C ON T E NT S
P age
Summary
In tr o ducti o n
Backgr o und
2
Materials an d metho ds
3
Results and di sc u s si o n
Fruit firmn ess
We i ght lo ss
8
G ro un d
-
c o l o r rati ng
10
11
Internal break do wn
12
J onath an sp o t
13
St o rage sc al d
13
S o luble s o li ds t i tratable acidi ty and
,
Repacki n g after st o rage
Li
terature ci ted
,
pH
of
juice
13
14
15
A C O M P A R I SO N O F T H E K E E P I N G
QU A L IT Y O F
J O N A T H A N A N D O F R E D D E L I C I O U S A P P L E S ST O R E D
I N iF I E L D B O X E S O R P R E P A C K A G E D I N F I L M B A G S
By
J
.
T
.
Wo r th i n gto n
R
an d
M
ar k
.
E
et Q u al i ty
R
h o r ti
rese
r
ese ar ch
H ar de n bu rg ,
.
e sear ch
D i vii si o n
,
cu l tn r i s ts , an d
Agr i cu l tu r al R
II
.
C
esear d l
.
'au gh t, l a bo r ato r y
S e r vi ce
tech n i ci an
1
SU M M A R Y
J onathan and Re d D elici
c io nu s apples fr o m each o f
three o rchards were e i ther stt o red bul k (l o o se) ii n bushel
field b o x e s or prepacked 1in
n 4 p o u nd perfo rated p o ly
h ri pp
i ng
ethylene film bags wi thi n co rrugate d ssh
pp m
g con
t ai n er s Frui t o f b o th vari et i es fro m these t wo typ e s o f
co ntai ners was exa mi ned after 1 2 an d 3 mo nths
st o rage at 3 2 an d 4 0 F an d after an ad di ti o n al 7 days
°
fter st o rage there was li ttle
at 70 fo ll o wi ng st o rage After
wee n apples st ored i n fiel d
di ffere n ce in firmness betwee
b o xes and tho se st ored prepackage
package d The lar gest lo ss i n
firm ness was du ri ng the first
st m o nth i n s t o rage Apples
so ftened much faster at 4 0 than at
P repackaged apple s st o re d fo r 3 mo n ths 10 st con
si d er abl y less weight than b u lk st o red apples In general
S hr i ve l li ng was n o t a pr o blem with pre packaged apple s o f
°
ei ther variety durin g 3 mo n ths sto rage at 32 or 40 F ;
whereas J o nathan apples st o red i n field b o xes shrivelled
appreciably part i cularly after 2 an d 3 mo nths st o rage
pl u s t h e 7 day perio d at
Shri vel li ng differ e n ces
b e tween fruit fro m di fferen t o rchards were co n si derable
fo r bulk st o re d Jo nath an apples The frui t that was
fi r m est or le ast matur e a t har ve st shri ve ll e d mo re than
o t he r fruit d u ri ng st o rage an d han dli n g
D ecay was n ot seri o us wi th e i ther variety when fruit
°
was st o red at 3 2 F Th ere was n o in dicati o n that
prepackag e d apples develo pe d mo re decay than bul k
st ored apples du r i ng 1 t o 3 m o nths st o rage Internal
bre akdo wn als o was ne gli gi ble w i th Re d D eli ci o u s apples
sto red u p t o 3 m o nths at 3 2 or 40 i n b o th prepack
aged and bulk form Int e r nal bre ak d o wn was a m ajo r
cau se o f deterio rati o n i n J o nathan appl e s parti c u larly
th o se st o r e d at
in b o th p r e package d an d bulk frui t
M o st o f the in te r n al bre ak do wn de v elo p e d d u ri n g
ho l di ng at 70 fo llo wi ng st o rage and m o re d ev elo ped in
pr e packaged fruit than in bu lk fru it The amo unt o f
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1
The autho r s ar e st ati o n ed at Bel tsvi l l e
,
Md
.
