TERRESTRIAL
MANAGEMENT
STRATEGY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Rottnest Island Authority would like to acknowledge
history of Rottnest Island, Kristy Winn for undertaking
the Whadjuk people the traditional owners of Wadjemup
extensive review and research of woodland restoration
(Rottnest Island) and looking forward to working with them
on Rottnest Island, and providing recommendations on
into the future to manage and conserve the land. .
future management considerations, and Ryan Vogwill
The Rottnest Island Authority (RIA) would like to
acknowledge the effort of past and present staff and
members of the community who assist the RIA both
in voluntary capacity and through focussing their
for undertaking research and providing advice regarding
microbialites and algal mats on Rottnest Island. Thank you
to Amanda Shipton and Sarah Glauert from Aurecon for
assisting with the preliminary draft document.
professional effort to protect the unique Rottnest Island
A special acknowledgement to Roland Mau for leading
environment. There are a number of people whose
the development and preparation of this strategy with
extensive work we specifically included in the background
the Marine and Terrestrial Reserve Team including Shane
information. These include Jessica Rutherford for
Kearney, Cassyanna Thomas, Helen Shortland-Jones,
providing an extensive literature review on the geological
Tyra Garacci and Clinton Hull.
DISCLAIMER
This document has been published by the Rottnest Island
Authority. Any representation, statement, opinion or advice
expressed or implied in this publication is made in good faith
and on the basis that the Rottnest Island Authority and its
employees are not liable for any damage or loss whatsoever
which may occur as a result of action taken or not taken, as
the case may be in respect of any representation, statement,
opinion or advice referred to herein. Professional advice should
be obtained before applying the information contained in this
document to particular circumstances.
Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
4
INTRODUCTION10
Purpose of the Terrestrial Management Strategy (TMS)
12
Legal and Other Obligations
13
THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
16
Climate16
Geology16
Groundwater16
Wetlands18
Flora19
Habitat types
21
Fauna23
ISLAND OPERATIONS
Water Supply
28
28
Wastewater Management
28
Waste Management
30
Visitor Facilities
31
Operational Environmental Risks
32
Climate Change and Emissions
32
IMPLEMENTING THE TERRESTRIAL
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
34
Approach36
Management Frameworks
37
EarthCheck Accreditation
39
Management Strategies
39
REFERENCES42
Table of Figures
Figure 1: Location of Rottnest Island Reserve
10
Figure 2: Freshwater Aquifer Lenses on Rottnest Island (based on Hirschberg & Smith, 1990)
18
Figure 3: Woodland Restoration Sites (1963 – 2012)
23
Figure 4: Recycling Stream Generation Rates and Costs (Encycle Consulting, 2011).
30
Figure 5: Environmental Risk Profile Inherent to Rottnest Island Operations (RIA, 2013a)
32
Figure 6: Rottnest Island Authority Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2008-2013
33
Table 1: Terrestrial Management Considerations and Strategies
40
APPENDIX A
Key legal and other obligations with implications for proper management of the natural values
of the Rottnest Island terrestrial reserve
46
Executive Summary
Rottnest Island is an A-class Reserve situated
19 kilometres west of Fremantle. It is a popular
tourism destination due to the Mediterranean
climate, scenic natural environment and
biodiversity. Historically, Rottnest Island’s
natural environment has been significantly
altered by past land use activities. The Rottnest
Island terrestrial environment is highly valued by
the community.
The wetlands on Rottnest Island are of local, national and
Under the Rottnest Island Authority Act 1987, the Rottnest
health and the ability of the aquifer to meet increasing potable
Island Authority (RIA) is responsible for the delivery of a range
water demands and environmental water requirements into
of functions in the areas of tourism, recreation, environmental
the future.
protection and conservation. In the past, the RIA’s terrestrial
management has been based on a suite of programs and
issue-specific strategies. The ‘Rottnest Island Management
Plan 2009 – 2014: Initiative 17’ identified the need for a
Terrestrial Management Strategy (TMS) to be developed.
The TMS initiative aims to provide an overarching management
direction towards ensuring that the condition and integrity
of the flora, fauna, landforms, geology and hydrology are
protected, and enhanced where necessary. The objective
of the TMS is to provide for sustainable management of the
terrestrial environment, sustainable recreation and protection
international significance, providing important habitat for
frogs, quokkas and migratory birds, and supporting unique
microbialite communities.
