Outline

How Animals Reproduce

Asexual Reproduction

Sexual Reproduction

Life History Strategies

Male Reproductive System

Female Reproductive System

Sexually Transmitted Diseases
1
Asexual Reproduction

Some animals usually reproduce asexually,
but practice sexual reproduction on
occasion


Hydra
Parthenogenesis
Modification of sexual reproduction
 Unfertilized egg develops into complete
individual

2
Reproduction in Hydra
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
budding of
new polyp
parental
polyp
© Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Visuals Unlimited
3
Sexual Reproduction

Egg of one parent fertilized by sperm of
another


Animals usually produce gametes in
specialized organs called gonads

Testes produce sperm

Ovaries produce eggs
Copulation is sexual union to facilitate
reception of sperm
4
Life History Strategies

Insect eggs produced in ovaries
Yolk is stored food to be used during
development
 Some form pupa and go through
metamorphosis


Many aquatic animals have a larval stage
Utilize different food source than adults
 Strongly tied to aquatic environments

5
Life History Strategies

Reptiles and birds provide eggs with
plentiful yolk
Development takes place in shelled egg
containing extra-embryonic membrane
 Parents often tend eggs and young


Mammals are viviparous (Live-born)
Care of zygote and embryo
 Placental mammals eliminate need for shelled
egg

6
Male Reproductive System

Male gonads
Paired testes suspended in scrotum
 Sperm

Produced by testes
 Mature within epididymides
 Propelled into vas deferentia by muscular
contractions

7
Male Reproductive System

Penis is cylindrical organ hanging in front of
scrotum



Three cylindrical columns of spongy, erectile tissue
Blood flow stiffens penis and increases its size
Seminal fluid contains


Sperm
Secretions from



Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland, and
Bulbourethral gland
8
The Male Reproductive System
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
urinary bladder
ureter (cut)
seminal vesicle
pubic bone
ejaculatory duct
prostate gland
vas deferens
bulbourethral gland
erectile tissue
of penis
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
seminal vesicle
penis
anus
prostate gland
vas deferens
glans penis
foreskin
epididymis
bulbourethral
gland
testis
vas deferens
scrotum
urethra
9
Penis Anatomy
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
dorsal vein
dorsal artery
dorsal nerve
skin
septum
erectile
tissue
connective
layers
erectile tissue
skin
foreskin
urethra
glans penis
a.
external urethral
opening
connective
tissue
b.
10
Ejaculation


Emission - First phase of ejaculation

Nerve impulses sent to epididymides and vasa
deferentia

Sperm enter ejaculatory duct

Secretions released
Expulsion

Rhythmical muscle contractions

Expel semen from opening of urethra
11
Testes and Sperm

Testes contain one to three coiled
seminiferous tubules

Mature sperm have three distinct pieces

Head


Acrosome

Mid-piece

Tail
Normal human ejaculate contains several
hundred million sperm
12
Testis and Sperm
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
vas deferens
epididymis
interstitial cells
Sertoli cell
uncoiled
seminiferous
tubule
lobule
testis
scrotal sac
100 µm
b. Seminiferous tubules
a. Testis, cut to show lobules
MEIOSIS I
MITOSIS
spermatogonium
(diploid)
primary
spermatocyte
(diploid)
MEIOSIS II
secondary
spermatocyte
(haploid)
early
spermatid
(haploid)
late
spermatid
(haploid)
immature sperm
(haploid)
acrosome
head
middle piece
tail
nucleus of
Sertoli cell
end piece
c. Spermatogenesis
d. Sperm
b: © Ed Reschke
13
Hormonal Regulation in Males

Hypothalamus has ultimate control of
testicular sexual function

Gonadotropic Hormones

Follicle Stimulating Hormone


Promotes spermatogenesis

Occurs in seminiferous tubules
Lutenizing Hormone

Control production of testosterone

Testosterone produced by interstitial cells of testis
14
Animation

http://youtu.be/k2kclHg0ohU
 http://youtu.be/POpbN6RHOO0
Please note that due to differing
operating systems, some animations
will not appear until the presentation is
viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide
Show view). You may see blank slides
in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views.
All animations will appear after viewing
in Presentation Mode and playing each
animation. Most animations will require
the latest version of the Flash Player,
which is available at
http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
Female Reproductive System