IN T R O D U C T ION
su c ce s sfully in m as t er co n t aain
e rrss un t iill so ld q u al i t y fo r
i ne
co n sumers m ight b e at l e aa stt as go o d as iiff n o t bett e r
”
th an that o f apples i n fr e sh packs
Th i s study was co n d u ctt e d t o d ete r m iine
ne h o w lo n g
fr e shl y har ve st e d prepackaged
aged apples co uld be held
quu al
y
satisfact o r i ly in refrigera t ed st o rage Th e ke e pin g q
ahi ty
n ) o f e a s t e rn gr o w n
i t i on
(phy sical an d chemical c o n dditi
J onathan and Re d D elicio uss appl e s b ulk s t o red i n bushel
field b o xes o r pr e pack aged
ed in 4 p o und p e rforat e d
po lyethyl e n e fi l m bags within
hin co rrugat e d shippin g co n
t ai n er s was c o mpar e d an d the extent o f d e t e r i o rat i o n
o ver a 3 mo nth st o rage peri o d
d was d e t e rrmi
m in e d
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B A C K G R OUN D
C o nsum er packagin g or prep ackagin g fresh pro duce
devel o ped al o ng with t h e gr o wth o f th e super mark e t in
th e Uni ted State s Prepackag
agii ng apples an d o t her p r o
du ce was n e ce s sary if pro dduu cc ee d
dee ppartme
s were t o
ar t m en ts
be c o me self servic e as o ther depar tments Cl aii m e d
ad v antages o f prepackagi ng in add
additi
itio n t o th e advantage
o f self servi ce ar e that prepackag
packagi n g i s a go o d way t o
mark e t s m all appl e s th at it i n cr e ase s sales that it ggive
ive s a
hi gh e r net return and that it re duces weight l o ss and
bruisi ng A review o f l i ter
er atture
u re on
the gr o wth o f
prepackagi n g an d on pro duc
uc e packag
packagii n g r e q ui rem en ts
2
fo r apples h as be en publi shed (Q )
A pple s are p ack aged for the c o nsum e r in p r o d u cti o n
areas i n ce n tr al w areho uses in t e rmi n al m arkets an d i n
r et ai l st o
res Carlsen an d St o ke s (1 ) fo un d that it was
ec o n o mically feasible t o prep ack ag e hi gh q u ali ty apples
in pro ductio n ar eas i f c o s t s o f packagi ng m ater i als were
ke pt at a mi nim u m T o develo p efficient pr o c e dures
se v eral in vestigat o rs ha v e st u died metho ds and equip
ment fo r p ack agi n g appl e s (1
m E ) D o mi nick (g )
and Merch ant Un derwo o d an d M cD o n al d
in
studi e s with M cI n t o sh apple s sho we d that sales were
hi ghest wh e n b o th b ulk and prep ack aged apple s w e re
di splay e d t o gether i n ret ai l st o r e s Havas and o thers (S )
o n t h e o ther hand fo und th at when apples o f premi u m
quali ty an d si'e were prep ack aged i n sl e eve w r app e d
trays o ver wr ap ped trays o pe n tr ays o r p o lyethylen e
bags t o t al sale s were ab o u t the sam e whether the frui t
was dis play e d in packages o nly o r i n b o th packages an d
b u lk
The p o lyethylene bag co n tinues t o be the st an dard
package fo r apples e spe cial ly for the smaller si'es
Standard thi ckn e s s or gage o f fi l m is
mi l s
or
or
in ch) 'ario us o ther c o nsumer
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2
Ci
U
ted
n
at
de r sc or ed
u m ber s i n p ar en the se s r efer
t h e en d o f th i s r ep o r t
n
.
to L
iter atur e
°
carb o n di o xide that accumulated
u l at ed F or example at 3 2
th e eq uilibrium c o ncentrati
n t r at i o n
n o f carb o n di o xide
F
averaged 5 perc e nt ; at
abb o ut 1 0 p e rcen t ; an d at
ab o u t 1 5 perce nt Thus t h e chance that pr o duct
respiratio n w il l cause injuri o uuss co n centr atio ns o f carb o n
di o xid e t o develo p wit hi n s e al e d pack ages is3 m u ch
es than when the pr o du ct is
gr e ater at war m temper atures
refrigerat e d Sim i larly i nj u ry ma
may
y be ca us ed by exce ss
depletio n o f o xygen wi thi n seale d packag e s
Ri tter and Th o m as (Q ) st o red Pe n n sylvania gro wn
Stayman an d Ro me Bea u tty
y apples at 3 5 FF in per fo
rated an d n o nperfo r ated 5 p o und p o lyethyl e ne bags and
xam
hen ex
mined fruit text u re
i n b u lk after harve st and t h
avo r in J anuary They c o nclude d that apples
an d '
prepackaged at har vest kept as well as appl e s bu lk st o red
fo r up t o 1 0 w e eks Staym an apples st o red in n o n p er
fo r at ed b ags had a le s s acceptabl e 'avo r than frui t sto red
i n perfo rat e d b ags (I Q)
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M AT E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D S
Th e study was c o n ducted in the fall and win ter
mo nths o f 1 9 61 62 in experim ental c o ld st o rage r o o ms
at Beltsvi lle Md The st o rage r o o ms were o f half car
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Fi gur e
1
—
.
M
as
ter
t
car o n
wi t h
y side t o sh o w app l e s pr ep ack aged i n po l yeth y l e n e bags (l ef t)
fi e l d b o x o f bul k app l e s (ri g h t)
cu t - aw a
.
