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Table 1: Explanatory Power of Various Fixed Effects Models
2
R from FE Regressions
All
Education
All
Wealth
Movers
Education
Movers
Wealth
Country FE
Homeland FE
Ethnicity FE
Country-Ethnicity FE
Country-Homeland FE
0.159
0.293
0.265
0.282
0.303
0.013
0.233
0.142
0.164
0.249
0.147
0.292
0.258
0.283
0.306
0.035
0.298
0.188
0.215
0.320
Country-Homeland FE &
Country-Ethnicity FE
0.325
0.283
0.338
0.362
Observations
285,218
269,992
154725
146,158
Ethnicity: ethnic identity of the respondent as matched to Murdock's (1967) classification
Ethnic Homeland: current ethnic location of each respondent based on Murdock's 1959 location of groups
Table 2. Benchmark - DHS Regressions within Ethnic Homelands
1
2
3
4
VARIABLES
Education Education Education Education
agriculture
gather/hunt/fish
Observations
2
6
Wealth
7
Wealth
8
Wealth
0.2337***
(0.0432)
0.2095***
(0.0547)
0.1498***
(0.0259)
0.1026***
(0.0214)
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
0.1034***
(0.0212)
0.0918***
(0.0200)
0.9199***
(0.0357)
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
285,155
285,155
285,155
285,155
269,929
269,929
269,929
269,929
urban
Simple Controls
Country FE
Country-Ethnic
Homeland FE
Occupation FE
5
Wealth
0.1011*** 0.2271*** 0.1808*** 0.0980*** 0.0984***
(0.0191) (0.0459) (0.0338)
(0.0230)
(0.0228)
0.0911*** 0.1585*** 0.0655*** 0.0470*** 0.0512***
(0.0185) (0.0495) (0.0250)
(0.0159)
(0.0156)
0.7079***
1.6290*** 1.4284***
(0.0292)
(0.0474)
(0.0486)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
0.239
0.350
0.418
0.493
0.056
0.266
0.488
0.515
R
Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the ethnicity level; simple controls include age, age squared, a female
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table 3 - Panel A. Benchmark: DHS Regressions within Villages/Towns
VARIABLES
agriculture
gather/hunt/fish
urban
Simple Controls
1
2
3
Education Education Education
4
Wealth
5
Wealth
6
Wealth
0.1034*** 0.0731*** 0.0694*** 0.0980*** 0.0394*** 0.0384***
(0.0212)
(0.0147)
(0.0128)
(0.0230)
(0.0073)
(0.0071)
0.0918*** 0.0708*** 0.0681*** 0.0470*** 0.0179** 0.0193***
(0.0200)
(0.0155)
(0.0140)
(0.0159)
(0.0073)
(0.0070)
0.9199***
1.6290***
(0.0357)
(0.0474)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Country-Ethnic
Homeland FE
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Coordinates FE
Occupation FE
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
285,155
285,155
285,155
269,929
269,929
269,929
Observations
2
0.418
0.506
0.559
0.488
0.676
0.681
R
Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the ethnicity level; simple controls include age,
age squared, a female dummy, and a mover dummy;
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table 4: Heterogeneity by Occupation and Location
1
2
3
Education
Education
Education
FarmingNon-Farming
VARIABLES
Urban
Related
Related
agriculture
gather/hunt/fish
Simple Controls
Coordinates FE
Observations
2
R
4
Education
Rural
5
Wealth
FarmingRelated
6
Wealth
Non-Farming
Related
7
Wealth
8
Wealth
Urban
Rural
0.0515***
(0.0106)
0.0416***
(0.0113)
Yes
Yes
0.0727***
(0.0233)
0.0791***
(0.0224)
Yes
Yes
0.0764***
(0.0196)
0.0849***
(0.0208)
Yes
Yes
0.0703***
(0.0114)
0.0550***
(0.0116)
Yes
Yes
0.0431***
(0.0098)
0.0219**
(0.0101)
Yes
Yes
0.0390***
(0.0077)
0.0222***
(0.0074)
Yes
Yes
0.0206***
(0.0055)
0.0095
(0.0066)
Yes
Yes
0.0645***
(0.0109)
0.0278***
(0.0096)
Yes
Yes
97,599
0.460
101,565
0.463
97,702
0.370
187,453
0.486
92,156
0.443
94,685
0.693
92,726
0.600
177,203
0.460
Standard errors in parentheses, clustered at the ethnicity level. Simple controls include age, age squared, a female dummy, and a mover
dummy; Farming-related industries include self-employed agriculture, agricultural employee, forest, breeding, hunting and fishing. Nonfarming related industries include professional, technical, managerial positions, clerical positions, sales, household and domestic, services,
skilled manual, and unskilled manual. Not working individuals are excluded.
