
.
. .
63
. .
63
. . . .
F lo r e n c e Union H igh S c h o o l . . .
. E s ta b lis h m e n t o f p e n i t e n t i a r y . . . .
. 6 4
C o o p e r a tio n b etw een p e n a l i n s t i t u t i o n
an town . . . . . . . .
.
..
. .
65
P r is o n s e l f - s u s t a i n i n g .
66
. .
..
. .
VI
PAGE
V I: THE DEPRESSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6?
As r u r a l com m unity, no g r e a t e f f e c t d u r in g
e a r ly y e a rs
............................. ....
. 6?
;j ;.r '7 C T J ;-::
B u ild in g program o f town . . . . . . .
. . . 67
r:. New P r e s b y te r ia n Church;
;
.1 . ■’.> .
. ^ S c h o o l b u d get r ed u ced :. . : .Lc.; . xi :.
,
::
:
,
. 68
;
j-U rc;. 68 1 *:r
Red ’C ro ss ;ald. to s c h o o l c h ild r e n
.
Number zof: men on r e l i e f . .
v
.. 68 ..
:;'-69
- 'G overnm ental a id it o .-combat unem ployment - i
:69 r :
’ . - R u r a l r e s e t t le m e n t p r o j e c t ,: ‘1935
-69 ^
. xj.-s.
v; ;; : i:; ; F if t y , f a m i l i e s - s e l e c t e d :fo r r e s e t t le m e n t s : ,. ‘70
y C o r p o r a tio n :foraed- t o ‘se c u r e "aid -from ';
governm ent . . . . . . . . . . . . .
s,
. .7 0
M arkets f o r th e c o r p o r a tio n . . . . . . . .
70
R u ral e l e c t r i f i c a t i o n o f th e San C a r lo s
'•r i r r i g a t i o n ’. d i s t r i c t ' ." ".
. =', v.. 71 .
'; .
r
:■
’ -t
G raph,- E l e c t r i c a l D i s t r i c t s .:o. t.
. 72
' ■ -■ B u ild in g -o r h o s p it a l: w ith governm ent fu n d s ^ 72
iry
; ■ A c ce p te d ^ d e p r e s s io n -in a p h i lo s o p h ic a l V
.
m a n n e r ........................ . . . . . .
. . . . . 73
V
" •- ry;-.Vi
'■h::v s
V I I . c o n c l u sio n "...................... ....
. 75
' :.:v
:
vo ^ o r
r
;;: 0
■
: in
,,;;
hioi-oy.-
y t.; ■
;.
Many ch a n g es in th e town y e t v e r y l i t t l e
d i f f e r e n t p o p u la tio n : o f 1940 ;
. 75
A g r ic u lt u r e in 1 9 4 0 . V
.' . '. . V . . ' .
V
. 76
New e r a o f - p r o s p e r it y "
.. .
;
.r-v 76
Lo- -o; :'rOvy: o. y
■■■ ■;
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0 ; ' ‘ 0 "o: Vwo.: ry
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INTRODUCTION
, ' ' - ; , v:;::.... '' _L -
M
The h i s t o r y o f F lo r e n c e , A rizon a, i s an a c c o u n t o f
th e s e t t le m e n t o f th e r i c h fa n n s a lo n g th e 011a r i v e r v a l l e y
in th e v i c i n i t y o f F lo r e n c e . • In 1866 th e town was lo c a t e d
on t h e so u th e r n bank o f -the G -ila, 237 m ile s e a s t o f Yuma.
■ The Im p ortan ce o f F lo r e n c e i n ' t h e h i s t o r y o f th e s t a t e
i s e v id e n c e d .by : i t s l o c a t i o n a s a j u n c t io n f o r th e v a r io u s
s t a g e l i n e s . g o i n g t o E hernburg, Yuma, M aricop a, W elk, and
Tucson; by th e many n o t a b le p e o p le who s e t t l e d
th e r e ,
C h a r le s D ." P o sto n , G r a n v ille Oury, R ichard E." S lo a n ,
J o se p h E. Kibby and o t h e r s .
D uring th e 'SO*s F lo ren ce' was
th e c e n t e r o f a g r e a t m in in g a c t i v i t y w hich b ro u g h t w e a lth
and fame n o t o n ly to t h a t v a c i n l t y b u t to t h e s t a t e ;
F lo r e n c e ranked w ith T u cson , Yuma, and P r e s c o t t a s one o f
th e im p o r ta n t c i t i e s o f A r iz o n a .
A lth ou gh many A rizo n a h i s t o r i a n s
•
1
have acknow ledged
th e im p o rta n ce o f F lo r e n c e in th e h i s t o r y o f th e s t a t e ,
th e r e h a s been v e r y l i t t l e work done upon th e h i s t o r y o f
th e tow n .
n e g le c te d .
In r e c e n t y e a r s th e f i e l d h a s been c o m p a r a tiv e ly
H ow ever, th e s c h o o l sy stem o f F lo r e n c e has
been d e v e lo p e d in two m a s t e r 's t h e s i s a t th e U n iv e r s it y
o f A r iz o n a :
1
A Program o f E d u c a tio n a l D evelopm ent f o r
E l l i o t t , H in to n , Hodges and P a r is h a l l a ck n ow led ge th e
Im p ortan ce o f F lo r e n c e in th e h i s t o r y o f th e s t a t e .
2
F lo r e n c e U nion High S c h o o l D i s t r i c t by R ob ert T a y lo r and
S c h o o l F in a n c e s In P in a l County by Harry S. G u lb e r t.
In t h i s n a r r a t i v e o f F lo r e n c e from 1 8 6 6 -1 9 4 0 I t h as
b een t h e p u rp ose o f th e w r i t e r to d e s c r ib e th e e a r l y
'
-
2 -V7
s e t t l e m e n t , th e p e r io d o f g r e a t p r o s p e r it y and th e d e c l i n e .
In o r d e r • to a c c o m p lish t h a t p u rp ose i t has: been" n e c e s s a r y
to u se g e n e r a l h i s t o r i e s , •r e c o r d s o f Pima and P in a l C o u n tie s
maps o f A rizo n a and P in a l C ounty, governm ent b u l l e t i n s ,
-
g e o l o g i c a l su r v e y s , i r r i g a t i o n p a p e r s , ' n e w sp a p e r s, p e r io d ­
i c a l s , " p r iv a te l e t t e r s , T::and i n t e r v i e w s . " ;
r
' ;
From th e stu d y o f th e a b o v e -m a t e r ia l i t i s ap p aren t
t h a t t h e h o p e s ^ o f : th e -p io n e e r s were n o t - f u l f i l l e d ;t o a
g r e a t -'ex ten t and -th e- town o f to d a y I s e s s e n t i a l l y
d i f f e r e n t th an th e town o f 1 8 9 0 .
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" h .1;-
op-:r--.unit.:
. CHAPTER I
v. :t>-
th"
t i n h c u - ntu:-:' - t f: u l i u -
THE GILA VALLEY:
HI- t u r n
Hi ::.yn
■ t
THE PLACE OF RICH FARMING LANDS
' — . t h n n n / ’1 '••. - ' 1 1 - H r o r r H u ' - t u n u U u - n: -n.
rtuu.,
1866 - 1875
ti'-- H^.rl - : . . in. •:
1 -v.
;'
I f : f i r 1 r l,L ^ :c n ^
"In: 1866 when: t h e r e was e tia r c e ly a' t r a i l other""than - v
th o s e u sed by th e I n d ia n s , t r a d e r s ^ a n d -tr a p p e r s , a few o f the-, p io n e e r s o f the' S o u th w est found- t h e i r way t o th e'-b ea u t 1 f u l - v a l l e y l o f t h e - G li a r i v e r . ‘ B ird s and a n im a ls , -in c lu d in g
w i l d : game; •abou n d ed .
- J u n g le s 1o f -h igh g r a s s ^and m e s q u lt e S f
w ith - a : f r i n g e o f ‘ w illo w s 'a n d c o tto n w o o d s grew a lo n g th e
str e a m , and*: h e r e th e •.G ila was se e n at": i t s b e s t .
'
The: In d ia n s
had c u l t i v a t e d a n d : i r r i g a t e d .t h e s e rich" fa r m in g : la n d s f o r
c e n t u r i e s . :r>v- .rlnu-r--" L-.• v : n h
: -- -v:-
. - v . •' r . . \
- r i l l Two v i l l a g e s g r e w ;s im u lta n e o u sly " o h th e banks o f th e
r i v e r . : - T h e r e la r e c la im s t h a t th e f i r s t b u ild in g was e r e c t e d
a t t h e i o l d .tow n o fvAdam sv11l e , ‘-a b o u t •t h r e e m i l e s ,' w e st o f ■'- 1
F l o r e n c e .^1 -From-: th e, b e s t e v id e n c e a t lh a n d , b o th towns -.
w ere begun-;in .th e - same: y e a r , 1 8 6 6 . f
D u ring th a t y e a r .
C h a r le s „Adams, l o c a t e d a t w hat was a fte r w a r d s Adamsv11l e .
He b u i l t a f h o u se , b u t-w h a t was-.more .im p o r ta n t, he dug ant-.-.,
i r r i g a t i o n ; d i t c h : a n d i r r i g a t e d h i s q u a r t e r - s e c t i o n o f la n d .
A d a m s y ille soon became a p ro sp er o u s, v i l l a g e .
In th e w in t e r
o f 1 8 6 6 -6 7 th e f i r s t s t o r e was op en ed , and by 1871 th e d i s ­
t r i c t had become o f s u f f i c i e n t im p o rta n ce to h a v e - a "p o s t
uf
"
-
*
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i-..
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-
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-
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.
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./
.
— —. —
—
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: : 1
’ B a r n e s, W. C .y - P la c e Names in A r iz o n a , o . 1 0 .
•:
^ ’ F a r l s h ; Thomas . - A r izo n a - H is t o r y . MS. V o l. 6 , p. 3 0 .
2
o f f i c e , n W illiam Dupont, was a p p o in te d th e . f i r s t p o s tm a s te r ,
t:. - T h is: t h r i v i n g v i l l a g e , w ith I t s o p p o r t u n i t i e s fo r tr a d e
w ith th e Pima I n d ia n s ,^ became th e - headquarters'" o f xthe
B ich a rd B r o th e r s,^ -w e ll-k n o w n ; b u s in e s s men, of;.‘th e- G ila
‘-r.l
V a l l e y A m o n g : th e; e a r ly t r a d e r s ; w it h th e Elina"v i l l a g e s , F :
th e y b ecam e,: abou t: th e y e a r I 8 6 5 , th e ow ners o f; a p r im it iv e
f l o u r 1m ill; a t Casa B la n c a .
'T his m i l l was d e s tr o y e d by f lo o d
d u rin g; th e , w in te r o f 1868." : B e fo r e l t s d e s tr u c tio n :, d t was
u sed to.; g r in d c o r n and g r a in ^ fu r n is h e d by th e P lm as. : The
;,
3 1 c h a r d s . c o n s tr u c te d a new m i l l a t A d a m sv llie - i n 1869* w h ic h ,
provided.; w ith a l l . th e modern- m achinery; o f • t h a t day.-,i,was one
of- t h e . f i r s t : f l o u r . m i l l s , in ..t h e T e r r i t o r y . - Tt: was o p e r a te d
by w a te r power, s e c u r e d from th e G ila r i v e r by: an a c e q u la . : . t
or. flu m e .;
The. P io n ee r, F lo u r in g M ill; was th e -o n ly f l o u r
m i l l b etw een . Tucson and C a lif o r n ia - and i t s u p p lie d g r a in
and f l o u r a s f a r away a s P r e s c o t t .
A d a m sv ille g a v e p rom ise
i t g ra d u a 1l y d 1s 1n t e g r a t e d .
o
-
o f b e in g a t h r i v in g town, b u t
Many o f th e p e o p le became a
p a r t o f F lo r e n c e ' and: i t , l e f t v e r y l i t t i e e v id e n c e o f "its *
p a s t ; e x iste n c e ^ .
Old, M exican s t e l l o f f i g h t s , fe u d s and" "
k i l l i n g s in th a t;to w n ; human 11f a 'was yp ry "cheap, a n d .w a te r
was c o n s id e r e d o f f a r more v a lu e than th e l i f e
man, and ca u sed more' tr o u b le .' than w h isk ey ..?
o f any one
They had no ,
^*The Pima I n d i a n ' V i l l a g e s . a re' j u s t o u ts id e : th e c i t y l i m i t s
O
^
' 11®
V y ^ ^ ^V^ ■ -V ... /
" S tr a tto n , Emerson O li v e r , R e m in is c e n c e s . MS. p. 27*
5" I n t e r v ie w , John White," S e c r e ta r y to S u p e r in te n d e n t o f
E d u c a tio n , P in a l C ounty.
3
c o u r t s nor la w y e r s a t t h a t tim e "but s e t t l e d d i s p u t e s in
t h e i r own w ay.
•
In th e same y e a r t h a t C h a r le s Adams came to Adamsv llle ,
V
1 8 6 6 , C h a r le s G. Mason* came t o th e G ila v a l l e y and-
b u i l t th e f i r s t h o u se in th e p r e s e n t town o f F lo r e n c e .
was f o llo w e d th e same y e a r by L e v i R u g g le s .
a man o f a c t i o n and g r e a t e n t e r p r i s e .
He;
B u g g ie s was
‘
He b u i l t a h o u s e ,
p la n te d an orch ard and l a i d o u t th e t o w n s it e o f F lo r e n c e .
8
R u g g le s was born in Huron C ou nty, O h io , A p r il 2 7 , 1 8 2 4 .
He became a c a r p e n te r and a p a r t - t im e s c h o o l - t e a c h e r .
He
was a Union s o l d i e r , and when m u stered o u t o f s e r v i c e was
a p p o in te d In d ia n A gent i n A r iz o n a , h o ld in g t h i s o f f i c e from
1866 u n t i l 1 8 6 9 He became one o f F lo r e n c e ' s m ost Im p ortan t
c i t i z e n s ; he was c r e d it e d by some f o r naming th e tow n.
There a r e s e v e r a l c o n f l i c t i n g s t o r i e s c o n c e r n in g
th a t name.
Some a t t r i b u t e i t t o G overnor McCormick f o r
"The A rizon a R e p u b lic . March 3 1 , 1 9 2 4 . Rosa Bourne i l l u ­
s t r a t e s th e c h e a p n e ss o f l i f e by th e f o llo w in g s t o r y . A :
young gen tlem a n e s c o r te d a p r e t t y s e n o r l t a to a d a n c e .
He was k i l l e d by h e r M exican b e a u .
The c o r p s e was d ragged
i n t o a c o r n e r o f th e room and th e dan ce c o n tin u e d u n t i l
n ea r m orn in g. C an d les w ere p la c e d a t th e head and f e e t
o f t h e dead man, and s e v e r a l men s a t up w ith him.
To
•
w h ile away th e tim e , th e y p la y e d Seven-U p on th e s t i f f
bosom o f th e dead m an's s h i r t , u n t i l a f t e r s u n r i s e .
7.
- :
. ;
.. . ' . -'
Mason s ta y e d i n F lo r e n c e a v e r y s h o r t tim e and th e n
moved to -th e S a l t R iv e r V a l l e y .
H owever, he was one o f
th e d i s c o v e r e r s o f th e S i l v e r K ing M ine.
8•
*P in a l County R e c o r d e r , Maps. (Show to w n s ite o f F lo r e n c e ,
1 8 8 1 ) . T h is i s th e f i r s t r e c o r d e d t o w n s it e o f F lo r e n c e
and i s b a sed upon th e o r i g i n a l d r a f t o f R u g g le s .
^ " E l l i o t , W. C. , H is to r y o f A rizo n a T e r r it o r y , p . 293*
4
5
h ia s i s t e r , w if e o r d a u g h te r ; b u t o t h e r s g i v e R u g g le s
c r e d i t fo r - th e name. - He i s s a id to.? hay@: f e l t -th a t:, th e ;
l o c a t i o n o f - th e town in a v a l l e y su rrou n d ed by m ou n tain s
was so s i m i l a r to F lo r e n c e ,
its e lf.
I t a l y , .- t h a t thevnam e : s u g g e s te d
The S t a t e H is t o r ia n r e c o r d s .t h a t G o v e r n o r -S a ffo r d
named t h e town f o r h i s s i s t e r .
From th e ■e v id e n c e , a t . har^i,
R u g g les a p p ea r s to h a v e named i t . 10 ; - - : '
.j
,
~
.
The e a r ly p io n e e r s d epend ed .much on a g r i c u l t u r e , and
soon a s e r i e s : o f d i t c h e s w e r e : m a d e .-a lo n g -.th e •G l i a O n e
o f j t h e : f i r s t . d i t c h e s .w as the/. C h a se' and;: Brady D it c h , w hich
was f o u r ,o r f i v e m i l e s ; i n le n g t h and, u sed f o r ru n n in g th e
f l o u r m ill; o f P e te r R. B ra d y , b u i l t i n 1 8 6 9 .^
T h is d i t c h
s u p p lie d ■water f o r a b o u t one thousand a c r e s o f la n d .
...
P a t r ic k H ollan d from I r e la n d .w a s .t h e f i r s t w h ite m an.to
h ave t h e , id e a .o f damming th e .r i v e r ; - he b u i l t , th e H ollan d ,
d i t c h e s w h i c h . f a c i l i t a t e d th e farm in g o f th e d i s t r i c t .
T hese, f i r s t d it c h e s - w e r e . b u i l t by s m a ll - com can i e s o f ....
fa rm ers, who la b o r e d c o o p e r a t i v e l y to s e c u r e a w a te r su p p ly
s u f f i c i e n t , f o r . . a l l . , Water f o r d o m e stic p u r p o s e s ’was .
The A r iz o n a R e p u b lic , M arch ,3 1 , 1 9 2 4 . M ost o f t h e .w r i t e r s
d i f f e r , a s to th e p er so n who n a m e d :th e (tow n, and f o r whom
i t was named. B arnes s a y s th a t i t was named by S a ffo r d
fo r h is s i s t e r .
F a r is h b e l i e v e s McCormick named i t f o r
h is w w lf e . Many c i t i z e n s : s a y t h a t i t was R u g g le s .
.
R u g g le s had t h r e e d a u g h te r s , C y n th ia , F lo r a and F lo r e n c e
- - - and, i t a p p ea r s from , h i s . im p ortan ce i n , th e town th a t
h e may h ave s e l e c t e d th e name' from'.' the' r e se m b la n ce to
F l o r e n c e , "Italy" , as* s t a t e d ,' and in honor o f ' h i s daUgh. t e r s , F lo r a and F lo r e n c e .
^ ’ S te v e n s', =D.C% , MS. (B enneV and B e h n e t " B r i e f f o r K ib b ey" )
P a p e r s’ p e r t a in in g to law s u i t o f G eorge Tobb v s . P e te
A vem en ts, " E a rly W ater R ig h ts " , A rizo n a P io n e e r S o c i e t y ,
T u cson , A r iz o n a .
6
p r o v id e d by means o f d eep w e l l s .
:
A lth ou gh th e g r e a t e r p a rt o f th e tim e was o c c u p ie d
in -tillin g
th e : s o il,
i r r i g a t i n g , and b u ild in g sim p le hom es,
F lo r e n c e was g a y when a h o r s e b a c k -r id e r b ro u g h t th e f i r s t
m a l lf r o m B lu e Water S t a t i o n 12 on th e main O verland s t a g e
s e r v i c e , - fo r m e r ly th e B u t t e r f i e l d S t a g e . : A t B lu e Water
S t a t i o n a r i d e r met th e s t a g e and r e c e iv e d th e F lo r e n c e
m a l l . : Thomas E w in g ,1* t h e p o s tm a s te r , r e c e iv e d th e f i r s t
m ail- w ith g r e a t ceremony: b e fo r e th e c i t i z e n s o f th e town
and n e ig h b o r in g ^ c o u n tr y .
T h is m a ll s e r v i c e e x i s t e d f o r
a. year, bu t was d is c o n tin u e d when James G rant in tr o d u c e d
t h e Grant S ta g e l i n e s .
-
'
.v
_
•
In 1868 Jam es G ra n t, a Canadian by b i r t h , a p io n e e r
o f C a l i f o r n ia and A r iz o n a , was awarded th e c o n t r a c t to
c a r r y t h e U n ite d S t a t e s m a il from San B erm d ln d ivia. La Baz
on th e C olorado r i v e r to W ickenberg, Camp D ate C reek, S k u ll
V a l l e y , P r e s c o t t , W ickenberg; and from W ickenberg to Tucson
by th e way o f Camp M cD ow ell, F lo r e n c e and Camp G rant,
p a s s in g .th ro u g h what . i s now th e c i t y o f P h o e n ix .^ 5
G rant *14
Yz> ■ ~. 1 .. '
......
ui! " .. ....... ■
"The O verlan d S ta g e l e f t Tucson f o r Yuma by way <f P ic a c h o
and B lu e Water S t a t i o n , c r o s s e d th e G ila r i v e r a t S a c a to n
, , and went from th e r e to Yuma.
^ ‘ K e l l y , R. P . , Map. B u t t e r f i e l d S ta g e and M a il, 1 8 6 0 .
. T h is was th e same r o u te used by th e O verlan d S ta g e .
14
: "P o st O f f i c e D i r e c t o r y , l i s t o f p o s t o f f i c e s in th e U n ite d
" S ta te s ; 1 8 7 0 , p . 7 1 ." T h l s d l r e c t o r y l i s t s t h e p o s t ­
m a s te r s ' y e a r l y s a l a r y , # 1 2 . 0 0 .- .:: ^
" 1
^ • P i e r s o n , L o u isa G rants MS. , p. 2 , A rizon a P io n e e r H is t o r ­
i c a l S o c ie ty . .
' ' :
7
a rra n g ed -fo r a. r i d e r t o meet" the: O verland; S t a g e 1.^ -to c a r e
rfo r ; th e;:m a ll u n t i l : h e . c o m p le te d h i e - l i n e . v : T h is l i n e he;
worked o u t d n g r e a t ;d e t a i l ; : He l u sed : a map to - p la n ' t h e l r y
l o c a t i o n o f h i s . f i r s t ;s t a g e s t a t i o n s ;and: c o r r a l s s e l e c t i n g
th e p l a c e s w here he! was su r e h e c o u ld se'curevw at e r f o r M s
e to c k i and a c c o r a o d a tI o n s "fOr h i sT p a s s e n g e r s .
p; c .
.t - I p
th l.v :■When th e s ta g e - d r o v e I n t o , th e s t a t i o n , "m ost o fr th e
p e o p le h a d -g a th e r e d ’ t o m eet I t in o r d e r: t o se c u r e news
from; d i s t a n t p a r ts o f th e : c o u n tr y and t o s e e ; the; s tr a n g e r s
w h o -a r r iv e d .
U s u a lly b o th th e e a s t e r n and n o r th w e s te r n
s t a g e s w ere f i l l e d w it h p a s s e n g e r s ,' b u t f r e q u e n tly - th eC a l i f o r n ia sta g e ; c a r r ie d ^ more j s i n c e many p e o p le - who w ished,
t o a v o id a; lo n g o v e r la n d : Journey came by th e way; o f San
F ran cisco", having s a i l e d : around Cape H o r n .1.: ' .v,
'r .
r-rv? W ith the: a r r i v a l o f- th e ' s t a g e came g r e a t f r e i g h t . .
t r a i n s of. tw en ty to t h i r t y m u le s, r e q u ir in g a d r i v e r and a
h e l p e r t o h a n d le them ... "It' was: an a r t - t o c a r e f o r th e m u le s,
cookom eals' b e s id e : th e road and s l e e p on th e ground; a n d : i t
c a l l e d - f o r th e -m o s t'r u g g e d men.
"The 'm ule s k in n e r ,' a s
th e f r e i g h t e r was c a l l e d , w a s :p ic tu r e s q u e , in: h i s red f l a n n e l
s h i r t ; and he was w e l l sto c k e d w ith w h isk e y w hich h e took
s t r a ig h t ; a n d d id ; n o t l i m i t ; t h e : ^
and l i b e r a l w ith , h i s ; p r o f a n i t y .
p r o f i c i e n t 16
: : : -. - -:
-- . - .
1 6 . . r : r ' r-..-t - • 1
i
S u p ra .The a b ove paragraph r e l a t e s th e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f
th e .O v e r la n d S ta g e and th e m ail- s e r v i c e .
S l o a n , , R ic h a r d - E .. M em ories o f A rizo n a ' J u d g e ,: p. 3 2 . t
P
^ : . •• . . : . - \ - v:
::
::: . : .r> :
: P
: : z-:';
a * : ::'-
r
8
v ' Tbie hee&- T or roads- became more' a p p a re n t wi th' th e -u s e
o f . v e h i c l e s . ' O n e o f th e- f i r s t - r o a d s b u t o f F lo r e n c e l e d ' r
to t h e I n f a n t r y Camp.
I t was b u i l t th rou gh M ason’ s ^ V a lle y -
to t h e b a se o f th e P in a l flb u n ta in s a n d 'to ' t h e h e a d w a ter s
»
o f P in t o and M in e r a l4C ree k sy 1w h ere’ t h e m i l i t a r y camp was
■
e s t a b l i s h e d November 2 8 / : 1 8 7 0 .'-1 I t w as} lo c a t e d “'a p p r o x im a te ly
t h i r t y - f i v e m ile s from F lo r e n c e .
- The p e o p le r e p o r te d
th e road was* a c b m p le te s u c c e s s and-’ g a v e c r e d i t t o Thomas-- E w i n g I t
r e q u ir e d o n ly f i v e h o u rs to t r a v e l tw e lv e
m i le s .'
:n o r
n;v. t
--
■■ i
-
Road b u i l d i n g 7and- o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s o f th e ' c i t i z e n s '
w ere f r e q u e n t ly in t e r r u p t e d - b y r a id s from th e P ltia 1; A p a c h e s, *21
who "descended from" the" m ountain's Upon- th e - s e t t l e r s a lo n g -- :
t h e G ila ^ V a lle y , s t e a l l n g , b u rn in g' and k i l l i n g ;
When -
■r
prelfsed' by th e tr o o p s f rom I n f a n t r y Camp, th e y w ould v a n is h
in t o th e catTShs.
A l l th e a tte m p ts o f G e n e r a l4 G eorge StohOman
and h i s s o l d i e r s t o c o n t r o l t h e I n d ia n s w ere f u t i l e ; ' At
le n g t h , em b oldened "by t h e i r s u c c e s s , th e y r a id e d a ranch
n ea r F lo r e n c e and d r o v e away a band o f c a t t l e .
The men
o f F lo r e n c e armed and f o llo w e d them u n t i l , a f t e r s e v e r a l
V-:"- : \ f--’ ;
^
I/,'
• L-vr„: ■ -nr-u r:' ' vl
1
8 ^
. ' ^
t . : . - " ‘i:
H a m ersly, Thomas, R e v ise d O u t lin e s and D e s c r ip t io n s o f
4 - 'M i l i t a r y P o e ts in Arizona"! l8 7 2 y p. 22io^
r
^ *E w ing, „.Thomas, .S u g ra ,.. p . , 6 , . ,, He was f i r s t ,p o s tm a s te r ,
an In d ia n s c o u t , form er U nion s o l d i e r , was k i l l e d in a
•-; f i g h t w ith l a a s c Thorp lin F lo r e n c e s h o r t ly a f t e r t h e .
