Developed in Consultation
with Virginia Educators
Table of Contents
Letter to the Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
English Standards of Learning Correlation Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Chapter 1 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Lesson 1
Word Origins and Derivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Standards of Learning
7.4.a
Lesson 2
Roots and Affixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7.4.b
Lesson 3
Synonyms and Antonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
7.4.b
Lesson 4
Multiple-Meaning Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7.4.e
Lesson 5
Denotation and Connotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
7.4.d
Lesson 6
General and Specialized Vocabulary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
7.4.f
Chapter 1 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Chapter 2 Reading Strategies and Comprehension . . . . . . . . 53
Lesson 7
Main Idea and Supporting Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
7.5.h, 7.5.i, 7.5.l, 7.6.h. 7.6.i, 7.6.l
Lesson 8
Organizational Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
7.5.j, 7.5.k, 7.6.c, 7.6.j
Lesson 9
Fact and Opinion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
7.6.e
Lesson 10
Predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7.5.e
Lesson 11
Make Inferences and Draw Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . 78
7.5.f, 7.5.g, 7.6.a, 7.6.d
Lesson 12
Text Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
7.6.b
Lesson 13
Source, Viewpoint, and Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
7.6.f, 7.6.g
Chapter 3 Literary Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Lesson 14
Character and Plot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
7.5.a
Lesson 15
Setting and Theme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
7.5.a
Lesson 16
Word Choice, Imagery, and Figurative Language . . . 116
7.4.c, 7.5.d
Lesson 17
Compare and Contrast Genres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
7.5.b, 7.5.c
Chapter 3 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
4
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Chapter 2 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Chapter 4 Writing and Researching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Lesson 18
Writing a Narrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Standards of Learning
7.7.a–i, 7.7.k
Lesson 19
Writing an Informational Text. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
7.7.a–i, 7.7.k
Lesson 20
Writing a Persuasive Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
7.7.a–i, 7.7.k
Lesson 21
Revising Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
7.7.j
Lesson 22
Researching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
7.6.k, 7.9.a–e
Chapter 4 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Chapter 5 Editing and Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Lesson 23
Spelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
7.8.h
Lesson 24
Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
7.8.c, 7.8.d
Lesson 25
Verb Tense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
7.8.e
Lesson 26
Point of View and Dialogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
7.8.e, 7.8.g
Lesson 27
Parts of Speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
7.8.b, 7.8.f
Lesson 28
Sentence Diagrams and Paragraph Structure. . . . . . 208
7.8.a
Chapter 5 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Mechanics Toolbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
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1
Word Origins and Derivations
7.4.a
Getting the Idea
The English language has thousands of words, most of which come from other
languages. Understanding word origin, or the history of a word, can help you
determine the meaning of an unfamiliar word as you read.
A derivation is the origin (or source) of a word. In English, most words are
derived from words in other languages. For example:
The word umbrella is an English word derived from the Italian
word ombrella. The Italian word ombrella is derived from the
Latin word umbra, meaning “shade.”
Knowing that the Latin word umbra means “shade” helps you understand the
meaning of umbrella, since an umbrella can shade you from the sun. Words that
come from other words often share similar spelling patterns and sounds with
their words of origin (such as umbrella, ombrella, and umbra).
The word origins chart below lists the source of some words from other
languages and their English derivatives.
Word
Origin
acomplir
décider
French
French
brezel
German
kosmos
Greek
aqua
rancho
Latin
Spanish
Meaning
finish, complete
put an end to, bring to a
conclusion
crispy and salty or soft and
chewy snack
universe, order, jewel
English
Derivative(s)
accomplish
decide
pretzel
cosmology,
cosmetics
water
aquarium
small community or dwelling ranch
In addition, some words in the English language are not derived from words in
other languages. Instead, these words are borrowed from other languages and
used in the exact same form.
10 • Chapter 1: Vocabulary
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Word Origins and Their English Derivatives
Lesson 1: Word Origins and Derivations
The chart below lists some examples of English words borrowed from other languages.
These words have been adopted into English.
Origin
French
Borrowed Words
beret, croissant, garage, café, barrette
German
Italian
Spanish
angst, kindergarten, strudel
confetti, opera, piano, spaghetti
armadillo, plaza, corral, rodeo
Understanding word origins and derivations can help you determine the meaning of a word.
As you read, check to see if unfamiliar words have a spelling pattern and sound that are
similar to words you already know.
Thinking It Through
Read the following paragraph, and then answer the question that follows.
It is important to show good
manners when meeting someone for
the first time. Proper etiquette includes
looking directly at the person’s eyes,
smiling, and offering your hand. While
shaking the person’s hand, you should
introduce yourself and say hello.
Remember to be friendly and polite.
In what country did the word etiquette
MOST LIKELY originate? Use the chart of
borrowed words to explain your answer.
Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law.
HINT
Check the chart for a word that has a spelling pattern and ending sound similar to etiquette.
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Coached Example
Read the passage and answer the questions.
Travis stared blankly at the large television screen
in the front of the classroom. He had heard his science
teacher mention “an exciting film about cosmology,” but
then he had glanced down at his watch, and the whole
world seemed to drift away.
One more hour—that’s all he had left before finding
out if he had been chosen. Just one more hour before
learning if all those weeks of rehearsing had paid off, and
he would finally become a star! How wonderful it would
be to accomplish such a goal!
With a loud SNAP, Travis realized that he had split his pencil in two from
gripping it so hard. The girl sitting next to him giggled, and the teacher raised an
eyebrow across the room.
