Writing Learning Outcomes
www.britishcouncil.org
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Alignment of Outcomes
Institutional Mission &
Strategic Initiatives
Programmatic Outcomes
Student Learning Outcomes
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Definition
Learning outcomes are statements of what a student
should know, understand and/or be able to
demonstrate after completion of a process of learning
• Learning outcomes must be simply and clearly
described.
• Learning outcomes must be capable of being validly
assessed.
• Emphasis on the learner.
• Emphasis on the learner’s ability to do something.
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What are Student Learning Outcomes?
Formal statements that articulate:
• The knowledge, skills, and competence we want our
students to be able to demonstrate.
• From their learning experiences both curricular and cocurricular activities.
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Characteristics of SLOs
They should be:
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Collaborative
Learner centered
Specific
Action oriented
Cognitively appropriate
Behavioral
Measurable
Observable
Understandable
Achievable
Realistic
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Learning Outcomes Formula
Verb
Or
Action Phrase
+
Why?
“In
Order
To”
=
Great
Learning
Outcomes
OR
What students need
to know?
“Student identifies,
consults and
evaluates reference
books appropriate to
the topic”
Why do they need to
know this?
“In Order To”
“locate background
information and
statistics.”
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Learning Outcomes
• The ECTS credit system is the common currency for education.
• Learning Outcomes are the common language for education.
• Facilitate comparability across the various systems in different
countries.
• Facilitate diversity – formal learning, informal learning, life long
learning, etc.
• The term “competency” is commonly used to point the learner
in the general direction but caution must be exercised when
using this term.
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Bloom (1956) proposed that knowing is composed of
six successive levels arranged in a hierarchy.
6. Evaluation
5. Synthesis
4.Analysis
3. Application
2. Comprehension
1. Knowledge
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Bloom suggested certain verbs that characterise the ability to
demonstrate these processes.
These verbs are the key to writing learning outcomes.
The list of verbs has been extended since the original publication.
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1. Knowledge - ability to recall or remember facts
without necessarily understanding them
6. Evaluation
5. Synthesis
4.Analysis
3. Application
Use action verbs like:
Arrange, collect, define, describe,
duplicate, enumerate, examine,
find, identify, label, list, memorise,
name, order, outline, present,
quote, recall, recognise, recollect,
record, recount, relate, repeat,
reproduce, show, state, tabulate,
tell.
2. Comprehension
1. Knowledge
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Examples: Knowledge
• Recall genetics terminology: homozygous, heterozygous,
phenotype, genotype, homologous chromosome pair, etc.
• Identify and consider ethical implications of scientific
investigations.
• Describe how and why laws change and the consequences of
such changes on society.
• List the criteria to be taken into account when caring for a
patient with tuberculosis.
• Define what behaviours constitute unprofessional practice in
the solicitor – client relationship.
• Describe the processes used in engineering when preparing a
design brief for a client.
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2. Comprehension - ability to understand and interpret
learned information
6. Evaluation
5. Synthesis
4.Analysis
3. Application
Use action verbs like:
Associate, change, clarify,
classify, construct, contrast,
convert, decode, defend,
describe, differentiate,
discriminate, discuss,
distinguish, estimate, explain,
express, extend, generalise,
identify, illustrate, indicate, infer,
interpret, locate, predict,
recognise, report, restate,
review, select, solve, translate.
2. Comprehension
1. Knowledge
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Examples: Comprehension
• Differentiate between civil and criminal law
• Identify participants and goals in the development of electronic
commerce.
• Discuss critically German literary texts and films in English.
• Predict the genotype of cells that undergo meiosis and mitosis.
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• Translate short passages of contemporary Italian.
• Convert number systems from hexadecimal to binary and vice
versa.
• Explain the social, economic and political effects of World War I
on the post-war world.
• Classify reactions as exothermic and endothermic.
• Explain the impact of Greek and Roman culture on Western
civilisation.
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3. Application: ability to use learned material in new
situations, e.g. put ideas and concepts to work in
solving problems
6. Evaluation
5. Synthesis
4.Analysis
3. Application
2. Comprehension
Use action verbs like:
Apply, assess, calculate,
change, choose, complete,
compute, construct,
demonstrate, develop,
discover, dramatise, employ,
examine, experiment, find,
illustrate, interpret, manipulate,
modify, operate, organise,
practice, predict, prepare,
produce, relate, schedule,
select, show, sketch, solve,
transfer, use.
1. Knowledge
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Examples application
• Construct a timeline of significant events in the history of
Australia in the 19th century.