... ■ c o m p le tio n o f th e road in 1871.
,
on
.
- -r
' v.
"-
7
"The A r izo n a C i t i z e n . Jan u ary 2 8 , 1 8 7 1 .
? kTB11'1p>V"W:C.; , o p . c i t .'.' P ~262• Th i s I Ind l a n~ r a id mu s t
h a v e -o c c u r r e d ' v e r y e a r l y .
E l l i o t g i v e s no d a te ' fo r
th e r a id b u t G en er a l Stonem an was lo c a t e d a t P ic k e t
P o s t from 1 8 7 0 -1 0 7 1 .
9
day's o f ' 'p a t ie n t p u r s u i t , th e y found a t r a i l w hich le d to a
r a n c h e r ia
on
an ed ge known a s T o r d illo Peak a lm o st d i r e c t ­
l y a b o v e S ton em an 's q u a r t e r s .
The In d ia n s had b een a b le to
n o te a l l o f Stonem an’ s movements and a v o id b e in g c a p tu r e d .
P e e lin g so s e c u r e in t h i s f a s t n e s s , th e y n e g le c t e d to p o s t
p i c k e t s , a,nd t h e F lo r e n t in e s s t o l e upon them by n ig h t and
a t d ayb reak a tta c k e d th e r a n c h e r ia . w hich was o n ly a few
y a r d s' from the*brow o f th e b l u f f o v e r lo o k in g
P ic k e t t P o s t.
When t h e I n d ia n s saw th e y w ere su rrou n d ed , th ey r a is e d t h e i r
hands i n to k e n o f su r r e n d e r , bu t th e men o f F lo r e n c e r e fu s e d
t o a c c e p t t h e i r su rr en d e r and c o n tin u e d t o f i r e upon them.
A f t e r a b o u t t w o - t h ir d s o f th e w a r r io r s had f a l l e n under th e
g u n - f i r e , th e o th e r s threw th e m se lv e s from th e b l u f f s .
Not
a w a r r io r was a llo w e d to e s c a p e , b u t th e women and c h ild r e n
w e r e . turned o v e r t o G en er a l Stonem an.
The h a r sh n e ss o f th e en v iro n m en t, w ith th e s t r u g g l e s
a g a i n s t th e A p ach es, d id n o t p r e v e n t th e e a r ly c i t i z e n s o f
F lo r e n c e from" r e a l i z i n g
th e need f o r ch u rch es and s c h o o ls .
A C a t h o lic church w a s - f u n c t io n in g a c t i v e l y in F lo r e n c e w ith ­
in two' y e a r s ’ a f t e r th e fo u n d in g o f th e tow n.
T h is e a r ly b e­
g in n in g : was due f o r th e m ost p a r t t o th e la r g e number o f
M exican s "who- l i v e d in t h a t v ic in it y .
h e ld e v e r y Sunday in S p a n is h .
Church s e r v i c e s were
F a th e r Andes E c h a l ll e r p e r ­
form ed th e f i r s t m a rria g e in th e church on J u ly 16, 1870,
_
th e m a rria g e o f John H a r r is and th e d a u g h ter o f I g n a t iu s
R am irez. 22 ^ T h ls e a r ly .ch u rch , which' became known a s th e
*•
.
.
.
.
2 2 *Church o f th e A ssu m p tion . R e co r d s. 1 8 7 0 . B a p tism s,
C o n fir m a tio n s , arid M a r r ia g e s.
"
10
A ssum ption C hurch, was th e f i r s t in C e n tr a l A r iz o n a , an
.im p o rta n t c e n t e r from w hich th e p r i e s t a d m in is te r e d t o th e
towns o f P h o en ix and Tempe.
The e s t a b lis h m e n t o f th e f i r s t p u b lic s c h o o l fo llo w e d
c f 1V
:........... y- c f
Vr:f"" v:; f V:-.,:
v:,' O f f : v-:
th e b u i ld in g o f th e c h u r c h .
In i t s v e r y e a r ly h i s t o r y ,
•
.Ov-'o ; •. f f f
1 ' r.
:v: ‘; f ' ' - l V o ' f ' f . - o ; 'o; ol o r ;i
F lo r e n c e was in Pima C ou nty. The ta x p a y e r s o f F lo r e n c e
: Of:-loo
o
-'O
fc
fo f o ' o
1 r: .loffO
p e t i t i o n e d th e Pima County Board o f S u p e r v is o r s t h a t a
71
rs.'.cr .
0 •
".0 lo ? ; 'f . o o
- fn f ] o . io:0 o s c h o o l d i s t r i c t be form ed , and a c c o r d in g ly , th e F lo r e n c e
•VOvo
; • ' : •'
.• ;
..o,-- ' 0: "O', .
O
s c h o o l d i s t r i c t was c r e a t e d on December 1 2 , 1871* ^
of . V 0 .0:.:: fl'.;
OOf'-OOf.-.'... ,
fooO'‘f 0.- f 'o of::oO,
P e t e r R. Brady em ployed M iss F lo r a N e s b it t to be th e f i r s t
or- of o O o n f
-f •
f
f-'-r;;
ro - :
0
- ; ; f ;; : . n f
.
: cf a f if
t e a c h e r . He a d m itte d t h a t sh e d id n o t p a s s th e e x a m in a tio n ,
- i :f ; of. - Of O f :
vf' f
: r f ■If:
f:..o-a ■ J - o-;-o
b u t t h a t he c o u ld n o t h a v e e i t h e r had h e ta k e n i t .
The
v: *oo r a - f a ' i . : of
- o.-:or-’ -fo
a" a J :o;.!..; a i o f - 0 r%,-.f.
F lo r e n c e s c h o o l s c o n tin u e d a s a p a r t o f th e Pima County
ai
au ra:aa
■ a^a
i a ;r a
f a r raa a . : a--;
i v ; 1!--;
'■•-1
s c h o o l system u n t i l th e c r e a t i o n o f P in a l County i n 1875*
■;f a r a f i d f f v ^ r c a r a a a a f af a c r a r v . " : t;.-,
• a-a
A f t e r th e c r e a t i o n o f P in a l C ounty, F lo r e n c e was w ith o u t a
i"ivar
I f l'f
T
a:
aO araa
p u b lic s c h o o l u n t i l 1 8 8 1 .
laaf,
u - a r l i V af-. ;- a r - a
:f r
r f a,: - f
>v.a
aa
arra
In a d d it io n to th e p u b lic s c h o o l,
a air
La
. aa ;
-a a : , a
: a i -"-t '
'- a
t h e r e was a p r i v a t e s c h o o l in th e home o f J o se p h C o llin g w o o d ,
v f l a i v -;-:
erar af
■. r v i a ,
-a:
; ' 'f'
- ; ;a-f vf - - a a : e a
a
an e a r ly m er ch a n t.
f f - ' f ar.: i : a . f a a f f ...... f f ’ - a ' a
i f f - a ~f f a ’..-af v a.;
The im p o rta n ce o f F lo r e n c e i n th e e a r l y h i s t o r y o f th e
f a a.
v:l -fa r l . ; i r - a ;
i ■: a." - %' a., 'a ' fi :• - : • ■f ■.lafa.-:-a
r .a. '- a:a*
s t a t e was shown by t h e U n ite d S t a t e s l o c a t i n g th e F e d e r a l
f f--r:. f r
a a a r : r ror:
ea
fa aafa a' ■.
v-anaa . r a t a r
Land O f f ic e t h e r e . N o t ic e was se r v e d th a t th e U n ite d S t a t e s
a - ’- f'a
.
f ; •: r;- -fffa af
fa;- .. a-a - '".a" a i
a
: v
Land O f f ic e w ou ld be r e a d y f o r b u s in e s s June 2 , 1 8 7 3 . ^
a a/: '.-.'.Tv i a T a ' a f a i -a r - a a r f e
:r:-ra
: : r f atTrf
*f' f a - t
L e v i R u g g le s became th e f i r s t r e g i s t r a r o f th e Land O f f i c e .
23.
, A b s t r a c ts from Board o f 'S u p e r v is o r s ^ o f ' Pima C ou n tyr ..—
-T e r r it o r y o f A r iz o n a . D e c .: 1 2 , 1 8 7 2 , p . 1 4 5 .
^ * The A r iz o n a C i t i z e n . May 3 , 1873•
2 5 *Land O f f i c e R e c o r d s. ( U n iv e r s it y o f A r iz o n a h a s a few o f
t h e e a r ly r e c o r d s ; th e y b e a r P r e s id e n t G r a n t's s i g n a t u r e . )
11
H is a s s i s t a n t , M a rtin S t y l e s , who b o r e th e t i t l e
’’r e c e i v e r , ” c o u ld h a r d ly w r i t e h i s name.
of
T o g e th e r th e s e
two men is s u e d h o m estea d s o v e r th e c o u n te r o f t h e i r humble
adobe o f f i c e .
The r e c o r d s o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s Land O f f i c e
w ere k e p t i n t h i s l i t t l e
one-room adob e b u ild in g u n t i l th e
L a n d -O ffic e -was moved from F lo r e n c e t o Tucson i n 1882.
i F lo r e n c e was g ro w in g .
In 1875 th e s e t t l e r s i n F lo r e n c e
w ereim ore numerous th an t h o s e in and ab ou t P h o e n ix .? ^
th a t tim e th e
At ",
p o p u la tio n w as e s tim a te d to be a b o u t f i v e
r
o r s i x h u n d r e d .; V i s i t o r s p r a is e d i t s b e a u ty and e s p e c i a l l y
adm ired th e t r e e s w hich l i n e d ; t h e s t r e e t s .
T h ese t r e e s
w ere s u p p lie d w ith w a te r b y , ’’z a n y a s” o r a r t i f i c i a l strea m s
o f ru n n in g w a t e r . . , The demand f o r w h ea t'a n d b a r le y le d to
th e r a p id ad van cem en t' o f t h e com m unity.
S e t t l e r s were
'
g iv e n c r e d i t by th e m erch a n ts who in d u ced them to p u rch ase
la n d .
U s u a lly th e y w ere a b l e to pay o f f t h e i r In d e b te d n e s s
w ith one crop o f g r a in .
B etw een 1866 when F lo r e n c e was
fo u n d ed ,a n d 1875 when P in a l County was form ed, i t had grown
to a th r iv in g v i l l a g e
o f a p p r o x im a te ly s i x hundred p e r s o n s .
S o l d i e r s • from n ea rb y f o r t s came to spend t h e i r money arid t o
g e t s u p p lie s .
I t ap p eared to be a town w ith a g r e a t f u t u r e ,
and many i n t e r e s t i n g .p e o p le w ere a t t r a c t e d t h e r e .
26.
. E l l i o t , W. C. , o n. c i t . , p . 2 6 4 .
.. /
:■1 ' T-."»;
: ■-'
-•
5 : ;. •' •
;
" rv;:/\r
c" ’
r':1: * v.
CHAPTER I I
■-v.:, t h -
V.fV. .■ :■
V 7 ■n - - - - v . - y : :
• .'..'i.
-j 7 :.:.; c ;V--■.
INTERESTING CHARACTERS BEFORE 1890
:
L ik e a lT w e s te r n towns F lo r e n c e had h e r sh a r e o f
i n t e r e s t i n g p e o p le ;
In t h e stream o f Incom ing s e t t l e r s
th e r e w ere many odd - c h a r a c t e r s . -' Among th o s e w ho‘ found '
t h e i r way t o F lo r e n c e w ere e x - s o l d i e r s , cow boys, g a m b le r s,
fr e ig h te r s ,
t e a m s t e r s , and h a l f b r e e d s , ; s m a ll s t o r e k e e p e r s ,
governm ent o f f i c i a l s ,
-
p r o f e s s i o n a l men and h e a l t h s e e k e r s ;
Many o f - t h e s e p e o p le w e re a t t r a c t e d to" th e f e r t i l e
-
v a l le y ' w ith i t s th e n abundant w ater s u p p ly ; o th e r s ' came -. .- .when t h e y heard' o f ' t h e r ic h m in in g d i s c o v e r i e s " i n - th e n e a r ­
by m o u n ta in s; s t i l l o t h e r s w ere a t t r a c t e d to t h e town b e ­
c a u se I t was a s t a g e coach! c e n t e r f o r m ost p o in t s ir i-th e s t a t e ; many ca m e-b eca tise th e new ness o f th e p la ce:m a d e i t
f r e e from r e s t r i c t i o n and r e s t r a i n t ; ' ; ;
1
:
.c j-ou:: .’ ,
In o r d e r to u n d e rsta n d th e tow n, one must know some­
th in g o f th e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e p e o p le who s e t t l e d t h e r e ,
i ri. l ;; L e v i R u g g les came t o F lo r e n c e in 1866 a s ah .’Irrilian
a g e n t." r He was b orn i n O hio i n 1824 and became a c a r p e n te r ,
and l a t e r a s c h o o l t e a c h e r . • l u r in g th e ' war b etw een th e
s t a t e s he e n te r e d t h e army a s a Union s o -ld le r .
When he was
m u s te r e d -o u t o f s e r v i c e he .r e c e iv e d an .ap p oin tm en t, a s In d ia n
a g e n t : i n A r iz o n a ."' He se r v e d i n th a t c a p a c it y u n t i l 1869V
When t h e U n ite d S t a t e s e s t a b l i s h ® ! th e LaM O f f l e e in
F lo r e n c e i n 1 8 7 3 , he became r e g i s t r a r and t o g e t h e r w ith
-
13
M artin- S t i l e s , h i s ' a s s i s t a n t who: c o u l d ;n e i t h e r read nor
-w r ite ;., i s s u e d hom estead r ig h t s ; t o p io n e e r s .^
R u g g les l a i d
o u t :th e t o w n s it e o f, F lo r e n c e a o l some h a v e g iv e n him: c r e d i t
fo r T th e in a m e z o f :th e ;to w n .
T e r r it o r ia l L e g is la tu r e .
. 7-
He se rv e d two ; term s in t h e - r
--
•,
V A r / i - i..-, . : u;-7
-P eter.: R; Brady was among th e v e r y 1 f i r s t c c 11 1 zen s o f -o-
.
F lo ren ce.-.H erw a s-y .h o rn i n G eorgetow n, D i s t r i e t y o f r C olum bia.
H is - p a r e n ts w e r e ,im m ig r a n ts from I r e l a n d . 1 P e t e r Brady was
ed u ca ted i n G eorgetown; C o lleg e^ a n d , th e n a v a l:a c a d e m y .,a t
A n n a p o lis . , He th e n - se rv e d a s a J u n io r - o f f l e e r on: the:; U n ite d
S t a t e s : b a t t l e s h i p , P ly m o u th .■; He l e f t -th e r s e r v i c e and s t a r t e d
westw ard in 1 8 4 6 . yHe-, came:: to A r iz o n a w ith - th e U n ite d S t a t e s
Boundary Commission; and a fte r w a r d s - s e t t l e d : in- T u cson ..
A fte r
a if e w . y e a r s , h e went t o - F l o r e n c e -and became one o f . i t s m ost
a c t i v e : c i t i z e n s . ' !H e was e l e c t e d t o \ t h e . T e r r i t o r i a l l e g i s ­
la tu r e - %
and
:w a s jI n s tr u m e n ta l i n s e c u r in g ' th e e s ta b lis h m e n t
o f P inal-j C ou n ty; he-, was* t h e f i r s t s h e r i f f o f t h a t c o u n ty ,
and l a t e r - county, t r e a s u r e r . : : H e'w as' one o f t h e e a r l y
p rom oters -o f - th e p u b lic s c h o o ls in F lo r e n c e .
I;
The C hase,
Brady i r r i g a t i o n 1d i t c h e s ; w ere among th e v e r y "f i r s t to'- bef
c o n s t r u c t e d 1: by: w h ite : p e o p le l m th e G ila ; v a l l e y ;
Bradyir.
became th e owner, o f a f l o u r m i l l and t h r e e la r g e r a n c h e s ,
in : a d d i t io n ’to-' i n t e r e s t s in : t h e V ek ol s i l v e r : m in e .? ’ . r
"
■V;;. ^
, ..
■
: '
______ ;______ :
" R ic e , M. M ., R em lntecences. MS . , A rizon a P io n e e r H i s t o r i c a l
^ •M c C lin to c k ,’ James-.::i A r lz o h a ^ The Y oungest- S t a t e . V o l. 3
‘ ‘ p. 670.
. y .
y ..
1,
, r-.
;
14
G r a n v ille H. Oury w a s : tiorn In V i r g in ia ; he came- to
A r iz o n a ia b o u t 1 8 53•
He-was v e r y - a c t i v e In p rom otin g th e
C o n fe d e r a te c a u s e i n A r iz o n a and a f t e r J e f f e r s o n D a v is
r : :;
d e c la r e d -A r iz o n a a p a r t o f - t h e C o n fed er a cy , he* was- c h o sen
a s d e l e g a t e - t o t h e C o n g ress a t Richmond, V ir g in ia .'
Oury--1'
was th e f i r s t " c h i e f J u s t i c e o f th e d i s t r i c t c o u r t o f A r iz o n a .
He w a s1o r g a n i z e r Td f an e x p e d 1t l o n 1t o j 6 i n Henry Crabb^in
M ex ico . i H ef la te r * moved from F lo r e n c e to -T ucson.^ ’ : "-•'* ''
'
----- - Among th e e a r ly a r r i v a l s to th e S o u th w est was D a n ie ls
0 / S t e v e n s 2- He f i r s t came to San D ie g o , C a l i f o r n ia a s a
p io n e e r - s t a g e man^
He e s t a b l i s h e d t h e f i r s t d a i l y s t a g e '
l i n e "b e tw e e n -F o r t W orth, T exas and'Yuma, A r iz o n a .
In 1878
h e 'b e c a m e -p r o p r ie to r o f "th e -A r iz o n a C o n s o lid a t e d 'S t a g e and
L iv e r y Company "and1made F lo r e n c e h i s home:
H e -o p e r a te d th e
s t a g e l i n e fr o m 'F lo r e n c e t o Casa G randel" A f t e r : t h e r a i l ­
ro a d s -became p rom in en t f e a t u r e s o f t r a v e l ; h e *d is c o n t in u e d
th e s t a g e b u s in e s s b u t ] o p e r a te d a l i v e r y ' s t a b l e ;
:
v
- .G r a n v ille Wheat^ came t o A r izo n a from :K en tu ck y.
■ -He :.
w as2a c o l o r f u l i t e a m s t e r f o r th e B u t t e r f i e l d S ta g e L in e .
He was f i r s t s h e r i f f o f Pima County (F lo r e n c e was p a r t o f
Pima C ounty) a t : t h e tim e o f th e Camp G rant m a s s a c r e .
In
f a c t h e was p r e s e n t - a t r t h e m a ss a c r e , and s h o r t l y a fte r w a r d s
s e t t l e d i i n , F lorence".
o f P in a l C ounty;
He was one o f th e *f i r s t - s u p e r v i s o r s !•::
- :- -
,-r
'
;v..: *. :- r- ---
^ * F a r ls h , J.Ew , A r iz o n a H is to r y . . V o l.v 2 . ' p. 8 6 . *
^ 'M c C lln to c k . op . c i t . . V o l. 3» p . 565*
:i -
'-
:.e:v 1on
15
- : A'.;_ J . -D oran^ "was a p io n e e r who came t a A r lso p a w ith
t h e C a l i f o r n ia Column in 1 8 63, and rem ained a f t e r b e in g
m u stered o u t o f s e r v i c e In th e T e r r it o r y .
He became s h e r i f f
and l a t e r s u p e r v is o r o f . P in a l County, and- a member, o f th e .
L e g is la tu r e .
He was n o te d fo r. h i s b r a v e r y .
On on e o c c a s io n
he was o n :a s t a g e , b etw een Casa Grande and F lo r e n c e when I t
was h e ld u p .- A lth o u g h h e was unarmed h e g r a p p le d w ith; th e
rob b er, w h il e th e d r i v e r 5o f th e s t a g e made no e f f o r t t o a s s i s t
h i m . r F i n a l l y th e r o b b e r broke away, l e a v i n g Doran m a ste r
of t h e .f ie ld .;
-
.
^
:
A fr e q u e n t v i s i t o r t o ,F lo r e n c e was John..W. W alker who
fo r . many, y e a r s w a s. an. In d ia n t r a d e r , h a v in g a p la c e n e a r
th e Pima In d ia n R e s e r v a t io n .,
He b ecam e,.w ealth y, th rou gh ,
th e; d is c o v e r y o f. th e V e k o l s i l v e r , m in e... He had. le a r n e d , o f
th e m ine th r o u g h an In d ia n who** o f f e r e d to ta k e him to th e
p la c e .
W alker had s c a r c e l y pu t h i s l o c a t i o n n o t i c e when
.
P eter. R... Brady6 and. John D ev in e p u t in an a p p e a r a n c e , h a v in g
i n some way. le a r n e d ^ o f th e d i s c o v e r y . . W alker, th o u g h .h a v in g
a c l e a r r i g h t to th e p r o p e r ty , g e n e r o u s ly g a v e Brady and
D e v in e , e a c h ..an .i n t e r e s t w h ich h e s u b s e q u e n tly bou ght, f o r
c o n s id e r a b le sum s.
_
... . G eorge A... Brown was s e n t by W ells F argo and Company; to
be i t s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e i n F lo r e n c e in 1874 J
He was born in
New-York b u t th e o p p o r t u n i t i e s o f th e w e s t drew h i s a t t e n t i o n
S lo a n , R. E . , M em ories o f an A rizo n a J u d g e , p . 3 5 • "
6 •^
*'
—_
*
' - -*> - *
S u p r a .. d . 1 3 .
- - :
_
*S lo a n , R.; E ., . M em ories o f an A rizo n a J u d g e , p; 35*
16
"to C a l i f o r n ia and from th e r e he came to F lo r e n c e .
George
Brown was b e t t e r known a s "By God Brown” b eca u se o f h i s
c o n t in u a l u s e o f t h a t e x p l e t i v e .
P erhaps one o f th e most c o l o r f u l f i g u r e s who came to
F lo r e n c e was C h a rles D. P o s to n . 8
P oston was born in Hardin
C ounty, K entucky, In 1820, n ea r th e b ir t h p la c e o f Abraham
lih c o ln .
He p r a c tic e d law In N a s h v ille , T en n essee . A fte r
the Gadsden P u rch ase he came to A rizon a on a U n ited S t a t e s
Boundary su r v e y .
He heard o f s i l v e r n e a r Tubac, and w ith
h i s b r o th e r lo c a t e d th e r e and engaged in m in in g .
It was
due to P o s t o n 's e f f o r t s th a t th e E n a b lin g Act was p assed
s e p a r a t in g A rizo n a from New M exico.
In 1864 P o sto n was
e le c te d th e f i r s t d e l e g a t e to th e U n ited S t a t e s C ongress
from A r iz o n a .
For a s h o r t tim e he se r v e d a s a d v is o r to
G en era l H ein tzelm a n in th e Union Army.
S h o r t ly a f t e r th e war P o sto n was s e n t to I n d ia as U n ited
'
-
:
'
S t a t e s c o n s u l.
-
-
-
"
,
, ,
'
-
.
-
W hile th e r e he became i n t e r e s t e d in th e
r e l i g i o n o f th e P a r s e s o r " F ir e W o r sh ip p e r s.”
T h is r e l i g i o n
made a g r e a t im p r e s sio n on P o sto n and i n 1878, a f t e r h i s
r e tu r n t o th e U n ite d S t a t e s , he came to F lo r e n c e and began
P la n s to c o n s tr u c t a tem p le to th e sun on th e apex o f Prim­
ro se H i l l . ^
'E llio tt,
He w ent so f a r a s to b u ild a road t o th e to p
...
________
B E illE E li
h i s e x p r e s s e d w is h e s .
!
11
17
o f t h e . h i l l upon w h ich h e 1p la n te d a : f l a g b e a r in g la huge .
sun; d is k upon its :a m p le ; f o l d s .
F or th r e e .m o n th s h e : c o n t ln r
o u s ly y - t e p t is f i r e b u r n in g a s a t r i b u t e t o - t h e Sun God.
Due to th e la c k o f - f u n d s h e had t o abandon th e id e a o f b u i l d ­
ing- a - te m p le .
-Another- n o v e l id e a o f: P oston* s was to r a i s e
o s t r i c h e s , n e a r F lo r e n c e b u t t h i s d id n o t p rove p r a c t i c a l .
and h e;h ad to abandon th e p r o j e c t .
D uring h i s l a s t y e a r s ,
P o sto n became a 1h a b i t u a l d ru n k a rd ; - h e ; l o s t m ost o f h i s money
th ro u g h u n fo r tu n a te in v e s tm e n ts ;a n d d ie d - in r P h o e n ix in
co m p a ra tiv e w a n t;
; .
-
;
.---v. -
joxj;-r;Ihe: work o f P o sto n was r e c o g n iz e d by th e A rizo n a L e g is ­
l a t u r e and- h e w as
g iv e n ; th e o f f i c i a l ; t i t l e ,
F a th er, o f A r iz o n a .
o • R ich ard E. S loan -w h o came to F lo r e n c e i n 1884 a d m itte d
he ca m e/as a m a tte r - o f c h a n c e .
He-was . in-; s e a r c h o f-so m e
p r o m isin g town, in th e f a r w e st w h e r e rh i s , l e g a l t a l e n t s . - ^ ,
m ight -become a p p r e c ia t e d -more; q u ic k ly • than i n - b i s n a t i v e c -. -.
state,-O hio.Sloan
fou n d F lo r e n c e a v e r y . i n t e r e s t i n g -
p l a c e , e s p e c i a l l y a s a: sm a llr town la w y e r - h e had- to d e c id e -the
l e g a l i t y o f th e .a c c p u n ta o f co u n ty o f f i c e r s , a v e r y d e l i c a t e
q u e s t io n when s u c h - c h a r a c t e r s a s P e t e 'G a b r i e l , one o f th e
b e s t sh o ts, in th e so u th w e st, was i n v o lv e d . . S lo a n w as
— —
—
—
'
'
:
:.
:
" P o sto n , C h a r le s D. In a s e r i e s o f a r t i c l e s MB u ild in g a
- S t a t e Out o f Apache L a n d s .w O v e r la n d -ffa g a z ln e r^ V ol. 2 9 ,
1 8 9 4 ., P o sto n r e c a l l s h i s e x p e r ie n c e s in t h e e a r ly
’/ h i s t o r y o f th e T e r r it o r y . A n other w r i t i n g o f P o sto n s
was in v e r s e . Apache Land.
]L^e
•
"I n f r a , p. 2 9 .
R ich ard S lo a n ’ s v e n tu r e in fa rm in g .
a p p o in te d T e r r i t o r i a l G overnor o f A r iz o n a un der P r e s id e n t
';
in
T a f t a n d ; he -w a s. th e l a s t g o v e rn o r to s e r v e by a p p o in tm en t.
S h e r i f f P e te G a b r i e l ^ came t o A rizona; from O h io.