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table 5. Determinants of Migration
VARIABLES
agriculture
gather/hunt/fish
Simple Controls
Coorrdinates FE
Occupation FE
Observations
R
2
1
Mover
2
Mover
3
Moved in life
4
Moved in life
-0.0465**
-0.0464**
0.0052
0.0049
(0.0212)
(0.0211)
(0.0052)
(0.0050)
-0.1179***
-0.1177***
-0.0062
-0.0061
(0.0254)
(0.0253)
(0.0053)
(0.0051)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
285,163
285,163
188,268
188,268
0.768
0.768
0.229
0.233
Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the ethnicity level; Simple controls include
age, age squared, a female dummy, and a mover dummy in columns 3 & 4;
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table 6. Effect of Differential Selection into Migration
(1)
(2)
(3)
VARIABLES
Education
Education
Wealth
agriculture
gather/hunt/fish
mover
mover X agric
mover X ghf
Simple Controls
Occupation FE
Country FE
Observations
0.2808***
(0.0607)
0.2817***
(0.0683)
0.7465**
(0.3505)
-0.0571
(0.0515)
-0.1087**
(0.0482)
Yes
No
Yes
285,155
0.2711***
(0.0543)
0.2748***
(0.0638)
0.7812**
(0.3282)
-0.0731
(0.0482)
-0.1156***
(0.0442)
Yes
Yes
Yes
285,155
0.2408***
(0.0570)
0.1723***
(0.0586)
0.4978
(0.3454)
-0.0184
(0.0445)
-0.0202
(0.0553)
Yes
No
Yes
269,929
(4)
Wealth
0.2351***
(0.0494)
0.1793***
(0.0500)
0.5583*
(0.3087)
-0.0400
(0.0398)
-0.0370
(0.0473)
Yes
Yes
Yes
269,929
0.241
0.38
0.056
0.219
R2
Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the ethnicity level; Simple controls include
age, age squared and a female dummy. Mover is a dummy variable that equals one if an
individual is at least 10 kilometers away from her ancestral homeland; *** p<0.01, **
p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table 7: Land Quality For Agriculture and Modes of Pre-Colonial
Subsistence across Ethnic Homelands
VARIABLES
(1)
agriculture
(2)
pastoralism
(3)
gather/hunt/fish
Suitablity for
Agriculture)
0.6525***
(0.1576)
-0.7053***
(0.1726)
0.0468
(0.1010)
Observations
187
187
187
.137
.149
-0.004
2
R
Robust standard errors in parentheses; *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<
Table 8. IV for Full Sample
(1)
VARIABLES
Education
(2)
Education
(3)
Education
(4)
Wealth
(5)
Wealth
(6)
Wealth
0.1215**
(0.0551)
0.0883**
(0.0349)
Yes
0.0567*
(0.0335)
0.0629***
(0.0209)
Yes
0.0513*
(0.0297)
0.0593***
(0.0185)
Yes
0.1191**
(0.0599)
0.0327
(0.0353)
Yes
0.0267**
(0.0118)
0.0114
(0.0079)
Yes
0.0233**
(0.0115)
0.0115
(0.0073)
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
First Stage FStatistic
22.29
31.33
31.35
24.37
35.92
35.96
Observations
285,139
285,072
285,072
agriculture
gather/hunt/fish
Simple Controls
Country-Ethnic
Homeland FE
Coordinates FE
Occupation FE
269,912 269,845 269,845
Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the Atlas levels. Simple controls include age, age
squared, a female dummy, and a mover dummy; *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table 9. Variation from Within Linguistic and Ethnic Families
1
Education
VARIABLES
2
Education
3
Education
4
Wealth
5
Wealth
6
Wealth
Panel A: Exploiting Within-Linguistic-Family Variation
agriculture
gather/hunt/fish
Linguistic
Family(v98) FE
Observations
2
R
0.0735***
(0.0148)
0.0712***
(0.0156)
0.0768***
(0.0164)
0.0683***
(0.0148)
0.0734***
(0.0147)
0.0658***
(0.0135)
0.0393*** 0.0381*** 0.0373***
(0.0074)
(0.0076)
(0.0074)
0.0178** 0.0182** 0.0195***
(0.0073)
(0.0070)
(0.0067)
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
280,557
280,557
280,557
265,331
265,331
265,331
0.508
0.509
0.561
0.671
0.671
0.677
Panel B: Exploiting Within-Linguistic-Sub-Family Variation
agriculture
gather/hunt/fish
Linguistic
Subfamily(v99) FE
Observations
2
R
0.0731***
(0.0147)
0.0708***
(0.0155)
0.0414**
(0.0203)
0.0295
(0.0220)
0.0406**
(0.0174)
0.0277
(0.0193)
0.0398*** 0.0341*** 0.0326***
(0.0077)
(0.0095)
(0.0087)
0.0177** 0.0239*** 0.0233***
(0.0076)
(0.0077)
(0.0071)
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
285,155
271,781
271,781
256,555
256,555
256,555
0.506
0.511
0.563
0.669
0.670
0.675
Panel C: Exploiting Within-Ethnic-Cluster Variation
agriculture
gather/hunt/fish
Ethnic Cluster FE
Observations
2
R
0.0731***
(0.0147)
0.0708***
(0.0155)
0.0711***
(0.0146)
0.0732***
(0.0147)
0.0645***
(0.0125)
0.0670***
(0.0131)
0.0394***
(0.0073)
0.0179**
(0.0073)
0.0367**
(0.0154)
0.0257*
(0.0145)
0.0372**
(0.0167)
0.0281*
(0.0160)
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
285,155
285,155
285,155
269,929
269,929
269,929
0.506
0.509
0.561
0.676
0.676
0.682
Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the ethnicity level; All specifications include age, age
squared, a female dummy, and a mover dummy (simple controls) as well as enumeration area fixed
effects; Columns 3 & 6 also include a vector of occupational dummies.