,
an d
°
°
H al f the fruit was st o red at 3 2 FF an d h all f at 4 0 fo r
co m p ari so n of k ee pin g quaalli ty o v er a 3 m o nth peri o d
These st o rage r o o ms m ai ntaai m
nee d the a s signe d tempera
°
ture withi n i 1 R e lative humidity
u m i d i t y i n r o o ms Iranged
ed fr o m
80 t o 8 5 pe rcen t but it a ve
eraged
r aged slightly lo wer in the
°
3 2 r o o m than i n the 4 0 r o o m
m A relative h u midi ty o f
90 per cent w o uld h ave been be tter t o mini mi 'e mo i stture
lo s s Thre e co r r ugat e d b o xes o f prepack aged apples and
t hree w o o d field b o xes o f bulk apples fr o m each o rchard
and o f each variety w e re st o red at each temperature
O n e bo x o f each sto r age type at each temperature an d
fr o m each o rchar d was rem o ved at mo nthl y i nterval s and
eval uated for co n di t i o n A summ ary o f th e experi m ent al
o utli ne an d the quan t i ti es o f frui t st o red for l ater exam i
nati o n i s gi ven i n tabl e 1
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T abl e
1
-
.
D e scr iptive su m m ar y o f appl e stor age exper i m en t s with each var iety
Bul k appl e s
I
fr o m
tem
N
T o t al b o xe s st or ed
B o xe s stor ed at
°
32
F
°
B o xes s tor ed at 4 0 F
B o xe s r em o ved each m o n t h fr o m
B o xes r em oved e ach m on t h fr o m
°
F
°
F
32
40
B ags ex am i n ed each m o n th fr o m each tem per at ur e
B ag s ex am in ed e ach m o n th pl us 7 day s at
°
70
F
.
B o xes ex ami n e d e ach m on th fr o m each tem per atur e
B o xe s exam in ed each m o n th pl us 7 d ay s at
°
70
F
Appl e s pr e ss u r e te sted at each ex ami n atio n
N um ber
of
fi r m n e ss
r
eadi n g s at each ex ami n at ion
Appl e s sam pl ed f or chemi cal
an al
y si s at e ach
.
or
ch ar d
um ber
N
um ber
In determi ning firm ness a Magness Taylo r press u re
ger was used o n a 20 fruit
tester wi th
i n ch plunger
Fi ve
sample se lected at r ando m fr o m each treat ment
apples fro m each o f fo ur 4 p o und bags made up t h e
sample fo r t h e prepack e d apples Pre ssure tests fo r
firmness were m ade o n t wo o ppo site sides o f each apple
e we
were determi n ed
gi vi ng 40 re a di ngs fr o m whi ch averages
ted o n the same 20 apples
p
G ro u nd co lo r was vi sual l y rated
en 4 yell o w or al l red) A
us i ng a 1 t o 4 sc al e (1 green
h o f t h e 20 apples was then
se gment o f each h al f o f each
er e d
cu t c o mbined gr o u nd fi l ttere
d and centrii fuged The
re sulti ng j uice was anald
fo r so l u ble sso h
li ddss tiitratable
aci dity and pH
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D D IS C U SSION
R E SU L T S A N D
F
rui
t F i r m n ess
l l y h arve sted apples
The i ni tial fir m ness o f c o m
mmerc
m er ci a
ally
di ffere d appreciably amo ng the three o rchards sampled
ath aann apple s was 1 6 8 1 7 3
Ini tial fir m ness o f the J o nath
and
po unds fo r o rchards A B and C re spe ct i vely
Ini t i al fi rmness o f the Deli ci o us apple s var i e d even m o re
and
po un ds fo r o rchar ds A B
an d was
and C re specti vely Fi rm n ess at harvest i s an i mp o rtant
fact o r related t o the st o rage po tential o f apple s
Fr ui t firm ness for the prepack age d an d bulk s t ored
apple s after 1 2 and 3 m o nth s st o rage at 3 2 an d 40
F i s sho wn i n table 2 As expected appl e s s o ft ene d
much faster at 40 than at 3 2 in mo st instance s Thi s
was true fo r b o th prepackaged an d b ulk apples A fter 3
°
mo nths st o rage at 3 2 the J on athan apple s ave rag e d
and
p o un ds firmer fo r prepackaged an d b u lk apples
respe cti vely than fo r si mi l arly package d apples sto red at
Si m i lar difference s in favo r o f 3 2 st o rage were
fo und w i th the D elic i o us var iety In 1 5 o f 1 8 c o m p ar i
so ns the mean firm n ess o i th e bulk D elici o us appl e s was
sli ghtly hi gher t han firmne ss o f t h e prepackaged apple s
The bulk J onathan apples averag e d
p o u nd fir m e r
t han the prep ackaged apples The bulk Delici o us appl e s
averaged
po und firmer than th e prepack age d apples
af ter sto rage (table
These sli ght di fferences i n
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Tab l e 2 F ir m n e s s o f pr epack aged an d bul k J o n ath an
.
