Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Journal of Materials Chemistry A.
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016
Support Information
Ultrasoft Gelatin Aerogels for Oil Contaminant
Removal
Juan Wang, Dan Zhao, Ke Shang, Yu-Tao Wang, Dan-Dan Ye, A-Hui Kang, Wang Liao,*
and Yu-Zhong Wang*
Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, National Engineering Laboratory of
Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering,
College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China. *E-mail: [email protected] (Y.-Z.
Wang); [email protected] (W. Liao).
Fig. S1 SEM photographs of the MTCS-cGels: (a) surface (up) and its zoom-in (down); (b) cryo-fractured surface
(up) and its zoom-in (down).
1
Fig. S2 EDX spectra of the MTCS-cGel aerogel: cryo-fractured surfaces (a) and outer surface (b).
2
Table S1. The comparison of oil absorbent materials demonstrated in recent years.
Absorbent
Production
Absorption
Reusability
Renewability
Biodegradability
Ref
Material
Process
Capacity (g/g)
and Method
PS/PU Fibers
1. Dissolving PS and diluting PU
Motor oil~64
Squeezing:
N
N
20
N
N
17
None
N
N
18
Chloroform~163
Squeezing:
N
N
42
Toluene~96.2
Diesel~93.4
N
N
23
Y
Y
33
resin
Motor
2. Electrospinning
oil~60% after
5 cycles
TiO2-coated
PU Sponge
1.Initial PU sponge soaking in TiO2
sol
2.Centrifugation and drying
Motor oil~105
Squeezing:
Gasoline~103
Motor
~75%
Diesel~87.4
oil
after
12 cycles
Crude oil~114.9
Hydrophobic
PU Sponge
1.PU sponges were ultrasonically
cleaned in acetone and ethanol
2.Immersing
PU
sponge
Crude oil~24
Gasoline~16
in
MTCS/hexane solution and drying
Silanized
Melamine
Sponges
1. Silanization of commercial
melamine sponge by immersing in
a octadecyltrichlorosilane/toluene
solution
% after 100
Diesel~93.6
cycles
2. Fresh toluene washing by
sorption−squeezing process and
drying
Superhydropho
1.Depositing of a thin layer of
bic
polydopamine (PDA) films on MF
MF Sponge
sponge
2.Immersion of the PDA-coated
MF sponge into an
Chloroform~195
Squeezing:
n-hexane~79
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexane~94
~91%
after
100 cycles
Pump oil~90
(1H,1H,2H,2Hperfluorodecanethiol)/ethanolic
solution
Bacterial
1.Bacterial Cellulose
Gasoline~95
Cellulose
2.Freeze-drying
Paraffin oil~95
Aerogels
3.Hydrophobic
modification
in
Compression
-rinsingfreeze drying
Chloroform~180
3
Diesel~100%
MTCS/CH2Cl2
after
10
cycles
Nanofibrillated
1. Homogenized with an inline
Cellulose
Ultra-Turrax system
Aerogel
2. Fibrillation
Dodecane~55
Rinsing-
Chloroform~100
Y
34
Y
Y
32
freeze drying
Dodecane~9
Silicon oil~70
3. Centrifugation
Y
0% after 10
Motor oil~50
cycles
Chloroform~40
Drying:
Paraffin oil~27
Toluen~100
4. Silylated NFC by mixing NFC and
polysiloxane sol ( MTMS)
5.Freeze-drying
Nanocellulose
Aerogels
1.
Hardwood
mechanically
kraft
pulp
homogenized
to
form Nanocellulose hydrogel
% after 10
Octane~22
2. Freeze-drying
cycles
3. Coated with TiO2 using atomic
layer deposition
Nanofibrillated
Cellulose
Aerogel
1.Chemical treatments
Oil~52
None
Y
Y
36
Chloroform~356
Distillation:
Y
Y
35
Decane~219
Toluen~48%,
Pump oil~230
Octane~61%
Y
Y
37
2.High-intensity ultrasonication
3.Freeze-drying
4. Hydrophobic coating by MTCS
(CVD)
Cellulose
Nanofibril
Aerogels
1. Cellulose isolated from rice
straw
2. TEMPO oxidation
3. Defibrillation
,
Cyclohexane
4. Freeze-drying
5.
~57%,
Hydrophobic
coating
by
after 6 cycles
triethoxyl(octyl) silane (CVD)
Microfibrillated
1.
Cellulose
cellulose fibers by deflaker
Fibers
2. Microfibrillation of cellulose
Aerogel
Separation
into
individual
fibers
pump oil~197,
Squeezing”
motor oil~198
Pump
silicone oil~228
3. Freeze-drying
4. Hydrophobic coating by MTMS
4
oil
61% after 30
cycles
(CVD)
PVA/CNF
1. TEMPO-oxidation
Gasoline~45
Aerogel
2. Refining in a disk refiner and
Crude oil~64
centrifugation
None
Y
Y
31
Rinsing-
Y
Y
38
N
N
24
N
N
6
Chloroform~95
3. Microfluidization
4.