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table 10 - Panel A. Pre-Colonial Characteristics. Education
1
2
3
4
VARIABLES
Education Education
Education
Education
agriculture
agriculture
gather/hunt/fish
polygyny
0.0733***
(0.0147)
0.0821***
(0.0171)
0.0784***
(0.0163)
0.0537*
(0.0322)
clans
0.0870***
(0.0165)
0.0862***
(0.0165)
0.0607***
(0.0160)
0.0741***
(0.0155)
0.0782***
(0.0146)
0.0672***
(0.0174)
0.0746***
(0.0155)
0.0760***
(0.0156)
0.0781***
(0.0170)
5
Education
6
Education
7
Education
0.0746***
(0.0155)
0.0743***
(0.0154)
0.0717***
(0.0163)
0.0760*** 0.0666*** 0.0748***
(0.0143)
(0.0234)
(0.0135)
0.0760*** 0.0622*** 0.0674***
(0.0143)
(0.0226)
(0.0126)
0.0651*** 0.0639** 0.0643***
(0.0161)
(0.0296)
(0.0143)
-0.0415
(0.0445)
settlement pattern
-0.0182*
(0.0108)
local jurisdictional hierarchy
Political Centralization
0.0514*
(0.0274)
0.0109
(0.0204)
class stratification
0.0120
(0.0394)
elections
-0.1021
(0.0884)
slavery
property
Coordinates FE
Observations
2
Yes
281,005
Yes
260,798
Yes
268,649
Yes
269,443
Yes
269,443
Yes
258,246
Yes
217,898
8
Education
9
10
Education Education
0.0710*** 0.0889**
(0.0158) (0.0385)
0.0735*** 0.0846***
(0.0161) (0.0287)
0.0607*** 0.0487*
(0.0157) (0.0275)
0.1058
(0.0749)
-0.0469
(0.0621)
-0.0158
(0.0177)
0.1039**
(0.0497)
-0.0248
(0.0359)
0.0420
(0.0656)
-0.1424
(0.1022)
-0.1885***
-0.1254**
(0.0363)
(0.0547)
-0.1633** -0.1913**
(0.0699) (0.0922)
Yes
Yes
Yes
269,953
256,542
175,604
R
.508
.514
.511
.511
.511
.513
.516
.512
.508
.529
Standard errors in parentheses, clustered at the ethnicity level. Simple controls always included. These are age, age squared, a female dummy, and a
mover dummy; In each column there are two estimates of agriculture. The first estimate (above the undelined line) corresponds to a regression where
we do not control for the other pre-colonial characteristic focusing on the same sample. The second estimate (below the underlined line) corresponds
to the estimate of the regression when we add the pre-colonial trait under consideration. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table 10 - Panel B. Pre-Colonial Characteristics. Wealth
1
2
3
VARIABLES
Wealth
Wealth
Wealth
agriculture
agriculture
gather/hunt/fish
polygyny
clans
0.0395***
(0.0074)
0.0391***
(0.0085)
0.0177**
(0.0086)
-0.0026
(0.0178)
0.0410***
(0.0077)
0.0405***
(0.0079)
0.0151*
(0.0085)
0.0407***
(0.0078)
0.0419***
(0.0074)
0.0157**
(0.0076)
4
Wealth
5
Wealth
0.0408***
(0.0078)
0.0406***
(0.0078)
0.0158**
(0.0077)
0.0408***
(0.0078)
0.0400***
(0.0077)
0.0186**
(0.0076)
6
Wealth
7
Wealth
8
Wealth
0.0422*** 0.0218*** 0.0386***
(0.0075)
(0.0083)
(0.0074)
0.0424*** 0.0232*** 0.0378***
(0.0072)
(0.0084)
(0.0072)
0.0216***
0.0028
0.0195**
(0.0078)
(0.0119)
(0.0077)
-0.0217
(0.0264)
settlement pattern
-0.0052
(0.0051)
-0.0085
(0.0127)
local jurisdictional hierarchy
Political Centralization
0.0280**
(0.0113)
class stratification
0.0597***
(0.0201)
elections
0.0278
(0.0310)
slavery
-0.0202
(0.0211)
property
Coordinates FE
Observations
2
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
265,779
245,572
253,423
254,217
254,217
244,512
207,903
254,727
9
Wealth
10
Wealth
0.0340*** 0.0214**
(0.0073) (0.0086)
0.0344*** 0.0134
(0.0073) (0.0145)
0.0147*
-0.0187
(0.0082) (0.0173)
-0.0547
(0.0424)
-0.0460
(0.0443)
0.0029
(0.0077)
0.0110
(0.0251)
0.0146
(0.0182)
0.0666*
(0.0375)
-0.0402
(0.0482)
0.0154
(0.0313)
-0.0267
-0.0315
(0.0381) (0.0713)
Yes
Yes
243,557
167,621
R
.672
.675
.678
.677
.677
.669
.675
.669
.672
.678
Standard errors in parentheses, clustered at the Atlas level. Simple controls included are: age, age squared, a female dummy, and a mover dummy; In
each column there are two estimates of agriculture. The first estimate (above the undelined line) corresponds to a regression where we do not control
for the other pre-colonial characteristic focusing on the same sample. The second estimate (below the underlined line) corresponds to the estimate of
the regression when we add the pre-colonial trait under consideration. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table 11. Colonial Roots