Currently there is a limited understanding of hydrological
dynamics of the Island’s wetland systems, ecological water
requirements of microbialite communities and relationships to
groundwater systems.
Increasing salinity trends observed in some of the Wadjemup
aquifer bores have raised concerns regarding long-term aquifer
The native flora on Rottnest is well adapted to the
predominantly nutrient poor soils, in conjunction with the salty
and often windy conditions.
The vegetation of Rottnest Island is dominated by the Prickle
Lily and Feather Speargrass heath community, which occurs in
areas previously dominated by woodland. Over 60% of
the Island is covered by this heath assemblage, with the
Summer Scented Wattle forming a closed scrub in association
with the heath.
The Samphire communities around the Rottnest salt lakes
of the natural asset on which RIA bases its holiday and
have been listed as ‘Vulnerable Ecological Communities’ under
recreation business, and to assist the RIA in achieving financial
Commonwealth legislation. The woodland community on
sustainability.
Rottnest comprises Rottnest Island Pine and Rottnest Island
Rottnest Island has a myriad of natural values that are of
importance for biodiversity conservation at a local, state and
national level, and are an integral part of the Island amenity and
Tea Tree. At a State level, this type of woodland community
is listed as a ‘Vulnerable’ Threatened Ecological Community
under State legislation.
attraction for visitors. The natural environment is of intrinsic
The terrestrial environment of Rottnest Island has been
value and protection of the Rottnest Island Reserve to maintain
substantially changed since European settlement, including
a healthy environment is critical to ensure ecosystem function
the significant removal of woodland habitat, and creation of
today and in the future, with minimal human intervention.
numerous access tracks.
Alterations to the flora species composition of Rottnest
THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
habitats has occurred through both deliberate and
Rottnest Island’s unique geologic features present examples
ecosystem viability.
of phenomena particularly relating to global climate change
and offer opportunities for geological heritage focussed visitor
experiences.
accidental means and has implications for biodiversity and
Rottnest Island is subject to inherent biosecurity risk as a
result of daily operational activities, which have the potential to
introduce biological agents that may be harmful to aspects of
the Island’s terrestrial ecosystems.
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ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
a popular tourism
destination due to the
Mediterranean climate,
scenic natural environment
and biodiversity.
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
5
Many introduced vegetation species exist around the main
The desalination plant currently supplies approximately
Settlement area at Thompson Bay and along existing
70% of the Island’s water requirements. Increasing demand
roads and pathways. Some of the exotic trees found in the
for potable water requires consideration with regards to
Settlement have heritage values and have been placed on the
environmental and financial sustainability of the Island’s
RIA’s significant heritage tree register.
water supply system. Over-reliance on water extraction
Rottnest Island’s vegetation is critical for ecosystem health and
is susceptible to threats including, but not limited to erosion,
bushfire, quokka grazing and weeds.
The RIA operates a native plant nursery to implement RIA’s
biodiversity conservation action, monitoring and research
activities and facilitate community volunteering.
Rottnest Island provides critical habitat for a range of fauna
species, including several species listed as conservation
significant under State and Commonwealth legislation. There
are only two endemic mammals found on Rottnest Island, the
Quokka (a marsupial) and the White-Striped Free-tail Bat.
Rottnest Island’s wetlands and coastal areas provide significant
food resources and breeding habitat for a multitude of
shorebird species. The Island is listed as a ‘Wetland of National
from Wadjemup aquifer may result in the potential loss of
this freshwater resource that supplies water for human
consumption and ecological needs.
In the Settlement, all wastewater is collected and fed via
gravitational sewers and several sewage pump stations into the
Island’s wastewater treatment plant. Some effluent is treated
to an acceptable standard to be used for irrigation at the
football oval.
The wastewater treatment plant requires upgrading to improve
discharge water quality and allow for an increase in the use of
recycled wastewater.
In the bays situated further from the Settlement, there is no
sewerage infrastructure and ablution facilities use one of three
systems: septic trenches, composting and hybrid.
Importance’ under the Directory of Important Wetlands and an
The RIA operates a two municipal waste stream system,
‘Important Bird Area’ by BirdLife International due to its habitat
with recycling and general waste bins provided. All waste is
significance for migratory and resident shorebirds.
collected and taken to the transfer station at the old landfill
Rottnest Island is host to a number of pest bird species (both
indigenous and non-indigenous). Pest birds are species
site, where it is compacted and stored prior to transfer by
barge to the mainland for processing and disposal.
considered to have a negative impact on the recreational,
Waste management services present a considerable financial
natural and heritage values of Rottnest Island.
and environmental cost to the RIA and the Island.