He was n o te d f o r h i s c o u ra g e and a s o n e o f th e b e s t ' s h e r i f f s
in P in a l County;
T hroughout th e T e z v it o r y h e 'w a s fam ous
f o r h i s m arksm anship and h e had s e v e r a l n o tc h e s on h i s gun
i n d i c a t i n g - t h e number o f p e r so n s Be h a d " k ille d .
P e te G a b r ie l
k i l l e d h i s d e p u ty s h e r i f f and form er f r ie n d i n o n e o f th e
.
h i s t o r i c d u e ls o f t h e s t a t e i
A f t b r - th e . d e a t h - o f -PKyep h i s
f r i e n d , h e l e f t ' F lo r e n c e and d ie d w h ile oh -a -p ro s pec t i n g
Journey i n t o th e m ou n tain s P ?S e v e r s li1y e a r s T a t e r t h e 'p la ce
o f h i s ' b u r i a l was d is c o v e r e d and a monument was e r e c te d
**"*;•;
to him by th e p e o p le o f F lo r e n c e .'
. I : <
5;h-:
More than a h a l f c e n t u r y 1was s p e n t ' in th e S ou th w est
by Emerson O liv e r S tr a ttb n J '
He was e d u c a ted ' in C a lif o r n ia
a n d 's p e n t some tim e in 'L im a , P er u . ' S t r a t t o n came t o A rizo n a
a s a b o o k k eep er f o r th e O verlan d S ta g e Company a t M aricopa
W e lls , and from th e r e to F lo r e n c e when i t was a t th e h e ig h t
o f i t s m in in g e x c it e m e n t .
N ot lo n g a f t e r h i s a r r i v a l he
was m a d e“u n d e r - s h e r i f f ; w h ile l i v i n g in P in a l County he ’
was e l e c t e d and se r v e d " a s co u n ty s u p e r v is o r and t r e a s u r e r .
S t r a t t o n s a y s , "I made i t a p o in t to n e v e r a s s e s s a poor
12 .'
S lo a n ...P . .£ . . M em ories o f an A rizo n a J u d g e. ,p. 1 - 2 .
w .
I b id .- , p. 4 4 . - - >
-
-
--
19
p r o s p e c t o r . o r an yon e who c o u ld l n o t pay t h e i r .1ta x e s *
w ould o n ly encumher th e . l a x r o 1 1» Mi v
.
It1
y
M ost o f , th e women: o f , F lo r e n c e were c o n te n t: to le a v e
p u b lic a f f a i r s .to: t h e i r husbar^ls -and only; a -few- a t t m c t e d
u n u su a l i n t e r e s t ; . - H ow ever, F lo r e n c e had. one woman, o f
'
n a t i o n a l r e p u t a t io n a s a fo rm er a c t r e s s and m ajor in they
U n it e d ; S t a t e s Army, a v e r y - u n u su a l d i s t i n c t i p n * . P a u lin e Cushman was born n e a r New O rlea n s and became a n a c t r e s s .
She was v e r y b e a u t i f u l , o f th e c r e o l e , t y p e . ..D uring th e
-War o f th e R e b e llio n sh e was a c t i n g i n N a s h v i l l e , T e n n e sse e
and o f f e r e d h e r s e r v i c e s t o th e U n ion f o r c e s a s a s p y . ^
N a t u r a lly , th e so u th e r n p e o p le d id n o t s u s p e c t h e r and sh e
was a b l e t o r e n d e r v a lu a b le s e r v i c e s to th e U n ion .
was f i n a l l y a r r e s t e d .
to hang h e r ,
She
W h ile p r e p a r a tio n s w ere b e in g made
sh e was r e s c u e d .
In c o n s id e r a t io n o f h er
s e r v i c e s . G en era l G a r f ie ld c o n fe r r e d on h e r th e rank and
t i t l e o f m a j o r .^
She came to Casa Grande t o n u rse
J e r r y F ry e r th r o u g h s m a ll-p o x and rem ained and m arried him .
When h e su c c e e d e d P e te G a b r ie l a s s h e r i f f th e y moved to
F lo r e n c e .
She was v e r y g e n e r o u s and k in d , e s p e c i a l l y to
p r o s p e c t o r s and fe d many o f them w ith o u t r e c e i v i n g any
m onetary rew ard .
But sh e was n o t happy in -F lo r e n c e .
Th@-
m y s t e r y ,a t t a c h e d t o ’h e r th r o u g h h e r s e r v i c e s in th e war
' ov
" S t r a tto n , R. E . , R e m in is c e n c e s ,' A rizon a: H i s t o r i c a l ;
S o c ie ty , p. 2 4 .
-.
.. . v' -.y::: -y _y • : "'■'
^5*T his:.w as v e r y s tr a n g e s in c e , s h e : was born i n New O r le a n s .
N e it h e r Sarm ento in The U nion Snv and S c o u t n o r Moore
i n Women o f "t h e War a c c o u n ts f o r i t s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . Vt:.- *
1 6 . M oore, F ran k , Women o f th e War. p.I 6 1 .,
20
and h e r j e a lo u s y o f h e r husband c a u se d h e r t o be a v o id e d
by th e women o f th e tow n .
She e v e n t u a lly l e f t F lo r e n c e
•r
in
and w ent to San F r a n c is c o .
T hese a r e o n ly a few o f th e v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g p e o p le
who lo c a t e d in F lo r e n c e p r i o r to 1 8 9 0 .
They w ere a t t r a c t e d
t h e r e f o r v a r io u s r e a s o n s . - : I h b e n ix had: n o t ' a r i s e n to i t s
im p o r ta n c e ’/ and a s - R / C; Brown s a y s In h i s R em ln& cehces; ^
’’T ucson was d e a d / b u t F lo r e n c e was booming i n 1877•
ThSre
was g r e a t a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t y in th e v a l l e y and two f l o u r
v
m i l l s w ere d o in g a b ig b u s in e s s ^ **' Then, t o o / “t h e S i l v e r
K in g-m in e was ru n n in g f u l l ' b l a s t / ^ -®
:r ;
-: i* * -'
- -V'V
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oo r
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r-
- .. " .
Brown, R. C ., R em in iscen ces. MS. A r iz o n a P io n e e r H is t o r y r le a l: S o c ie ty , p . - 4 . - ^
^ C: :
; ■ i : : ,;:;- , .* In th e A r izo n a R e p u b lic a n th e r e i s a s t o r y o f d o u b tfu l
a u t h e n t ic it y ^ b u t i t i l l u s t r a t e s th e" ro u g h ty p e o f c h a r a c ­
t e r who p la y e d an a c t i v e p a r t in th e l i f e o f F lo r e n c e .
An o r d a in e d m i n i s t e r , B arn ey-R egan -b y name, c o - d l s c o v e r
• ‘ o f S i l v e r . K in g , a l s o ra n a- s a lo o n -in 1872 on -th e c o r n e r
o f F i f t h and Q u a rtz S t r e e t s . Oh Sundays he c e a se d to
v be a s a lo o n k e e p e r and. p reach ed f o r an:hour: i n th e s a lo o n
th e n changed back and s o ld d r in k s . He k i l l e d a man one
day and p rea ch ed h i s f u n e r a l s e r v i c e th e n e x t d a y .
■' ' %
.
- f
X
::ir . ■ - / .'h-x ,
CHAPTER I I I
r: ; / * ■/ - > ■
- V-;.;
, -; :
c. .
\ x n '
y
l! v
FLORENCE - THE RISE OF THE TOWN
'.-Lx ; v l : -xu i: 'v
1875 - 1890
j ^
: . r ; F lo r e n c e was l o c a t e d i n -Pina C ou n ty.
' th is -n e c e s s ita te d
l o n g / la b o r io u s t r i p s by s t a g e ; o r h o r se b a c k to th e co u n ty
s e a t , T u cson .
The p e o p le o f F lo r e n c e . saw th e a d v a n ta g e s,
w hich would b e d e r iv e d -fr o m h a v in g .a c o u n ty s e a t a t F lo r e n c e .
In 1 1871,' a ' b l 1 1 was In tr o d u c e d ; in to th e T e r r i t o r i a l L e g is ­
l a t u r e t o c r e a t e th e County o f P in a l.^
T h is b i l l was
n,
b lo c k e d .by' th e c i t i z e n s o f .P le a County and what was l a t e r
M aricopa C ounty.
Pim a-C ounty o b j e c t e d to t h e ; l o s s o f t e r r i ­
to r y w it h t h e tr a d e iw h ic h t h e co u n ty s e a t e n jo y e d ;fro m : th e
ta x p a y e r s who: v 1s i t e d T u cson . v The p e o p le o f th e S a l t R iv e r
v a ile y o w e r e a n x i o u s r t o .c r e a t e M aricopa C ounty.
A s u b s titu te
b i l l was in t r o d u c e d ; t o c r e a t e M aricopa County r a t h e r th a n
P in a l.
I t p a s se d b o th h o u s e s .’ u n a n im o u sly . :: The c r e a t lo n
o f P in a 1 County was d e l a y e d . ’ I t was n o t u n t i l - t h e e ig h th
2
L e g is la t u r e . con ven ed t h a t i P ln a l’ County was f i n a l l y o r g a n iz e d .
The b i l l to c r e a t e th e ..co u n ty was sp o n so re d by P e te r R. Brady
in t h e Tower H ouse o f th e L e g is la t u r e a M p a sse d b o th h o u s e s
January 2 6 , ;1 8 7 5 -
' I t c r e a te d P in a l County o u t o f M aricop a,
Pima; and Y avap ai C o u n t i e s / F lo r e n c e was made th e c a p i t a l
J o u r n a l. S i x t h L e g i s l a t u r e . o f A r iz o n a .T e r r it o r y , p. 2 5 5 .
*J o u r n a l. E ig h th L e g is la t u r e o f A r iz o n a T e r r it o r y ^ p . '1 5 2 .
22
c i t y o f P in a l C ou n ty.
fh@ co u n ty was named- f o r i t s pin© "
g r o v e s o r p erh a p s from th e P in a l Apaches;-^ STh© c o u n ty had
an u n u su a l q u a n t it y o f n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s i n - t h e ’ r i c h farm ­
in g la n d s and in th e m in e r a l w e a lth o f th e m o u n ta in s. :
- The famous S i l v e r K in g Min©: was: d is c o v e r e d o n ly t h r e e
months' a f t e r t h e cou n ty # a s c r e a t e d 'o n March 2 1 ; 1875.
• .7
The im p o rta n ce o f : th e S i l v e r K ing Mine i n ■t h e h i s t o r y o f
m ining in th e U n ite d S t a t e s and p a r t i c u l a r l y i n th© t e r r i ­
to r y o f A r iz o n a , and more e s p e c i a l l y
it s - im p o r t a n c e t o th e
community o f F lo r e n c e , le n d s more th a n th e u s u a 1 i n t e r e s t ?
to t h e - d e t a i l s o f th e d i s c o v e r y a n d ; l o c a t i o n o f t h e v e i n .
In f a c t , th e S i l v e r K ing w as’-an o u t s t a n d in g , i f h o t 1th e '
le a d in g f a c t o r 7-i n th e r e c la m a tio n o f th e Pina l 1"r e g io n - from
th e' A p a c h e s .” The P in a l M ou n tain s r o se - t b ; th e- n o r t h e a s t o f
t h e 1broad p l a i n o f t h e 1G ila r i v e r and s t r e t c h e d n o r th e a st-^
ward^ t e t h e 'h ig h e r - r a n g e s 1 o f th e W hite M o u n ta in s. ^ T h ese
m o u n ta in s'h a d many i r r e g u l a r o u t l y i n g m a sses c u t by cartons
w hich l e d down to
th e G ila v a l T e y i - T h e ir ex trem e r u g g e d n e ss
and im p a ss a b le n a tu r e a f f o r d e d an e x c e l l e n t r e fu g e and
s e c u r e h id in g p la c e ” f o r th e A paches a f t e r m e a n d e r in g ’n '
e x p e d it io n s to th e p l a i n s . ^
:
:
.r-c
trx
;r.... - ..B e c a u se of. th e - I r a iia n - a t t a c k s . G e n e r a l G eorge -Stoneman
1
i ■- - - -.7 - - '"r.
7 . - !
>.v i r:
; r.
.
moved, h i s command from I n f an tr y Camp t o , Uie b a s e ' p f th e
..
m o u n ta in s n ear th e Apache T r a i l and e s t a b l i s h e d a camp* c a l l e d
-.-7
V
'-.*
-
7; ,
'
t I; ;
7: 7- =
-- .7
-.
7' "i'ncv,
■
B a n c r o f t , H. H . A rizo n a and Hew M e x ic o ., p. 6 2 4 .
,
1 ...
*Supra-; For t h e s e a t t a c k s o f ' th e I n d ia n s and p a r t i c u l a r l y
t h o s e r e l a t i n g - t o F lo r e n c e , se e p. 8 .
23
P ic k e t t P o s t . . He th e n c o n s t r u c t e d a m ule t r a i l .up t h e f a c e
o f th e .m ou n tain .
One o f th e s o l d i e r s , Tom S u l l i v a n ,^ was
em ployed in c u t t i n g th e t r a i l . ,When r e tu r n in g from h i s
work one e v e n in g , h e s a t down to r e s t on a p r o j e c t i n g r o ck
n ear r.the camp, an . b egan p ic k in g up l o o s e - f ragmen t a , o f r o c k s
ab ou t him .
Among t h e s e fr a g m e n ts w ere some s m a ll b u t h ea v y
b la c k - m e t a llic .l o o k i n g flu m p s ... T h ese, in s t e a d o f .b r e a k in g . „
up when pounded on s t o n e s , became f l a t t e n e d , o u t and s o m e - .
-- " >
•-.» -■ .
• »• - * *
. ‘
-
w hat, r esem b led V1 ead .
- ■* **-
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u r-
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-
-*
-
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. .
.
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.
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- X
... . .
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.He g a th e r e d a , f ew lumps and ..went o n .
r
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- C
V-
-
<-
re -
. "
■
.- - -
-■
' ’wt-l
t o .c a m p ,w ith o u t s a y i n g , a n y th in g .a b o u t h i s d i s c o v e r y to a n y ­
o n e.
S u l l i v a n ' s .te r m .o f s e r v i c e e x p ir e d and he w ent to
th e ra n ch o f C h a r le s G. M a so n ,in th e S a l t R iv e r V a lle y .^
He showed h i s m e ta l to Mason, and. l e f t .d u rin g t h e . n ig h t
w ith o u t ?Jason's k n o w led g e.
No one knew what had become o f
S u H ^ van ; thou gh some th p u g h t h e was k i l l e d .by A p a ch es, b u t
s e v e r a l y e a r s l a t e r ..he r e tu r n e d t o , th e S i l v e r K ing and was
J o t.
Mason r e c o g n iz e d tt h i s m e ta l a s s i l v e r ; and
form in g a p a r ty o f men, made s e v e r a l a tte m p ts t o f in d t h e
.° n March 2 1 , 1 8 7 5 , M a so n ,.W illia m H. .L ong, B arney. .
Reagan, and I s a a c C opeland? w ere s u c c e s s f u l i n l o c a t i n g
th e s i t e o f th e d is c o v e r y a p p r o x im a te ly 3 5 m i le s n o r t h e a s t
*B la k e ,..W IT 11am J P ., The - S i l v e r King M ine o f A r iz o n a , p . 9 •
(T y p e w r itte n copy by W. F . C a b ra lth from th e o r i g i n a l e d i
t l o n in th e Y a le U n iv e r s it y L ib r a r y ) A r iz o n a U n iv e r s i t y .
The -same "Mason "who ..b iillt th e f i r s t h o u se i n F lo r e n c e ."
' *A -band o f .In d ia n s a tt a c k e d t h e p r o s p e c t o r s ; b e f o r e th e y
1- .were d r iv e n o f f I s a a c C opeland was k i l l e d .
To keep h i s
d e a th a i s e c r e t from th e I n d ia n s and t o p r o t e c t t h e i r d i s ­
c o v e r y , h i s com panions b u r ie d him in th e b a k e-o v e n l e f t
by S to n em a n 's I n f a n t r y .
o f F lo r e n c e In . th e P in a l M o u n t a l t i s t h e . fb n n e r s i t e
o f P ic k e tt P o et.
,1
' ^
r.
- :
;/ > i--”.
Ir'
The l o c a t I o n of. th e c la im was r ec o rd ed on March 2 2 i-
1875,® th e *day f o l lo w in g th e d i s c o v e r y , : In th e c o u n ty
9
r e c o r d a a t F lo r e n c e u n d e r t h e v.naae- o f S ilv e r . K ing.- . T h e
o r e ■was v e r y r a r e ^and r i c h ,' c o n s i s t i n g o f s i l v e r , s u lp h e r
and some co p p er a r s e n i c .:
to th e to n .
I t y i e l d e d o v e r $ 2 0 ,0 0 0 i n s i l v e r
F or s e v e r a l y e a r s th e S i l v e r K ing l i v e d up to
i t s name and th e i s l i v e r .ta k en from th e m ine was a lm o st p u re.
The r e p o r te d v a lu e o f t h e m ine was s o - g r e a t t h a t t h e p e o p le
w ere a f r a i d to w r it e o f i t s r e a l v a l u e , e x p e c t in g to b e ■
d i s c r e d i t e d by c y n i c a l r e a d e r s . : Rumors o f e x tr a o r d in a r y
d i s c o v e r i e s in th e n earb y m o u n ta in s w ere c i r c u l a t e d ;in e v e r y
d ir e c tio n .
E n t e r p r is in g men h u r r ie d
to th e community w it h ­
o u t t h e i r "f a m i l i e s , "hoping to a c q u ir e f o r t u n e s q u ic k ly .r
B eca u se t h e S i l v e r K ing Company e s t a b l i s h e d many I n t e r e s t s
in F lo r e n c e ; th e d i s c o v e r y o f t h e m ine r e s u l t e d in a boom
f o r th e town;
The n ew sp ap ers c a r r ie d many a d v e r tis e m e n ts
f o r th e .m in in g company.
I t owned a d ry g o o d s and c l o t h i n g
s t o r e . The S i l v e r K ing H o t e l u n d er th e p r o p r ie t o r s h ip o f
Q ; ....... ““....... ..~..............".............'..'.-...,"
TU
"
.."1I."......-.... ................. -.. .................. '... ..~.. ■
.... ■.
R ecord Of M ines (L o c a tio n N o t i c e s ) :V o l. 1 , p." 1 , O f f ic e
o f County R e c o r d e r , P in a l C ounty.
L"; "
9.
...
[B a rn es, H in to n , and B la k e f a l l to g iv e th e r e a so n f o r
, th e name. - I t c o u ld n o t h a v e b een named b e c a u s e o f t h e
-p u r ity , o f th e s i l v e r as .th a t had n o t b een a s s a y e d a t
th e tim e of. th e r e c o r d in g o f th e. name. - -' .r' ,
.
B la k e;- o p . c l t . . o . 1 0 .
:
25
C. H. B eck w eth , and a s m e lt e r .
Ore was b ro u g h t to th e
s m e lte r In raw hide b a g s t o be red uced to s i l v e r .
From
t h e s e b a g s th e s m e lte r r e c e iv e d th e name R aw hide.
The need
f o r com m unication from th e S i l v e r King Mine le d to th e
e s t a b lis h m e n t o f t h e S i l v e r K ln g -F lo r e n c e -C a sa Grande
T e leg ra p h C om p an y.^
Through t h i s b ran ch l i n e th e m in in g
a r e a c o u ld send te le g r a m s o v e r th e W estern U nion a t
C asa G rande.
About th e tim e o f th e d is c o v e r y o f th e S i l v e r King
M ine, W e lls Fargo E x p r e ss Company b ou gh t th e G rant s t a g e
lin e s .^
G eorge Brown was s e n t from San F r a n c is c o .to":.ba­
t h e 'E x p r e s s 'A g e n t .
In th e e a r ly m in in g d a y s , th e e x p r e s s
company se r v e d a s a bank w here m ines d e p o s it e d t h e i r g o ld
or s i l v e r d u st.
The company assum ed th e o b l i g a t i o n u n t i l -
th e o r e c o u ld be c a r r ie d t o a p la c e o f s a l e o r c o n v e r te d
in t o c a s h .
S ta g e r o b b e r ie s became common o c c u r e n c e s ,
e s p e c i a l l y b etw een G lobe and F lo r e n c e .
One s t a g e ro b b e r y o f s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t o c c u r r e d on
A ugust 1 0 , 1 8 8 3 .^
The s t a g e l e f t F lo r e n c e and was robbed
a b o u t h a l f a m ile beyond R i v e r s i d e .
11.
12.
A fte r c r o s s in g th e
"•
_
'
.
C a p ita l s t o c k , $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 Aaron M ason, P r e s i d e n t . P a p e r s ,
D. C. S t e v e n s .
I n c o r p o r a tio n o f S i l v e r King and
F lo r e n c e T elegrap h ; Co.
S u p ra . Grant s t a g e , p . 5 .
1 3 .„
:
Brown, G eorge, R e m in is c e n c e s . MS. p. 1 0 , A r iz o n a P io n e e r
H is to r ic a l S o c ie ty .
Brown, th e W e lls F argo A g en t, was
known a s "By God B row n,” r e c a l l s th e W ells F a rg e r o b b e r y .
/
I
Owe.
t^o\e."\e^ vA S v^V\v^V\
o>ce 6 w&
3w ^ ^\a<e-tot,c ^ V^A^-
< ^ w .s 'oe^v^eev^
.
SvVvjev ^\\W
27
San Pedro R iv e r on i t s way to Q lo b ei t h l W l l s fa ¥ g o g u a r d ,
John- C d l l i n a w a s ‘I n s t a n t ly - k i l l e d ,
."the? stag'd W&e':h a lt e d
w ithout* any w arn in g w h e n m a n w it h a; W in c h e ste r ste p p e d
o u t o f th e b r u sh bn- dne1 s i d e 7 o f th e road and s h o t th e
leader" o f th e f o u r -h o r s e team i
The r o b b e r s o je e r e d ' t h e "
d r i v e r to throw b u t t h e box of*m oney w h ich h e ' d i d .
th e r e
was "one' p a s s e n g e r oh th e s t a g e , F e l i x La S la n g . The r o b b e r s
o rd ered him' to- g e t b u t' and bpeh t h e "b o x . which" c o n ta in e d '
two b a g s o f- ’s i l v e r -w h ich w ere-'b ein g ta k e n t o th e P io n e e r
M ining: Company n e a r G lo b e ’. ~ Each bag c o n ta in e d fl,T O O ’ i n
s i l v e r and w eig h ed s i x t y pou nd si " In 'a d d itio n t h e r e w ere
;'
$720' in g o ld ' frcxD Santa" R o sa , - C a l i f o r n i a . : A d r u r a e r from ' '
F o lg e r ',; : S h illin g and Company fou n d th e r o b b e r s had o v e r ­
lo o k e d a p a c k a g e t o f c u r r e n c y .
T h is h e tu r n e d o v e r to
G eorge Brown; th e a g e n t o f W e ilb F a rg o .
$600 in c u r r e n c y .
The b o x c b n ta in e d
A' p o s s e 7 led- by Dan S t e v e n s ; th e s h e r i f f
o f - P i n a l C ou n ty, and James Thacker o v e r to o k - th e r o b b e r s ;
b etw een G lob e and W ilc o x .
One o f them , J o e T u tle ; made a
co m p lete, c o n f e s s i o n b u t r t h e o t h e r r o b b e r s ; C h a rle s H u rley
and Jim C a r p e n te r ,- f l e d . ' However*, th e w e ig h t o f t h e i r l o o t
so h in d e r e d t h e i r f l i g h t t h a t th e y were o v e r ta k e n by th e 7
p o s s e , "and a l l l t h r e e o f -th e s u s p e c te d "-"'outlaws "were k i l l e d
w ith o u t a t r i a l . - :
- X.
:
.
W ells..F a rg o r e c o v e r e d m ost o f th e money from th e r o b b e r s ,
b u t - 11 p aid two rew ard s o f $3 0 0 - ea ch f o r th e c a p tu r e o f
th e s e 'm e n . B e ca u se o f th e numerous r o b b e r ie s w hich w ere
•
28
o c c u r i n g , t h e , company fou n d o p e r a tin g e x p e n s e s v e r y g r e a t , :
14
and In 1893 w e n t:o u t o f b u s i n e s s . S ta g e r o b b e r ie s c o n t ln u e d c t o be a cormon o c c u r e n c e ; ; I t . r e q u ir e d v ig o r o u s
p e o p le , t o 1,m e e t-th e c o n d i t i o n s .
'1
'
. i.
;
: :
'
'
B eca u se f r o n t i e r l l f e r w a s h a r d , and b e c a u se many men
had h u r r ie d t o th e community w ith o u t t h e i r f a m i l i e s when
th e S i l v e r K ing Mine was' d i s c o v e r e d , t h e r e was a s c a r c i t y o f
A m erican w om en .-M an y o f th e men tu rn ed t o th e M exican s e n o r i t a s f o r c o m p a n io n s h ip .^-5
They c o u ld k e e p h o u s e , c o o k ,
wash c l o t h e s > dan ce and s i n g .
M exican women.
Some o f th e men m a rr ied
Not o n l y ?was t h e r e a need f o r women/ b u t th e
r a p id i n f l u x ^ - o f p e o p le le d t o a demand f o r d w e llin g h o u s e s .
The1E n t e r p r is e 'u r g e d som eone w ith money t o b u i ld some com­
f o r t a b l e ten em en t h o u s e s ; ' Most o f t h e b u i l d i n g s o f t h i s
p e r io d w ere o f adobe w it h d i r t f l o o r s .
v e r y s m a ll;
The windows w ere
T h e-adob e h o u se s w ere c o o l - i n t h e summer,
y e t th e t h i c k ' w a l l s r e t a i n e d th e warmth o f th e sun in th e
w in t e r .
T here w ere no s u p e r f l u i t i e s . : - E xp en se and th e
a u s t e r i t y o f th e la n d fo r b a d e su ch t h i n g s .
However, th e r e
w ere a few homes o f d i s t i n c t i o n a t t h i s t im e .
. -
\
The home o f C o lo n e l L e v i R u g g le s was a p e r f e c t d e s e r t
p a r a d is e ;
He had a f i n e v a r i e t y o f g r a ft e d t r e e s , a won-
d e r f u l ' orch ard of1
14.
'
"I
p e a c h e s , almonde>- a p r i c o t s , plum s, q u in c e ,
) , c r ."-V;-:--"
7- ■: ™
■■■.
v;-
' 1 ' 77:
c :
: : h g 41
' ■■■;V7 : 7...;7 ~ 7.77/ .. , .
7- .7 :i 7 . 7 ”
L:' ‘ /- %' /: '
Brown,- G eo rg e, o p . c l t ; . p . 1 2 . ■ -7 7_- //
1,7 . -/.^ j;/--/ : /-n r
15 #
r-v. /
":• .. •
;’ v •
'
'
P o s to n , C h a r le s D ., MB u ild in g a S t a t e Out o f Apache L ands,
O verland M o n th ly .-vV ol. 2 9 . p . 4 0 4 .
^ .- 7 :
7
1
5
.7
7
..
7
/•,
• 7
7
:
’ H in to n , op; c l t . . p . 2 5 S .