(1)
VARIABLES
Education
agriculture
gather/hunt/fish
0.0731***
(0.0147)
0.0708***
(0.0155)
ln(1+slaves per km2)
(2)
Education
(3)
Education
(4)
Education
0.0745***
(0.0152)
0.0711***
(0.0156)
0.0738***
(0.0148)
0.0676***
(0.0151)
0.0575*** 0.0565*** 0.0394*** 0.0362*** 0.0359***
(0.0127)
(0.0118) (0.00732) (0.00808) (0.00805)
0.0493*** 0.0482*** 0.0179** 0.0166** 0.0152**
(0.0122)
(0.0119) (0.00725) (0.00749) (0.00757)
-0.00258
(0.00512)
-0.00426
(0.00515)
0.212**
(0.103)
-0.000876
(0.00403)
0.145
(0.0896)
-0.00320
(0.00379)
0.0903
(0.0910)
-0.418***
(0.0278)
-0.416***
(0.0388)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
0.00785
(0.0236)
-0.168***
(0.0188)
-0.101***
(0.0310)
-0.0000291
(0.0000384)
Yes
ln(1+ Christian missions per km2)
Muslim
(5)
Education
(6)
Wealth
(7)
Wealth
(8)
Wealth
(9)
Wealth
(10)
Wealth
0.0364***
(0.00818)
0.0163**
(0.00763)
0.0363***
(0.00812)
0.0143*
(0.00734)
0.00506 0.00453 0.00468 0.00359
(0.00383) (0.00376) (0.00379) (0.00376)
0.0845** 0.0817** 0.0570*
(0.0341) (0.0345) (0.0340)
Simple Controls
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
-0.410***
(0.0279)
-0.413***
(0.0391)
-0.0963*
(0.0577)
-0.000163**
(0.0000707)
Yes
Coordinates FE
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
285,155
284,654
284,654
284,208
283,264
269,929
269,428
269,428
268,987
268,043
.506
.507
.507
.513
.514
.676
.676
.676
.676
.676
Other Religions
distance to the capital city
distance to the coast
Observations
R
2
0.00501
(0.0238)
-0.168***
(0.0184)
Standard errors in parentheses, clustered at the ethnicity level. Simple controls include age, age squared, a female dummy, and a mover dummy;
The default group in columns 4 and 9 are Christians. Distance to capital is the distance from one's ancestral homeland to the capital of the
country, distance to coast is the distance from one's ancestral homeland to the nearest coast, ln(1+slaves per km2) is calculated using the total
number of slaves per square kilometer in one's ancestral homeland, and similarly ln(1+ missions per km2) is computed using the total number of
missions per square kilometer in one's ancestral homeland; *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table 12. Violence Toward Women
VARIABLES
agriculture
gather/hunt/fish
3
1
2
First Principal Component of Whether it is Justified to Beat One's Wife
-0.0285**
(0.0135)
-0.016
(0.0125)
-0.0265**
(0.0124)
-0.0135
(0.0122)
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
-0.0229*
(0.0116)
-0.0087
(0.0120)
0.1113***
(0.0217)
0.1401***
(0.0355)
Yes
Yes
Yes
61,495
61,495
61,433
Muslim
Other Religions
Simple Controls
Coordinates FE
Occupation FE
Observations
2
0.250
.254
.254
R
Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the Atlas level; The sample
consists of males only. Simple controls include age, age squared, and a
mover indicator; The dep. Var. is the first principal component on a series of
questions on whether it is justified to beat one's wife; *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05,
* p<0.1
Table 13. Political Perceptions and Attitudes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Group's
Respondent
Respondent Respondent
Respondent Respondent Respondent
VARIABLES
Political
is Nonis Hostile
is Bored
is Impatient is Suspicious is Dishonest
Influence
Cooperative
-0.0885***
(0.0279)
0.0170
(0.0264)
-0.0054
(0.0040)
-0.0017
(0.0037)
-0.0167**
(0.0066)
-0.0096
(0.0060)
-0.0137*
(0.0076)
-0.0024
(0.0056)
-0.0177**
(0.0086)
-0.0136*
(0.0075)
-0.0106
(0.0070)
0.0035
(0.0061)
‐0.0147** (0.0057)
‐0.0011
(0.0042)
Simple Controls
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Coordinates FE
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Interviewer FE
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
agriculture
gather/hunt/fish
2
R
0.339
0.368
0.363
0.349
0.354
0.397
0.43
19480
20851
20863
20867
20865
20869
20867
Observations
Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the Atlas level; Simple controls include age, age squared, a female