For over 20 years a variety of control measures have been
The RIA provides a wide range of visitor facilities across the
implemented by the RIA to manage the negative impacts
Island to facilitate a spectrum of recreational opportunities
caused by pest birds on Rottnest.
safely and with minimal environmental impact. The provision of
visitor facilities comprise a significant element of
ISLAND OPERATIONS
Rottnest Island’s potable water is sourced from groundwater
of the Wadjemup aquifer and desalinated salt water from
production bores at Longreach Bay. The bore fields of the
proposed Rottnest Island Water Reserve are vulnerable to
contamination from surrounding land uses and activities due
to the unconfined and shallow nature of the aquifer.
Island management
In 2011, a Wadjemup Walk Trail Site Development Plan was
prepared which developed a hierarchical node system for sites
to meet environmental and visitor needs across the Island.
The Wadjemup Walk Trail Project will comprise a 50 kilometre
network of tracks that links a myriad of natural and cultural
environments through circuits across the Island.
The Wadjemup Walk Trail provides a unique opportunity to
protect the fragile environment while providing a new
visitor experience
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ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
The provision of goods, services and products on the Island are
There are three specific management tools that will be
associated with operations that have inherent aspects which
utilised by the RIA to provide an effective framework for
pose environmental health risks. These need to be considered
environmental protection and biodiversity conservation. These
systematically to ensure adequate protection of the natural
are the application of an Environmental Management System,
environment and safety of visitors.
Conservation Action Planning and EarthCheck Accreditation.
In 2012, the RIA completed an environmental risk assessment
for its whole-of-Island operations. Environmental risks were
identified across all Island activities. Operational controls are
These tools represent best practices for environment and
sustainability management from both industry and not-forprofit sectors.
in place to manage these risks to ensure low residual risks
The success of the Terrestrial Management Strategy requires
and treatment plans have been identified where controls were
agency-wide commitment to implementing and maintaining
considered inadequate.
the Environmental Management System, addressing
Rottnest Island currently produces approximately 4,000
tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions annually. The Island’s
wind turbine was installed in 2004 and provides approximately
biodiversity conservation management actions and continuing
to achieve sustainability targets and objectives through the
EarthCheck accreditation process.
30% of annual power requirements, with the remaining power
Table 1 outlines management considerations and strategies
supplied using diesel generators.
applied in the short-term to protect natural values of the
The Island relies on fossil fuels for power supply, which is
terrestrial environment now and into the future.
costly and creates greenhouse gas emissions. Climate change
presents a potential serious threat to Island infrastructure
and biodiversity.
THE STRATEGY
The most challenging aspects of management for
sustainability is to determine where to focus the limited fiscal
and social resources available to the RIA in order to deliver the
optimum balance of ecological, social and financial benefits.
There are three key focus areas for the terrestrial management
of Rottnest Island Reserve:
1. Environmental Protection
2. Biodiversity Conservation
3. Sustainable Development
The RIA’s management approach will be risk-based, adaptive,
continually improving, and meet or exceed industry best
practice standards. The application of these components
to the management framework of the Island’s terrestrial
environment should lead to a systematic, integrated
approach to the delivery of environment and sustainability
requirements across all business functions within the RIA and
across external stakeholders.
Banded Lapwing (Vanellus tricolor) eggs.
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
7
TABLE 1: TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIESr
Geology
Item
Management consideration
Unique carbonate geological features present
T1
examples of geological phenomena, particularly
relating to global climate change.
Strategies
• Investigate opportunities for broader recognition of
geo-heritage values.
Wetlands are of local, national and international
Groundwater
T2
significance, providing important habitat for migratory
birds and frogs, and supporting unique microbialite
wetland values e.g. RAMSAR listing.
communities.
There is a limited understanding of hydrological
T3
dynamics of the Island’s wetland systems and
ecological water requirements of microbialite
communities.
Increasing salinity in some bores of the Wadjemup
T4
Aquifer has raised concerns over general aquifer health
(viability).
Flora
• Investigate opportunities for broader recognition of
T5
and ecological water requirements of microbialite
communities.
• Determine sustainable yield of aquifer.
• Consider reducing abstraction of groundwater.
