Qualitative Analysis István Szalai Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös University 2011 István Szalai Qualitative Analysis Anions HNO3 group Group I. CO2− 3 HCO− 3 SiO2− 3 S2− S2− x SO2− 3 S2 O2− 3 OCl− Ba(NO3 )2 group Group II. B(OH)− 4 PO3− 4 SO42− F− BrO− 3 IO− 3 CrO2− 4 AsO3− 3 AsO3− 4 AgNO3 group Group III. Cl− Br− I− CN− SCN− István Szalai Group IV. CH3 COO− NO− 2 NO− 3 ClO− 3 ClO− 4 S2 O2− 8 H2 O2 MnO− 4 Qualitative Analysis Anions CO2− 3 HCO− 3 SiO2− 3 S2− S2− x SO2− 3 S2 O2− 3 Hidrolysis basic slightly basic strongly basic strongly basic strongly basic slightly basic neutral HNO3 /HCl CO2 CO2 (H2 SiO3 )n H2 S H2 S + (x-1)S SO2 S + SO2 Ba(NO3 )2 BaCO3 – BaSiO3 – – BaSO3 BaS2 O3 OCl− strongly basic Cl2 (HCl) – István Szalai Qualitative Analysis AgNO3 AgCO3 – Ag2 SiO3 (Ag2 O) Ag2 S Ag2 S Ag2 SO3 AgS2 O3 −→ Ag2 S + SO2− 4 AgCl + AgClO3 Anions CO2− 3 HCO− 3 SiO2− 3 2− S S2− x SO2− 3 S2 O2− 3 OCl− Zn/H+ – – – – – H2 S H2 S Cl− I− /H+ – – – – – – – I2 I2 – – – S S SO2− 4 S4 O2− 6 IO− 3 István Szalai MnO− 4 – – – S S SO2− 4 + – Qualitative Analysis Anions B(OH)− 4 PO3− 4 SO2− 4 F− BrO− 3 Hidrolysis basic basic neutral slightly basic neutral HNO3 /HCl – – – cc H2 SO4 →HF Ba(NO3 )2 Ba[B(OH)4 ]2 Ba3 (PO4 )2 BaSO4 BaF2 AgNO3 Ag[B(OH)4 ] Ag3 PO4 – – cc HCl→ Cl2 + BrCl cc H2 SO4 → Br2 Ba(BrO3 )2 AgBrO3 István Szalai Qualitative Analysis Anions IO− 3 Hidrolysis neutral CrO42− AsO3− 3 AsO3− 4 slightly basic basic basic HNO3 /HCl cc HCl→ I2 cc H2 SO4 → I2 Cr2 O2− 7 – – István Szalai Ba(NO3 )2 Ba(IO3 )2 AgNO3 AgIO3 BaCrO4 Ba3 (AsO3 )2 Ba3 (AsO4 )2 Ag2 CrO4 Ag3 AsO3 Ag3 AsO4 Qualitative Analysis Anions B(OH)− 4 PO3− 4 SO2− 4 − F BrO− 3 IO− 3 CrO2− 4 AsO3− 3 AsO3− 4 Zn/H+ – – – – Br2 → Br− I2 → I− Cr3+ AsH3 AsH3 I− /H+ – – – – I2 I2 I2 /Cr3+ – I2 István Szalai I2 – – – – – – – AsO3− 4 – MnO− 4 – – – – – – – AsO3− 4 – Qualitative Analysis Anions Cl− Br− Hidrolysis neutral neutral I− neutral CN− SCN− basic neutral HNO3 /HCl – – cc H2 SO4 → Br2 – cc H2 SO4 → I2 HCN – István Szalai Ba(NO3 )2 – – AgNO3 AgCl AgBr – AgI – – AgCN AgSCN Qualitative Analysis Anions − Cl Br− I− CN− SCN− Zn/H+ – – – – – I− /H+ – – – – – I2 – – – (+) (+) MnO− 4 – Br2 I2 OCN− (+) István Szalai Qualitative Analysis Anions CH3 COO− NO− 2 Hidrolysis basic NO− 3 H2 O2 S2 O2− 8 ClO− 3 slightly basic neutral neutral neutral neutral ClO− 4 MnO− 4 neutral neutral HNO3 /HCl CH3 COOH (cc H2 SO4 ) NO+NO2 Ba(NO3 )2 – AgNO3 (–) – (–) – – – – (cc H2 SO4 ) ClO2 +ClO− 4 – cc HCl→ Cl2 – – (–) – – – Ag2 O2 – – – – – István Szalai Qualitative Analysis Anions − CH3 COO NO− 2 NO− 3 H2 O2 S2 O2− 8 ClO− 3 ClO− 4 MnO− 4 Zn/H+ – NH3 (basic sol.!) NO− 2 NH3 (basic sol.!) – – Cl2 -Cl− Cl− (TiO2+ cat.) Mn2+ I− /H+ – I2 /NO I2 – – MnO− 4 – NO− 3 (–) – – I2 I2 I2 /Cl− – I2 – – – – – O2 (±) – – – István Szalai Qualitative Analysis Anions Anion CO2− 3 reagent HCl, HNO3 Ca(OH)2 + CO2 reaction (prod.) CO2 CaCO3 István Szalai Qualitative Analysis dist. ions 2− SO2− 3 ,S2 O3 Anions Anion CO2− 3 SiO2− 3 reagent HCl, HNO3 Ca(OH)2 + CO2 HCl reaction (prod.) CO2 CaCO3 H2 SiO3 István Szalai Qualitative Analysis dist. ions 2− SO2− 3 ,S2 O3 Anions Anion CO2− 3 SiO2− 3 S2− reagent HCl, HNO3 Ca(OH)2 + CO2 HCl HCl +Pb(CH3 COO)2 reaction (prod.) CO2 CaCO3 H2 SiO3 H2 S PbS István Szalai Qualitative Analysis dist. ions 2− SO2− 3 ,S2 O3 Anions Anion CO2− 3 SiO2− 3 S2− SO2− 3 reagent HCl, HNO3 Ca(OH)2 + CO2 HCl HCl +Pb(CH3 COO)2 HCl +KIO3 reaction (prod.) CO2 CaCO3 H2 SiO3 H2 S PbS SO2 I2 István Szalai Qualitative Analysis dist. ions 2− SO2− 3 ,S2 O3 S2 O2− 3 S2 O2− 3 Anions Anion S2 O2− 3 reagent HCl +KIO3 AgNO3 reaction (prod.) SO2 ,S I2 Ag2 S2 O3 → AgS István Szalai Qualitative Analysis dist. ions Anions Anion S2 O2− 3 OCl− reagent HCl +KIO3 AgNO3 HCl +KI reaction (prod.) SO2 ,S I2 Ag2 S2 O3 → AgS Cl2 I2 István Szalai Qualitative Analysis dist. ions Anions Anion S2 O2− 3 OCl− B(OH)− reagent HCl +KIO3 AgNO3 HCl +KI cc H2 SO4 , etanol István Szalai reaction (prod.) SO2 ,S I2 Ag2 S2 O3 → AgS Cl2 I2 B(OC2 H5 )3 green flame Qualitative Analysis dist. ions Cu2+ , Ba2+ Anions Anion S2 O2− 3 B(OH)− reagent HCl +KIO3 AgNO3 HCl +KI cc H2 SO4 , etanol SO2− 4 BaCl2 OCl− István Szalai reaction (prod.) SO2 ,S I2 Ag2 S2 O3 → AgS Cl2 I2 B(OC2 H5 )3 green flame BaSO4 do not dissolve in 20% HCl Qualitative Analysis dist. ions Cu2+ , Ba2+ Anions Anion PO3− 4 reagent AgNO3 Magnesia-mixture reaction (prod.) Ag3 PO4 MgNH4 PO4 István Szalai Qualitative Analysis dist. ions Anions Anion PO3− 4 F− reagent AgNO3 Magnesia-mixture cc H2 SO4 reaction (prod.) Ag3 PO4 MgNH4 PO4 SiF4 István Szalai Qualitative Analysis dist. ions Anions Anion PO3− 4 F− IO− 3 reagent AgNO3 Magnesia-mixture cc H2 SO4 Zn reaction (prod.) Ag3 PO4 MgNH4 PO4 SiF4 I− (I2 ) István Szalai Qualitative Analysis dist. ions Anions Anion PO3− 4 F− IO− 3 BrO− 3 reagent AgNO3 Magnesia-mixture cc H2 SO4 Zn Zn reaction (prod.) Ag3 PO4 MgNH4 PO4 SiF4 I− (I2 ) Br− , (Br2 ) István Szalai Qualitative Analysis dist. ions IO− 3 Anions Anion PO3− 4 F− IO− 3 BrO− 3 CrO2− 4 reagent AgNO3 Magnesia-mixture cc H2 SO4 Zn Zn AgNO3 reaction (prod.) Ag3 PO4 MgNH4 PO4 SiF4 I− (I2 ) Br− , (Br2 ) Ag2 CrO4 István Szalai Qualitative Analysis dist. ions IO− 3 Pb2+ , Ba2+ Anions Anion Cl− reagent AgNO3 Berg-reaction reaction (prod.) AgCl István Szalai Qualitative Analysis dist. ions Br− Anions Anion Cl− Br− reagent AgNO3 Berg-reaction MnO− 