Sighing, Travis tried to return his attention to the television screen. He would
have to wait one very long hour before learning if he had the lead in the new
school play. He might as well get comfortable in the meantime.
The word cosmology is a derivative of
the Greek word kosmos. Cosmology is
MOST LIKELY the study of
A. the universe.
B. planet Earth.
C. people.
D. animals.
2.
What is the origin of the word
accomplish?
A. the Latin word aqua
B. the German word angst
C. the English word accomplishment
D. the French word acomplir
HINT
HINT
What does the word origins chart tell you
about the Greek word kosmos?
12 • Chapter 1: Vocabulary
Use the word origins chart in the lesson.
Define accomplish.
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1.
Lesson 1: Word Origins and Derivations
Lesson Practice
Use the Reading Guide to help you understand the passage.
The Norfolk Harborfest
Reading Guide
The word annual comes
from a Latin word that
means “one year old.”
How does this help you
understand what annual
means?
In paragraph 3, the word
heritage is borrowed from
French. Although the word
is pronounced slightly
differently in French, it is
spelled the same.
Which word in paragraph 4
is likely derived from the
Greek word technologia?
Explain your choice.
Remember that a derivative
has a spelling pattern
similar to the word it came
from. It may also sound like
the original word. As you
read, use this information to
help you make connections
between words and identify
word meanings.
The Norfolk Harborfest is a popular annual event for people
who live in Norfolk, Virginia. It began more than twenty-five
years ago when a Norwegian tall ship came to call on the city
but could not find a dock large enough to hold it. As a result,
the ship had to travel outside city limits. The people of Norfolk
wanted large ships to be able to visit their port. So, in a decisive
response to this problem, Norfolk expanded its dockside area. The
city also developed a waterfront public park. Today, almost half a
million people come to the water’s edge each year to celebrate this
city’s connection to the sea.
What to See
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The Norfolk Harborfest is held in late spring or early
summer, and the events usually take place over an extended
weekend. Although the festival stretches over three or four days,
it can still seem as if there is not enough time to see everything!
As you would expect, a nautical theme surrounds the
Harborfest. Norfolk is home to the world’s largest naval station,
where it holds an armada of U.S. navy ships. Perhaps that is why
the people of Norfolk are so proud of their nautical heritage.
Ships from around the world come to visit the port during
the festival. They range from tall ships and schooners to classic
wooden boats and yachts. The ships are an amazing sight to see as
they enter the harbor in the Parade of Sail.
Everyone comes to see these beautiful ships on display. Some
ships look as if they sailed right out of a history book, while
others display the latest modern technology. Tours are offered on
many of the ships, but visitors must wear shoes with rubber soles
for their own safety.
After touring the ships, you might want to see how a ship is
made. Engineers work hard all weekend to build the best boat
possible in the Build-a-Boat Contest. At the end of the weekend,
they test their ships in the Build-a-Boat Race. Visitors stop by to
pick their favorite ship early in the weekend, and then cheer on
their team at the end of the Harborfest!
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In paragraph 6, the word
vintage is derived from
the French word vendage.
What does vintage have
in common with another
French word from
paragraph 3?
What to Do
In addition to all the sights at the Harborfest, there are a
number of aquatic activities. Visitors can enter the Lazy Lizzy
Boat Race, in which they make their own boat and paddle, push,
or drift the boat down the Elizabeth River to the finish line.
Are you bringing little kids along for the fun? There’s a lot
for them to do, too. Between parades, arts and crafts, cooking
classes, and a very special pirate school, small kids will feel as if
the festival was created just for them.
Parents and teens won’t feel as if they have to compromise on
fun for the little ones. T-shirts and other Harborfest souvenirs are
available at the festival’s gift shop. There are also more than fifty
food and beverage shops to choose from. You can take your pick
of the freshest seafood or the tastiest burgers and fries.
With all there is to see and do at the Norfolk Harborfest, it’s
no wonder that the event is a hit every year. Thousands of people
come to see the amazing ships, but they stay to take part in all
the exciting activities the festival has to offer. Visitors can always
expect maximum fun in the short time they spend there, so be
sure to stop by the next time the festival comes to Norfolk!
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The word souvenir means
“recall” or “memory.”
Use this information to
help you determine the
meaning of souvenir in
paragraph 9.
But there is more to the festival than just boats. If you like
music, stop by the harbor’s many stages for a variety of music and
dance that is sure to please. Also, check out the weekend schedule
for an air show with vintage airplanes. There is also a sparkling
evening fireworks display.
14 • Chapter 1: Vocabulary
Lesson 1: Word Origins and Derivations
Answer the following questions.
1.
Based on the word origins chart,
decisive in paragraph 1 MOST LIKELY
originated in
3.
A. aquarium
A. Germany.
B. aquamarine
B. Italy.
C. aquaplane
C. France.
D. aqua
D. Spain.
2.
4.
In paragraph 3, the word armada is
probably derived from Spanish because
it sounds like which other word from
Spain?
A. opera
B. aquamarine
C. armadillo
D. rancho
5.
What is the MOST LIKELY origin of
the word aquatic in paragraph 7?
The word compromise comes from the
French word compromis, which means “a
promise with another.” What does the
word compromise mean in paragraph 9?
A. to break a promise
B. to settle differences
C. to have a problem
D. to overhear a secret
The word maximum is derived from the Latin word maximus, meaning “big” or “great.”
What does maximum MOST LIKELY mean in the last paragraph of this passage? Explain
your answer.
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