.
7
v
-
r/
'
'
7
L i s t s th e p o p u la t io n - a t 1 5 0 0 .
29
p e a r s , o l i v e s y f i g s , and p o m e g ra n a tes. , I t was n o t p o s s i b l e
to. s u r p a s s .th e f r u i t "in s iz e * o r q u a l i t y . - R u g g le s had i n
-
h is - o rch a rd . s i x t y v a r i e t i e s : o f th e r o s e f « n i l y , : a l l o f w h ich
grew and: b lo sso m ed : f u l i y ..
He. had a f i n e v in e y a r d , w ith hug®-,
c l u s t e r s : O f g r a p e s w h ich grew s i x t e e n in c h e s lo n g and.
w eighed from fo u r o r ; f i v e -pounds a , b u n ch .
;;
.• .
.in
> :-i .
Another" e s t a t e w h ich a t t r a c t e d th e . i n t e r e s t o f t h e
'
p e o p le o f t h e S o u th w e st was th e Ranch: K e n ilw o r th , e s t a b ­
l is h e d by R ich ard S lo a n and Thomas D a v is .
ranch: o f more th a n ;.17CX) a c r e s .
, I t was a l a r g e
. V ast: im provem ents w ere
made in f e n c e s . o r c h a r d s , v i n e y a r d s ; they, b u i l t b a r n s , c o r r a l s ,
and-accom m odation d w e llin g h o u ses, a s w e l l a s q u a r te r s f o r
em p lo y ee s.; .T h is r a n c h was o p e r a te d a lt o g e t h e r , a s a g e n t l e ­
men-a farm . : The sta n d a r d -b r e d h o r s e was a t th e h e ig h t o f t
h i s p o p u la r ity , both- f o r r a c in g and road p u r p o s e s .
The
1
b r e e d in g - o f t r o t t i n g h o r s e s , was; :a- p r o f i t a b l e - b u s in e s s .' I n:
The: r a i s i n g o f f i n e - h o r s e s became: one of! t h e p r o f e c t s o f
K en ilw o r th u n t i l I t was d e s t r o y e d by f i r e in 1 8 9 0 .
The, p r o s p e r it y ; o f F lo r e n c e w a s • r ec o rd ed , i n - t h e p r i c e ;
o f r e a l; e s t a t e .
’ I n . no o t h e r to w n .In t h e T e r r it o r y was th e
p r ic e io f town l o t s . h ig h e r th a n i t .was - in i F lo r e n c e .
1.
‘R ich ard S lo a n was born i n O hio, came w est h o p in g to f i n d
"• a p la c e w h ere. he - c o u ld ' a d v a n ce more ^r a p id ly ; th an - i n -•O h io .
He s e t t l e d i n F lo r e n c e in 1884. He was a J u s t i c e o f th e
Supreme Court and t h e l a s t : , T e r r i t o r i a l G overnor o f A r iz o n a .
Thomas D a v is was an E nglish m an b orn n e a r th e home o f S i r
.. . W a lt e r „ S c o t t ..... T o g e th e r t h e s e men, engaged i n e s t a b l i s h i n g
.-' a .h u g e e s t a t e nam ed..K enilw orth . 0 ‘ Brown. R;: 0.".. R e m in is c e n c e s ^ MS. A r iz o n a P io n e e r H i s t o r i c a l
' S o c i e t y . , Brown in v e s t e d la r g e sums o f money in town l o t s
at" h ig h p r i c e s th e n foun d them hard to d is p o s e o f .
30
T h ere wereJ t h r e e f lo t ir m i l l s lIn : o r neapt th e t o w n ,»a s c h o o l
w ith one hundred p u p i l s , . a ‘e a th o ll^ .iC h u r c h , s e v e r a l s t o r e s
and a "brewery, a s - w e i r a s th e u s u a l miunher o f sa lo o n s w h ich
accom panied m ost f r o n t i e r tow n s.
P e te r W i l l , th e p r o p r ie t o r
o f th e -b r e w e r y , a d v e r t i s e d th a t h e had th e f i n e s t b e e r i n
th e - T e r r it o r y ; ewh ie he h e so ld : by t h e k e g , g a l l o n , bo 1 1 1 e ,
t i r ' g l a s s . o B eer was forw ard ed to ) t h e . S i l v e r K ing and o t h e r
m in in g ? camps;:
The b rew ery was -a,v r en d e zv o u s f o r th e ■men".
Here th e y s p e n t h o u rs' p la y in g - p ok er and w r a n g lin g - o ver.'
m att'ers::dfT o p in io n " ^ - The men n e v e r seem ed to ,a g r e e a s t o
any one th in g a n d 'th e w a r m e s t-fr ie n d s q u a r r e lle d t h e m o st.
D an eingtw as th e m ost e n jo y e d Of H h e ' s i m p l e - f r e n t i e r : d i v e r ­
s i o n s 'a v a ila b le -" i n F lo r e n c e .
A ca n v a s t e n t was s t r e t c h e d
a c r o ss" th e h a r d d i r t f l o o r a n d lw a x ed "to su ch a' p o lis h - 't h a t
i t e q u a l l e d "th e p o lis h e d hardw ood^.
To t h e s e .d a n c e s : w e n t
t h e : t o w n s - p e o p le ,: m in e r s from th e fam ous S i l v e r K ing M ine,
and cowboys w ho:w ould r i d e a s f a r a s t h i r t y m ile s to be
p r e s e n t .^ 9 ^
:•
-■/: =-■:
1 The r a p id I n flu x : o f p e o p le l e d t o th e . r e e s t a b lis h m e n t
o f p u b lic s c h o o l s i n 1 8 8 1 . ^ - . - F o llo w in g th e custom o f many
co m m u n ities, th e a u t h o r i t i e s e s t a b l i s h e d a s e p a r a te s c h o o l
f o r boys; a n d . g i r l s .
t e a c h th e g i r l s .
M iss A nne.D . Jen n ers: was employed to
She came to F lo r e n c e a s a p r i v a t e t u t o r
in t h e . home o f Joseph; C o llin g w o o d and l a t e r became" th e
.
- Ba 1 l e y . Mary E.'V :Rem 1 h 1 s c e n e e s . MS. A r iz o n a P io n e e r
H i s t o r i c a l - S o c i e t y , :;p . , ? •
:
1 2 0 . L.
S u p r a , p . 10
31
f i r s t p u b l i c - s c h o o l t ^ io h e r In P in a l C o u n t y . R *
G o o d rich , "from* Sah D ie g o , C a lif o r n ia ; ' was engaged -to -tea c h
the" b o y s .
He earn ed t h e r e p m ta tlo h - o f b e in g a ’»v e r y good
.teacherV-.---;:, '■ r' V
"
.:vX...v-1
^r,,
. ■ J r-
M u c a t l d h h a s alw ay# been a n a o t l v e p a r t o f th e work
o f th e C a t h o lic Church; and F lo r e n c e was no e x c e p t io n .
-
Work was begun oh a se c o n d ^ C a th o lic ch u rch d u r in g th e f a l l
o f 1882 and th e members w ere v e r y a n x io u s t o c o m p le te th e
new b u i l d i n g .
Plan's w a rs made to " g iv e th e- o ld b u i ld in g -v
to the- S i s t e r s o f S t . 1 J o se p h to be tu r n e d ••i n t o a c o n v e n t.
The - p r o g r e s s iv e n o n -C a th o lic c i t i z e n s w ere a l s o a n x io u s
t O 's e e t h i s program a c c o m p lis h e d .
They f e l t i t w ould b e L"
a s p le n d id a d v e r tis e m e n t f o r th e town and- w ould a t t r a c t
a g r e a t 1many fa m ilies' t h e r e .
W ith t h e c b m ih g 'o f F a th e r
: 3
Edward"‘G iard th e work was begun on th e f o u n d a t io n / - The
-
l a y in g o f th e c o r n e r s t o n e in th e p r e s e n c e o f a la r g e
a sse m b la g e was im p r e s s iv e .
A copy o f th e E n te r p r is e
g i v i n g 1'an a c c o u n t o f th e e v e n t' w a s"p la c e d i n a J a r , s e a l e d
and l a i d i n th e c o r n e r - s t o n e , ^ t h e new ch u rch was t o b e a r
th e name o f th e form er b u i l d i n g . Church o f th e A s s u m p t io n .
B y ' th e f a 11 o f 1883 t h e b u i I d i n g 'had b een c o m p lete d and
thd M l church' i ^ ^ v a t e d ; 1 i t was rea d y f o r t h e S i s t e r s 1 t o
^ ' R e c o r d s. Countv S c h o o l S u p e r in te n d e n t, P in a l C ounty,
D i s t r i c t 1 , 1 8 8 1 , b . 1 0 . She r e c e iv e d #500 f o r th e
yeaiB w ork l
:.r r ;: ' ' ''' '
^
'
;
F lo r e n c e E n t e r p r is e . O ctob er 7 . 1 8 8 2 . T h is cop y o f th e
paper rem ain ed i n th e Jar u n t i l th e church was d e s tr o y e d
by: f i r e . i n 1 8 9 3 .
When work f o r r e b u ild in g was b egu n ,
i t n e c e s s i t a t e d l a y in g a new fo u n d a tio n .
■•begluvthe i r w o r k .; ;Th0 , Academy o f g& lnt ^toeress-. had, an
. I n i t i a l e n r o llm e n t o f e ig h t y young w c ee T t.^ , The, academy
a d jo in e d th e Church o f the. A seu m p tion . - In a d d itio n ,-.to
th e;'b u ild in g ,* ; a- r e c r e a t i o n a l ,g a r d e n , v in e y a r d , a l f a l f a
f i e Id s,'.a n d . o r c h a r d s w ere e s t a b lis h e d * ? ^
: :
'
' ■ t. -
0 th er. r e l i g l o u a . gro u p s w ere. I n t e r e s t e d ■I n F lo r e n c e .
,In M arch, 1 8 8 7 , .th e . R everen d I ; T. W hittem ore v i s I t e d
F lo r e n c e to su rv ey t h e . f i e l d , w it h t h e , view - o f. fo u n d in g a
P r e s b y te r ia n m i s s i o n . - He f i r s t p reach ed , in ;th e c o u r th o u s e .
H owever, many p e o p le - hoped h e w ould- o r g a n iz e ; a church and
'e r e c t, a b u i ld in g .
He r e tu r n e d to h i s home I n I l l i n o i s and
r e c e i v e d • a c o m m issio n ;'from ; t h e Home M is s io n a r y ;B oari;i l a t e r
r e t u r n in g to F lo r e n c e a s a Home .M is sio n a r y , and- e n November
.4, • 1 8 8 8 t h e - P r e s b y t e r l a n C h u rch was fo u n d e d . 2.5 , Amor^ th e
o f f i c e r s , o f t h e ch u rch w ere R. E. , S lo a n and J o se p h K ib b ey.
T hese men. l a t e r becam e .f e d e r a l ju d g e s and g o v e r n o r s o f
;th e T e r r i t o r y . ; : : r
-
v
.
,
^
In 1 8 8 8 , when a l l was p r o g r e s s in g a s u s u a l , th e r e
o c cu rr ed o n e o f A r iz o n a 's h i s t o r i c . g u n d u e l s .
was s h e r i f f p f. P in a l C ounty.
and d e p u ty .
P e te G a b r ie l
/J o e , Phy was G a b r i e l ' s -.friend.,
J u s t why t h e s e : two q u a r r e lle d h a s .been a
m a tte r o f c o n tr o v e r s y * ; One b e l i e f I s t h a t Phy in te n d e d t o
I n t e r v ie w . S i s t e r S t . B arbara was one o f th e S i s t e r s
o f S t . J o sep h , who -opened- t h e Academy.- -Sh e .was i n -----F lo r e n c e i n 1 8 8 2 . At p r e s e n t sh e i s a t S t . M ary's
C o n ven t, T u cso n , A r iz o n a . , . - .
; ,
^ • - E l l i o t t , op . c l t . . p . 2 6 6 . .
.
.
.
-
-
- A r izo n a R e p u b lic . November 5 , 1 9 38.
;
,
33
run f o r s h e r i f f : when G a W to l’ a term iron o u tiV a n d ’ th e ir -'..i
G a b r ie l had p rom ised t o h e lp him . 1 The f r i e n d s h i p *a#:
broken when G abrie 1 had rPhy: removed from " o f f lc e b e c a u se
o f h i s b r u t a l i t y to a p r ls o h e r * ^4. -t .
a:
s«
: -
* r - G a b r ie l was one o f th e: f i n e s t markroien i n th e South*- • 1
w e st.
On one o c c a e s i o n h e a r r e s t e d : a M exican de&perodo -
who was s e a te d on h ' l s ' h o r s e . - W hile G a b r ie l was r e a c h in g
f o r th e w arran t- o f a r r e s t ,
t h e M exican su d d en ly w h ir le d
h i s h o r s e arid a tte m p te d : t o e s c a p e .
;
G a b r ie l f i r e d a s i n g l e
s h o t a t th e f l e e i n g p r is o n e r w hich p e n e t r a t e t h e asm*0 ' .1
body and found'- lod gem en t, i n h i s h o r s e , k i l l i n g them b o t h .^7
" G a b r ie l, w h ose com ’a g e was n e v e r q u e s t io n e d , a v o id M
Phy. ; He, knew a; m e e tin g - m eant a gun f i g h t .
Bhy*s :h a t r e d ,
f o r h i s :form er f r ie n d , Imd becom e an o b s e s s i o n w it h him . •.
I t -was h e ;who. demanded a s e t t l e m e n t . . ;
V
:: ,
- ■■
..
G a b r ie l, ;a lw a y s a .hard d r in k e r , was in K ea tin g -* s,-S a lo o n .
Phy, . le a r n in g o f h i s w h e r e a b o u ts , f o llo w e d him and e n te r e d
th e s a lo o n , s h o o t in g , r
:
I---:
-,
1 V-
The f i r s t b u l l e t from Phy*s gun s tr u c k G a b r ie l J u s t
below t h e h e a r t . ‘ As G a b r ie l r e e le d - a g a in s t - th e b a r h e je r k e d
t i ls o w n \8 ix - s h o o t e r a n d -.sh o t Phy through t h e stom ach.- -Phy
d ie d sth a t n i g h t . . G a b r ie l-r e c o v e r e d and was o u t W alking th e.
s t r e e t s w it h in s i x w e ek s.
- -- *■>•:
1
V '-:--
-
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r- -
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- 4-. V ,
v —
: ____
# g—*-••• 4*
TZ *- - • -« -* - "
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j!v, ‘ - "' -#1
The o th e r 'versJcn; was t h a t th e d is p u t e o c c u r r e d o y e r t h e
w if e o f one of. t h e men In v o lv e d in t h e d i s p u t e .
1 ;
2
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v ,»-.
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-
*S lo a n ,. R. E. .3 M em ories o f an A r iz o n a J u d g e . p . 45«
. A r iz o n a E n t e r p r is e . June 9 , 1 8 8 8 , c a r r ie d th e te s tim o n y
o f D r. W illia m H a rv ery .
Up !iv 1 S h o r t ly b @ f o r a .t h is - I n c id e n t ,'h the-': |)eof>le o f c e n t r a l
A r iz o n a and F lo r e n c e , b eea m e .;g re a tly " .co n ce rn ed ■;b v e r r w : "■
a l l e g e d ; la n d g r a n t w hich: m e n a c e d 'th e t i t l e . t o ' t h e i r l a n d s ; ■
T h is: was th e . P e r a lt a Q-rant C l a i m , •an .a tte m p te d - fra u d
o f - a m agn itu d e se ld o m , i f ; e v e r * : e q u a lle d . ‘ J . A d d iso n R e a v is
c la im e d to be th e ow ner o f th @ :gran t m h lch w a s: a l l e g M :t o 1
h a y e ib e e n made in Decem ber; 1 7 4 8 j by K in g ^ F b m a M o - 7 1 - o f :
j
S p a in t o , Don M ig u el d e P e r a lt a d e:C ard oM a n d * to co m p rise
some t e n m i l l i o n s o f a c r e s o f la n d ;
The: c la im ^0 in c lu d e d ^
.
m oBtypf th e S a l t and G i l a - r i v e r ;v a l l e y s ' , - t o g e t h e r w ith a l l
o f t h e i r w a te r and m in in g r ig h t s ; ' a t r a c t 236 m i le s H o h g th
and 78 m i le s w id e .v R e ly in g upon th e l e i n s o f th e T r e a ty
o f :G u a d a lu p e-H id a lg o i n 1848 and t h e Gadsden P u rch ase in
I 8 5 3 , in w h ich th e U n ite d S t a t e s a g r e e d to r e c o g n iz e a l l
form er la n d t i t l e s ,
th e S a r o n fo r m a lly f i l e d a p p l i c a t i o n ‘
f o r a su rv e y and c o n fir m a tio n o f th e ’. T illin g la n d g r a n t .
He s a id th a t M ig u el P e r a lt a d eed ed a l l o f t h i s o r i g i n a l
g r a n t to -G e o r g e W illin g a t W lck en berg, O cto b er 2 0 , 1 8 6 4 .
OQ....*
. .......................... ' ”.- ... .... '............... ..............:.•'.. “... :.:... ~.'.. ".:T
.............i:..'..
‘ J o h n so n , R o y a l, A d v e r se R ep ort o f th e S u rv ey o r G en er a l
f o r A r iz o n a upon th e A lle g e d P e r a lt a G r a n t.
3.9"l b I d . .■ p . 2 . "The p e t i t i o n o f. James A d d iso n R e a v ls r e - ,
s p e c t f u l l y s e t s f o r t h : th a t h e i s th e ow ner, by p u rch a se
from th e l e g a l , h e i r s and r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f th e o r i g i n a l
g r a n te e a c e r t a i n t r a c t o f la n d , s i t u a t e d In th e t e r r i ­
to r y o f A r iz o n a ; c o n t a in in g 3P 0.-squ are le a g u e s ( C a s t i l i a n
o r S p a n ish m easurem ent) g r a n te d on th e 3 rd day o f Jan­
u a r y , 1758 by th e V ic e r o y o f New S p a in to Don M ig u el
P e r a lta V B aron o f th e C olorad oes^ un der r o y a l d e c r e e o f
th e K ing o f S p a in , d i r e c t i n g su ch a g r a n t to b e made to
• th e s a id P e r a lt a In c o n s id e r a t io n of- a i d , a s a reward
.
f o r d i s t i n g u i s h e d m i l i t a r y s e r v i c e -rendered to t h e crown
i n the' War; o f - S p a i n , . a s s e t f o r t h in th e t i t l e . M - ■
{
5 1 "Ibid.. :p. 4 .
'
35
R e a v is was a b le t o show a deed to h i m s e l f from W i l l i n g ' s
a t t o r n e y , d a te d 1 8 6 7 .
h i s c la im s .
I t w as upoti t h i s dded t h a t h e made
, As t h e r e w ere d e f e c t s in t h e t i t l e ,
to s t r e n g t h e n h i a : c la im .
he d ecided
T h is h e d id th ro u g h m a rr ia g e w ith
a g i r l , S o f i a Mayo, whom h e p r e te n d ed h e had a c c i d e n t a l l y
d is c o v e r e d to be t h e o n ly l i v i n g descendant o f th e o r i g i n a l ,
P e r a lt a .
To s u b s t a n t i a t e t h i s c la im h e produced a f f i d a v i t s ,
b ir th c e r t i f i c a t e s ,
'i- •
and o t h e r w r it t e n e v id e n c e .
'
The Baron and B a r o n e ss e s t a b l i s h e d homes n e a r F lo r e n c e ,
and a l s o in W ash in gton , S t . L o u is , and M adrid.
L arge sums
o f money w ere e x t o r t e d from i n d i v i d u a l land ow ners in b o th
th e S a l t r i v e r and G ila v a l l e y s , and from th e ow n ers o f
_
m ining c la im s , who p a id him money t o q u i e t th e t i t l e s o f
t h e i r h o l d in g s .
•
*
;
‘
In 1889 C o n g re ss p a s se d an a c t c r e a t i n g th e Court o f
P r iv a t e Land C la im s.^ 2
The p u rp o se o f th e a c t iw a s . to p ro ­
v id e a t r ib u n a l t h a t sh o u ld t r y to d eterm in e; t h e l e g a l i t y
and e x t e n t o f r a i l S p a n is h and M exican la n d - g r a n t s i n then
s o u th w e s ti
to f i l e
T h is l e g i s l a t i o n mad® i t n e c e s s a r y f o r R e a v is
a c la im w it h th e n e w ly c r e a te d c o u r t .
The a t t o r n e y
r e p r e s e n t i n g , th e U n ite d - S t a t e s in s e t t le m e n t o f t h e c la im
was M atthew G.: R e y n o ld , a v e r y a b le la w y e r .
I t had been
p o in te d o u t by Thomas Weedin^3 th a t some o f th e p a p ers
^ _ I b i d . , P - 9 ,.
_ -n;::
/ : n
'
- " 'r r .■
^ " M cC lln tock , o p . c l t . . V o l. 3 , P- 5 7 2 . W eedin, who e s t a b l
l l s h e d t h e E n t e r p r is e in F lo r e n c e i n 1881, had a c t i v e l y
d is p u te d R e a v is 1 c la im s and had shown th a t t h e ty p e p a p er
on w h ich th e y w ere w r it t e n was n o t i n e x i s t e n c e a t th e
tim e o f th e p u r p o r te d d a t e s .
36
f i le d : s h o w e d .e v i d e n c e i n th e m s e lv e s o f - h a v in g b een w r i t t e n
a t l a t e r d a t e s th a n t h e y p u r p o r t e d .
I t d e v e lo p e d t h a t t h e
o f f i c i a l r e c o r d s i n Madrid andrM exico C i t y h a d b een tam pered
w it h , an d ;d ocu m en ts removed from th e a r c h i v e s •and f r a u d le n t
o n e s s u b s t i t u t e d , :w ith -;th e a s s i s t a n c e u n d o u b te d ly o f a t
le a s t 's o m e o f - t h e . o f f i c i a l s who h a d ; t h e s e .a r c h iv e s in t h e i r
charge.
.
-■
-
'
v
o
v
-:
I n v e s t i g a t i o n s r e v e a lw l t h a t th e B aron o f th e C o lo r a d o s
had b e e n , p r e v io u s : to- b i s a r r i v a l ’ in A r iz o n a , s im p ly James
A ddison R e a v is , an: o b s c u r e h o r s e - c a r d r i v e r i n S t i J o se p h ,
M is s o u r i.
He had. worked a s a s u b s c r ip t i o n s o l i c i t o r f o r
t h e San F r a n c is c o E xam in er, w here h e had g a in e d in fo r m a tio n
f o r th e fr a u d , v . .r- --
■:
:
■ .. -
O b v io u s ly , t h i s was u n s e t t l i n g t o th e p e a c e o f mind
o f ; th e p e o p le o f F lo r e n c e and w it h in ;the a r ea o f th e r ;
a l le g e d g r a n t .
As lo n g a s t h i s la n d - g r a n t t i t l e h o v ered
o v e r t h a t s e c t i o n o f th e c o u n tr y t h e r e was o f. n e c e s s i t y a
r e ta r d e d , p r o s p e r i t y .
I t w as a r e l i e f
when R e a v is was c o n v ic t e d
to s i x y e a r s Im p rison m en t.
to F lo r e n c e c i t i z e n s
i n New M exico c o u r ts and s e n te n c e d
A f t e r h i s r e l e a s e , he w ro te a
c o n fe s s io n o f h i s g u i l t .
A n oth er worry to th e p e o p le o f F lo r e n c e was th e d i v e r ­
s io n o f w a te r a lo n g th e u p p er G ila .
It h a s b een s a i d t h a t
w a ter h as cau sed more t r o u b le in th e G ila v a l l e y th an
w h isk e y .
The u p p er G ila r i v e r had a c o m p a r a tiv e ly c o n s i s ­
t e n t flo w n ea r th e New M exico l i n e , b u t n o t i n f r e q u e n t ly
37
th e r i v e r n ea r F lo r e n c e was d ry f o r s e v e r a l m onths a t a
tim e .
T here was one f i g h t a f t e r a n o th e r o v e r w a te r .
o f t h e s e w ere l e g a l b a t t l e s .
Many
The p e o p le o f Graham County
and e s p e c i a l l y t h e Mormons around T h a tc h e r d i v e r t e d g r e a t
q u a n titie s o f w a te r.
T h is had a d i s a s t r o u s e f f e c t on th e
fa rm ers a n d .to many o f them i t meant f i n a n c i a l r u i n . ^
In 1888 th e p e o p le w ere b e g in n in g to c o n s id e r , v a r io u s .w a y s
o f s e c u r in g an a d e q u a te c o n s t a n t flo w o f - w a t e r .
},
;
T h ese few d is c o u r a g e m e n ts d id n o t c h e ck th e 's tr e a m
o f in co m in g s e t t l e r s . :
T h e -p o p u la tio n was com posed o f
:
cow boys, g a m b le r s , f r e i g h t e r s , t e a m s t e r s , h a l f - b r e e d s , b
s m a ll s t o r e k e e p e r s , o f f i c i a l s ^
p r o f e s s i o n a l men.
The town
had a c q u ir e d a d e e p s e n s e o f p r id e I n : i t s p r o g r e s s and i t s
c itiz e n s .
I t was a b u d d in g : f r o n t ie r m e t r o p o lis w it h i t s
p r o s p e r in g m erch a n ts and ex p a n d in g lan d and m ine ow n ers;
and a t tim e s i t was a gay w orld marked by l i g h t - h e a r t e d
d a y s o f d a n c in g , d r in k in g .a n d r e v e l r y .
h o p e fu l a s th e 'S O 's drew t o a c l o s e .
W-
Brown. R. C .. o p . c l t . . o . 1 0 .
The f u t u r e lo o k ed
:
CHAPTER
IV
TRANSPORTATION AND IRRIGATION
* T hroughout t h e h i s t o r y o f th e tow n , t h e p e o p le w ere
'
hot" u n m in d fu l o f th e n eed f o r a r a ilr o a d ; - V a r io u s p r o p o s a ls
w ere made c o n c e r n in g th e d i f f e r e n t r o u t e s .
The S o u th ern
P a c i f i c h ad s u g g e s te d a b ra n ch l i n e b etw een M aricopa and
H io e h ix , from C asa G rande t o F lo r e n c e and t h e S i l v e r K in g .1
T h is would h ave g r e a t l y b e n e f i t e d th e fa rm e rs and m in e r s .
- P r o p o s a l s a l s o w ere made t o b u ild a n o r th and s o u t h
r a ilr o a d from P h o e n ix - bn t o F lo r e n c e , T u cson , and G a la b a sa s
so a s t o c o n n e c t t h e A t l a n t i c and P a c i f i c w it h th e Sonora
r a i l r o a d ; 2 TMany o f th e c i t i z e n s o f F lo r e n c e w e re op p osed :
to t h i s b ran ch r o a d .
They fe a r e d i t m ig h t l e s s e n t h e i r
p r o s p e c t s o f s e c u r in g a -m a in l i n e .
. *
The Rock I s la n d and P a c i f i c p rop osed b u ild in g - a road
from L ib e r a l, K a n sa s, t o San D iego by th e way o f S i l v e r
C ity and F lo r e n c e .