4 Chlorine water reaction (prod.) AgCl dist. ions Br− Br2 Br2 I− István Szalai Qualitative Analysis Anions Anion Cl− Br− I− CN− reagent AgNO3 Berg-reaction MnO− 4 Chlorine water Chlorine water FeSO4 ,HCl,FeCl3 reaction (prod.) AgCl dist. ions Br− Br2 Br2 I2 Fe4 [Fe(CN)6 ]3 I− István Szalai Qualitative Analysis Anions Anion Cl− Br− I− CN− SCN− reagent AgNO3 Berg-reaction MnO− 4 Chlorine water Chlorine water FeSO4 ,HCl,FeCl3 FeCl3 reaction (prod.) AgCl dist. ions Br− Br2 Br2 I2 Fe4 [Fe(CN)6 ]3 Fe(SCN)3−n n I− István Szalai Qualitative Analysis Anions Anion CH3 COO− reagent cc H2 SO4 , ethanol István Szalai reaction (prod.) CH3 COOC2 H5 Qualitative Analysis dist. ions Anions Anion CH3 COO− NO− 2 reagent cc H2 SO4 , ethanol FeSO4 , acetic acid István Szalai reaction (prod.) CH3 COOC2 H5 [Fe(NO)]2+ Qualitative Analysis dist. ions Anions Anion CH3 COO− NO− 2 NO− 3 reagent cc H2 SO4 , ethanol FeSO4 , acetic acid FeSO4 , cc H2 SO4 reaction (prod.) CH3 COOC2 H5 [Fe(NO)]2+ [Fe(NO)]2+ Zn NH3 István Szalai Qualitative Analysis dist. ions Br− ,I− − − NO− 2 ,BrO3 ,IO3 Anions Anion CH3 COO− NO− 2 NO− 3 reagent cc H2 SO4 , ethanol FeSO4 , acetic acid FeSO4 , cc H2 SO4 reaction (prod.) CH3 COOC2 H5 [Fe(NO)]2+ [Fe(NO)]2+ ClO− 3 Zn cc H2 SO4 NH3 ClO2 István Szalai Qualitative Analysis dist. ions Br− ,I− − − NO− 2 ,BrO3 ,IO3 Anions Anion MnO− 4 reagent H2 O2 reaction (prod.) O2 István Szalai dist. ions Qualitative Analysis Anions Anion MnO− 4 ClO− 4 reagent H2 O2 KCl reaction (prod.) O2 KClO4 István Szalai dist. ions Qualitative Analysis Anions Reagent colour observation colourless conclusion 2− 2− − no S2− x , CrO4 , Cr2 O7 , MnO4 István Szalai Qualitative Analysis Anions Reagent colour pH observation colourless neutral conclusion 2− 2− − no S2− x , CrO4 , Cr2 O7 , MnO4 − 2− 2− no CO− 3 , HCO3 , SiO3 , S − 3− 2− − Sx , OCl , B(OH)4 , PO4 3− − − HPO2− 4 , AsO4 , CN , CH3 COO István Szalai Qualitative Analysis Anions Reagent colour pH observation colourless neutral pH alkaline conclusion 2− 2− − no S2− x , CrO4 , Cr2 O7 , MnO4 − 2− 2− no CO− 3 , HCO3 , SiO3 , S − 3− 2− − Sx , OCl , B(OH)4 , PO4 3− − − HPO2− 4 , AsO4 , CN , CH3 COO above ions István Szalai Qualitative Analysis Anions Reagent colour pH observation colourless neutral pH HCl alkaline no gas or ppt gas or ppt HCl conclusion 2− 2− − no S2− x , CrO4 , Cr2 O7 , MnO4 − 2− 2− no CO− 3 , HCO3 , SiO3 , S − 3− 2− − Sx , OCl , B(OH)4 , PO4 3− − − HPO2− 4 , AsO4 , CN , CH3 COO above ions no group I, CN− group I, CN− István Szalai Qualitative Analysis Anions Reagent BaCl2 observation no ppt conclusion 2− 2− 2− no CO2− 3 , SiO3 , SO3 , SO4 3− 2− 3− PO4 , HPO4 , AsO4 , CrO2− 4 István Szalai Qualitative Analysis