The nursery facility is integral for biodiversity
• Maintain the nursery facilities and operations.
conservation management, monitoring and research
• Facilitate research into ecosystem rehabilitation
activities and facilitates community volunteering.
T6
• Facilitate research on wetland hydro-dynamics
Rottnest Island is subject to inherent biosecurity risk as
a result of daily operational activities.
techniques.
• Develop and implement a biosecurity policy and
procedures.
Habitats
The terrestrial environment has been substantially
T7
changed since European settlement, including the
significant removal of woodland habitat, and creation of
• Develop and prioritise strategies and actions through
Conservation Action Planning process.
numerous ad-hoc access tracks.
Vegetation is critical for ecosystem health and is
T8
susceptible to threats including but not limited to
erosion, bushfire, quokka grazing and weeds.
• Develop and prioritise strategies and actions through
Conservation Action Planning process.
The Island supports fauna species that are significant
Fauna
at local, federal and global scales, including, but not
T9
limited, to the federally-listed Quokka, internationally
protected migratory shorebirds, locally declining
• Develop and prioritise strategies and actions through
Conservation Action Planning process.
bushbirds, morphologically unique frogs, and
genetically distinct reptiles.
The bore fields are vulnerable to contamination
T10
from surrounding land uses and activities due to the
Water Reserve drinking water source protection plan
unconfined and shallow nature of the aquifer.
(WRP No.148).
Water supply
Over-reliance on water extraction from Wadjemup
T11
• Implement strategies of the Rottnest Island
aquifer may result in the potential loss of this
freshwater resource that supplies water for human
consumption and ecological needs.
• Reduce reliance on freshwater aquifer.
• Investigate increasing use of saline borefield for
desalination plant or alternative sea water intake.
• Investigate increased use of recycled water for non-
T12
Increasing demand for potable water requires
consumptive purposes e.g. watering of grounds and
consideration on environmental and financial
gardens.
sustainability of the Island’s water supply system.
• Investigate use of renewable energy for desalination
power supply.
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ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
Wastewater
management
Waste
management
Item
T13
Management consideration
The wastewater treatment plant requires upgrading to
improve discharge water quality.
Strategies
• Upgrade or replace the current wastewater
treatment plant.
• Investigate increased use of recycled water for
T14
Current use of recycled wastewater is limited.
non-consumptive purposes e.g. watering of grounds
and gardens.
• Investigate on site glass processing and use options.
Waste management services present a considerable
T15
financial and environmental cost to the RIA and the
Island.
• Investigate on site organic waste processing and use
options.
• Investigate used cooking oil processing and use
options (biodiesel).
Visitor
facilities
The provision of visitor facilities represent a
significant element of Island management, with many
T16
facilities offering enhanced visitor experience and
• Implement the Wadjemup Walk Trail Project.
understanding, while protecting fragile and high use
areas.
Environmental
Risks
Climate
change
Emissions &
power supply
The Wadjemup Walk Trail provides a unique opportunity
T17
to protect the fragile environment while providing a new • Implement the Wadjemup Walk Trail Project.
visitor experience.
T18
Rottnest Island operations have significant inherent
environmental risks that need to be controlled.
• Manage all environment-related risks through the
Environmental Management System.
• Ensure infrastructure planning and asset
T19
Climatic changes present a potential threat to Island
infrastructure and biodiversity.
replacement considers climate change impacts.
• Ensure biodiversity conservation management
considers implications of climate change impacts.
• Implement energy demand management practices.
• Investigate options for renewable energy sources to
T20
The Island relies on fossil fuels for power supply, which
is costly and creates Greenhouse gas emissions.
reduce fossil fuel requirements.
• Improve energy efficiency in Island operations.
• Monitor continual improvement in greenhouse gas
emission through EarthCheck.
Rottnest Island Daisy (Trachymene coerulea Graham subsp. coerulea).
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
9
Introduction
Rottnest Island is an A-class Reserve situated
19 kilometres west of Fremantle, Western
Australia. The Island lies in an east-west
orientation, and is approximately 11 kilometres
long and 4.5 kilometres wide at its widest point
(Figure 1). The Rottnest Island Reserve (Reserve
16713) covers a land area of 1859 hectares and
3800 hectares of marine reserve.