—
an d
D el icious appl e s aft er sto rage at
°
32
an d
I
0
40 P
.
Fi r m n e ss with M ag n es s T ay l or pr e ssur e te ster
'ar i ety
t
ge per io d
an d s o r a
or
P oun d s
J o n ath an
(after stor age ) :
1 m o n th 3 2 F
2 m o n th s 3 2 F
3 m o n th s 3 2 F
ch ar d
Poun d s Po un d s
P o un d s
0
.
o
0
.
°
1 m o n th 4 0 F .
0
2 m o n th s 4 0 F
°
3 m o n th s 40 F
J o n athan
(after st or age p l u s 7 d ay s at
1 m on th 3 2 F
2 m on th s 3 2 F
3 m on th s 3 2 F
°
70
o
0
°
1 m o n th 4 0 F
°
2 m o n th s 4 0 F
°
3 m o n th s 4 0 F
.
.
D el i cio us
(after s tor age) :
1 m o n th 3 2 F
2 m o n th s 3 2 F
°
3 m o n th s 3 2 F
0
O
.
°
1 m o n th 40 F
0
2 m on th s 4 0 F
°
3 m on th s 40 F
.
D el i cio u s
(after sto r age p l us 7 d ay s at
o a th 3 2 F
o n t h s 32 F
on t h s 3 2 F
o
70
°
.
0
°
40 F
0
o n t h s 40 F
0
o n t h s 40 F
on t h
.
1
at
F ir m n e ss at h ar ve st f o r Jo n ath an app l e s fr o m
h ar ve st fo r D el icio us appl e s fr o m or char d s A B
,
,
or
ch ar d s A B
an d
,
C
,
was
,
an d
C , was
an d
p oun d s r e spe ct ivel y F ir mn e ss
po un d s r e spe cti vel y
an
,
d
,
.
.
Tabl e
3
.
—
W eight l o ss o f
pr epack aged an d bul k J on ath an
an d
D el icio u s appl e s af ter stor age at
W ei gh t l o s se s
'ar iety
t
°
32
an d
°
40
F
.
ppl e s
of a
ge per io d
an d s o r a
or
ch ar d
Per cen t Per cen t P er cen t
J on ath an
(after stor age ) :
1 m on th 3 2 F
2 m o n th s 3 2 F
3 m on th s 3 2 F
0
.
0
0
:
1 m o n th 40 F
2 m o n th s 4 0 F
0
3 m o n th s 40 F
.
.
.
.
.
Jon athan
(after sto r age pl u s 7 d ay s at
1 m o n th 32 F
2 m o n th s 32 F
3 m o n th s 3 2 F
0
70
.
0
0
°
1 m o n th 40 F
0
2 m o n th s 40 F
°
3 m on th s 40 F .
.
.
D el iciou s
(after sto r age) :
1 m o n th 3 2 F
2 m o n th s 3 2 F
3 m o n th s 32 F
0
.
0
0
°
1 m on th 40 F
0
2 m o n th s 4 0
0
3 m o n th s 40
(after
t
ge
s or a
s
2 m o n th s
3 m o n th s
:
1 m o n th 40
2 m o n th s 40
0
3 m o n th s 40
.
7
d ays at
°
70
P er ce n t
Fi gu r e 2 W eigh t l o ss e s o f p r ep ack aged an d bul k J on ath an an d R ed D el icio us
app l e s after st or age f o r 1 2 an d 3 m o n t h s at 32 F
an d after an addi t i o n al 7
day s at
.
-
°
,
F
rui
t
.
,
Sh r i vel l i n g
n egl i
g bl e
,
'
hr i velli ng fr o m mo i sture l o ss after 1 2 o r 3
mo nths sto rage at 3 2 F or at
After 3 m o nths
st orag e at 3 2 plus 7 days at
there was sti ll n o
visible S hr i velli ng i n the prepackage d Deli ci o us apples
and an average o f o nly
percent S hr i v e lli ng in t h e
°
prepackaged J o nathan appl e s sto red at 3 2 (table
S
,
°
’
’
.
In gener al S hr i ve l ling was n o t a pro ble m with
prepackaged apples o f e i ther var i ety du ri ng 3 mo nths
°
°
st orage at 3 2 o r 40 F J o nathan and Deli ci o us apple s
prepackaged i n 4 p o und p o lye thylene bags sho we d
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°
,
Tabl e 4
.