Preparation
of
crosslinked
PVA/CNF aerogels
5. Freeze-drying
6. Hydrophobic coating by MTCS
(CVD)
Chitin
Aerogel
1. Dissolving chitin in NaOH/urea
aqueous by
using freezing/thawing cycles
Gasoline~30
Chloroform~58
Pump oil~37
vacuum
drying
Toluene~93
2. Cross-linking by epichlorohydrin
% after 10
cycles
3. Freeze-drying
4. Hydrophobic coating by MTCS
(CVD)
Carbon
Soot
Sponge
1. Synthesis of carbon soot (CS)
combustion flame process
2. Preparation of CS-sponge by
dip-coating of melamine
sponge in the CS dispersion
Toluene~50
Rinsingdrying:
Crude oil~30
Used pump oil~34
Pump
oil~94% after
10
Pump oil~36
~87%
cycles,
after
20 cycles;
Squeezing:
Pump
oil~37% after
2
cycles,
~28% after 4
cycles.
Nitrogen-Rich
1. Preparation of Lignin Particles
Chloroform~12.5
Distillation:
Carbon
2. MF Prepolymer Monomers (pre-
Gasoline~7
n-
Aerogels
MF)
hexane~100
Pump oil~7.5
% after 100
3. Porous PMF aerogels
cycles;
5
4. NRC Aerogels by complete
Combustion:
pyrolysis
nhexadecane
~65%
after
100 cycles.
BC/rGO
Aerogels
1. biosynthesis bacterial cellulose
(BC)
2.
DMF~136
None
N
N
30
Gasoline~180
Combustion:
Y
N
7
Chloroform~285
Gasolin~59%
None
N
N
27
Heat
N
N
5
Cyclohexane~150
Fibrillation
of
BC
and
ultrosonication
3. Synthesis of GO
4.mixing BC suspension with GO
suspension and ultrosonication,
freeze-drying
4. reducing at 200 °C under a H2
stream
Carbon
Nanofiber
Aerogels
1. purified BC pellicles were rinsed
and freeze-drying
2. pyrolysis at 700–1300oC under
after
argon atmosphere
cycles;
from BC
5
Distillation:
1octane~100
%
after
5
cycles;
Graphenebased
Aerogels
1. Preparation of GO
Pump oil~31
2. Preparation of Cu nanoparticles
Diesel oil~34
3. graphene-based hydrogels
4. freeze-drying
Spongy
1. Preparation of GO
Chloroform~85
Graphene
2. hydrothermal treatment of
Kerosene~45
colloidal GO dispersion to prepare
graphene gel
treatment:
Toluene~98
Pump oil~77
% after
10
cycles;
3. freeze-drying
Dodecane~9
6
3% after 10
cycles.
Graphene-
1.
hydrophobic
based Sponges
nanosheets were
obtained
by
graphene
exfoliation
of
expanded graphite
2. commercial sponge was cleaned
ultrasonically with acetone and
Chloroform~165
Squeezing:
N
N
28
Hexane~54
Motor
N
N
N
29
Diesel oil~112
Burning:
N
N
8
Octane~108
Diesel
N
N
4
oil~30% after
Pump oil~92
2 cycles
Used pump oil~87
Motor oil~92
distilled water successively and
dried
3. dipping into a dispersion of
graphene nanosheets in ethanol
Nitrogen-Doped
1.oxidation of the natural graphite
Graphene
powder
Framework
Hummers method
using
a
modified
2. preparation of ultralight N-
Cyclohexane~320
Chloroform~500
Gasoline~280
doped Graphene gel in autoclave
3. freeze-dried graphene gel
4. heating at 1050 oC for 3h under
Ar atmosphere
CNT Sponge
1. The CNT sponges were prepared
by chemical vapor deposition
(CVD)
oil~36% after
10 cycles;
Squeezing:
Diesel
oil~18% after
10 cycles.
3D
1.growing graphene on nickel (Ni)
Graphene/CNT
foam
Hybrid Foam
Chloroform~105
Rinsingdrying:
Toluen~125
2. the graphene–Ni substrate is
Toluen~82%
immersed into
after
polyethylene
glycol/ethanol solution Ni(NO3)2
cycles.
and dried
7
6
3. CNTs are CVD-grown at 750 1C
4. Ni foam was etched away to
obtain 3D graphene-CNT hybrid
foam
Hydrophobic
1.Gelatin
cGel aerogel
formaldehyde
crosslinked
by
2.Freeze drying
3. Hydrophobic coating by MTCS
(CVD)
Crude oil~70
Compression
:
Gasoline~81
Y
Y
Our
wor
k
Keresene~83
83%
Silicon oil~118
after
Compression
in kerosene
Pump oil~119
Waste pump oil~105
Paraffin oil~92
Toluene~107
Chloroform~123
8
for
times
5000