Ovulation
An oocyte (egg) bursts from an ovary into
coelom
 Swept into oviduct by currents in coelomic fluid
 Fertilization normally occurs in oviduct
 Ciliary movement moves zygote to uterus
 Embryo embeds in uterine lining
(endometrium)

16
Female Reproductive System
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
mons
pubis
glans
clitoris
urethra
oviduct
labia
majora
ovary
vagina
fimbriae
labia
minora
anus
uterus
b.
urinary bladder
cervix
pubic bone
rectum
urethra
vagina
glans clitoris
labium minora
anus
labium majora
vaginal orifice
a.
17

http://youtu.be/xFpVy9OCI4o
 http://youtu.be/WGJsrGmWeKE
18
Ovarian Cycle
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
2. The secondary follicle contains
a secondary oocyte.
3. Vesicular (Graafian)
follicle develops.
secondary
follicle
vesicular (Graafian) follicle
primary
follicles
secondary
oocyte
1. A primary follicle contains
a primary oocyte.
Ovarian cycle
4. Ovulation: Oocyte
is released.
6. Corpus luteum
degenerates.
corpus
luteum
5. Corpus luteum develops.
oocyte
a.
second polar
body
first polar
body
MEIOSIS I
primary oocyte
(46 chromosomes)
b.
sperm
Sperm enters, and
meiosis II goes
to completion.
MEIOSIS II
secondary oocyte
(23 chromosomes)
egg
© Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold, Inc.
19
Female Hormone Levels During
the Ovarian and Uterine Cycles
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Hormone
Levels
Anterior pituitary
FSH
LH
Ovarian
Events
Ovarian cycle
developing follicles
mature follicle
Ovulation
corpus luteum
Hormone
Levels
Follicular Phase
Luteal Phase
estrogen
progesterone
Endometrium
Uterine cycle
Menstruation
Days 1
3
5
Proliferative Phase
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
Secretory Phase
21
23
25
27
30
20
Placenta

Originates from both maternal and
embryonic tissues
 Produces

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
21
Infertility


Common Causes of Infertility

Females - Endometriosis

Males - Low Sperm Count
Assisted Reproductive Technologies

Artificial Insemination by Donor (AID)

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
22
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Woman is heterozygous
8-cell embryo
oocyte
Polar body
has
genetic
defect.
Embryonic cell
is removed.
Oocyte is genetically healthy.
egg nucleus
sperm nucleus
Cell is genetically
healthy.
Embryo develops
normally in uterus.
a. Testing the embryo.
Embryo develops
normally in uterus.
b. Testing the oocyte.
a, b: © Brand X/SuperStock RF
23
HIV, the AIDS Virus
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
© Scott Camazine/Photo Researchers, Inc.
24
Genital Warts
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Thousands of Cases
450
360
270
180
90
0
1966
1972
1978
1984
1990
Year
1996
2002
© CDC/Peter Arnold, Inc.
25
Genital Herpes
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Thousands of Cases
400
320
240
160
80
0
1966
1972
1978
1984
1990
Year
1996
2002
© G. W. Willis/Visuals Unlimited
26
Gonorrhea
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Thousands of Cases
500
400
300
200
100
0
1945
1955
1965
1975
Year
1985
1995
2005
© CNR/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.
27
Review

How Animals Reproduce

Asexual Reproduction

Sexual Reproduction

Life History Strategies

Male Reproductive System

Female Reproductive System

Control of Reproduction

Sexually Transmitted Diseases
28
Chapter 41: pp. 755 - 776
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
10th Edition
Sylvia S. Mader
Reproductive
Systems
BIOLOGY
© Rudy Kuiter/OSF/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
29