T h ere was a firm Im p r e ss io n t h a t
F lo r e n c e w ould soon have- a r a ilr o a d and t h a t t h i s would
r e l i e v e th e p r e s s u r e w h ich had d e v e lo p e d a s a r e s u l t o f
th e m ine h a v in g c l o s e d , and th a t fa rm e rs w ould b e e n a b le d
t o ..s h ip c a t t l e and g r a in .
1.
.
A rizo n a E n t e r p r is e . November 8 , 1 8 9 0 .
2 • I b i d . , November 2 3 , 1 9 0 0 .
___
39
: H owever, b y . 1904 t h e r e w ere two com p an ies th a t w ish ed
t o b u i ld th r o u g h t h e & ila v a l l e y , t h e A r iz o n a E a s te r n , a
branch o f the" S o u th e rn P a c i f i c , and th e P h o e n ix -E a stern ,
a b ran ch o f th e S a n ta F e .5
The P h o e n ix E a s te r n was i n c o r ­
p o r a te d in 1 9 0 1 f o r th e p u rp o se o f c o n s t r u c t in g and o p e r a t ­
in g a r a ilr o a d from P h o e n ix to Benson w h ich w ould e v e n t u a lly
be e x te n d e d t o Demlng,: New M ex ico , th e r e b y g i v i n g i t a c c e s s
to th e c o a l m in e s o f w e s t e r n New M e x ic o .
In D ecem ber, 1903
th e P h o en ix E a s te r n Company made s u r v e y s w h ich u l t i m a t e l y
r e s u l t e d in th e d e t e r m in a t io n t o ch an ge a p o r t i o n o f i t s
road, a s lo c a t e d and shown upon th e o r i g i n a l a p p l i c a t i o n ,
from t h e so u th s i d e o f t h e G ila r i v e r to th e n o r th s i d e .
By th e end o f J a n u a ry , 1904 t h e P h o e n ix E a s te r n had
co m p leted $2 m i l e s o f i t s
road from P h o e n ix i n an e a s t e r l y
d i r e c t i o n , and was o p e r a t in g d a i l y f r e i g h t and p a s s e n g e r
tr a in s .
On March 1 4 , 1904 t h e P h o e n ix E a s te r n f i l e d an
amended l o c a t i o n r ig h t r o f - w a y a t t h e Land O f f i c e i n T u cson .
-
H owever, two d a y s l a t e r t h e A r iz o n a E a s te r n Company
was ; in c o r p o r a te d .^ ,
Im m e d ia tely a f t e r i t s in c o r p o r a t io n
t h e A r izo n a E a s te r n began su r v e y s o f th e n o r th bank o f th e
G ila r i v e r , o v e r th e p r e m is e s o f th e r ig h t - o f - w a y c la im e d
by th e P h o en ix E a s te r n .
.#
.. ~ .....
........
On March 1 4 , 1904 t h e A r izo n a E a st-
........ :...... .
"B r i e f . zFhoenix and E a s te r n Railway. Company v s . A r izo n a
E a s te r n R ailw ay Company. County o f P in a l. A r izo n a
. U n iv e r s i t y Law o f f i c e .
;
: -^ " A r t ic le s o f I n c o r p o r a t io n o f A rizo n a E a ste r n R ailw ay;
O f f i c e o f T e r r i t o r i a l A u d ito r . . A r iz o n a U n iv e r s i t y Law
o ffic e . : .
-
40
e m . f i l e d a p r o f i l e i n t h e Land O ffle w I n fu o # o n o n ly two
h o u rs e a r l i e r th a n th e P h o e n ix E a s te r n OoahwW f U s d I t s
amended lo c a t i o n ,: a lth o u g h t h e A r lz o n a E a s te r n knew th e
P h o en ix E a s te r n had p u rc h a sed p r i v a t e la n d s l y i n g on th e
r ig h t - o f - w a y , c o n s t r u c t e d a n e x p e n sI v e tu n n e l and c o m p lete d
a p o r t io n o f I t s t r a c k s . 5
, "
-
'
• v
.
: I t was th e I n t e n t io n o f t h e S a n ta Fe t o h a v e a c o a s t
to c o a s t l i n e w h ich w ould h a v e .b e e n p a r a l l e l more o r l e s s
to . th e S o u th ern . P a c i f i c . ^ :
■ \
'
.
:v
• - " -=
B oth r a i l r o a d s p r e s s e d t h e i r c la im s to t h e same r i g h t o f-w a y b e fo r e th e g e n e r a l la n d o f f i c e a t W a sh in g to n .
T h is
b a t t l e c o n tin u e d In th e c o u r t s f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s t o - t h e
d i s g u s t o f th e p e o p le .w h o f e l t t h a t b o th r o a d s c o u ld u s e
th e same r i g h t - o f - w a y , and th e y c o u ld th e r e b y h a v e h c c e s s
t o .t w o b r a n c h e s .
A f t e r s e v e r a l y e a r s th e- d i s p u t e ended-
w ith t h e .A r iz o n a E a s te r n r a i l r o a d w in n in g t h e r ig h t - o f - w a y
on, th e ground s t h a t th e y had made a su r v e y th r o u g h th e
d is p u te d a r ea b e f o r e th e P h o e n ix E a s te r n f i l e d
to change l o c a t i o n ;
A rizo n a E a ste r n ;^
its
p e titio n
t h e r e f o r e I t was th e t e r r i t o r y o f th e
The A r iz o n a E a ste r n se r v e d com m u n ities
betw een P h o e n ix , F lo r e n c e and-W inksIm an and o t h e r s t a t i o n s
b etw een th o s e two p o i n t s , a d i s t a n c e o f 97*5 m i l e s , and -
^ 'R ep ort o f th e Supreme C ou rt o f T e r r it o r y o f A r iz o n a , pp . 4 3 4
. ^
T here a r e many p e o p le who b e l i e v e th e S o u th e rn P a c i f i c was
more a n x io u s t ° p r e v e n t th e c o n s t r u c t io n o f a p a r a l l e l
l i n e th a n to a c q u ir e a r a i l r o a d .
^ ' A r izo n a B la d e -T r ib u n e . F eb ru ary 2 , 1 9 3 4 .
41
c o n n e c te d w ith th e A r lso n a R a ilr o a d Company a t Ray.
A lth o u g h th e c o n s t r u c t io n had b e e n d e la y e d , and th e townhad a c c e s s
to o n ly a b ran ch l i n e , a f t e r due s e t t l e m e n t s
F lo r e n c e had a r a i l r o a d .
:
- c
/
.
I t p r o sp e r e d d u r in g t h e y e a r s b e f o r e and th ro u g h th e
World War.
B ut t h e y e a r s . f o l lo w in g t h e war i t became
;
i n c r e a s i n g l y d i f f i c u l t fo r - t h e company to m eet o p e r a tin g
ex p en ses.
■
In 1921 t h e A r iz o n a E a s te r n p e t i t i o n e d th e
S t a t e C o r p o r a tio n C om m ission t o a llo w i t to run a t r i - w e e k l y
s c h e d u le "between P h o en ix and W inkleman.
The p e o p le o f
F lo r e n c e o b j e c t e d t o t h i s t y p e o f s e r v i c e n o t o n ly b e c a u se
i t w ould i n t e r f e r e w it h t h e m a ils b u t i t w ould b e a g r e a t .
l o s s to th e com m u n ities th ro u g h w h ich i t r a n .
The B la d e -
T rib u n e s t a t e d i t w ould be d e p lo r a b le f o r th e co u n ty and
town to be w ith o u t a r a i l r o a d , b u t th e S t a t e C o r p o r a tio n
Com m ission a llo w e d th e company t o run th e t h r e e - d a y s c h e d u le
a f t e r i t 'proved i t w as o p e r a tin g on a d e f i c i t .
The p e o p le
m a n a g ed ito m ee t th e s i t u a t i o n and t o c a r e f o r th e m a ll
d a i l y e x c e p t Sunday th r o u g h an a u t o :s e r v i c e w hich was
in a u g u r a te d .
T h is c a r met t h e R ay, P h o en ix s t a g e a t
• e le v e n o' c lo c k and se c u r e d : th e m a il.
T h is .t h r e e - d a y w eek s c h e d u l e ; c o n t i n u e d - u n t i l Janu ary
1, 1934.
The d e p r e s s io n g r e a t l y red u ced th e r e v e n u e s and
i t was im p o s s ib le t o c o n t in u e .
F or th r e e y e a r s t h e company
had in c u r r e d a g r e a t e r in d e b t e d n e s s .
S e r v i c e s w ere d is c o n ­
tin u e d b etw een P h o e n ix , F lo r e n c e and Winkleman;
T h is was
42
a heavy blow to th e com m unity.
*
'
Not o n ly was th e r a i l serv& oe a is m m tlim e d hmt F lo r ­
en c e was th r e a te n e d w it h h a v in g th e high w ay b etw een T ucson
and P h o en ix by th e way o f F lo r e n c e changed to g o by 6 a s a
Grande.
T h is w ould e li m in a t e F lo r e n c e and th e G ila E lv e r
b r id g e .
A t th e c o m p le tio n o f th e p rop osed r o a d , i t w ould
be a p a r t o f t h e Bankhead h igh w ay, a t r a n s c o n t i n e n t a l sy s te m ,
th e f i r s t o f t h a t k in d .
t o San D ie g o , C a l i f o r n i a .
I t w ould e x ten d from S o u th C a r o lin a
The highw ay w h ich w ent th ro u g h
F lo r e n c e had a lr e a d y b e e n la b e le d No. 8 0 and was named
•
Bankhead Highway and t h e p e o p le o f F lo r e n c e w ere a n x io u s
to r e ta in fo r i t t h i s d i s t i n c t i o n .
. H ow ever, th e m otor c a r s
w ith g r e a t e r sp eed c a p a c it y had d iv e r t e d much o f th e b u s i ­
n e s s tr a d e and m ost o f t h e t o u r i s t tr a d e from F lo r e n c e a s
i t was no lo n g e r n e c e s s a r y to f i n d : a lo d g in g p la c e to spend
th e n ig h t w h e n .t r a v e lin g from T ucson to P h o e n ix a s t o u r i s t s
c o u ld e a s i l y d r i v e from one o f t h e s e tow ns t o t h e o t h e r .
But r e g a r d le s s o f w h eth er th e y would b e n e f i t by th e tr a d e
in v o lv e d i t was a blow, t o th e c i v i c p r id e to b e s i t u a t e d
o f f th e main h ig h w a y . .M ayor K e a tin g and o t h e r c i t i z e n s o f
F lo r e n c e u n ite d t o t r y t o p r e v e n t th e p ro p o sed change i n
th e h ig h w ay.
R e g a r d le s s o f th e e f f o r t s
t o p r e v e n t th e
-
change, by 1925 F lo r e n c e w as o f f t h e m ain highw ay and t h e
bus was r o u te d th ro u g h F lo r e n c e t o P h o en ix o n c e a d a y , o t h e r ­
w is e i t . w ent by Casa G rande.
No i s s u e , n o t even t h a t o f th e r a i l r o a d s , o b scu red t h e
n e c e s s i t y o f s e c u r in g an a d e q u a te , c o n s ta n t flo w o f w a te r .
43
i One o f , th e v ery . f i r s t t a s k s of:', the-pl® B @ »r' had-"been'
t o d ig I r r i g a t i o n d i t c h e s . "T here had been' humeroms i r r i ­
g a t io n , d i t c h e s w h ieh f o l lo w e d o%t l i n e s o f an e la b o r a t e
and w e l l- e x e c u t e d i r r i g a t i o n sy stem o f an unknown r a c e
of. I n d ia n s j and - i n some I n s t a n c e s p o r tio n s^ o f t h e e a r ly '
sy stem w ere u t iliz e d ^ *
In 1886 p la n t w ere b e in g fo r m u la te d
to . r e p la c e , th e . e a r l y d i t e h e s w ith ay larsKe c a i» l-«
- ".y .1 T hese p lane- w ere b e in g fo r m u la te d on "paper by
A; L. :Pogue in R lchm oM , In d ia n a -.
A lth o u g h he never
v i s i t e d A rizo n a h e a d v a n ced § 2 5 ,0 0 0 o f t h e § 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 c a p i t a l
s to c k w hich form ed th e F lo r e n c e C anal Companyv®
*-*•.
Pogue' t e n t
.
h i s s o n , G eo r g e , t o be t h e - f i r s t p r e s i d e n t o f t h e ctimpafiy.
■Davie Thomas, - b r o t h e r - i n - l a w o f A. L. Pogiie a id e d lh 'a d v a n c ­
in g t h e m oney-and th e o r g a n iz a t io n o f th e com pany.
The
p e o p le o f F lo r e n c e d id n o t - h a v e any money i n v e s t e d - i n th e
company.
They p a id f o r t h e w a ter p r l v l i e g e s : p r o v i d e d by
th e e a n a l b u t 't h e c a m 1 ccmpany was fc u m u la te d ahd1 b o h t r o lie d
by o u t s id e I n t e r e s t s ;
r-:-r-
The e n t i r e h i s t o r y o f t h e F lo r en ce ^ C a n a l Company was
t u r b u la n t . r I t : w a s •n e c e s s a r y f o r th e men d I g g in g th e c a n a l
to c a r r y t h e i r guns w ith -th e m t o work t o p r o t e c t th e m s e lv e s
from l a r i v a l ; c a n a l company from S t . L o u is .
Through b o x in g
m atch es ■:and: d r in k in g p a r t i e s , G eorge Pogue won th e w ork ers
away from th e S t . tL o u is Company and fo r c e d them t o abandon
0'^' ' , :
'
“ ' ' ' '" ::'
: "' ^.
'■::’
' * ■' ...............■" - '
‘ I n t e r v ie w .
C h a r le s P og u e, so n o f A.y L. P ogue and t h ir d
pr e s id e n t o f li th e F lo r e n c e C anal rC oapiny.
. •;
•
44
t h e i r c a n a l.
Not lo n g a f t e r t h i s d i f f i c u l t y was s e t t l e d
th e r e o c c u r r e d a f lo o d and th e r e s e r v o i r w h ich was a lm o st
co m p leted was washed aw ay.
Money was a lm o s t e x h a u s te d .
C h a rle s Pogue who had b een s e n t t o r e p la c e h i s b r o th e r
found i t n e c e s s a r y to b a r t e r w ith th e p e o p le t o c o n tin u e
th e work.
M ost o f t h e m a ch in ery was in need o f r e p a ir and
t h e r e was no money.
By a p p ly in g h a y , s t e e r s , la b o r , or
fo o d to th e w a te r r e n t h e so o n had th e c a n a l o p e r a tin g and
more w ater flo w in g th a n e v e r b e f o r e .
The c a n a l emerged from th e r i v e r a t a ro ck y p o in t
a b o u t a m ile and a h a l f b elow th e Box Canon, known a s th e
B u tte s.
The m ain c a n a l had a c a p a c it y e q u a l to a flo w o f
4 0 0 c u b ic f e e t p e r seco n d and was so c o n s t r u c t e d th a t i t
c o u ld be e n la r g e d to a g r e a t e r c a p a c it y .
A la r g e sto r a g e
r e s e r v o i r was c o n s t r u c t e d a b o u t 15 m ile s s o u th o f F lo r e n c e
a t th e c o s t o f $ 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 and had a s t o r a g e c a p a c it y o f
8 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 g a l l o n s o f w a t e r .^
The p e o p le w ere e la t e d o v e r
t h e c o m p le tio n o f th e c a n a l w hich c a r r ie d w a te r f o r t y m ile s
t o t h e s o u th .
But i t was n o t lo n g b e fo r e many d e f e c t s in
th e c o n s t r u c t io n o f th e c a n a l began to b e a p p a r e n t and to
make th e sy stem more r e l i a b l e , th e n e c e s s i t y t o b u ild
a n o th e r r e s e r v o i r a t th e B u tte s was b e in g d i s c u s s e d .
But b e f o r e th e company c o u ld make any im p rovem en ts,
i t was n e c e s s a r y to a d j u s t i t s own f i n a n c i a l and l e g a l
"I r r i g a t i o n P a p e r s . T w e lfth A nnual R e p o r t. P a r t 2 . U. S .
G e o lo g ic a l S u r v e y . S u rv ey No. 2 , 1897. pp. 3 0 6 -3 0 7 .
45
F L O R E N C E , ARIZONA.
The county seat of Pinal, is situated at the junction of the greatest
The El
Florence
agricultural and mineral belts in the world in the matter of
Paso
and
South­
has the finest
productiveness, and both contribute to her develop­
western, and the
court house in the
ment and prosperity. Her climate is semiArizona and Gulf of
Territory, good graded
tropic in mildness, with an atmosphere
public schools, churches,
California lines will be com­
so dry and pure as to render
fine hotel accomodations, long
the creation and propa­
pleted into the town in two
distance telephone system,
gation of disease
years. The present popula­
telegraph lines, and the
germs impos­
tion of Florence is 1,500.
Phoenix and Eastern rail­
sible.
Ten years hence it will
road line, a link in the
be 50,000. It is the
Southern Pacific sys­
g r e a t e s t field
tem,
11 and also connecting with the
f o r invest­
Owing to a rare combination of climatic and soil
main line of
ment nowconditions
the
lands
surrounding
Florence
will
produce
the Santa
known.
to
perfection
oranges,
lemons,
grape
fruit,
dates,
figs,
nectar­
Fe.
ines, plums, apricots, peaches, prunes, apples, pears, pomegranates,
cherries, and all varieties of berries. This land also yields 50 bushels of
wheat and 70 bushels of barley or oats to the acre. It also produces seven
crops of alfalfa hay each year, and a crop of grain, corn and beans can be grown on
the same piece of land in one season. The common varieties of the garden vegetable grow
on this land every day in the year. We have two irrigation canals and will soon have the great
San Carlos irrigation system under way. j i
Briefly described this is the farmer’s paradise.
THE LAND OF HEALTH, WEALTH, OPPORTUNITY AND CONTENTMENT.
******#LAClIAI
About 1902
%
.
S'
:-:S
■
\
' ■. i
:
T.
" :• %
'x:. f
JGL. *
-•
46
d i f f i c u l t i e s . ' J o s e p h E; E ib b e y : had .been'--seat ""by
T: *;
A * L*: Pogue; from C e n t e r v i l l e , ;In d ian a, to a c t a s .1l e g a l
a d v is e r f o r th e company*
,< -
H o w ev er;a w ith p u t h i s k n ow led ge
o f what was ta k in g p l a c e # *the ifir m . o f 'vA. ’F . , B akerW and '
Company o f P h o e n ix : a t t a e h # d ia lln t b # iP f # P $ r t y o f> e v e r y
n a tu r e b e lo n g in g to th e c a n a l company#
T h i s , fIr m .h a d ,
a c te d a s c o m m e r c la l_ a n d :fin a p c ia l:# g e m t f o r th e F lo ren ce^
:-
C anal C o m p a n y ,^ ca sh e d r th elr .-ch ec k s ,and fu r n is h e d n eed ed
s u p p lie s .
D u rin g t h i s tim e th e a c c o u n t a g a i n s t r th e ;e«*^ ,n y
ran up i n t o th o u sa n d s o f . d o l l a r s , n o tw ith s ta n d in g e a s y e f f o r t s
by Baker and Com pany-to o b t a i n .a s e t t l e m e n t .
F in a lly
Baker and: Company to o k s t e p s th e y c o n s id e r e d b e s t t o se *
cu re t h e m s e lv e s 'b y th e a tta c h m e n t o f t h e p r o p e r t y * T h e ■
h i s t o r y o f t h e , c a n a l company had b een one .of u n e e r t a l n l t y ,
and many p e o p le f e l t t h a t any ch an ge w ould b e b e t t e r th a n
to c o n tin u e a s th e y w ere ido in g ^ -b u t ' th e company r e o r g a n is e d
i t s . b u s i n e s s and o f f e r e d many o p p o r t u n i t i e s ' t o t h e farm ers *
a c c e s s to w a te r r ig h t s * - :F .lve y e a r s tim e w as o f f e r e d and
p erson a c o u ld pay a f e e a s la m a ll a s ;.§ 1 .6 0 p er a c r e .
The
F lo r e n c e C anal Company f i n a l l y s o l d f o r t a x e s w h ich amounted
The F lo r e n c e C an al Company became known a s t h e San
C a r lo s C anal and I r r i g a t i o n Company‘un d er t h e rl^ u fe r S B ip
Tg
...■...
......... - ..............;._.“ ..r:. _..... ..;7..... ~.“...... ....7.1C
........ 1 ■
P h oen ix H e r a ld . March 2 7 . ~1 8 9 3 . ••■■■■*_ '-c‘
11.
.p
'
•
-■ -
- .:'
•1-
- - ' - "»
" ■: j, ; :■■■;■■; : v . - L.
r 1.
;
:
* I n t e r v ie w , C h a r le s P ogu e, form er p r e s id e n t o f F lo r e n c e
C anal Company.
;’
47
o f ; We f S i P r o u ty , - F - d . W h ite , and D. C. S te v e n s#
' th e y - i
A d vocated t h a t •b y ; c o n s t r u c t io n o f .a dam, s u f f i c l O n t w a te r
edul'd be s t o r e d to" su p p ly th e Indians-'-upon th e -Pima and %
M a r ic o p a 'r e s e r v a t io n I n a d d i t io n t o th e 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 a c r e s ' o f
p u b lic 'la n d ,
iT he o ld F lo r e n c e C anal c o u ld b e ru se d to c a r r y
th e w a te r s t o r e d : b y t h e San C a r lo s dam.^5- : <3. p . H anks,
c h i e f c le r k o f I n d ia n a f f a i r s , made I t c l e a r t o Judge S te v e n s
t h a t b e f o r e a n y a c t l o n l c o u l d b e ta k e n On th e San C a r lo s
In d ia n R e s e r v a t io n , h e must"know i f
th e i n t e r e s t s o f t h e :
P im a’ I n d i a n s ^ w ould b e sa fe g u a r d e d and what c o m p e n sa tio n
w ould be made f o r t h e i r la n d s w h ich would b e f lo o d e d ,
r .
. T h e;San C a r lo s C an al a n d .I r r i g a t i o n Company was n o t
a b le t o r e a d j u s t th e a f f a i r s o f , t h e F lo r e n c e C anal Company
s a tis fa c to r ily .
They c o u l d :n o t e n la r g e th e c a n a l nor i n ­
su r e an a d e q u a te w a te r s u p p ly ,
iThe p e o p le com plained', t h a t
by n e g lig e n c e and r e f u s a l t o k e e p th e r e s e r v o i r . and c a n a l
in good r e p a ir th e c a n a l-w a s f i l l e d
w ith s i l t . ; . I n :a s u i t
b e f o r e Judge G eorge W e s t f a ll th e u s e r s demanded t h a t t h e
S&n C a r lo s show i t s f i n a n c i a l a b i l i t y and s t a n d i n g , t h a t
i t g i v e a s ta te m e n t sh ow in g th e u p k e e p -e x p e n se s o f th e
-
i r r i g a t i o n p l a n t , t h a t i t b e r e q u ir e d to pu t i n a good and
'
Ju d ge D. C. S te v e n s* p a p e r s . L e t t e r to A s h e le y R e a v is ,
E sq. fro m -D ep t, o f i n t e r i o r . O f f i c e o f In d ia n A f f a i r s ,
C. F . Hanke. A r iz o n a P io n e e r H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y .
House E xc. 5 2 1 . 62nd C o n g r e ss, 2nd S e s s i o n , p . 2 1 .
L e tte r s
. and - p e t i t i o n s w ith r e f e r e n c e to th e r i g h t s o f th e Pima
I n d ia n s o f A r izo n a to th e la n d s o f t h e i r r e s e r v a t i o n and
. t h e n e c e s s a r y w a te r .su p p ly f o r i r r i g a t i o n .
-
48
s u f f i c i e n t dam a t th e I n ta k e o f t h e s a id c a n a l and r e p a ir
I t to I t s o r i g i n a l c a p a c it y , and t h a t I t be r e q u ir e d t o
reim b u rse th e w a te r u s e r s who r e p a ir e d th e c a n a l* dam, and
r e s e r v o i r f o r t h e y e a r s 1 9 1 3 , 1 9 1 4 , 1915 to th e sum o f
§ 2 5 ;6 1 5 * 8 3 .
I f th e d e fe n d a n t c o u ld n e t m eet th e recom ­
m en d a tio n s- a f t e r a r e a s o n a b le le n g t h o f tim e t h a t th e
c a n a l sh o u ld be d i s f r a n c h i s e d .
The l a w - s u i t c o n tin u e d f o r s e v e r a l m o n th s, and in
F eb ru ary/ 1916,
th e San C a r lo s was d e c la r e d t o b e a P u b lic
S e r v ic e C o r p o r a t io n ^ and a s such w ould b e g o v e rn ed by
th o s e law s to w h ich i t m ust ren d er a d e q u a te s e r v i c e a t
r e a s o n a b le r a t e s .
The company was g iv e n u n t i l March 1 t o
b e g in r e p a ir s and r e s t o r e th e w a te r d i s t r i b u t i n g sy s te m .
Through th e o f f i c e o f In d ia n A f f a i r s o f th e D epart*
ment o f I n t e r i o r , an a p p r o p r ia t io n o f $ 2 5 0 ,0 0 0 was o b ta in e d
f o r a d i v e r s i o n dam a c r o s s th e G il a r i v e r ,
tw e lv e m ile s
e a s t o f F lo r e n c e a t th e s i t e o f t h e o ld r o c k dam o f t h e
F lo r e n c e c a n a l.
A t t e n t i o n h a s b e e n c a l l e d to t h e f a c t
t h a t th e I n d ia n s c la im e d p r i o r i t y w a te r r i g h t s .
The
S e c r e ta r y o f I n t e r i o r o r d e re d an i n v e s t i g a t i o n to in s u r e
th e p r o t e c t i o n o f th e I n d ia n s .
A l l o f t h e s e r i g h t s w ere
put i n t o one c l a s s and g iv e n th e same p r i o r i t y .
th e p e o p le f r a n k ly a d m itte d
Some o f
th ey w ere n o t so i n t e r e s t e d
in th e I n d ia n s , b u t i t was th e o n ly way f o r them to g e t
governm ent a i d .
Jack W illia m s c a l l e d a m e e tin g o f th e la n d
^5"A rizo n a B la d e -T r ib u n e . F ebruary 2 6 , 1 9 1 6 .