-
S h r ivell
in g o f pr epack aged an d b u l k J o n ath an
an d
D el i cio us appl e s after sto r age at
S h r ivel l ed
'ar i ety
t
a
°
32
an d
40 F
or
ch ar d
ge per i o d
an d s o r a
0
.
ppl e s
P er cen t P er cen t
Jon at h an
after s tor age) :
1 m o n th 3 2 F
2 m on th s 32 F
3 m o n th s 32 F
°
P er cen t P er cen t
0
.
0
.
0
°
1 m on th 4 0 F
0
2 m o n th s 4 0 F
0
3 m on th s 4 0 F
0
.
Jo n ath an
after st or age p l u s 7 d ay s at
1 m o n th 3 2 F
2 m o n th s 3 2 F
3 m o n th s 3 2 F
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.
8
0
.
8
0
70
O
.
0
0
°
1 m o n th 4 0 F
0
2 m o n th s 4 0 F
0
3 m o n th s 4 0 F
.
D el i cio us
1 m on th
2 m o n th
0
3 m o n th s 3 2
0
0
0
O
1 m o n th 40 F
0
2 m o n th s 4 0 F
0
3 m o n th s 40 F
0
0
O
O
O
O
O
O
.
D el icio us
fter st or age pl us 7 d ay s at
1 m o n th 32 F
2 m o n th s 3 2 F
:
3 m o n th s 32 F
.
7
0
0
.
.
2
3
7
8
0
70
0
‘
2
5
7
7
O
F
°
.
O
0
0
O
O
0
0
0
o
.
6
.
6
°
1 m o n th 40 F
0
2 m o n ths 4 0 F
0
3 m o n ths 4 0 F
With
bulk st o re d apple s the J o n atha n var iety
shr ivelle d s oo ner than the De lic i o us var i ety an d had a
hi gher percentage o f shrivell e d fruit at all th e exam i na
ti o n peri o ds The J o n athan variety sh ri vell ed appreciably
duri n g 2 mo nths at ei ther 32 o r 40 F After 3 mo n th s
°
at 3 2 plus 7 days at
J o n athan apples fr o m the 3
-
,
.
°
°
.
0
0
0
rchards had an average o f 2 7 pe rcent shr iv elled fruit
Di fferences a m o ng o rch ards in e xt en t o f
(table
S hri vell i ng f o r J o n athan apples were c o n sid e rable Durin g
st o rage or ho ldin g fruit th at was fi r m est at harvest and
had the lo we st (greenest) gr o und c o lo r r at i ng shri v e l led
mo re than so fter fruit
o
.
,
-
.
G r o an d C ol o r R
-
°
°
a t i ng
either 3 2 o r 4 0 F If th e fi l m bags had been seal e d an d
n o t pe r fo r ated fruit ri pen in g mi ght have bee n retarded
by t h e m o dified atmo sphere resul t i ng fr o m respirati o n
Ho w e ver n on pe r fo rated co n sumer bags ar e n ot r eco m
men d e d e i th e r f o r st o rage o r market i ng o f apples
b e ca u se o f po ssible h ar mful effects on 'avo r and exten t
o f de cay
.
,
'is u al s u bjective ratin gs fo r gr o und c o lo r o f t h e t wo
varietie s after st o r ag e fo r vari o u s interv al s ar e gi ve n in
table 5 Th e r e were n o appreciable differen ce s in rate o f
ri penin g as indi cated by gr o und c o l o r be tween th e
prep ack aged an d bulk st o red apples du ri n g sto rage at
.
,
.
,
,
-
T abl e 5
.
—
G r o un d
co l o r
-
.
ti g o f pr epack aged an d bul k J on ath an
ra n
an
d
D el icious appl e s after stor age at
G r o un d-c o l or
32
°
°
an
d 40 P
I
.
ti g o f app l e s
ra n
or
ch ar d
Jon athan
(after s tor age) : 0
1 m o n th 3 2 F
2 m o n th s 3 2 F
3 m o n th s 3 2 F
0
.
0
°
1 m on th 40 F
0
2 m on th s 4 0 F
0
3 m on th s 40 F
.
J o n ath an
1 m on th
2 m o n th
°
3 m o n th s 3 2
d ay s at
F
°
70
.
°
1 m o n th 40 F
0
2 m o n th s 4 0 F
0
3 m o n th s 4 0 F
.
D el icious
(after st or age) :
1 m o n th 3 2 F
2 m on th s 3 2 F
3 m o n th s 3 2 F
0
o
.
0
.
°
1 m o n th 40 F
0
2 m o n th s 4 0 F
°
3 m on t h s 40 F
.
.
.
.