• Apply knowledge of infection control in the maintenance of
patient care facilities.
• Select and employ sophisticated techniques for analysing the
efficiencies of energy usage in complex industrial processes.
• Show proficiency in the use of vocabulary and grammar, as
well as the sounds of the language in different styles…..
• Relate energy changes to bond breaking and formation.
• Modify guidelines in a case study of a small manufacturing firm
to enable tighter quality control of production.
• Show how changes in the criminal law affected levels of
incarceration in Scotland in the 19th century.
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4. Analysis: ability to break down information into its
components, e.g. look for inter-relationships and ideas
(understanding of organisational structure)
6. Evaluation
5. Synthesis
4.Analysis
3. Application
2. Comprehension
Use action verbs like:
Analyse, appraise, arrange, break
down, calculate, categorise,
classify, compare, connect,
contrast, criticise, debate,
deduce, determine, differentiate,
discriminate, distinguish, divide,
examine, experiment, identify,
illustrate, infer, inspect,
investigate, order, outline, point
out, question, relate, separate,
sub-divide, test.
1. Knowledge
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Examples: Analysis
• Analyse why society criminalises certain behaviours.
• Compare and contrast the different electronic business models.
• Categorise the different areas of specialised interest within
dentistry.
• Debate the economic and environmental effects of energy
conversion processes.
• Identify and quantify sources of errors in measurements.
• Calculate gradient from maps in m, km, % and ratio.
• Critically analyse a broad range of texts of different genres and
from different time periods.
• Compare the classroom practice of a newly qualified teacher
with that of a teacher of 20 years teaching experience.
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5. Synthesis - ability to put parts together
6. Evaluation
5. Synthesis
4.Analysis
3. Application
Use action verbs like:
Argue, arrange, assemble,
categorise, collect, combine,
compile, compose, construct,
create, design, develop, devise,
establish, explain, formulate,
generalise, generate, integrate,
invent, make, manage, modify,
organise, originate, plan,
prepare, propose, rearrange,
reconstruct, relate, reorganise,
revise, rewrite, set up,
summarise.
2. Comprehension
1. Knowledge
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Examples: Synthesis
• Recognise and formulate problems that are amenable to energy
management solutions.
• Propose solutions to complex energy management problems
both verbally and in writing.
• Assemble sequences of high-level evaluations in the form of a
program.
• Integrate concepts of genetic processes in plants and animals.
• Summarise the causes and effects of the 1917 Russian
revolutions.
• Relate the sign of enthalpy changes to exothermic and
endothermic reactions.
• Organise a patient education programme.
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6. Evaluation: Ability to judge value of material for a
given purpose
6. Evaluation
5. Synthesis
4.Analysis
3. Application
Use action verbs like:
Appraise, ascertain, argue,
assess, attach, choose,
compare, conclude, contrast,
convince, criticise, decide,
defend, discriminate, explain,
evaluate, interpret, judge, justify,
measure, predict, rate,
recommend, relate, resolve,
revise, score, summarise,
support, validate, value.
2. Comprehension
1. Knowledge
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Examples: Evaluation
• Assess the importance of key participants in bringing about
change in Irish history.
• Evaluate marketing strategies for different electronic business
models.
• Appraise the role of sport and physical education in health
promotion for young people.
• Predict the effect of change in temperature on the position of
equilibrium…
• Summarise the main contributions of Michael Faraday to the
field of electromagnetic induction.
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Bloom Revisited: Anderson and Krathwohl
(2001)
Bloom (1956)
Anderson and Krathwohl (2001)
Knowledge
Comprehension
Application
Analysis
Synthesis
Evaluation
To remember
To understand
To apply
To analyse
To evaluate
To create
Analysis, Synthesis, Evaluation – Higher Order Thinking Skills
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Checklist for writing learning outcomes
 Have I begun each outcome with an active verb?
 Have I avoided terms like know, understand, learn, be familiar
with, be exposed to, be acquainted with, be aware of and
appreciate?
 Have I included learning outcomes across the range of levels of
Bloom’s Taxonomy?
 Are my outcomes observable and measurable?
 Do all the outcomes fit within the aims and content of the
module?
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Bloom’s – Lower Levels
Knowledge
• Recalling previously learned information such as facts,
terminology, rules, etc.
• Answers may be memorized or closely paraphrased from
assigned material.
• Define, list, name, recall
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Bloom’s – Lower Levels
Comprehension
• Ability to comprehend the meaning of material.