dummy and a mover indicator; Group's political influence variable captures the respondents perception whether
his/her own group has more influence politically compared to other groups. Higher values indicate lesser
influence; *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table 14: Ancestral Lifeways Education, Political Representation and Attitudes
1
2
3
4
5
VARIABLES
Education Education Education Education Education
0.0164**
(0.0077)
0.0101
(0.0076)
0.0180**
(0.0078)
0.0099
(0.0073)
0.0159**
(0.0077)
0.0097
(0.0072)
0.0165**
(0.0076)
0.0101
(0.0071)
0.0145*
(0.0076)
0.01
(0.0070)
Simple Controls
Coordinates FE
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Interviewer FE
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Personality Traits
Group's Political
Influence
2
R
Observations
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
agriculture
gather/hunt/fish
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
0.55
19422
0.576
19422
0.582
19422
0.576
19422
0.582
19422
Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the Atlas level; Simple controls include age, age
squared, a female dummy, and a mover dummy; In Columns 2-5 we add interviewer fixed effects; in
column 3 we control for the respondent's perception of own ethnic influence in politics as well as the
attitudes of each respondent as recorded by the interviewer regarding whether the respondent is
bored, non-cooperative, suspicious, impatient and dishonest. In Column 4 we control for the
respondent's perception of own ethnic influence in politics. In column 5 we control for both political
influence and personality traits. The education variable is the log(educational category). The latter
takes 9 values corresponding to: 0=No formal schooling, 1=Informal schooling (including Koranic
schooling), 2=Some primary schooling, 3=Primary school completed, 4=Some secondary school/
High school, 5=Secondary school completed/High school, 6=Post-secondary qualifications, other
than university e.g. a diploma or degree from a technical/polytechnic/college, 7=Some university,
8=University completed, 9=Post-graduate. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Appendix Table 1: Matching Ethnicities in the DHS to Murdock Map and Atlas
Method
Atlas
Percent
Atlas
Cum. Map
Percent
Percent
Direct Match
58.41
58.41
66.7
66.7
Afrobarometer
4.43
62.84
10.92
77.61
74.28
6.33
83.95
Ethnologue/Joshua
Name
Alternate 11.44
Map
Cum.
Percent
Ethnologue/Joshua superset
2.53
76.81
2.27
86.21
Ethnologue/Joshua subset
5.05
81.86
4.49
90.7
Other Source (e.g. Wikipedia)
0.53
82.40
0.82
91.53
Other Source, not sure
5.47
87.87
0.28
91.8
Ethnologue/Joshua related
0.08
87.95
0.08
91.88
Nunn and Wantchekon (2011)
2.55
90.50
0.78
92.66
and 0.81
91.31
0.95
93.61
100.00
6.39
100
Michalopoulos
Papaioannou (2013)
Not Matched
8.69
Description of the Matching Methodologies:
1) Direct match: the DHS ethnicity name is the same as the name used in the Murdock source
(Atlas or Map).
2) Afrobarometer match: Nunn and Wantchekon (2011) create matches between the
Afrobarometer Round 3 ethnicities (http://www.afrobarometer.org) and the Murdock names.
Using the Nunn and Wantchekon (2011) data, we were able to match more DHS ethnicities to
Murdock names through Afrobarometer names.
3) Ethnologue/Joshua Alternate Name: the DHS ethnicity name and the Atlas name
are “alternative names” according to either Ethnologue (http://www.ethnologue.com/) or Joshua
Project (http://joshuaproject.net/ ).
4) Ethnologue/Joshua superset: In Joshua or Ethnologue, we find a matching Atlas or Map name
that appears as a superset (i.e., containing set) of our target DHS ethnicity. For example, if the
group “American English” appears in the DHS and Ethnologue describes this group as a subset
of “English,” which appears in the Murdock data.
5) Ethnologue/Joshua subset: In Joshua or Ethnologue we find a matching Atlas or Map name
that appears as a subset of the DHS ethnicity that we want to match. For example, if
“Chinese”appeared in the DHS and “Mandarin” appeared in the Murdock data, and if Ethnologue
informed us the latter was a subset of the former.