O
D el iciou s
(after sto r age p l us 7
m on th 3 2 F
°
m o n th s 3 2 F
m on th s 3 2 F
.
0
°
m on th 40 F
0
m on th s 4 0 F
0
m o n th s 4 0 F
.
ti gs at h ar ve st f or J o n athan appl e s fr o m o r char d s A B an d C
oo l or r at in g s at h ar ve s t f or D el icio u s app l e s fr o m or ch ar d s A B an d C wer e
car d s u sed 1 gr een an d 4 yel l o w (or al l r ed i f n o gr o u n d co l or i s sh o win g)
G r oun d-co l or
ra n
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
10
,
w er e
an
d
e specti vel y G r o un d
r e s pe ctivel y O n the 1 t o 4 r atin g
an d
r
.
.
D ecay
per ce nt decay during 2 m o n t hs s t o rage at
°
perce n t d u ri ng 3 mo nths There was n o
40
an d
i ndi cati o n fr o m the data that prepackaged apples
develo p mo re decay duri n g 1 t o 3 mo nths sto rage than
bulk apples Ho wever eve n sli ght de cay in prepackage d
apples mi ght affect sales and ne cessi tat e rep acki ng as
di scussed i n an o ther se ctio n
’
develo ped
.
D ecay was n o t a serio u s pro ble m with either vari e ty
°
when fr u i t was sto red at 3 2 F D e l i ci o us apples
develo ped sli ghtly less decay than J o nathan apples in
these sto rage tests (table
Bul k st o red J o nathan apples
’
.
.
-
T abl e 6
.
E
—
,
.
xten t o f d e cay i n pr epack aged an d bul k J on athan
an d
D el i cio us appl es after sto r age at
32
°
an d
°
40
F
.
D e cay o f appl e s
'ar i ety
t
ge per io d
an d s or a
or
ch ar d
P er c en t P er cen t
Jo n ath an
(after s to r age) :
1 m o n th 3 2 F
2 m o n th s 3 2 F
3 m o n th s 3 2 F
0
o
s
.
0
°
1 m o n th 40 F
0
2 m on th s 40 F
0
3 m o n th s 40 F
0
.
O
P er cen t P er cen t
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.
0
°
.
.
0
0
0
O
O
o
0
0
34
0
0
char d
Per cen t P er cen t
0
0
8
.
P er cen t
P er ce n t
0
0
0
.
O
.
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
O
O
0
Jon at h an
(after s tor age p l u s 7
1 m on th 3 2 F
2 m o n th s 32 F
0
3 m o n th s 3 2 F
1 m on th 40 F
0
2 m on th s 40 F
0
3 m o n th s 40 F
0
0
0
or
I
6
.
.
3
6
.
2
0
6
.
0
0
6
0
6
O
.
0
0
7
.
0
7
.
D el i cio us
1 m o n th
2 m on th
3 m on th
°
1 m o n th 40 F
2 m o n t h s 40 F
3 m o n th s 40 F
:
O
0
0
O
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
o
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
l 6
0
0
0
0
0
o
O
O
.
.
7
.
7
.
5
.
O
.
8
O
2
.
2
3
.
_
O
.
I
D el icious
(af ter storage p l u s 7 d ay s at
1 m o n th 32 F
O
2 m o n th s 32 F
0
3 m o n th s 32 F
°
70
.
0
.
°
1 m o n th 40 F
2 m o n ths 40 F
3 m o n th s 4 0 F
:
.
. .
0
.
5
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
6
0
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
O
O
t
.
O
6
I
n
t er n a l B
r ea k d o
bre akd o wn fo ll o wing st orage
was m ark e dl y differ e n t in di ffere n t l o ts o f apples as
mi ght be expe cted The J on athan apples fro m o rch ar d C
whi ch were the s o ftest at har v e st (1 5 po u n ds ) deve lo p e d
co nsiderably mo re in te rn al br e akdo wn than tho se fr o m
th e o t h e r t wo o rchar ds which were fi rmer apples at
ha r ve st
and
p o unds) J o nathan apples fr o m
o rch ard C st o re d i n p o lye t hylene bags h ad
per ce n t
in ternal break do wn afte r 3 m o n ths at 3 2 F an d
pe rce n t aft e r 3 m o n ths at
There was n o intern al
break do wn i n th e p r epackaged fr ui t fr o m the o th e r t wo
o rch ar ds after 3 mo nths s t o rage
The extent
wn
of
i n t e rn al
'
,
Internal br e akd o wn was n o t a pr o ble m with e i ther
prepackag e d o r bul k s t o r e d Red De li ci o us appl e s st o red
up t o 3 m o nths at 3 2 o r 40 F In c o ntr ast int e r n al
breakd o w n was a maj o r cause o f de t eri o rati o n fo r the
bu t
J o nathan appl e s particu larly f or tho s e s t o r e d at
it de v el o ped in b o th prep ackaged and bulk frui t (table
M o st o f th e intern al br e akd o wn devel o p e d durin g th e 7
°
day h o ldi ng p eri o d at 70 fo l l o wi ng st o rage D uring that
ho ldi ng p e ri o d m o re bre akd o wn d e vel o ped i n the p o ly
e t hylen e bagged J o n atha n apples than i n the b u l k st o red
apples
-
0
°
.