Owners and th e y d e b ld e d ■t h e t h d i i n s w ere demanding' to o
Dtieh in a s k in g w a te r f o r 3 5 ,0 0 0 a c r e s a s t h e l r eM r® S f
I r r l/g a h 1 e •.>••?.la n d s ’ uhderr t h e - d i v e r s io n dam; ^ t h i s * 6u ld le a v e
o n ly -2 5 V 0 0 0 - a c r e s •f o r t h e w h ite s e t t l e r s . > F o ll o w i n g W illia m s*
s t a t e m e n t; -th e -p e o p le - eacp ress^ l-.-tM m selvea a s -opposed to y
th e I n d ia n s ’ 1h e ln g a llo w e d ' t h i s much W ater;
w h l t i J’
p e o p le : f e l t t h a t th e -'I n d la n e ‘-were--’g e t t4 n g ” th S :--h§bt o f th e
b a r g a in ; b u t i n v ie w o f th e f a c t ’ t h a t th e y had a l r e M f "
agreed: to a d i v i s i o n "of-1-th d ’ w a te r , " th e y m ust r e s p e c t a '^*‘7
t e n a t i v e agreem en t a n d -sh o u ld W a i t - u n t i l th e y knew what ‘ '
th e :governm ent in ten d ed - t o do b e f o r e - th e y t o S t ran y1d o t t e n . ^
The p e o p le o f th e n a t io n w ere c o m p la in in g o f unem ploy­
ment i n 1 9 2 1 ; -and th ro u g h t h e - e f f O r i s - o f S e n a to r Henry A sh u r st
th e San C a r lo s p r o j e c t was l i s t e d
a s one o f th e employm ent
schem es a t P r e s id e n t H a r d in g ’ s xm em ployoent c o n f e r e n c e . 1
E x - s o l d ie r s ’w ere to be g iv e n a p r e fe r e n c e Ih em ploym ent;
- The p r o j e c t w a s - t o c o n s t r u c t a r e s e r v o i r a t San C a r lo s
and a d i v e r s i o n dam on t h e G ila h ea r F lo ren ce; and one near
Casa Grande;
The d i v e r s l d n dam h e a r F lo r e n c e was t o be
named t h e A sh u rst-H ayd en Dam.
T h is was th e f i r s t im p o r --
tarit u n it o f th e -S a n : C a r lo s p r o j e c t .
-The Securing o f t h e
fu n d s t o commence t h i s work Was th e c u lm in a tio n o f - a lo n g
s t r u g g le f o r govern m ent a id In regard to w a t e r .
And t h e
c o n s t r u c t io n o f t h e A sh u rst-H a y d en d i v e r s i o n dam m eant
t h a t th e c o n s t r u c t io n o f t h e San -C arlos dam w ould, f o l l o w .
"A rizo n a B la d e -T r ib u n e . F eb ru ary 2 , 1 9 1 8 .
60
The- p e o p le w ere . J u M la m t-a t t h e d e d i c a t io n o f t h e dam.
Sec r e t a r y r AIhe r t F a 1 1 .r e p r e s e n t e d - P r e s id e n t H a rd in g :a n d ;c
d e l i v e r e d th e : p r i n c i p a l a d d r e s s .
An a d d r e s s by
--i-.v.
P r e s id e n t - H a r d ir ^ , w h ich :h ad been; r e c o r d e d on a v l c t r o l a ,
was s e n t to F lo r e n c e and r e p n x lu e M d tir in g t h e ;d e d ic a t o r y
c e r e m o n ie s.:1!
S p e c i a l t r a i n s were run from P h oen ix, f o r
W® c e l e b r a t i o n .
Many: n o t a b le p e o p le a t ten d ed t h e t
c e r e m o n ie s , i n c lu d in g G overnor Tboma# G a m # e l l , G overnor r
•Boylet p f;, N evada, Governor., Meachen o f Neyt le a F ie o ,. S e c r e ta r y
A lb e r t F a l l ,.U n i t e d : S t a t e ®
I n d ia n .C o m m is sio n e r ; ; Congressm en
Hayden, A s h u r s t, and: Cam eron.!® -. A b i g f r e e b a r b e c u e was
a r r a n g e d , f o r th e p e o p l e .;
u-
v^
v
:
: f r.!-:; : ■
i The s e t t l e r s a lo n g - t h e r G ila r i v e r :and e s p e c i a l l y . ;
th o s e around F lo r e n c e w ere d e ter m in e d - to; s e c u r e n e c e s s a r y
- l e g i s l a t i o n by C on gress t o e n a b le th e r e c la m a tio n s e r v i c e
to c a r r y ,o u t .t h e g e n e r a l schem e o f r e c la m a t io n o f a r id la n d s
in t h e U n ite d S t a t e s . . - A co m m ittee -o f r th e S a n .C a r lo s dampro j e c t : w ro te - to- g o v e r n o r s, i n o t h e r w e s te r n s t a t e s .- t o . s e c u r e
t h e i r h e lp i n u r g in g : f e d e r a l ! a i d f o r r e c la m a t io n .
Judge
O v e r f e ild was. k e p t i n W ash in gton t o . l o o k a f t e r th e in t e r e s t
o f th e r e c la m a t i o n ;p r o j e c t .- : More fr e q u e n tly - was t h e q u e s ­
t i o n o f In d ia n r ig h t s - b r o u g h t •b e fo r e th e committee*^ -■■> i •’
The p e o p le o f th e P r e s b y te r ia n Church had done a-,gp#at
d e a l ’o f work among th e I n d ia n s and had t r i e d to p r o t e c t ff
rn I b i d . ,
May;6 , 1 9 2 2 .
r■
: -V -- -.. ■
1 8 . , 41 *- “
I b id . ,- Mav 6 ,- 1 9 2 2 .
.
>
,
;
51
t h e lr - w a t e r - r i g h t B . 1'1 T h is: had s t a r t e d ab ou t 1888 w h ile
R e v e r e n d il. T. W hlttm ore
p a s t o r .'
He was v e r y a n x io u s
m k t th e w a ter r ig h ts" o f th er In d ia n s be r e s p e c t e d .
R ev.
D irk Lay o f . t h e S a c a tb n " P r e s b y te r ia n Church c o n t in u e d '# # ^ : c a r r y on- th e work o f 1 a id in g ' the* In d ia n s t o s e c tir # th § if* :
# a te r : r ig h t s " .: 'Rev'. *Lay *a t ten d ed ‘ t h e a n n u a l " assem b ly o f
th e P r e s b y te r ia n Church when i t met i n O hio i n 1 9 2 4 , and
se c u r e d th e c o o p e r a t io n o f th e P r e s B y i# i4 a h C h u rch 'aM t h e
C h r istia n -E n d e a v o r A s s o c i a t i o n o f th e n a t io n t© u r g e Cong r e s s to pasS a b i l l w h ich:w oO ld a s s u r e ' t h e - I M I a n s w £ te £ w h ic h ; was =so^ n e c e s s a r y to > th © ir fa r m in g and t h e i r i i v e l i hood.
It- was p o in te d o u t t h a t t h e P ir n s w ere a lw a y s f r i e n d ­
l y t o - t h e w h ite s e t t l e r s and h e lp e d them a g a i n s t ^th e A p ach es,
and t h a t th e y had a lw a y s 1been s e l f - s u p p o r t i n g . " In o r d e r
to l i v e th e y must h a v e w a te r .
::r r^ B efore th e - p ro p o sed dam c o u ld b e b u i l t , I t was"
"
n e c e s s a r y f o r - t h e govern m ent t o a c q u ir e t e n m i le s o f traCk*^
o f " t h e - G ila V a lle y ; G lob e arid -N orth ern r a il w a y , a branch
o f t h e 1A rizo n a E a s t e r n . I n :1910 th # U n ite d S t a t e s G@o*
l o g i c a l Su rvey had d e c id e d t h e p r o p o sed San C a r lo s d a s was
'
on
im p r a c t ic a b le . b e c a u s e o f v a r io u s p h y s i c a l d e f e c t s ... and. ...
had a llo w e d " th e r a i l r o a d t o b u ild on th e l e v e l o f th e r i v e r ;
^ ^ " F u lton , R ich ard Ew, L e t t e r ; ' S e c r e t a r y t o T. J . M arks,
form er a s s is t a n t - S u n e r in t e n d e n t o f th e A r izo n a E a ste r n
R a ilr o a d .
'V.'"- . v.< v
■
...
20.
- V
i - ^
. r - - ' *" ’ - :■" ' ' "'
U n ite d S t a t e s G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y . S u r fa c e W ater Bu b p I?
o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s . 1 9 1 0 , V o l. 2 8 9 , PP- 2 0 2 -2 0 3 .
t h e r e f o r e i t was n e c e s s a r y f o r th e governm ent t o buy
t h e p o r tio n o f th e l i n e w h ich would be In u n d ated b y :th e ■
w a te r in th e r e s e r v o i r .
A f t e r numerous c o n f e r e n c e s and
th r e a te n e d s u i t s , t h e U n ite d S t a t e s p a id th e A r iz o n a E a s te r n
a b o u t $ 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 f o r th e r ig h t - o f - w a y and t o move t h e t r a c k
t o . a h ig h e r s i t e ,
s i x o r se v en m ile s e a s t o f i t s form er
lo c a tio n .
On A p r il 5 , 1 9 2 4 , th e S e n a te
p a sse d a b i l l t o ap p ro ­
p r i a t e § 5 ,5 0 0 ,0 0 0 f o r th e San C a r lo s , and th e b i l l p a sse d
t h e hou se w ith an amendment t o w hich th e S e n a te c o n c u r r e d .
-21
On June 7 , 1 9 2 4 , P r e s id e n t C o o lld g e s ig n e d th e b i l l .
T h is ended a w a te r b a t t l e w h ich had la ste d f o r 2 5 y e a r s .
22
The f i n a l term s gave th e w h it e s e t t l e r s abou t 6 0 ,0 0 0 a c r e s
o f la n d t o be i r r i g a t e d from th e San C a r lo s , and to th e
In d ia n s 4 0 ,0 0 0 a c r e s w hich would b e e n t i t l e d
t o w a te r .
S h o r tly a f t e r th e p a ssa g e o f th e San C a r lo s R e c la m a tio n
P r o j e c t , a b i l l was in tr o d u c e d in t o t h e S e n a te t o name t h e
dam a f t e r P r e s id e n t C a lv in C o o lld g e .
The San C a r lo s R e c la m a tio n p r o j e c t was co m p lete d i n
1929 and on March 4 , 1 9 3 9 , P r e s id e n t C o o lld g e d e d ic a t e d
2 \%
"C o n g r e s s io n a l R e c o r d . V o l. 6 5 , P a r t 2 , p . 1 1 ,2 0 0 .
W ashington P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1 9 2 5 .
22
*
"i r r i g a t i o n P a p e rs o f U. S . G e o lo g ic a l S u r v e y , W ashing­
to n , 1897.
I n v e s t i g a t i o n s t a r t e d by U. S . G overnm ent,
1 8 9 6 , t o be d e te r m in e d a s t o what sh o u ld be done ab ou t
Pima In d ia n s to overcom e s h o r ta g e o f w a te r c a u se d by
w h ite s e t t l e r s d i v e r t i n g w a te r above In d ia n R e se rv a ­
tio n s .
R eport o f L ip p e n c o tt o f 1899 recommended a
dam.
i
$ r
t
r
s t
i
t i
I I I
i
f
s i
Itw
Awual Flow of 6iU River in Acre FceT As Measured at Kcw Sfaf/oni
Near
C o#l«dje DavnSife.
1136.
Culbert/ Hayri| 5., 3cKool Finance : fn P inal County j>.
,
5&
th e dam a s th e C o o lid g e Dam.?^
Even w it h t h e c o m p le tio n
o f th e San C a r lo s I r r i g a t i o n s y s te m , w ater sh ortage
c o n tin u e d to f a c e th e p e o p le .
The d r o u g h t o f 1939 caused
fa rm ers to red u c e t h e i r c r o p s , and th e S e c r e t a r y o f I n t e r ­
i o r is s u e d an:
o r d e r d e f e r r i n g c o l l e c t i o n o f th e c h a r g e s
f o r w a te r p r i v i l e g e s under.:- t h e ; r e c la m a t io n 'program .
•*- *
:But e v e n i f t h e r e w ere s h o r t a g e s o f w a te r ; a t l a s t
F lo r e n c e f e l t t h e
su p p ly was a s s e c u r e a s i t c o u ld p o s s ib ­
ly , be made. •; T w e n ty -fiv e y e a r s o f e f f o r t *h M "■r e E U l t e d i n
th e c u lm in a tio n o f a w a te r sy ste m O perated and c o n t r o l l e d
by th e govern m en t, and t h i s s i g n i f i e d f u t u r e s e c u r i t y -Of1
th e w a te r .
T h is was made p o s s i b l e th r u t h e c o o p e r a tio n
o f th e p e o p le o f th e n e ig h b o r in g tow ns and th r u th e u n i t y
b etw een t h e w h ite s e t t l e r s and th e I n d ia n s .
23
*The E le c t r i c J o u r n a l. V o l. 2 7 , PP. 9 2 - 9 4 .
FLORENCE BEGINNING TO DECLINE
'
-
'
V: _ -
--
'
189 0 - 1929
Among th e e a r l y d is a p p o in tm e n ts o f th e p e o p le was th e
'•
d e c l i n e In th e m in e r a l o u tp u t o f th e n earb y m in e s .
In 1890
many o f the' m in e r s w ere l e a v i n g . I n d i c a t i n g t h e i r la c k o f
c o n f id e n c e - In' t h e !f u t u r e o f t h e m in e s .
The S i l v e r K ing
Mine was o n ly w ork in g p a r t o f th e tim e .* -
The o t h e r m ines
"of; th e n earby- r e g io n w e re d o in g no more th a n a f a i r b u s i ­
n ess.
But many o f th e p e o p le o f F lo r e n c e w ere I n c lin e d to
f e e l t h a t t h i s was o n ly a tem porary d e c l i n e and th e y r e ­
fu s e d to be d is c o u r a g e d and lo o k e d o p t i m i s t i c a l l y to th e
fu tu r e .
'
In June o f 1890 t h e r e was a s e r i e s o f b u i ld in g a c t i v i t y
i n i t i a t e d by t h e " b u ild in g o f th e P in a l County c o u r th o u s e ,
w h ich was r a p id ly n e a r in g c o m p le tio n .
o f ground 108 f e e t by 116 f e e t v
th e co u n ty j a i l .
I t covered a p lo t
The r e a r w ing c o n ta in e d
The new b u i ld in g c o n ta in e d v a u l t s t o
p r o t e c t th e r e c o r d s ;
On th e seco n d f l o o r w ere t h e o f f i c e s
o f th e c o u n ty s u r v e y o r , p r o b a te c o u r t.
Ju d ges' cham ber,
grand and p e t i t Jury rooms and a su p p ly room.
S in c e t h e
U n ite d S t a t e s D i s t r i c t C o u rt, composed o f G il a , G raham ,.
R ep ort o f th e A c tin g G overnor o f A r iz o n a to th e S e c r e ta r y
o f th e i n t e r i o r . 1 8 89. p . 1 4 .
'. .
.
/ V
56
and P in a l C o u n t ie s , was h e ld In F lo r e n c e , th e p e o p le w ere
a n x io u s t o h a v e a b u i ld in g In k e e p in g w it h th e d i g n i t y o f
th e courtL
The c o s t was § 3 0 ,OCX) and a t th e tim e o f I t s
c o m p le tio n I t was t h e f i n e s t c o u r th o u s e In th e T e r r it o r y .?
:'.
A n o t h e r .f in e b u i l d i n g w hich was a lm o s t f i n i s h e d was
th e b r ic k , t w o - s t o r y s t o r e o f 77. G. S m ith and Company.
Theicom pany c a r r ie d s t a p l e g o o d s o f a l l k in d s f o r th e
m ec h a n ic, th e m in e r , and th e o ccu p a n t o f a r a n ch , a s w e l l
a s d r y g o o d s o f a l l k i n d s , in c lu d i n g c l o t h i n g .
One of- the; v e r y im p o r ta n t e n t e r p r i s e s begun i n
F lo r e n c e was th e in c o r p o r a t io n o f th e P in a l County Bank
under th e T e r r i t o r i a l law s o f November 1 8 8 9 .
e a r ly inz -1890.3
I t was a c t i v e
A g e n e r a l b a n k in g b u s in e s s was t r a n s a c t e d ,
in c lu d in g t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f c la im s ,
th e n e g o t i a t i n g o f
lo a n s and th e i s s u e i n g o f ex ch a n g e d e s i r e d .
The c a p i t a l
s t o c k o f th e bank was § 5 0 ,0 0 0 ; Wm. E. G u ild was p r e s id e n t ;
H. B. Tenny. was v i c e - p r e s i d e n t . ^
A n other bank was e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1 9 1 2 .
The P in a l Bank
and T ru st Company f u n c t io n e d u n t i l May 4 , 1 9 2 3 .
D ugal S te w a r t
was th e p r e s id e n t ; t h e c a p i t a l s to c k amounted to § 4 0 ,0 0 0
- * •
*• -
•-
‘
t
"
,.
.■>
.
-
-
’
and t h e r e was a s u r p lu s , o f $ 2 0 ,0 0 0 .
H owever, th e bank had *4
—
'
'
'
‘
~
'
'
'
“
P o o le , M cFarland H .. A H i s t o r i c a l and B lo p cra p h lca l R ecord
o f th e T e r r it o r y o f A r iz o n a , p. 3 9 8 .
4.
S t i n l s o n , H. C ., and C a r te r , W. N . . (C o m p ile r s) A r iz o n a ,
p. 1 2 8 .
-. : \ f z
..
, ' v - . .; .
Tenny was c a s h i e r o f th e C o n s o lid a te d N a tio n a l Bank o f
T u cson .
T h is i n d ic a t e d t h a t o u t s id e p e o p le s t i l l
had f a i t h in th e f u t u r e o f th e tow n.
The bank f a i l e d
v e r y e a r l y . ^The e x a c t d a t e co u ld n o t be fo u n d .
a t l e a s t $ 1 4 8 ,9 1 4 -.0 3 5 worSb o f loam# w h ic h w ere a t o t a l ,
l o s s a c c o r d in g to t h e s t a .t » ex a m in er.
I t was soon ap p ar­
e n t t h a t th e bank w as h o p e l e s s l y I n s o lv e n t and t h a t t h e r e
was no chance f o r 1 1 t o reo p en w ith s a f e t y f o r d e p o s i t o r s .
3 . F . Thum was made s p e c i a l d e i^ t y s u p e r in te n d e n t o f th e
bank.
S e v e r a l d iv id e n d s w ere p a id .
d iv id e n d , was p a id in 1 9 2 4 .
One, a t w e lv e per c e n t
B ut a s t h e bank was u n a b le
to m eet th e c o n d i t i o n s f o r r e o p e n in g , F lo r e n c e was w ith o u t
a bank u n t i l th e, e s t a b lis h m e n t o f th e F i r s t N a t io n a l Bank..
,
^
. The f i r s t . N a tio n a l Bank c a r r ie d on i t s b u s in e s s In
a p p a r e n tly , s a t i s f a c t o r y manner and a lth o u g h i t was c lo s e d
In M a r c h ,.1 9 3 3 , through, an o r d e r o f P r e s id e n t R o o s e v e lt ,
a lo n g w i t h . a l l t h e banks in th e U n ite d S t a t e s » i t reop en ed
in a. v e r y s h o r t tim e .
H ow ever, on Decem ber 8 ,
1933, th e
p e o p le who had b u s in e s s to, t r a n s a c t a t th e bank w ere s u r ­
p r is e d to f i n d : i t c l o s e d .
A n o te on t h e d o o r inform ed t h e
c l i e n t s th a t I t was c lo s e d by th e o r d e r o f th e C o m p tro ller
o f . C urrency a t ;W ash in gton , and t h a t C. E. H u ll o f P h oen ix
was th e r e c e i v e r .^
.
-
:
.
.
-
The f a i l u r e o f th e P in a l County Bank, a lo n g w ith th e
r e d u c tio n o f th e m in e r a l o u tp u t o f t h e c o u n ty , le d th e
p e o p le to . l o o k . f o r ;o th e r .m e a n s o f l i v e l i h o o d .
The I n i t i a ­
t i v e o f th e p e o p le o f. F lo r e n c e was d i r e c t e d tow ard s th e
6.
A rizo n a S u p e r in te n d e n t o f Banks R e p o r t. 1925* p . 13.
C ondensed s ta te m e n t o f r e p o r t s o f S t a t e and N a tio n a l Banks
o f A r iz o n a , 1 9 3 2 .
I t l i s t e d th e s t o c k s , b o n d s, and o t h e r
s e c u r i t i e s a t $ 2 6 4 ,0 0 0 .0 1 .
D e p o s its and n o t e s due t h e
bank w ere §3 0 1 , 3 5 0 , 6 3 .
c a c t u s p la n ts'w h t< d i tlE rived so b o u n t i f u l l y i n and around
th e tow n.
In 1902 t h e A r izo n a C actu s Company was o rg a ­
n iz e d w it h a c a p i t a l s t o c k o f & $0,000.
t h e company urged
i n v e s t o r s to p u r c h a s e s t o r e s a t - |1 p e r s h a r e .
The money
was to b e u sed to e n la r g e t h e f u r n it u r e p l a n t , p iS rctese
m a ch in ery , and m a n u fa ctu re g o o d s f o r th e W orld’ s F a i r a t
S t . L o u is ;
The c h o l l a v a r i e t y Was pronounced to be a Most
d e c o r a t i v e a s w e l l a s s e r v i c e a b l e and b e a u t i f u l wood.
C actu s v e n e e r was to b e s o ld t o a s p e c i a l l i n e o f m anufac­
t u r e r s o f p ia n o s , c a r s , and o t h e r s who needed m a t e r i a l ’ f o r
i n t e r i o r d e c o r a t io n .
Ih e A r iz o n a Cactus^Company h a s con­
tin u e d to m a n u fa ctu re f u r n i t u r e in a s m a ll way.
A n e w - e n t e r p r is e u n d er E r n e s t W alker was begun i n
Decemberv 1 9 06.
He le a s e d t h e M e r r it p r o p e r ty , w h ich was
a b o u t o n e -q u a r te r o f a m ile w e s t o f F lo r e n c e , and began
work oh a b r ic k y a r d , w h ich o p e r a te d "as" th e F lo r e n c e B r ic k
Company.
H ie p la n s w ere t o make b r ic k w h ich c o u ld be s o ld
a t such a r e a s o n a b le p r i c e t h a t h e w ould e li m in a t e adobe
c o n s t r u c t io n .
The company made b r ic k f o r th e h o t e l and
v a r io u s r e s i d e n c e s .
I t n e v e r a c cu m u la ted a la r g e s t o c k
o f b r ic k b u t m a n u fa ctu red i t a s o r d e r s w ere r e c e i v e d .?
- T h e s e ;new i n d u s t r i e s d id n o t em ploy v e r y many p e o p le ,
and F lo r e n c e n e v e r r e g a in e d t h e p r o s p e r it y w h ich sh e had
e n jo y ed d u rin g - th e y e a r s b e tw e e n 1875 and 1 8 9 0 .
7.
Much o f
The F lo r e n c e B r ic k Company c o n tin u e s to o p e r a te a s o r d e r s
a re r e c e i v e d .
’
th e In d u str y , o f F lo r e n c e had depended on th e S i l v e r K ing
and i t : h a d e x h a u s te d i t s
su p p ly o f s i l v e r ; th e Reymart
and o t h e r m in es w e r e :o p e r a t in g on a g r e a t l y r e d u c e d s c a l e .
S in c e th e o r i g i n a l , s e t t l e m e n t o f F lo r e n c e was due t o h e r
f e r t i l e farm la n d s a l o n g ; t h e G ila r i v e r , i t was n a tu r a l
f o r th e p e o p le to tu r n t h e i r a t t e n t i o n to fa r m in g , and to
a tte m p t t o make it-m o r e e f f e c t i v e ; and to p la c e em phasis
upon t h e a d v a n ta g e s d e r iv e d from c o o p e r a t iv e fa rm in g .
. v P o u l t r y - r a i s i n g r e c e i v e d s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n and demon­
s t r a t i o n s were h e ld to i n s t r u c t t h e fa r m e r s bow to s e c u r e
th e g r e a t e s t f i n a n c i a l r e t u r n s from c h ic k e n s .
Kany. new
and e c o n o m ic a l d i s c o v e r i e s ha p o u ltr y f e e d w ere t r i e d , and
th e p o u lt r y show was on e o f t h e p r i n c i p a l f e a t u r e s o f th e
County F a ir .
L a te r tu r k e y r a i s i n g "became a v e r y p r o f i t ­
a b le p h a se o f t h e p o u lt r y in d u s t r y .^ b e c a u s e o f th e i d e a l
c lim a t e and th e w id e ran ge, f o r t h e f o w l I n th e a l f a l f a
f 1 e Id s •,
. i ' '.
-
,-
,'
; Another. I n c e n t i v e t o a t t r a c t th e p e o p le to g r e a t e r
fa rm in g a c t i v i t y was t h e .U n it e d S t a t e s e n tr y i n t o th e World
War in 1 9 1 7 .
There was a. n eed f o r a l l k in d s o f farm in g
p r o d u ce, e s p e c i a l l y hay and g r a in , and t h i s le d , t o a huge
in c r e a s e i n th e a r e a c u l t i v a t e d f o r t h a t p u r p o se .
The la c k
o f la b o r e r s and th e h ig h p r ic e s ^ o f f e r e d th e fa r m e r s f o r
*Y earbook o f th e D epartm ent o f A g r i c u lt u r e . 1 9 1 8 . p. 1 9 9 .
^ "A rizona Y ear B ook, p . 2 8 4 . T h is l i s t s th e a n n u a l incom e
from p o u lt r y in 1 9 3 1 , § 2 1 ,8 9 1 ,6 4 .
60
t h e i r c r o p s r e s u l t e d i n many o f th e fa r m e r s' b u y in g
e x p e n s iv e m a ch in ery t o m eet th e la b o r s h o r ta g e and to s a v e
tim e#
; The h ig h p r i c e s w h ic h th e fa rm e rs r e c e iv e d f o r t h e i r
c r o p s and th e f e e l i n g
t h a t ev en a f t e r th e- war ended', t h e
c o u n t r ie s o f Europe w ould need fo o d f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s , le d
■ t o • t h is e x p a n s io n o f in d u s t r y .
The demand f o r c o t t o n
c l o t h i n g and e x p l o s i v e s le d
to e x p e r im e n ts in c o t t o n - r a i s i n g by th e F lo r e n c e fa r m e r s,
b u t th e c o tt o n was s o ld u n g in n ed a s i t was n o t f e a s i b l e
t o have a g in " f o r l e s s th a n 3 0 0 0 a c r e s .
H owever, by 1920
th e -fa r m e r s w ere r e c e i v i n g § 1 .0 0 p er p o u n d . N a t u r a l l y
a l a r g e a c r e a g e o f c o tt o n was p la n t e d .
T h is le d to an
in c o r p o r a t io n o f th e c o t t o n grow ers i n F lo r e n c e w ith t h o s e
o f P h o en ix and M e s a .^
The p u rp o se o f t h i s o r g a n iz a t io n
was t o r a i s e c o t t o n on an e x t e n s i v e s c a l e .
.
The f o l lo w in g
y e a r , E .-G . A tta w a y , p r e s i d e n t o f th e I n c o r p o r a tio n o f
C o tto n G row ers, made a rra n g em en ts f o r a f i v e - a c r e t r a c t
s o u t h o f Main S t r e e t a n d - b u i l t a § 2 3 * 0 0 0 o o ttb h g i n .
and h i s a s s o c i a t e s fin a n c e d th e p r o j e c t .
He
C o tto n became
one o f th e p r i n c i p a l c r o p s .