6) Other source (e.g., Wikipedia)
7) Other source (e.g., Wikipedia) not sure: used in cases where the information from other sources
left questions about the quality of the match.
8) Ethnologue/joshua related: we find a group that is related to our target ethnic group, according
to either Ethnologue or Joshua Project.
9) Nunn and Wantchekon (2011): we referred to a do file used in this paper that resolves the
discrepancies in the Map and Atlas names of the same ethnicity
10) Michalopoulos and Papaioannou (2013)
Appendix Table 2: Summary Statistics in the DHS - All Individuals
Variable
agriculture
pastoralism
fishing
hunting
gathering
gather/hunt/fish
education
wealth
Christian
Muslim
ln(1+slaves per km2)
Obs
Mean
Std. Dev.
Min
Max
285,163
285,163
285,163
285,163
285,163
285,163
285,218
269,992
284,780
284,780
5.861
2.338
0.764
0.707
0.325
1.796
1.356
3.119
0.527
0.412
1.511
1.718
0.814
0.733
0.543
1.329
1.472
1.437
0.499
0.492
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
9
9
4
7
3
10
5
5
1
1
284,725
4.339
3.457
0
10.540
2
ln(1+missions per km )
polygyny
clans
284,725
281,013
260,806
0.105
0.488
0.213
0.182
0.500
0.409
0
0
0
1.287
1
1
jurisdictional hierarchy at the local level
jurisdictional hierarchy above the local level
class stratification dummy
elections
slavery
property
269,451
269,451
258,254
217,906
269,961
256,549
3.158
2.719
0.685
0.188
0.812
0.947
0.638
0.903
0.464
0.391
0.390
0.224
2
1
0
0
0
0
4
5
1
1
1
1
Appendix Table 3. Benchmark: DHS Regressions within Villages/Towns with Mostly
Categories Disaggregated
1
2
Education Education
3
Education
4
Wealth
5
Wealth
6
Wealth
Mostly Intensive
Agriculture
Mostly Extensive
Agriculture
Mostly Agriculture
unknown Source
Mixed Dependence
0.3059** 0.1590**
(0.1182) (0.0738)
0.2844** 0.1422**
(0.1158) (0.0713)
0.3225*** 0.1536*
(0.1231) (0.0811)
0.0654
(0.0099)
(0.1147) (0.0717)
0.1516**
(0.0589)
0.1438**
(0.0585)
0.1576**
(0.0670)
(0.0125)
(0.0588)
0.2838**
(0.1245)
0.3311***
(0.1181)
0.4353***
(0.1240)
0.1374
(0.1221)
0.1102***
(0.0413)
0.1265***
(0.0407)
0.1262**
(0.0570)
0.0590
(0.0422)
0.1045***
(0.0383)
0.1226***
(0.0382)
0.1180**
(0.0527)
0.0489
(0.0395)
Mostly Hunting
-1.5689***
(0.1194)
-1.7784***
(0.1176)
urban
0.9295***
1.6464***
(0.0351)
Yes
Yes
Yes
(0.0473)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
285,155
285,155
285,155
269,929
269,929
269,929
0.42
0.51
0.56
0.49
0.68
0.68
VARIABLES
Simple Controls
Ethnic HomelandCountry FE
Coordinates FE
Occupation FE
Observations
2
R
Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the ethnicity level, simple controls include age, age
squared and a female dummy. Omitted category mostly pastoralism.
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Appendix Table 4. Benchmark: DHS Regressions within Villages/Towns
VARIABLES
agriculture
gathering
1
2
3
Education Education Education
4
Wealth
5
Wealth
6
Wealth
0.1036*** 0.0763*** 0.0725*** 0.0983*** 0.0406*** 0.0397***
(0.0216)
(0.0157)
(0.0140)
(0.0236)
(0.0079)
(0.0078)
0.0526*
(0.0311)
0.0166
(0.0227)
0.0167
(0.0197)
-0.0143
(0.0284)
-0.0071
(0.0107)
-0.0042
(0.0102)
0.0683**
(0.0320)
0.0268*
(0.0152)
0.0294**
(0.0149)
hunting
0.1058*** 0.0953*** 0.0922***
(0.0326)
(0.0263)
(0.0243)
fishing
0.1041*** 0.0889*** 0.0846*** 0.0666*** 0.0276*** 0.0275***
(0.0260)
urban
Simple Controls
Ethnic HomelandCountry FE
Coordinates FE
Occupation FE
Observations
(0.0215)
(0.0193)
(0.0220)
0.9201***
1.6292***
(0.0358)
(0.0474)
(0.0088)
(0.0083)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
285,155
285,155
285,155
269,929
269,929
269,929
0.418
0.507
0.559
0.489
0.676
0.681
R2
Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the ethnicity level, simple controls include age,
age squared, a female dummy, and a mover dummy;
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Appendix Table 5 - Panel A. Wealth
(1)
(2)