,
,
.
,
-
-
.
,
,
,
.
°
.
’
.
.
Tabl e 7
—
.
I n t em al
br e ak d o wn
of
pr epack age d an d bu l k J o n ath an
an d
De l icio us appl e s after sto r age at
I n ter n al
'ar i ety
an
d
t
br eak d o wn
32
th s
F
th s 3 2 F
°
1 m o n th 40 F
0
2 m o n th s 4 0 F
0
3 m on th s 40 F
.
d ay s at
70
0
°
1 m o n th 4 0 F
0
2 m on th s 4 0 F
0
3 m o n th s 4 0 F
.
D el i cio us
1 m on th
2 m o n th
3 m o n th
°
1 m on th 40 F
0
2 m o n th s 40 F
0
3 m on th s 4 0 F
.
D el i cio us
:
2 m o n th s 3 2 F
3 m on th s 3 2 F
°
1 m o n th 40 F
2 m o n th s 40 F
3 m o n th s 4 0 F
:
F
.
ppl e s
ge per io d
Jo n ath an
1 m o n th
2 m o n th
3 m on th
40
s ora
P er c en t
Jo n ath an
an d
°
of a
or
mon
3 m on
°
.
12
ch ar d
P er cen t
P er cen t P er cen t
di fferen ce s in th e se an alyse s betwe e n the J on athan an d
D elici o u s var ietie s l e ngth o f st o r age did n o t m ater i a l ly
af fect the s o l u ble s o li ds o r p H o f t h e j u ice but th e acid
co n t e nt decreas e d d u ri ng st o rage The acid co nt e nt
app e ar e d t o be related t o fruit firmness As st ored fru i t
ri pens an d firmness declines the acidity als o d e cl i ne s
.
.
.
T abl e
10
S o l ubl
—
.
e sol id s tit r atabl e aci di ty
,
,
uice o fop r ep ack gged an d bul k J on ath an
'
1
after s to r age at 3 2 an d 40 F
an d
pH
of
.
Jo n ath an
af ter st o r age) :
m o n th 3 2
P er cen t
o
n th s
3 m o n th s
F
o
32
0
32
P e r c en t
P er ce n t
.
F
F
°
1 m o n th 40 F
0
2 m o n th s 4 0 F
0
3 m o n th s 4 0 F
.
J o n ath an
1 m o n th
2 m o n th
0
3 m o n th s 3 2
d ay s at
70
0
.
58
F
°
1 m o n th 40 F
0
2 m o n th s 4 0 F
0
3 m o n th s 4 0 F
13 O
.
52
.
D el icio us
1 m o n th
2 m o n th
0
3 m o n th s 3 2
F
°
1 m o n th 4 0 F
0
2 m o n th s 4 0 F
0
3 m o n th s 40 F
.
.
D el icio us
1
0
2 m o n th s 3 2
0
3 m o n th s 3 2
F
F
°
1 m o n th 40 F
0
2 m o n th s 4 0 F
0
3 m o n th s 4 0 F
.
D at a ar e m ean s fr o m 3 o r ch ar d s
Titr atabl e aci dity cal cul ated as m al i c aci d
.
2
R
ep a c ki n g
.
,
,
.
A f t er St o r ag e
The e xten t o f deterio rati o n o f prepackaged apple s is a
maj o r co nsi derat i o n determinin g c o mm ercial practic ali ty
o f packag i n g b e fo re st o rag e If apples i n the tran sparent
bags sho w sp o i lage rep acki ng o r price markdo wn wo u ld
be n e ce s sary f or ma rket i ng A fresh appearing pack
co nt ai nin g go o d quali t y fruit is essenti al for co n t inu e d
sales
.
,
-
.
-
.
14
66
an d
D el i cious appl e s
(6) Hardenburg R
mo re apples with dec ay o r intern al breakdo wn after 1 2
and 3 mo nths st o rage and w o uld require repacki ng The
dat a sugg est that b o th J on ath ann an d D e l ii cciio u
uss apples
with qu ali tie s e quivalent t o th
ho se u sed i n the s e tests
co uld be prep ackage d in bags at harvest and st o red for 2
mo n ths at 3 2 F in co rr u gated shipping
ping carto ns witho ut
any re packi ng pr o blem H ow e ver 1iff 8st o redd ffo r 3 m o nth s
3 3 percent o f t h e bags o ff J o n athan apples an d 8
at
pe rc e nt o f th e b ags o f De li ci o uuss apples m iight
g require
repacki ng St o rage at 40 in cr e ased
ed sp o ilage and thus
w o uld incr e as e the repacki n g prr o bl
blem
em
,
,
,
’
1 9 54
.
