Biomolecules
Zlatko Trajanoski
http://genome.tugraz.at
Prokaryotes
•
(Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut)
•
Various types of bacteria, relatively simple structures, unicellular
(size 1÷10 μm). Most numerous and widespread organisms. Rapid
reproductive rate (<20 min per cell division).
•
Escherichia coli (E. coli): DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) with
molecular mass of 2.5_109 Daltons. Encodes ~3000 proteins (of
which ~1000 have been identified).
Molecular composition of E. coli
Component
H2O
Protein
Nucleic acids:
DNA
RNA
Polysaccharides and precursors
Lipids and precursors
Other small organic molecules
Inorganic ions
Percentage by weight
70
15
1
6
3
2
1
1
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
•
Greek, eu, good or true+ karyon, kernel, nut)
•
Diameter 10 to 100 μm. Uni- or multicellular with nucleus
incorporating DNA.
•
Eukaryotes: morphological diversity on cellular and organismal
levels. Classification into fungi, plants, and animals.
•
Endocytosis, exocytosis.
Eukaryotes
Biomolecules
Biomolecules
Biomolecules
The origin of life
The unique properties of carbon
•
The most abundant components of Earth’s crust: O, 47%, Si, 28%, Al,
7.9%, Fe, 4.5%, and Ca, 3.5%.
•
Elemental composition of the human body
Element
Dry weight (%)
C
N
O
H
Ca
P
K
S
Cl
Na
Mg
61.7
11.0
9.3
5.7
5.0
3.3
1.3
1.0
0.7
0.7
0.3
Elements present in
trace amounts
B
F
Si
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Cu
Zn
Se
Mo
Sn
I
The origin of life
•
Carbon has the unique ability to form a virtually infinite number of
compounds as a result of its capacity to make as many as four highly
stable covalent bonds (including single, double, and triple bonds)
combined with ability to form covalently linked C_C chains of unlimited
extent.
•
~ 13 million chemical compounds: 90% are organic (carboncontaining).
1 Amino acids
•
Amino acids are the monomeric units of proteins, energy
metabolites, and essential nutrients.
1 Amino acids
1 Amino acids
1 Amino acids
1 Proteins
Structural hiearchy of proteins.
1 Proteins
The primary structure of bovine insulin.
1 Proteins
Planar trans-peptide group.
1 Proteins
A polypeptide chain.
1 Proteins
A portion of the polypeptide chain.
1 Proteins
Examples of helices.
1 Proteins
The right-handed helix.
1 Proteins
sheets.
1 Proteins: Fibrous Proteins
The macroscopic organisation of hair and structure of keratin.
1 Proteins: Globular Proteins
Globular proteins: sperm whale myoglobin with 8 helices.
1 Proteins
The structures of (a) deoxyHb and (b) oxyHb.
2 Sugars and Polysaccharides
2 Sugars and Polysaccharides
2 Sugars and Polysaccharides
A structural model of cellulose.
2 Sugars and
Polysaccharides
Starch.
3 Lipids and Membranes
Symbol
Common name
Systemic name
Structure
mp (°C)
Saturated fatty acids
12:0
Lauric acid
Dodecanoic acid
CH3(CH2)10COOH
44.2
14:0
Myristic acid
Tetradecanoic acid
CH3(CH2)12COOH
52
16:0
Palmitic acid
Hexadecanoic acid
CH3(CH2)14COOH
63.1
18:0
Stearic acid
Octadecanoic acid
CH3(CH2)16COOH
69.6
20:0
Arachidic acid
Eicosanoic acid
CH3(CH2)18COOH
75.4
22:0
Behenic acid
Docosanoic acid
CH3(CH2)20COOH
81
24:0
Lignoceric acid Tetracosanoic acid
CH3(CH2)22COOH
84.2
3 Lipids and Membranes
Unsaturated fatty acids
16:1 Palmitoleic
acid
9-Hexadecanoic acid
CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
–0.5
18:1 Oleic acid
9-Octadecanoic acid
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
13.4
18:2 Linoleic acid
9,12-Octadecadienoic acid
CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)2(CH2)6COOH –9
18:3 -linoleic acid 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid
CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)3(CH2)6COOH
18:3 -linoleic acid
6,9,12-Octadecatrienoic acid
CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)3(CH2)3COOH
20:4 Arachidonic
acid
5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid
CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)4(CH2)2COOH –49.5
20:5 EPA
5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentanoic acid
CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)5(CH2)2COOH
–54
24:1 Nervonic acid
15-Tetracosenoic acid
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)13COOH
39
3 Lipids and
Membranes
–17
3 Lipids and Membranes
3 Lipids and Membranes
4 Nucleic acid structures and manipulation
4 Nucleic acid structures and manipulation
4 Nucleic acid structures and manipulation
5 Transcription
5 Translation
5 Translation
Biosensoren
Biosensoren
Biosensoren
Biosensoren
Biosensoren
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•
•
•
Genauigkeit/Präzision
Spezifizität (cross-reactivity)
Sensitivität
Linearität
Biosensoren
• Enzymatische Methoden
– Glucose-Oxidase-Methode
-D-Glucose
spontan
-D-Glucose
-D-Glucose+H2O+O2 Glucose-Oxidase -D-Gluconolacton+H2O2
H2O2+Farbstoffred
Peroxidase
2H2O+Farbstoffox
Biosensoren
• Enzymatische Methoden
– Dünnschicht-Glucosesensor
Sample+O2
1/2O2
Catalase
membrane
Blood
Uni Freiburg, D
CAT
Spacer membrane
Oxidase membrane
H2O2
OD
O2
Isolation layer
2e-
Biosensoren
• Optische Sensoren
Immobilized Concanavalin A
Fluoerscein labelled dextran
Optical fiber
Light In
Light Out
Glucose
Hollow Dialysis Membrane
Biosensoren
• Optische Sensoren
Labeled Antibody
Antigen
Cladding
Core
Biosensoren
Evanescent Wave
Biosensoren
Biosensoren
An enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay
(ELISA).
Biosensoren (DNA Chips)