COUNTRIES
agriculture
gather/hunt/fish
female
Coordinates FE
Observations
(3)
(4)
Central
African
Republic
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
Cote
d'Ivoire
Cameroon
Ethiopia
Ghana
Guinea
Kenya
Mali
0.0521***
(0.0119)
0.0579***
(0.0090)
-0.0485
(0.0270)
-0.0740
(0.0490)
0.0154*
(0.0069)
0.0299**
(0.0124)
-0.0278
(0.0153)
-0.0023
(0.0159)
0.0290**
(0.0088)
0.0025
(0.0104)
-0.0388**
(0.0121)
Burkina
Faso
Benin
Congo, DR
0.0961***
(0.0283)
0.0882***
(0.0231)
-0.0045
(0.0097)
0.1250**
(0.0370)
0.2629***
(0.0585)
0.0942**
(0.0271)
0.0382**
(0.0067)
-0.0437**
(0.0059)
-0.1166
(0.0707)
-0.1645**
(0.0688)
-0.0574*
(0.0283)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
20,770
8,550
2,186
7,435
2,343
13,672
27,327
8,512
3,092
11,030
17,191
0.732
0.771
0.740
0.723
0.648
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
Senegal
Togo
Uganda
Zambia
-0.0747*** 0.0607***
(0.0200)
(0.0191)
0.1589** -0.0576*** -0.1279**
(0.0372)
(0.0165)
(0.0513)
-0.0790*** -0.0596***
(0.0163)
(0.0101)
2
0.607
0.695
0.783
0.642
0.779
0.715
R
Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the ethnicity level;*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Appendix Table 5 - Panel A. Wealth (Continued)
(12)
(13)
(14)
COUNTRIES
agriculture
gather/hunt/fish
female
Coordinates FE
Observations
2
(15)
(16)
(17)
Sierra
Leone
Malawi
Mozambique
Nigeria
Niger
Namibia
0.0265
(0.0456)
-0.0059
(0.0364)
-0.0783**
(0.0284)
0.0191
(0.0209)
0.0066
(0.0152)
-0.0477**
(0.0172)
0.0936**
(0.0324)
0.0718*
(0.0332)
-0.0456**
(0.0157)
0.0248**
(0.0106)
0.0329**
(0.0126)
-0.1064***
(0.0197)
-0.0595
(0.0774)
-0.0925
(0.1333)
-0.0340
(0.0169)
0.0556**
(0.0139)
0.0849
(0.0436)
-0.0266
(0.0234)
0.0808**
(0.0306)
-0.0011
(0.0167)
-0.0112
(0.0254)
0.4055**
(0.0841)
0.3957*
(0.1436)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
28,378
15,249
34,647
10,822
8,011
7,344
18,485
3,435
8,492
12,958
0.720
0.689
0.649
0.762
0.345
0.712
0.786
0.630
0.718
0.697
R
Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the ethnicity level; *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
0.0805*** 0.0373***
(0.0240) (0.0124)
0.0723*
0.0232*
(0.0373) (0.0135)
-0.0630
0.0158
(0.0423) (0.0142)
Appendix Table 5 - Panel B. Education
COUNTRIES
(1)
(2)
(3)
Burkina
Faso
Benin
Congo, DR
0.2267***
(0.0481)
0.0448
gather/hunt/fish
(0.0399)
-0.2898***
female
(0.0244)
Coordinates FE
Yes
agriculture
Observations
20,763
(4)
Central
African
Republic
0.1005
-0.0902
0.2255*
(0.0567)
(0.0344)
(0.1036)
0.1764*
0.1886*
(0.0807)
(0.0961)
-0.6387*** -0.5696*** -0.8019***
(0.0640)
(0.0456)
(0.0388)
Yes
Yes
Yes
8,550
2,186
7,435
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
Cote
d'Ivoire
Cameroon
Ethiopia
Ghana
Guinea
Kenya
Mali
0.2393
(0.1963)
Yes
2,343
0.1679***
0.0356
0.3238*** 0.1727*** 0.1377**
0.0293
(0.0452)
(0.0468)
(0.0501)
(0.0218)
(0.0566)
(0.0361)
0.1847***
-0.0131 0.3900***
-0.0274
-0.0490
0.0304
(0.0249)
(0.1400)
(0.0549)
(0.0185)
(0.0384)
(0.0229)
-0.4359*** -0.5305*** -0.5492*** -0.6609*** -0.3552*** -0.4388***
(0.0480)
(0.0554)
(0.0530)
(0.0611)
(0.0772)
(0.0208)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
13,672
2
0.361
0.366
0.432
0.412
0.274
0.510
R
Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the ethnicity level; *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
27,327
8,512
10,847
11,030
17,191
0.442
0.402
0.357
0.367
0.303
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
Senegal
Togo
Uganda
Zambia
Appendix Table 5 - Panel B. Education (Continued)
COUNTRIES
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
Malawi
Mozambique
Nigeria
Niger
Namibia
-0.0053
(0.0712)
-0.0440
gather/hunt/fish
(0.0678)
-0.4009***
female
(0.0334)
Coordinates FE
Yes
agriculture
Observations
2
28,378
0.0338
0.2578*** 0.0377**
(0.0336)
(0.0590)
(0.0117)
0.0796*
0.2210***
0.0606*
(0.0346)
(0.0655)
(0.0317)