’•S in c e th e fo u n d in g o f "F lo r e n c e , c a t t l e r a i s i n g had
been an im p o r ta n t a c t i v i t y o f "the p e o p le .
—
-
11 .
-
;
The' spread' o f
-
"
A r iz o n a B la d e -T r ib u n e , A p r il 1 0 , 1 9 2 0 .
•
...... ..
E. G .-A tta w a y o f P h o e n ix , p r e s id e n t ; J . J .- F r a s e r o f
1; -M esa, E. G. Cldmens o f M esa,. H. T. Clemens o f F lo r e n c e
w ere r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e I n c o r p o r a tio n . The in c o r p o r ­
a t i o n f a i l e d d u r in g th e d e p r e s s io n i n 1 9 3 0 .
61
fo o t-a n d -m o u th d i s e a s e s among c a t t l e ca u sed c o n c e r n t o th e
p e o p le In th e F lo r e n c e -C a s a Grande v a l l e y .
The C a t t l e -
Growers A s s o c ia t i o n -u r g « l t h a t a n y .d i s e a s e o f c a t t l e w ould
a f f e c t a ll; I n d u s t r ie s - I n th e e n tir e s t a t e .
The c a t t l e grow­
e r s p o in te d o u t th e f a c t t h a t c a t t l e r a i s i n g was th e f i f t h
h ig h e s t so u r c e o f t a x e s In P in a l C ou n ty.
Z !:: A lon g w ith t h e i n t e r e s t s in fa rm in g w ent a g r e a t e r
demand t h a t t h e p e o p le h e a s s u r e d o f a more c o n s t a n t su p p ly
o f w a te r .
S in c e p r i v a t e i n i t i a t i v e
need had f a i l e d ,
t o su p p ly th e w a ter
th e o n ly way to d e v e lo p a sy stem th a t
w ould p ro v e s a t i s f a c t o r y w as th rou gh f e d e r a l and s t a t e
c o n t r o l . : The p e o p le r e a l i s e d i t w ould ta k e y e a r s o f co n ­
c e n t r a t e d e f f o r t to b r in g t h i s a b o u t♦^
One o f th e m ost
a c t i v e a g e n ts w o r k in g -to p r o c u r e t h i s g o v e rn m e n ta l a id to
th e i r r i g a t i o n was th e n ew sp a p er.
: : A lo n g w ith t h e e a r ly p io n e e r , th e n ew sp ap er had found
i t s way to F lo r e n c e .
The f i r s t n ew sp ap er u n d er G eorge T a y lo r
had p u b lis h e d 'o n ly on e copy and th e n d is c o n t in u e d i t s
s e r v ic e s .
But t h e A r iz o n a E n t e r p r is e ^
had la b o r e d w ith
o t h e r a g e n c i e s , s c h o o l s , c h u r c h e s , and c i t i z e n s -to im prove
th e tow n.
H ow ever, th e n ew sp ap ers w ere c o n t i n u a ll y ch an g­
in g h a n d s, names and l o c a t i o n s .
The A r izo n a E n t e r p r is e ,
founded i n 1 8 8 1 . th e n th e C i t i z e n was moved to F lo r e n c e .*
12#
*S u p ra . . I r r i g a t i o n d e v e lo p e d i n C h ap ter IV.
13.
-' : - ; - .•
.“
'-,
r
Thomas Weedin who came from M is s o u r i in 1881 e s t a b l i s h e d
th e A rizo n a E n t e r p r is e .
-
62
f o r a s h o r t tim e emd th e n r e tu r n e d to T u e io n ,
In 1893
j
j
th e A r izo n a E n te r p r is e was p u b lis h e d In T ucson and c e a se d
to, f u n c t io n In 18 9 4 .
The F lo r e n c e T rib u n e b egan p u b lic a ­
t i o n In 1 8 9 2 .and c o n tin u e d u n t i l 19 0 2 , t h e d a t e o f th e
fo u n d in g o f t h e A r iz o n a B la d e .
They u n it e d i n 1903 and
h ave c o n tin u e d u n t i l th e p r e s e n t a s th e A r izo n a B la d e T r ib u n e , a w e e k ly .
c o n d i t i o n s ..
i
.
The v a r io u s s o c i a l
s c h o o l s , w e r e .a c t i v e
'
i n s t i t u t i o n s , such a s c h u rch es
ami
i n p rom otin g tem p eran ce and b e t t e r
‘
!
The P r e s b y te r ia n Church was w ork in g v e r y
e n e r g e t i c a l l y t o s e c u r e w a te r r i g h t s f o r th e Pima I n d ia n s ,
and th e C a t h o lic Church was d o in g a g r e a t work w ith th e
■M exicans.:
:
...... :
The C a t h o lic Church had b een d e s tr o y e d by, f i r e . ^
The members had w o r sh ip p e d In th e v e r y o ld b u ild in g w hich
had b e e n tu r n e d I n t o a c o n v e n t and th e n abandoned.
D uring
1910 and 1911 th e members w ere a c t i v e In t h e i r e f f o r t s to
r e b u i ld , and th e n e c e s s a r y fu n d s f i n a l l y s e c u r e d , th e
t a s k was a c c o m p lish ® ! in: 1 9 1 1 .
F a th e r Henry K e lt z was
r e s p o n s ib le " f o r th e r e b u i ld i n g o f th e ch u rch .
T hese c h u r c h e s
w ere a c t i v e In t h e work o f a id in g th e s o l d i e r s d u rin g th e
war and i n o t h e r c i v i l p r o j e c t s .
14.
;
;
:
r
An in t e r v ie w w ith F a th e r J o s e # i D om inic Jaq u e e s t a b l i s h e d
- - t h e d a te o f t h e f i r e a s 1893• An i n s c r i p t i o n on th e
church w a l l g i v e s 19 1 1 a s th e y e a r o f c o m p le tio n o f th e
.... p r e se n t/ b u i l d i n g . The p r e s e n t p a s t o r o f th e Church o f
t h e A ssu m p tio n , F a th e r Josep h Dom inic J a q u e, h as r e ­
worked th e o ld b u i l d i n g w h ich was th e f i r s t church and
th e c o n v e n t t o b e u se d f o r a p a r is h h a l l .
■
' r T h e -C h r ls t lim ’ ShtiVeti lo o k e d a t F lo r e n c e and d e c id e d
th a t' t t i l s Was'
good f i e l d f o r t h e i r s e r v i c e s .
A ecoz^ llng-
l y , ; they" began to h o l d : m ^ tli% fl i n homes and In t h e c o u r t­
h o u se and f i n a l l y
t h e A r iz o n a S t a t e B oard o f th e C h r is t ia n
Church ^sent- R everend R. E. D unlap to o r g a n iz e t h e p e o p le
I n to a* m em bership.
The m em bership was b etw een s i x t y and
s e v e n ty members. -In 192r th e y began t o b u ild a church*
l"
Much of" th e la b o r on th e b u i ld in g was d o n a te d , and th e ch u rch
In P h o en ix c o n t r ib u t e d g e n e r o u s ly to t h e w ork.
The b u i ld ­
in g was d e d ic a t e d on .November 2 3 , 1921.^^"
Not o n l y w ere t h e p e o p le a c t i v e i n t h e i r c h u r c h e s b u t
th e y w ere a n x io u s t o Im prove t h e i r s c h o o l s y s te m .
In th e
c o u n ty th e m on ey'exp en d ed b n e d u c a tio n had I n c r e a s e d from
$ 1 0 ,9 2 2 .1 9 in 1906 to # 1 1 9 ,9 7 2 .2 2 i n 1 9 1 4 .1516 17 The F lo r e n c e
U nion H ig h 'S c h o o l'w a si o r g a n iz e d i n 1915 and a p la n t was
c o n str u c ted .
F lo r e n c e w as i n th e l a r g e s t h ig h s c h o o l d i s ­
t r i c t in 'th e " c o u n ty and t h e r e f o r e drew a la r g e n w b e r o f
s t u d e n t s from th e su rr o u n d in g t e r r i t o r y . ^
The Board of.
E d u c a tio n a llo w e d f o r f u t u r e grow th o f th e s c h o o l and b u i l t
In e x c e s s :o f t h e i r e x i s t i n g n e e d s .
The o r i g i n a l p la n t c o n -
s i s t ed ,o f _one..m ain b u i l d i n g , a gymnasium and a swimming
p o o l, lo c a t e d on an e ig h t e e n - a c r e t r a c t a t th e edge o f
1 5 *A r iz o n a B la d e -T r ib u n e . : November 2 8 . 1 9 2 1 .
:
■
. B i-A n n u a l R e p o r t. S u p e r in te n d e n t o f P u b lic E d u c a tio n ,
T e r r it o r y o f A r iz o n a , 1907 and S t a t e o f A rizon a,~ 19151 7 *C u lb e r t, H a r r y 'S n ed d eh , S c h o o l F in a n c e i n P in a l C ou n ty,
p. 3 2 .
"
-
F lo r e n c e .-1 Th® i.c^ st ,o f t h e ta il M in g and grou n d s was a p p ro x ­
im a te ly - |7 5 > 0 0 0 a M e a s . fin a n c e d by th e s a l e o f s i x p er
,
cen t: bonds ..m atu rin g i n ’'20 y e a r s . ' - fb e-'grou n d s lia v e 'been-'"-'':
b e a u t i f u l l y : f la n d s e a i w l an d a la r g e a t h l e t i c f i e l d h a s b e e n
c o n s t rue te d V-- i n c 1ud it^" a -baeeba 11 f i e l d , a t u r f e d f o o t b a l l
f i e l d : , and l i g h t s f o r n i g h t 'p la y in g .
A la r g e p a r t o f t h i s ' ”-
i s surrounded b y a~ c o n c r e t e cu rb ed q u a r t e r - m ile ru im ln g
tr a c k .^ io fT h e i m ain b u i ld in g i s o f S p a n is b a r e h i t s e t u r e and
a t t r a c t s a t t e n t i o n f o r i t s b e a u ty and u n iq u e n e s s . ^
= D u rin g th e e a r l y h i s t o r y o f t h e T e r r it o r y and u n t i l
th e c a p i t a l had :been m oved'from P r e s c o t t t o P h o e n ix In 1 8 8 9 ,
F lo r e n c e - had hop ed i t m igh t e v e n t u a l ly b e lo c a t e d t h e r e .
•
In f a c t , a b i l l im e in tr o d u c e d in t h e e i g h t h l e g i s l a t u r e a t
th e tim e P in a l County was c r e a t e d i n -1875, to h a v e th e
c a p i t o l moved from T ucson t o ’FlorehCeV
The c e n t r a l lo c a ­
t i o n -In the" s t a t e an d " th e p r e s e n c e o f many s tr o n g ' p o l i t i ­
c ia n s 2 ^ l iv i n g : i n F lo r e n c e had g iv e n r i s e to t h e s e h o p e s .
Thesei h o p es w*ere ab an d on ed , but- F lo r e n c e d id n o t g iv e up:" ^
th e l Id ea o f h a v in g o n e - I n s t i t u t i o n a t l e a s t , and when
d i s c u s s i o n s a r o s e o v e r th e i d e a t i o n o f t h e p e n i t e n t i a r y
18.
-
A la r g e p a r t o f th e work on th e a t h l e t i c f i e l d was
g iv e n by th e C i v i l Works A d m in is tr a tio n and t h e Emer­
gency: R e l i e f A d m in is t r a t io n .J : „ .
.
•: : : -
19.
■:. H um phries, D aphane, C a ctu s F o r e s t , c a l l s a t t e n t i o n t o
th e b e a u ty o f th e- F lo r e n c e Union H ig h ;S c h o o l:a n d g r o u n d s;
20.
Grany H i e , IO ury, S p eak er o f House* D ilr d Leg i s l a t u r e . - "
P e te r R. B rady, Thooms Weed i n , R. E. S lo a n , and J osep h
K lbbey werej s t r o n g p o l i t i c i a n s from F lo r e n c e . - v V.
.
-
65
and; the;, d i f f i c u l t y o f c o n v e y in g p r is o n e r s t o Yuma,
C ouncilm an Thomas W eedin and .R e p r e s e n ta tiv e Wm. E. G u ild ,
b o th ;f r .o » /F lo r e n c e , P in a l C ou n ty, s im u lt a n e o u s ly In tr o d u c e d
i d e n t i c a l .( h i 11® p r o v id in g ; f o r th® r e m o v a l o f th e p r is o n
t o th e v i c i n i t y .of* F lo r e n c e .? ^ .A d e f i n i t e s i t e o f 160
a c r e s w a s: p r e s e n te d t o t h e ^ T erritory a s a g i f t . . c;Tfce p r is o n
r e m o v a l b i l l .was im sse d w it h a n ayp p rop rlatlon o f § 1 2 0 ,0 0 0
t o . b e u sed in th e c o n s t r u c t io n o f t h e new b u i l d i n g s .
The
b u i ld in g s w ere c o m p le te d . e a r l y in 1%)9 a n l b i d s w ere ,b e in g
r e c e iv e d f o r f u r n i s h i n g food- .s u p p lie s to th e p e n ! t e n t l s r y
:on March 1 o f, t h a t y e a r . 22
.
,
v- - : -
-
-
:The o f f i c e r s o f th e p e n i t e n t i a r y worked In c o n ju n c tio n
w ith th e a u t h o r i t i e s o f F lo r e n c e f o r Improvement o f th e
tow n. . Many o f th e town p r o J e c t s ,s e c u r e d p r is o n la b o r ,
nam ely, r e p a ir o f s e w e r s , work on r o a d s and b r i d g e s . . The
.o r c h e s tr a from th e . p r is o n p a r t i c i p a t e d , in many, e v e n ts in
F lo r e n c e w here th e a d d i t io n o f m u sic was b e n e f i c i a l f o r
p a r a d e s , b a l l games o r c e l e b r a t i o n s o f h o l i d a y s .
The B la d e
T rib un e s u g g e s te d to th e c i t i z e n s o f F lo r e n c e th a t th e y
show, t h e i r a p p r e c ia t io n o f th e o r c h e s t r a f o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g
in t h e s e - e y e n t s by a t t e n d i n g .t h e p la y , ”Ye P r is o n M in s tr e ls "
21
.
K e l l e y , G eo rg e, L e g i s l a t i v e H is t o r y o f A r iz o n a . 1 8 6 4 1 2 1 2 ,i P. 2 ^ 5 . . . .
.
■-
2 2 ..
Rumors in F lo r e n c e a t th e p r e s e n t I n d i c a t e t h a t th e p e o p le
had th e c h o i c e o f h a v in g e i t h e r t h e p e n i t e n t i a r y o r th e
u n iv e r s ity .
H owever,: th e r e c o r d : o f ;that"ft'lm e . f a i l s ' to
-m entlbh th e p o s s i b i l i t y “o f th e u n iv e r s i t y b e in g p la c e d
t h e r e and i t a p p ea rs t h a t th e rumor was w ith o u t fo u n d a ­
t i o n . - . : , . L.
Xr
.1“ r.‘ '.v:: .
66
to be g iv e n a t th e p r is o n a sse m b ly h a l l , November 1C,
1 9 1 7 .23
H ow ever, th e p r is o n h a s b een m o s tly s e l f - s u s t a i n i n g
and F lo r e n c e h a s n o t r e c e i v e d a g r e a t f i n a n c i a l b e n e f i t
from i t s l o c a t i o n t h e r e .
When th e p r is o n d is c h a r g e s an
in m a te ,, h e i s g iv e n # 7 .5 0 i n c l o t h e s from t h e s t o r e s o f
F lo r e n c e .
F o o d ,, o t h e r - t h a n t h a t w h ich was r a i s e d on t h e
farm s ,.tw as b o u g h t by c o m p e t it iv e b id e and u s u a l l y th e l a r g e
s t o r e s i n P h o en ix su b m itte d th e lo w e s t h i d .
The inm ate#
o f, t h e i n s t i t u t i o n h a v e r a i s e d a g a r d e n , s u p p lie d t h e i r m eat, o p e r a te d a d a ir y and c u l t i v a t e d a v e r y g o o d - s iz e d
fa r m .2^
^ r:* i V ; ,
v .;
i
'
Through new i n s t i t u t i o n s and i n d u s t r i e s , F lo r e n c e
e n d e a v o r e d .t o r e g a in th e p l a c e o f prom in en ce i t h e ld a t
th e b e g in n in g o f 1 8 9 0 .
T h is th e p e o p le w ere n e v e r a b le to
a c c o m p lis h ,- b lit , th e y a c q u ir e d a - g r e a t e r a p p r e c ia t io n o f
th e f e r t i l e farm la n d s a lo n g th e G il a , and o f th e v a lu e
o f w orking t o g e t h e r to ad van ce th e com m unity.
ryv
'
' "
~~r-
'............ ■" """ 1
: ""ir
r: i: """ '
,rn'
'" 1
:
"
" : " In "*" '
?
"IT:
" 1,11
.'An u n u s u a l e v e n t o c c u r r e d on D eo. 5 1 , 1 9 1 7 , a t th e p r is o n .
I t w a s" th e w edding o f P a u l Crummey and K is s I r e n e F r a n c e s
T u rn er o f .P h o e n ix .. The b r i d a l c o u p le came, t o F lo r e n c e
to have R ev. C h u r c h ill perform th e cerem ony and found
( .-th at h e was on d u ty a t t h e p r is o n . * R ath er th a n w a it
f o r him to he r e l e a s e d , th e y d e c id e d t o be m arried in
th e a sse m b ly h a l l and- th e n go through; th e p r is o n a s a
b r id a l to u r .
The m a rria g e to o k p l a c e in th e p r e s e n c e
o f a few in m a te s and em p lo y ees o f t h e i n s t i t u t i o n and
K a young c o u p le ' a t t e n d in g th e b r id e and groom.
T h is was
t h e f i r s t w edding to ta k e p la c e in t h e A rizo n a S t a t e
P r is o n -a n d p erh ap s th e f i r s t i n th e U n ite d S t a t e s where
b o th t h e c o n t r a c t in g p a r t i e s were f r e e to go e ls e w h e r e .
24.
I n t e r v i e w , A lv a L. W eaver, S e c r e ta r y o f P r is o n .
r":: t
7
. i.
•" •1,
CHAPTER VI
%. :;V ■, : 7 c
:'v'„v'i- : : ’ -:n
r
r
:
::
:
‘ nv
'7,
THE DEPRESSION
r.u
♦ *. y*
-
’• • *-
v "* "
p
. - •*1 • ' -■■1• • ««- •■ "• • • «'■*•
"n L.
r
*
~
» ■ "w-- •-
'
V :: :/
;
1929 - 1940
-
— ' • — ^ kM' *- .
- : 'f - ■■ . ‘ .- *
"
* . • *»• —
•
*
^
-
v
-
r
-
t-
^
b : r : The ;e a r ly -y e a r s :o f --til® id e p r e s s io n d id - h o t a f f e c t r-the
p e o p le o f F lo r e n c e :to any- g r e a t - e x t e n t , r a n d th e .-e im d i o f
t h e s to c k " m a r k e t;in New York had v e r y l i t t l e
f l u e n c e upon: t h e p e o p le o f F lo r e n c e .
Im m ediate In­
T h is was p a r t ly due
t o t h e ’f a c t t h a t F lo r e n c e n e v e r r e a l l y r e c o v e r e d from th e p a n ic o f 1893> when: th e v a lu e o f n s l i v e r d e c l i n e d , and a l s o
t o : t h e ' f a c t ; t h a t an a g r i c u l t u r a l community was n o t d ep en d ­
ent^ -upon I n d u s t r y , f o r 'th e p e o p l e : c o u ld su p p o rt th e m se lv e s
ev en th ou gh money was s c a r c e .
'
--
p
A lth o u g h th e d & p r e sslo n w as i n p r o g r e s s o v e r la r g e
a r e a s o f *t h e U n ite d S t a t e s i n - 1 9 3 1 , th e p e o p le o f" F lo r e n c e
f e l t " p r o s p e r i t y was j u s t around th e c o r n e r and th e y w ere
n o t a f r a i d t o u n d e r t a k e a r a t h e r e x t e n s i v e Improvement, p r o gram;
:They p lan n ed ;- t h e : orn am en tal l i g h t i n g o f ' tw o , s t r e e t s
th e p a v in g o f F i f t h and Main S t r e e t s , and a sew era g e sy stem
r V;: < '■ 7: 'P'p: :-.l
<’ \
' :' : n ' - :
-7 r
.1 ;: •:
The t o t a l e x p e n d itu r e f o r t h i s program was | 1 7 0 ,6 9 3 •
The.
: 77 •-:1 : b : -rp.
v"
: v ■;, '
v-"- -- , '
. p:" - ' : - --
r i7
I n t e r e s t on t h e bonds w h ich w e r e .f lo a t e d to m eet t h i s p ro­
gram proved d i f f i c u l t t o p a y .
1,
X;, < .:.7;..’V. ™ ~
... :
L': Vp C?
- |
7:77r:i„p__..",77 7.7
The ta x c o l l e c t i o n s in
*
7
. r.7
* \ :
- :':
A:r izo
a ",B11la,:,r7d"i e -T11 r ih
6 ,' 1 9 3 1 .:
1 71n
11; u
"7""h
" e". : F ebruary.
<,
.
•
'
•
—•
•- -
:
: -
68
F lo r e n c e , d e c lin e d : .2
:>
11 ;r • ■: / - - r.-r
:-x ^ -c ;
N ot o n ly . was. th e town aafetttoiM?
M e Improvement
ppogr^Q b u t : t h e B r e e b y te r M n Ghuroh f e l t *tm t. I t neededa more a d e q u a te p l a n t , i The member#; lau n ch ed a program, f o r
a - l a r g e r b u lld 4n g> - IroM id ln g S u n d a y -s c h o o l room s.
:However,
b e f o r e th e buirldbg was- c o m p lete d th e community b eg a n t o : •
f e e l t h e .d e p r e s s i o n th a t'h a d g r ip p e d th e c o u n tr y , &rA i t
.became; in c r e a s i n g l y ; d i f f i c u l t t o c o l l e c t some o f th e
•p led g es w h ich had b een m ade.^
v'
; As I s v e r y o f t e n th e c a s e ,
c ;
'
;'
th e f i r s t a p p a r e n t ack n ow l­
edgem ent’ o f t h e d e p r e s s i o n was In; t h e s c h o o l b u d g e t.
In
1931: th e b u d g e t was .r e d u c e d # 2 3 ,6 2 6 ; o v e r th e ’ p r e v io u s y e a r
I n - P in a l: C ou n ty,, and; f u r t h e n r e d u c tio n was a n t i c i p a t e d .^
i . ;The Red C ro esi c o o p e r a te d : w ith th e : sc h o o l: n u r se in
p r o y ld .in g m ilk f o r th e n eed y c h ild r e n ; and th e se w in g c l a s s e s
of.rt h e - h i g h s c h o o l rem ade e a s t r o f f r c l o t h i n g i n t o garm ents
to , f i t
2.
th e c h i ld r e n who w ere in need o f s c h o o l c l o t h e s .
R ep o rt o f S t a t e Tax C om m ission. V o l. 2 . p. 1 4 , 1 9 3 2 -1 9 3 4 .
T h e" g en era l c o u n ty 't a x e s d e c r e a s e d from # 5 6 8 ,0 1 8 in 1931
to # 4 9 4 ,3 2 8 , a , d i f f e r e n c e o f # 1 3 , 6 9 0 . in 3 y e a r s .
H ein e S ch ew el made a m o tio n in th e Chamber o f Commerce
r.rfor: th a t-.o r g a n iz a tio n ' t o d o n a te # 1 0 0 to "each o f th e cHUrches
and #75 to t h e Boy S c o u t s .
H ow ever, t h e .p r e s i d e n t r u le d
; t h e m o tio n o u t: o f - o r tle r . But; a m otion to le n d t h e P r e s ­
b y t e r ia n Church #250 u n t i l th e p le d g e s c o u ld be c o l l e c t e d
o: wage p a s s e d . ; i ^ ' : - '' .
. . v. •
v .: .
- :
4.
The above a r e new spaper f i g u r e s .
On com paring th e expend7 1 t u b e s " In t h e B le h n a l R eport o f th e S u p e r in te n d e n t o f
E d u c a tio n t o ; th e G o v e r n o r :o f A r iz o n a ,7 1 9 2 8 - 3 0 , J u ly 1 9 3 0 3 2 , t h e .r e d u c t i o n was o n ly § 1 7 ,9 5 3 ,6 2 .
What p o r t io n o f
• . t h i s r e d u c tio n came t o F lo r e n c e I do n o t know. .
T.-vi i
’i. i'- .
-:r =
:
- a :-::n .
69
- H o st o f t h e s e "ch iM reti--w ere from r u r a l homes f th e •
f a t h e r 'a n d o f t e n t h e m other worked a s la b o r e r # on th e
ranches."
As - p r ic e s f o r farm produ ce d e c l i n e d , th e y w ere
e i t h e r 'd is c h a r g e d - o r a l l o w e d ' t o rem ain and h e lp w ith t h e '
work' fo r u a p la c e ltd s t a y , hu t r e e e lv w i v e r y l i t t l e money.
I n : D e c e m b e r 1 9 3 3 , - t h e r e w ere 40 8 men on th e r e l i e f p a y r o ll
from P in a l C ou n ty; and o f th a t number 51 w ere from F lo r e n c e .^
T he;;men vwere; pa id f i f t y
c e n ts an h ou r and a llo w e d to work
f o r s i x h o u r s v r f lv e : d a y s- e a c h w eek , {'Attem pts were-m ad#
t o : p r o v id e ; work o f a '.permanent n a t u r e .:
.
^
Funds- w ere a l l o t t e d 9 :f o r r e p a ir in g th e s c h o o ls and
,
co u rth o u se^ and l a r g e a p p r o p r l a t l o n s c w e r e i a ll o t t e d to th e
P irn ah In d ian s.
‘M o st: im p o r ta n t o f a l l , w e r e th e fu n d s s e t
a s i d e i f o r th e . R u r a l-R e s e ttle m e n t P r o j e c t , In 1 9 3 5 .
T h is
p r o j e c t was e x p e c te d t o b e v e r y b e n e f i c i a l to F lo r e n c e ,
b e c a u s e :iit: wascmade th e .h e a d q u a r te r s - o f th e r e g i o n a l su p e r ­
v i s o r , L e e "Ci.r.McCulloghy: and-much o f th e lan d s e l e c t e d f o r
th e : pro j e c t w a s r ln th e v i c i n i t y o f. th e c i t y ,
... r n
■•
:1.r ~ >The pro j e c t ^ c o n s i s t e d o f . a p p r o x im a te ly 5 ,0 0 0 ; a c r e s
o f - l a n d ; w h ich w ith a l l th e im p r o v e m e n ts,.w a s to rem ain
t h e .p r o p e r t y o f : th e U n ite d S t a t e s g overn m en t.
Farms w ere
d iv id e d i n t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y .f o r t y - a c r e s ,- and s m a ll hom es\ .
o f two' or t h r e e b ed room s, Vpath,: k it c h e n , l i v i n g room and
5.
Works P r o g r e s s A d m in is t r a t io n , R u ral R e l i e f in A r iz o n a .