• Answers must be in the student’s own words while still using
terminology appropriate to the course material.
• Explain, summarize, distinguish between, restate
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Bloom’s – Lower Levels
• Demonstrate rote or surface learning
• Declarative or Procedural Knowledge
• Answers found in the assigned materials
• 80% of HS teachers test at these levels
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Bloom’s – Higher Levels
Application
• Requires recognizing, identifying, or applying a concept or
principle in a new situation or solving a new problem.
• May require identifying or generating examples not found in
assigned materials.
• Demonstrate, arrange, relate, adapt
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Bloom’s – Higher Levels
Analysis
• Ability to break material down into its component parts and to
understand its underlying structure
• May require students to compare and contrast or explain how
an example illustrates a given concept or principle.
• Require students to identify logical errors or to differentiate
among facts, opinions, assumptions, hypotheses and
conclusions
• Expected to draw relationships between ideas
• Differentiate, estimate, infer, diagram
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Bloom’s – Higher Levels
Synthesis
• Opposite of Analysis
• Ability to combine parts to form a new whole; to synthesize a
variety of elements into an original and significant whole.
• Produce something unique or original
• Solve some unfamiliar problem in a unique way
• Combine, create, formulate, construct
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Bloom’s – Higher Levels
Evaluation
• Ability to evaluate a total situation, to judge the value of
material for a certain purpose, combining elements of all the
other categories and also value judgments based on defined,
fixed criteria.
• The most important part of the answer is the justification and
rationale for the conclusion
• Judge, critique, justify, discriminate
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Bloom’s – Higher Levels
Meaningful or deep learning
• Go beyond textual material in that they must be inferred or
extrapolated from the material in the assigned material.
• Students’ creativity, originality and critical thinking is required
at higher levels
• More authentic than lower levels
• Thinking at this level is more likely to represent types of
performances required in the real world
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Questions for Assessment
1.
What do you want the student to be able to do? (Outcome)
2.
What does the student need to know in order to do this well?
(Curriculum)
3.
What activity will facilitate the learning? (Pedagogy)
4.
How will the student demonstrate the learning? (Assessment)
5.
How will I know the student has done this well? (Criteria)
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Steps involved in linking Learning Outcomes,
Teaching and Learning Activities and Assessment
1.
Clearly define the learning outcomes.
2.
Select teaching and learning methods that are
likely to ensure that the learning outcomes are
achieved.
3.
Choose a technique or techniques to assess the
achievement of the learning outcomes.
4.
Assess the learning outcomes and check to see
how well they match with what was intended
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Linking Learning Outcomes, Teaching and
Learning Activities and Assessment
Learning Outcomes
Teaching and Learning
Activities
Assessment
Cognitive
(Demonstrate:
Knowledge, Comprehension,
Application, Analysis,
Synthesis, Evaluation)
Lectures
•End of module exam.
•Multiple choice tests.
•Essays.
•Reports on lab work
and research project.
•Interviews/viva.
•Practical assessment.
•Poster display.
•Fieldwork.
•Clinical examination.
•Presentation.
•Portfolio.
•Performance.
•Project work.
•Production of artefact
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etc.
Tutorials
Discussions
Laboratory work
Affective
(Integration of beliefs, ideas and
attitudes)
Clinical work
Group work
Seminar
Psychomotor
(Acquisition of physical skills)
Peer group presentation
etc.
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Example 1
• Students will name the three types of rock in order to
differentiate among the three.
• Students will compare and contrast the characteristics of the
three types of rocks in order to differentiate among the three.
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Example 2
• Students will be able to use Excel.
• Given a sample dataset, students will use Excel to create a
spreadsheet that incorporates simple mathematical formulas.
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Example 3
• Students will analyze global political systems.
• Students will analyze 20th century western democracies and
responsibilities of citizens in those democracies.
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Example 4
• Students will construct bibliographies and in-text references
using discipline appropriate styles in order to contribute to
academic discourse in their discipline.
• Construct bibliographies and in-text references using discipline
appropriate styles in order to correctly attribute others' work
and ideas.
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Write an LO
What does the student need to know?
Why do they need to know this?
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Why Assess?
Formative Assessment
Summative Assessment
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Why Assess?
• Improves students’ learning.
• Identifies instructional, course, or assignment challenges.
• Improves instruction by identifying what instructional
adjustments might be needed.
• Ensures grading is reflective of students’ learning towards
course objectives.
• Makes grading more systematic and objective.
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Questions
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