'
(8 )
°
.
.
T abl e
11
P er cen tage o f b ags r eqp ii r i n gg r ep acki n g
after s t o r age
—
.
P er cen t
40
o
0
8
F
M
on e or
ean
0
8
33
42
(1 1 )
D el i ci u s :
g
32 F
0
40 F
1
(1 0)
P er cen t P er cen t
0
0
0
17
8
17
th r ee o r ch ar d s P er ce n tage o f bags co n taiain ii n g
m or e appl e s wi th decay or in te
r n al br e ak d o wn
em
of
.
.
(1 2)
L IT E R A T
1)
C arlsen
,
1 9 51
E
.
U R E C IT E D
W and St o kes D R
.
,
.
,
(1 3)
.
Pr e packaging apples at po i nt o f pr o d u c
tio n U S De pt A gr Info rm Bul 29 52
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
PD
(2 )
1 9 63
S o me e ffe cts
of
pa ckagi ng and mer
ch an di si n g o n the qual i ty o f M cI n t o sh
apple s i n N ew Y o rk C i ty U S D ept
Agr A gr M arket Serv AM S 4 9 4 9 pp
.
.
.
.
1 9 62
.
,
Q u ali ty
.
.
of
N ew Y
in
.
,
.
,
prepackaged M cI n t o sh apples
o rk
City ret ai l st o res U S
A gr Market Serv AM S 4 61
.
,
.
.
.
-
,
(1 5)
.
.
D ept A gr
1 2 pp
(4) Do min i ck B A
1 9 53 Merch andis i ng M cI n t o sh apples i n reta i l
sto res N Y (C o rnell) A gr E xpt Sta
B 11 1 8 9 5 2 2 pp
(5) F o u n t ai n I B
1 9 62 Prepackagi n g medium s i 'e apples i n
shri nkable films at stri ppi ng p o int U S
De pt A gr Market Re s Rpt 534 28 pp
.
(1 4)
.
-
,
(1 6)
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
(1 7)
.
-
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
ve n tilate packaged pro duce Pre
P ack Age
14 1 7
.
-
.
.
,
E
H ow t o
-
°
.
.
.
.
.
15
(1 8)
T
o rnk i n s ,
1 9 62
.
R
.
G
(1 9 ) Uni t ed S t ates Agri cul t ur al Rese arch Service
1 9 65 A r e view o f li t e rature o n h arvest i ng
h an dlin g s t o rag e an d tra n s po rtatio n o f
apples U S Dept A gr Agr
S e rv
ARS 5 1 4 2 1 5 pp
.
.
The c o nditi o n s pr o du c e d i n fi l m pack
ages by fr esh frui t s and ve getabl e s an d
the effec t o f t h e s e c o ndi tio ns o n st o r ag e
life J o u r A ppl B act
29 0 3 07
.
,
.
di scuss e d
here h ave been
fo r
.
.
,
publi catio n r e po rts re se arch
co ntai n rec o mmen d ati o ns
.
-
.
.
.
.
.
-
.
,
i n vo lving
thei r use
r e g s t er ed
’
.
,
n or
All
pesticides It do e s
.
d o es
use s
i t i mply t hat
of
pesticides
n ot
the use s
m us t
be
re gi stered by appr o pr iat e State an d'
o r Fe der al age n ci es be fo re they can
be re co mm en ded
.
C AUTI O N : Pe sticides can be i n j u ri o us t o h u m ans do m e sti c
ani m al s desir able plants and fish o r o th e r w i l d li fe i f they are n o t
handled or appli e d pro pe rly Use al l pesticides selectively and car efu lly
Fo ll o w rec omm e n d e d practices fo r the di sp o sal o f surplus pes tici des
and pesticide c o ntai n ers
,
—
,
,
.
.
.
16
,
.
.
,
UN I T E D
Ag r
STATE S
i
cu
Hya t t
l t
sv
DE P A R T M E N T
u r a
i l l
e
l
R
,
Ma r y l
e s ear c
an
OF
AG R I C U L T U R E
h Se r v i
d
ce
2 07 82
P O S T A G E 8n F E E S P A I D
Of f i
ci a
l
Bu s i
U n i t e d S t at e s 0 ” ar m
nes s
t
I A en c u l mr e