-0.4835*** -0.6590*** -0.3989***
(0.0436)
(0.1479)
(0.0245)
Yes
Yes
Yes
15,249
34,647
10,822
-0.0210
(0.0870)
-0.0444
(0.1679)
0.0336
(0.0952)
Yes
8,011
(17)
Sierra
Leone
0.4686***
-0.0742
0.2219*
0.0654
0.0154
(0.0643)
(0.0641)
(0.0878)
(0.0407)
(0.0492)
0.3953*
0.0846*** 0.2913*
0.0334
-0.0213
(0.1355)
(0.0162)
(0.0917)
(0.0727)
(0.0240)
-0.6279*** -0.4121*** -0.9912*** -0.2606*** -0.4415***
(0.1008)
(0.0443)
(0.1111)
(0.0572)
(0.0330)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
7,344
0.252
0.390
0.615
0.347
0.305
0.373
R
Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the ethnicity level; *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
18,485
10,913
8,492
12,958
0.371
0.408
0.338
0.364
Appendix Table 6: DHS Regressions within Villages/Towns Controlling Flexibly for How
Long Each Individual Resides in her Current Location
VARIABLES
agriculture
gather/hunt/fish
urban
Simple Controls
Ethnic HomelandCountry FE
Coordinates FE
Occupation FE
Observations
2
R
1
2
3
Education Education Education
4
Wealth
5
Wealth
6
Wealth
0.1307*** 0.0899*** 0.0889*** 0.0771*** 0.0211*** 0.0204***
(0.0199) (0.0158)
(0.0145)
(0.0164)
(0.0080)
(0.0077)
0.1138*** 0.0781*** 0.0786*** 0.0490*** 0.0059
0.0071
(0.0212) (0.0196)
(0.0185)
(0.0156)
(0.0093)
(0.0086)
0.8363***
1.5770***
(0.0322)
(0.0629)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
192,367
192,367
192,367
177,176
177,176
177,176
0.441
0.525
0.568
0.482
0.665
0.670
Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the ethnicity level, simple controls include age,
age squared, a female dummy, and a mover dummy; We add a dummy for each entry in the
mv104 variable which reflects "The years lived in place of residence". It ranges from 0 years to
having always lived in the same residence; *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Appendix Table 7: Heterogeneity by Dominant Lifeway of Current Homeland
1
2
3
4
5
Dep. Variables
Education Education Education
Wealth
Wealth
Historical Lifeway
Mostly
Mostly
Mostly
Mostly
of the Current
Agricultur
Mixed
Pastoral
Agriculture Pastoral
Homeland
e
Mixed
Simple Controls
0.0900***
(0.0144)
0.0807***
(0.0163)
Yes
0.0520
(0.0335)
0.1003
(0.0621)
Yes
Coordinates FE
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
215,196
9,726
7,319
205,681
9,726
5,166
agriculture
gather/hunt/fish
Observations
2
0.0116 0.0487*** 0.0472**
(0.0313)
(0.0076)
(0.0199)
0.0525** 0.0255*** 0.0758**
(0.0211)
(0.0078)
(0.0359)
Yes
Yes
Yes
6
Wealth
0.0637**
(0.0252)
0.0114
(0.0207)
Yes
0.501
0.536
0.634
0.658
0.748
0.787
R
Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the ethnicity level; simple controls include age,
age squared, a female dummy, and a mover dummy; *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Appendix Table 8: Summary Statistics for the Afrobarometer Round 4 Variables
Variable
education
group's political influence
respondent hostile
respondent bored
respondent non‐cooperative
respondent impatient
respondent suspicious
respondent dishonest
agriculture
hunter/gather/fish
female
rural
age
Obs
Mean
Std. Dev.
Min
Max
21578
20139
21570
21582
21586
21582
21588
21584
21608
21608
21608
21608
21608
3.18
3.11
1.12
1.22
1.17
1.23
1.29
1.23
5.74
1.96
1.50
1.64
36.27
2.01
1.05
0.34
0.46
0.40
0.49
0.55
0.46
1.32
1.21
0.50
0.48
14.41
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
18
9
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
9
10
2
2
99
The education variable takes 10 values corresponding to: 0=No formal schooling, 1=Informal schooling (including Koranic schooling), 2=Some primary schooling, 3=Primary school completed, 4=Some secondary school/ High school, 5=Secondary school completed/High school, 6=Post‐secondary qualifications, other than university e.g. a diploma or degree from a technical/polytechnic/college, 7=Some university, 8=University completed, 9=Post‐graduate.