Anions Reagent BaCl2 observation no ppt BaCl2 white ppt conclusion 2− 2− 2− no CO2− 3 , SiO3 , SO3 , SO4 3− 2− 3− PO4 , HPO4 , AsO4 , CrO2− 4 2− no CrO2− és Cr O 2 4 7 István Szalai Qualitative Analysis Anions Reagent BaCl2 observation no ppt BaCl2 white ppt soluble in 20% HCl István Szalai conclusion 2− 2− 2− no CO2− 3 , SiO3 , SO3 , SO4 3− 2− 3− PO4 , HPO4 , AsO4 , CrO2− 4 2− no CrO2− és Cr O 2 4 7 no SO2− 4 Qualitative Analysis Anions Reagent BaCl2 observation no ppt BaCl2 white ppt soluble in 20% HCl no ppt AgNO3 István Szalai conclusion 2− 2− 2− no CO2− 3 , SiO3 , SO3 , SO4 3− 2− 3− PO4 , HPO4 , AsO4 , CrO2− 4 2− no CrO2− és Cr O 2 4 7 no SO2− 4 2− 2− 2− no CO2− 3 , SiO3 , SO3 , SO4 3− 2− 3− PO4 , HPO4 , AsO4 , CrO2− 4 2− 3− S2− , S2− x , S2 O3 , AsO3 − group III, IO− 3 , BrO3 Qualitative Analysis Anions Reagent BaCl2 observation no ppt BaCl2 white ppt soluble in 20% HCl no ppt AgNO3 ppt dissolves in 2M HNO3 István Szalai conclusion 2− 2− 2− no CO2− 3 , SiO3 , SO3 , SO4 3− 2− 3− PO4 , HPO4 , AsO4 , CrO2− 4 2− no CrO2− és Cr O 2 4 7 no SO2− 4 2− 2− 2− no CO2− 3 , SiO3 , SO3 , SO4 3− 2− 3− PO4 , HPO4 , AsO4 , CrO2− 4 2− 3− S2− , S2− x , S2 O3 , AsO3 − group III, IO− 3 , BrO3 no group III Qualitative Analysis Anions Reagent KI (H+ ) observation no reaction István Szalai conclusion − no OCl− , IO− 3 , BrO3 2− 3− CrO2− 4 , Cr2 O7 , AsO4 − − NO2 , H2 O2 , MnO4 Qualitative Analysis Anions Reagent KI (H+ ) observation no reaction I2 István Szalai conclusion − no OCl− , IO− 3 , BrO3 2− 3− CrO2− 4 , Cr2 O7 , AsO4 − − NO2 , H2 O2 , MnO4 above ions Qualitative Analysis Anions Reagent KI (H+ ) observation no reaction KI3 (NaHCO3 ) I2 no change István Szalai conclusion − no OCl− , IO− 3 , BrO3 2− 3− CrO2− 4 , Cr2 O7 , AsO4 − − NO2 , H2 O2 , MnO4 above ions 2− 2− no SO2− 3 , S2 O3 , S − − − S2− x , AsO3 , CN , SCN Qualitative Analysis Anions Reagent KI (H+ ) observation no reaction KI3 (NaHCO3 ) I2 no change a brown colour disappear István Szalai conclusion − no OCl− , IO− 3 , BrO3 2− 3− CrO2− 4 , Cr2 O7 , AsO4 − − NO2 , H2 O2 , MnO4 above ions 2− 2− no SO2− 3 , S2 O3 , S − − − S2− x , AsO3 , CN , SCN above ions Qualitative Analysis Anions Reagent KMnO4 (H+ ) observation no change István Szalai conclusion 2− 2− no SO2− 3 , S 2 O3 , S − 2− − Sx , AsO3 , CN , SCN− I− , Br− , NO− 2 , H2 O2 Qualitative Analysis Anions Reagent KMnO4 (H+ ) observation no change purple colour disappear István Szalai conclusion 2− 2− no SO2− 3 , S 2 O3 , S − 2− − Sx , AsO3 , CN , SCN− I− , Br− , NO− 2 , H2 O2 above ions Qualitative Analysis Anions István Szalai Qualitative Analysis Anions István Szalai Qualitative Analysis
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