J u ^ 30,""1935V' p. " 5 : -------............. ' '
.......—
-........- L e t t e r , R alph E. B e a t y , manager o f Casa Grande V a lle y
F arm s.
A4 1 0 0 1
70
s c r e e n e d p o r c h e s w ere c o n s tr u c te d .'
F r u it t r e e s , g a r d e n s :
a M :s h r u b s w ere p la n te d and e v e r y th in g was a r r a n g e d t o
g iv e t h e s e t t l e r s a new s t a r t .
.
. "The F ara S e c u r it y A d m in is tr a tio n s e l e c t e d b etw een 5 °
and 60 r u r a l f a m i l i e s o f th e low er Incom e g ro u p . T hese
f a m i l i e s form ed a c o r p o r a tio n and o p e r a te d th e farm s c o o p e r ­
a tiv e ly
The"farm was o p e r a te d a s a u n i t r a th e r than by
i n d iv i d u a l f a m ilie s ; - ;
-
'
.
t : ; The c o r p o r a t io n borrow ed money from th e g o v e r m e n t
f o r th e p u r c h a s e ;o f l i v e s t o c k , m a c h in e r y , eq u ip m en t, and
o p e r a tin g c a p i t a l , : In 1940 th e members o f th e c o r p o r a tio n
w ere draw ing a p p r o x im a te ly ^65 per month fo r l i v i n g e x p e n s e s .^
At t h e end o f i t h e y e a r i f :th e c o r p o r a tio n had a ccu m u lated
a p r o f i t a b o n u s.w a s paid^ b a se d on t h e number o f h ou rs
w orked.
'
1 "
.
-
r
'
;
: .
•
The 1p r o j e c t was d i v i d e d : i n t o t h e f o llo w in g e n t e r p r i s e s :
id a i r y , l i v e s t o c k , p o u l t r y , and c r o p fa r m s. Through t h e i r
d a ir y th e fa rm e rs b u i l t u p - a - s u b s t a n t i a l m arket f o r t h e i r
Grade A m ilk , p r i n c i p a l l y in * T u cso n .
h a s b een sh ip p e d t o L o s A n g e l e s .
-Most o f th e l i v e s t o c k
T h e .l o c a l m a rk ets o f
F lo r e n c e and Casa Grande h a v e b ou gh t m ost o f th e e x c e s s p o u lt r y and e g g s .
C o tto n h a s b een th e ca sh c ro p w ith th e
e x c e p t io n o f a s m a ll amount o f w h e a t.
' ;
A lth o u g h t h e p r i n c ip a l purpose in th e r e s e t t le m e n t
- --
71
p r o j e c t was t o Im prove th e f i n a n c i a l s t a t u s o f th e p e r s o n s
i n v o l v e d , th e e d u c a t io n a l p h a se h a s b een se c o n d a r y , b u t
p la n s h a ve been made to Im prove and d e v e lo p t h a t phase o f
O
th e community l i f e in th e f u t u r e .
The U n ite d S t a t e s had begun i t s
program o f r e c la m a tio n
th ro u g h t h e San C a r lo s i r r i g a t i o n s y s t e m , and th e n ex ten d ed
th e program t o th e r e s e t t le m e n t ph ase o f work.
I t was
n a t u r a l t h a t a demand f o r r u r a l e l e c t r i f i c a t i o n f o llo w
t h e s e two p rogram s.
On June 1 2 , 1 9 3 6 , a b i l l w hich p r o v id e d
f o r t h e e s t a b lis h m e n t o f th e r u r a l e l e c t r i f i c a t i o n o f th e
San C a r lo s i r r i g a t i o n and d r a in a g e d i s t r i c t p a s se d b oth
h o u se s o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s C o n g r e ss.
s t e p in b r in g in g l i f e
t o th e d e s e r t .
Q
T h is was a n o th e r
I t meant b e t t e r
l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s in th e r u r a l and s m a ll homes through th e
u se o f e l e c t r i c a l a p p lia n c e s a t l e s s e x p e n s iv e r a t e s .
The
e l e c t r l f l e a l program meant Improved means o f fa rm in g in th e
F lo r e n c e a r e a .
N ot o n ly was th e F e d e r a l Governm ent g e n e r o u s in i t s
g r e a t g e n e r a l schem es t o combat unem ploym ent, b u t th e more
8.
10.
■
---------------------:--------T h is r e s e t t le m e n t p r o j e c t was l o c a t e d ab ou t 3 1' m ile s s o u th w e s t o f F lo r e n c e .
The name i s Casa Grande Farm s, I n c .
U n ite d S t a t e s S t a t u e s a t L a r g e . V o l. 4 9 , P a r t 1 , p. 1 8 2 2 .
T h is was a s e p a r a t e b i l l from th e R u ral E l e c t r i f i c a t i o n
B i l l o f May 3 0 , 1 9 3 6 , w h ich a p p lie d to U n ite d S t a t e s and
T e r r ito r ie s .
Y earbook o f A g r i c u l t u r e . 1 9 4 0 . "R ural E l e c t r i f i c a t i o n , "
by R o b ert T . B e a l .
(R u r a l E l e c t r i f i c a t i o n A d m in is tr a to r )
p. 7 9 0 -8 0 1 .
Ca v lot
EltiTricAl
Ellttri a
I
lyvio»tioK fvoiet'T
D i\ T .
V lo .J
D ist
,Vu. 3
Dist
No. ^
-A
rv)
F'Carko
couNry
Sckoa) Fi nance
in P,*af Countij ,
I *4.
4
73
I n d iv id u a l and stfk llei* p r o j e c t s r e c e i v e d l a r g e s m e Of
money;-
The govern m ent p r o v id e d sums d u p lic a t e d f o r t h e
c o n s t r u c t io n o f a c o u n ty h o s p i t a l .
The c o n s t r u c t io n was
t o c o s t # 6 4 ,0 0 0 ; o f t h i s amount t h e Works P r o j e c t Admin­
i s t r a t i o n p r o v id e d $ 3 4 ,0 0 0 .
The G o v e r n o r 's fund p r o v id e d
$ 2 0 ,0 0 0 arid t h e b a la n c e ' w as r a is e d h y a s p e c i a l ta x le v y
irv P i n a l C ou nty.
t h e I n d ig e n t .
'A rrangem ents w ere made f o r th e c a r e o f
-
'
D e s p it e th e anx3eti.ee w h ich f a c e d th e p e o p le d u r in g
th e ' " d e p r e ss io n , th e y w ere no g r e a t e r in many r e s p e c t s tlm n
t h o s e w hich f a c e d ’ th e e a r l y p io n e e r , and th o s e w h ich fo llo w e d
th e d e c l i n e o f m in in g .
The c i t i z e n s o f F lo r e n c e a c c e p te d
th e d e p r e s s io n i n a p h i l o s o p h i c a l manner; th e y e n jo y ed t h e i r
d a n c e s , b a l l gam es, b a r b e c u e s , and th e P a ra d a .
Cowboys
came g r e a t d i s t a n c e s i n 1 9 4 0 , a s th e y had in 1 8 8 0 , to en ­
jo y th e p le a s u r e s o f t h e town and t o com pete w ith t h e i r
f r i e n d s in th e h o r s e - r i d i n g c o n t e s t s .
F lo r e n c e c o n tin u e d t o be a g r e a t c a t t l e a r e a and c a t t l e
r a i s i n g was o n e o f th e p r i n c i p a l p h a s e s o f a g r i c u l t u r e .
In 1940 P in a l County produced 4 0 ,0 0 0 b a l e s o f s h o r t s t a p l e
c o tto n ;
1 8 ,0 0 0 to n s o f c o tt o n s e e d ; 2 0 ,0 0 0 to n s o f a l f a l f a ;
1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 to n s o f w h e a t, and many o r c h a r d s and gard en c r o p s . ^
W ith, th e war. in p r o g r e ss., i n Europe and p la n e f o r t r a i n i n g
th e A m erican y o u th in m i l i t a r y s e r v i c e "going forw ard ; th e
A r iz o n a H igh w ays. " F a ir F lo r e n c e ,* November, 1 9 4 0 .
'
'
74
o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r d i s p o s i n g o f l a r g e s u r p lu s o f c r o p s
lo o k e d f a v o r a b l e .
In a d d i t io n to th e p r o s p e c t s o f s a l e ,
th e abundant r a i n f a l l d u r in g th e f a l l and w in te r m onths
o f 1940 a s s u r e d th e fa rm e rs o f p le n t y o f w a te r f o r i r r i g a ­
t i o n o f t h e i r c r o p s ’.- r v - r
•
2 -
:
>
•
■„
1A fe w r o f th e e a r l y , s e t t l e r s w ere l i v i n g in F lo r e n c e
in 1 9 4 0 . : T h ese 1s e t t l e r s w ere proud o f th e a c h ie v e m e n ts:
o f t h e l r t o w n a lth o u g h th e y ^ r e c o g n lz e d i t s
p le a s u r e .t h e s e : e a r ly s e t t l e r s r e c a l l s
fa ilu r e s .
W ith
th e d a y s when
F lo r e n c e -r a n k e d w it h .T u c s o n , Yum a,-and P r e s c o t t a s one o f
t h e im p o r ta n t c i t i e s o f A r iz o n a .1?
Ul;.::-:
’'v..::.
-o ttc v n
UU'L-y::- •
Pr-'-l-'l
:.V
"vv:';
:..y
dA ; r
.y,y
V’ V
.:y
:d ■
/r. y dy;
r ..yn/
■
•
^
-
i
:
: -/.^ •
.
y- ■
.•
•. :v
.
2
A- : ' \
:V;. / - d o or-
1
;
.r:: 2
r : - r 2 t:
2 2
-
:
.
;
.
/ y
2; V
1.C2 #.
d' .v- •
S e t t l e r s who t o l d i n t e r e s t i n g a c c o u n ts o f F lo r e n c e w e re :
M rs. Mary E, C o lto n , one o f th e f i r s t s c h o o l - t e a c h e r s
*
; o f F lo r e n c e ; M rs. L o la Sweeny A n g u lo , th e d a u g h te r o f
Jim Sweeny who accom panied M a x m lllla n to M exico; and
N o tt G u ild , p o s tm a s te r a n d -n a tiv e r e s i d e n t o f F lo r e n c e ;
-ri
Cn r : %. z /;
CHAPTER VI
' y: Izc '
I '. ':
;
CONCLUSION
-/
".'7;
--- • :
-
r. • In lo o k in g - back ov®r s e v e n t y - f i v e y e a r s o f h i s t o r y ' " '
o f ! F l o r e n c e o n e m a r v e ls a t th e o te n g e s w hich h a v e 'W een
p la c e v in - F l o r e n c e a n d y e t t h e r e a r o so sa n y th in g® w hich
h a v e 'r e m a in e d -c o n s ta n t*
As on e lo o k # t o th e f u t u r e o f
F lo r e n c e , tone f e e l s t h a t t h e land i s a f t e r a l l th e hope
o f t h e f u t u r e a s i t was o f t h e p a s t .
D u rin g th e e a r ly
d e c a d e s th e p io n e e r s w ent a b o u t s t a k in g . o f f t h e i r r a n c h e s ;
t h e y :w ere b u sy •making t h e i r 'homes from th e v e r y s o i l th ey
t i l l e d ; : th e y f a s h io n e d cru d e I r r i g a t i o n d i t c h e s from th e
p a t t e r n l e f t by p r e h i s t o r i c p e o p le ; l i f e was hard and t u r ­
b u le n t .
I t had to b e l i v e d e a ch day a s i t was m et.
F r e ig h t was d i f f i c u l t t o p r o c u r e and r e q u ir e d la b o r io u s
t r i p s to E l Paso o r Yuma, and o n ly th e b r a v e c o u ld o v e r ­
come th e o b s t a c l e s and en d u re th e h a r d s h ip s t h a t th e
e a r ly l i f e
in F lo r e n c e r e q u ir e d .
The F lo r e n c e o f tod ay in c lu d e s a b o u t 1000 p e o p le , i t s
s t o r e s , i t s r o a d s , i t s b u s e s and i t s
c iv ic in s titu tio n s .
I t i s s e r v e d by th e S o u th e rn P a c i f i c R a ilr o a d from C o o lld g e
and by th e Greyhound t r a n s c o n t i n e n t a l s t a g e l i n e s e r v i c e
b etw een T ucson and P h o en ix v i a F lo r e n c e .
The c i t y h as g a s ,
l i g h t s , w a te r , t e l e p h o n e s , and p r a c t i c a l l y a l l modern
c o n v e n ie n c e s .
E d u c a tio n a l f a c i l i t i e s
in c lu d e g ra d e s c h o o l
76
and th e F lo r e n c e U n ion High S c h o o l.
I t h as b een t h e s e a t
o f a c t i v i t y o f th e C a t h o lic Church f o r many y e a r s . Today,
th r e e d e n o m in a tio n s h ave tDeeh e s t a b l i s h e d i n th e tow n.
F lo r e n c e h as e x p e r ie n c e d k e e n ly a l t e r n a t i n g c y c l e s
o f r p r o s p e r i t y and d e p r e s s i o n .
Such a p e r io d o f d e p r e s s io n
f o llo w e d th e e x h a u s t io n o f th e S i l v e r K ing M ine.
D uring
th e World War p r l c e s ' f o r farm produ ce r o s e to u n p r ec e d e n ted
h e ig h t s and 'F lo r e h c e
However , t h e s e
i n th e n a t i o n a l p r o s p e r i t y .
p r i c e s c o u ld n o t l a s t .
Then came
low :or i c e s . c o u p le d ^i i th :th e ; g r e a t d e p r e s s io n o f 1 9 2 9 .
i:V'
jV*
■:
r.
■ U-r-
.
.
As
'
a r e s u l t o f th e p r e s e n t d e f e n s e program , p r i c e s on a g r i ­
c u lt u r e .'have, rleehVrfaii^-yih ■flS^PrPlorenoe . s to o d -.at.- a new
e ra o f , p r o s p e r i t y .
:
«
;V
B I B L I O G-R A P H Y
A.
BOOKS
B a n c r o ft, H. H .. A r iz o n a and New M ex ico . . San F r a n c is c o :.
T h e .H is to r y Corapany Pub11s h e r s , 1^ 89.
B a r n e s, W.; C. , A r iz o n a . P la c e Names.
Tucson, 1935
C u l b e r t H a r r y S . . S c h o o l F in a n c e . in P in a l S o y n ty * T h e s is ,
E d u c a tio n a l D ep artm en t, U n iv e r s it y o f A r iz o n a , 1 9 3 9 .
:
i -' « v . .
. Yr - : ■>
D o u c e tte , F o r e s t E. , Arlaona Y ear B ook.
1 9 3 0 -1 9 3 1 .
E l l i o t t , W. C . . A H is t o r y o f A r iz o n a T e r r it o r y .
-Y: - c isc o : E l l i o t t - and- Company-, 1 8 8 4 .
San F ran -
F a m i s h , T. E . : H is to r y o f A r iz o n a . : V o l. 2 .
San F r a n c is c o :
The F llraer B r o th e r s E le c t r o t y p e Company, 1 9 1 5 .
H a m ilto n . P a t r ic k . The- R e so u r c e s o f A r iz o n a .
B a n c r o f t .P r i n t e r s , 1883•
:
v-Y
:,L:
Y .
Y. wY.
[:
..
H in to n . R .; J.'i ' Hand Book t o A r iz o n a .
Humphry, Z e p h in e, C actu s F o r e s t .
Corapiny,' 1938;. .....•
- !
Sah F r a n c is c o :
.
.
San F r a n c is c o : 1 8 7 8 .
New York: D u tto n and
:• ■ .
. :
K e l l e y , G eorge, L e g i s l a t i v e . H is to r y o f A r iz o n a . 1 8 6 4 -1 9 1 2 .
P h o e n ix : M a n u fa c tu r er s of: S t a t i o n e r y , 1 9 2 6 .
Lockwood, F r a n c is Cummins, P io n e e r Days in A r iz o n a .
Y o rk : M acm illan C o m p a n y 1 9 3 2 .
,^
~
■
New
M cC lin to c k . James H ., A r iz o n a . The Y ou n gest S t a t e . " B io g r a ­
p h ie s " V o l. 3 •
C la rk e P u b lis h in g Company, 1 9 1 6 .
M oore, F rank. Women o f the" War.' H a r tfo r d , C o n n e c t ic u t :
S cra n to n , and Company, 1 8 6 6 .
S lo a n ,. R ichard; E ..., H is to r y , o f A r iz o n a . Vol& 3 and 4 .
P h o e n ix : R ecord; P u b lis h in g Company, 1930.
S lo a n , R ich ard E.-. M emories o f a n .A r iz o n a J u d g e.
S ta n fo r d
U n iv e r s i t y ^ S ta n fo r d P u b lis h in g Company, 1 9 3 2 .
T a y lo r , R o b e r t, A Program o f E d u c a tio n a l D evelop m ent f o r
F lo r e n c e U nion H igh S c h o o l D i s t r i c t . T h e s i s , Educa­
t i o n a l D ep artm en t, U n iv e r s it y o f A r iz o n a , T u cson , 1 9 3 6 .
2
:b .
interview s
A n g u lo , M rs. L o la Sw eeny, d a u g h te r o f Jim Sweeny, who
accompanied" M a x a lllla n to M ex ico .
...,
B arb ara, S l a t e r S a i n t , f o r m e r ly .a t S a in t T h eresa Academy,
S a in t Mary* s' C onvent i l ^ a o n , . A rixona.'.
; ^ : .
C o l t o n ,, Mrs. M aryl.E., ‘o n e o f th e e a r l y s c h o o l te a c h e r s o f
F lo r e n c e ;';
'
G u ild , N o t t , p o s tm a s te r a t ; F l o r e n c e .
J a c q u e , F a th e r. J o se p h .D om inic, .Church, o f A ssu m p tio n , F lo r e n c e .
Thum, B." F . , S e c r e ta r y o f Commerce', F lo r e n c e , A r iz o n a .
W eaver, A lva; L. ,; S e c r e ta r y o f S t a t e P r is o n , F lo r e n c e , A r iz o n a .
W h ite, John, S e c r e ta r y o f S c h o o l S u p e r in t e n d e n t , F lo r e n c e .
•
-
C.
LETTERS AND PRIVATE PAPERS
J a c q u e , F a th e r J o sep h D o m in ic.
R e la t in g to A ssu m ption Church•
B e a t y , 1R alph E . , M a n a g e r C a s a Grande V a l l e y Farm s, I n c .
Summary o f , r e s e t t l e m e n t work in G ila V a lle y by Farm
S e c u r it y A d m in is t r a t io n .
F u lt o n , R i c h a r d , E i S e c r e t a r y to C le r k o f P in a l County
S u p e r io r C ou rt.
S t e v e n s , D. ■C. , Papers;, t i t le s ," " d e e d s , maps and r e c o r d s .
A r izo n a P io n e e r H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y .
S h e l l e y , Jam es, D i s t r i c t M anager, Farm S e c u r it y A d m in istr a ­
tio n .
Summary o f t h e r e s e t t le m e n t p h a s e .
D. : .MAGAZINES
Beachamp, M a r s h a ll. " F a ir F loren ce.** A r iz o n a H igh w ays.
November, 1 9 4 0 ,. p. 1 6 .
P o s to n , C h a r le s D ., " B u ild in g a S t a t e i n Apache L a n d ,M
O verlan d M o n th ly . O c to b e r , 1 8 9 4 , p. 4 .
The E l e c t r i c J o u r n a l.' ( n . h . ) " C o o lld g e Dam H elp s R e v iv e D u st" ,
P i t t s b u r g , P e n n s y lv a n ia : E l e c t r i c J o u r n a l P u b lis h in g
Company, J a n u a ry , 1 9 3 0 .
3
E.
MANUSCRIPTS
B a i le y , Mary E .V ' R e m in is c e n c e s *
S o c i e t y , T u cso n , A r iz o n a .
A r iz o n a P io n e e r H i s t o r i c a l
B la k e , W illia m P . , The S i l v e r King Mine in A r iz o n a . T ype: w r i t t e n j c o p y :.byy-W.VGi;•O abraith;.from r o r i g i n a l e d i t i o n
i n th e Y a le U n iv e r s i t y L ib r a r y . U n iv e r s i t y o f A r iz o n a ,
T u cso n , A r iz o n a ..
Brown. G eorge; R e m in is c e n c e s .
Socii&y, T u cso n , A r iz o n a .
A r izo n a P io n e e r H i s t o r i c a l
B row n,;R . C ;, R e m in is c e n c e s . MS. A r iz o n a P io n e e r H is t o r ­
i c a l S o c i e t y , T u cson , A r iz o n a .
Bugg, John J . . P in a l C ou n ty. A r l z o m .
E d u c a tio n , P in a l C ou nty.
S u p e r in te n d e n t o f
P a r r is h , T. E . , A r iz o n a H i s t o r y . A r izo n a U n iv e r s i t y , T u cson ,
Arizona;^..v:. a. ■ - . - , .
F is h , J o se p h , A r iz o n a H i s t o r y . A r iz o n a P io n e e r H i s t o r i c a l
x :j S o c i e t y , .T u cson , A r iz o n a .
L u t t r e l l , E s t e l l e , N ew sp a p ers.
A r iz o n a , , T u cso n , .A r i z o n a .;
U n p u b lis h e d , U n iv e r s it y o f
M cC lin to c k , Jam es H ., R ad io T a lk s on A r iz o n a .
i;
o f A r iz o n a ," T u cso n , A r iz o n a .
P ie r s o n , L o u isa G ran t, G rant S ta g e L in e s .
H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y , T u cso n , A r iz o n a .
P o s to n , C h a r le s D . , L e a r n in g and R e l i g i o n .
A r iz o n a , T u cson , A r iz o n a .
R ic e , M ic h a e l M ., R e m in is c e n c e s .
S o c i e t y , T u cso n , A r iz o n a .-
U n iv e r s i t y
A r iz o n a P io n e e r
U n iv e r s i t y o f
A rizo n a P io n e e r H i s t o r i c a l
• , .
.
S t r a t t o n , Emerson O liv e r , R e m in is c e n c e s . A r iz o n a P io n e e r
: : H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y , T u cso n , A r iz o n a .
F.
MAPS
A r iz o n a E a ste r n R a ilw a y . S o u th ern P a c i f i c B u l l e t i n . 1 9 2 6 .
A r iz o n a P io n e e r H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y , T u cson , A r iz o n a .
Map o f A r iz o n a , A r iz o n a H igh w ays. Novem ber, 1 9 4 0 .
K e l l e y , R. p , , B u t t e r f i e l d S ta g e and M a ll, I 8 6 0 .
r o u t e was u sed by th e O verland S t a g e .
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November 2 3 , 1 9 0 0 .
Arizona^ B la d e -T r ib u n e .v F lo r e n c e * A r iz o n a .
March- 2 9 , 19 0 2 ; :.on *
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December 1 3 , 1 9 0 2 .
S p e c ia l: E d itio n ;: 1 9 0 3 . • •
June 4 , 1 9 0 4 , 1
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F eb ru ary 1 5 , 1 8 9 0 .
J c l. nNov ember 8 , ■-1890; -; V; ;v . V.X.:... :
June 1 3 , I 8 9 I . • - V - r ;/ •'
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December 3 1 , 1891.
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: - : December 1 6 ; 1 8 9 3 . ■ ; *v ; ;
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F lo r e n c e Tribune'. F lo r e n c e , A r iz o n a .
^ January. 1 0 ; 1 8 9 2 .
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P h o e n ix -'H e r a ld . P h o e n ix , A r iz o n a .
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, : ' ' Ap;r 1 c u I tu r a l- Y ear -Book;- Uhl ted ‘S ta te'g . 1 9 4 0 .. D epartm ent
o f A g r i c u lt u r e , W a sh in g to n , 1 9 4 1 .
A m erican Newspaper G u id e 7 1 8 2 1 -1 9 3 2 . New York:
Company, 19367 U nion l i s t o f n e w sp a p ers.
W ilson and
B ie n n ia l R eport o f S u p e r in te n d e n t o f P u b lic E d u c a tio n .
T e r r it o r y o f A r iz o n a , 1 9 0 7 , S t a t e o f A r iz o n a , 1915.
Church o f A ssu m p tio n , R e c o r d s . B a p tis m s , c o n f ir m a t io n s ,
and m a r r ia g e s . F lo r e n c e , A r iz o n a , 1870.
C la r k , A Ivan, Dams.
1936.
B ib lio g r a p h y .
F o rt B e lv o lr , V ir g in ia ,
5
C o n g r e s s io n a l R e co r d . 7 4 th C o n g r e ss , 2nd S e s s i o n , V o l. 8 0 ,
P a rt
W ash ington: Government P r in t in g O f f i c e , 1 9 3 6 .
G o v e r n o r 's R e p o r ts to S e c r e ta r y o f I n t e r i o r . 1 8 8 9 -1 8 9 0 .
W ash ington: Government P r in t in g O f f i c e , 1897•
H a m ersley , Thomas, ( E d ito r ) R e v ise d O u t lin e s and D e s c r ip t io n s
o f M il i t a r y P o s t s and S t a t i o n s In A r iz o n a , F e b r u a r y ,
187 2 .
W a sh in g to n : Government P r in t in g O f f i c e , 1 8 8 1 .
House E x e c u tiv e D ocum ent. 62nd C o n g r e ss.
Government P r in t in g O f f i c e , 1913•
W ash ington:
I r r i g a t i o n P a p e r s . U n ite d S t a t e s G e o lo g ic a l S u rvey No. 2 .
W ash ington: Government P r in t in g O f f i c e , 1897•
J o h n so n , R oyal A d v e r s e , R ep o rt o f th e S u rv ey o r G en er a l f o r
A r izo n a upon A l l i e d P e r a lt a G r a n t.
J o u r n a l. S ix t h and E ig h th L e g is la t u r e o f A rizo n a T e r r i t o r y .
1871 and 1 8 7 S . T u cson : A rizo n a C i t i z e n , 1 8 7 6 .
Pima C ou n ty, A b s t r a c t s . Board o f S u p e r v i s o r s . 1 8 7 2 .
P io n e e r H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y .
A r iz o n a
P in a l C ounty, S c h o o l S u p e r in t e n d e n t s . D i s t r i c t 1 . 1 8 8 1 .
1 9 1 5 . and 1 9 4 0 . F lo r e n c e , A r iz o n a .
P in a l C ounty, Board o f S u p e r v is o r 's R e p o r ts . 1 8 8 1 . 1887.
and 1 8 9 0 . U n iv e r s i t y o f A r iz o n a , T u cson , A r iz o n a .
S o u th ern P a c i f i c R ailw ay B u l l e t i n .
1 9 2 6 -1 9 2 8 .
S t a t e Tax C om m ission. V o l. 1 1 -1 4 , 1 9 3 1 -1 9 3 4 .
P h o e n ix , 1 9 3 6 .
Supreme Court R e p o r t. T e r r it o r y o f A r iz o n a . V o l. 9 , 1 9 0 4 -1 9 0 6 .
San F r a n c i s c o : B a n c r o ft Company, 1 9 0 7 .
Supreme Court R e p o r t. U n ite d S t a t e s . V o l. 2 0 7 , New Y ork :
Banks Law P u b lis h in g Company, 1 9 0 8 .