Before the last sea level rise approximately 7,000 years ago
Rottnest Island (or Wadjemup as it is known by the local
Aboriginal Noongar people) was connected to the Swan
Coastal Plain and accessible by a land bridge. It was a valuable
meeting place for the local tribes, as well as a vital resource site
for hunting, gathering and trade. The significance of Wadjemup
for the Aboriginal community is reflected in dreamtime stories
and other aspects of cultural life. From 1838 to 1931 the island
became a prison for Aboriginal people and defines a sad period
in its history (TPG Town Planning, 2014).
Under the Rottnest Island Authority Act 1987, the Rottnest
Island Authority (RIA) is responsible for the delivery of a range
of functions in the areas of tourism, recreation, environmental
protection and conservation.
The RIA delivers these functions through a self-funding
financial model, with some specific funding from the State
Government to meet community services obligations.
The RIA is supported by a government agency which
oversees daily operation. The RIA has a core staff of over
100 individuals.
Approximately 500,000 people visit Rottnest Island each
year by passenger ferry, private boat or light aeroplane. Visitor
access to the Island is concentrated in the Settlement area
in the north-eastern corner (Figure 1), with services and
facilities including shops, food and beverage services and
accommodation available. Day-use facilities including toilet
blocks, rubbish bins, bike racks, and access infrastructure such
as stairs and boardwalks are provided throughout the Island.
Rottnest is a highly desirable holiday destination due to the
Mediterranean climate, scenic natural environment and
biodiversity. It has unique and highly diverse terrestrial,
wetland and marine ecosystems, with the marine environment
supporting a range of temperate
and tropical species.
FIGURE 1: LOCATION OF ROTTNEST ISLAND RESERVE
The Island’s cultural and social
heritage is equally diverse with
a rich history of Aboriginal,
maritime, colonial, European,
military and recreational use.
Historically, Rottnest Island’s
natural environment has been
significantly altered by past land
use activities such as extensive
vegetation clearing, farming,
mining and introduction of flora
and fauna species.
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ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
The significance of Wadjemup
for the Aboriginal community
is reflected in dreamtime
stories and other aspects of
cultural life.
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
11
Island activities are dominated by coastal and nature-based
The Rottnest Island terrestrial environment is highly valued
activities including swimming, fishing, surfing, snorkelling,
by the community. In the past, the RIA’s terrestrial
scuba diving, boating, bike riding, and bird watching.
management has been based on a suite of programs and
The Island holds considerable interest for the environmental
issue-specific strategies.
and scientific community, with a variety of research projects
undertaken annually on many aspects of the Island’s
ecosystems.
The RIA undertakes and facilitates a range of services and
activities to support the Island’s environment, conservation,
tourism and visitor management functions, including:
• Environment and biodiversity conservation management
(terrestrial and marine), incorporating policy development
and management planning, risk and threat abatement,
environmental monitoring, auditing and research, fire
management, compliance management, coastal and
woodland revegetation and coastal access management;
• Provision and operation of holiday accommodation,
PURPOSE OF THE
TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT
STRATEGY (TMS)
The Rottnest Island Management Plan 2009 – 2014 (RIMP) is
a statutory five year plan, prepared under the Rottnest Island
Authority Act 1987. The RIMP outlines the policies, major
initiatives and operations required to guide the management
direction of the Rottnest Island Reserve. The 2009-2014
RIMP identified the need to develop a Terrestrial Management
Strategy (TMS) (RIMP Initiative 17).
including residential and staff accommodation facilities;
• Recreation and tourism services and opportunities
including education, interpretation and tours;
• Provision of visitor facilities including boardwalks, public
ablutions, beach access structures, shelters, barbecues,
playgrounds, bus stops and signage;
• Water, power generation (via diesel generators and wind
turbine) and gas supply utilities;
• Wastewater treatment and waste management services
including the operation of a wastewater treatment plant,
inert landfill and waste transfer station;
• Management, protection and interpretation of European
and Indigenous cultural heritage places and history; and
• Transport services and associated infrastructure including
public transport, roads and paths, marine facilities and the
airport.
The RIA works closely with third parties and stakeholders
including the Rottnest Island Chamber of Commerce,
independent businesses, contractors, volunteers,
researchers and other state government agencies to deliver
the Island’s operations.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF
THE STRATEGY
The Terrestrial Management Strategy (TMS) sets the direction
for terrestrial management for the next five years, identifies
and fills management gaps and enables a strategic and holistic
approach to management of the Reserve. The TMS will meet
the requirements of relevant State and Commonwealth
legislation, international commitments, and relevant RIA
policies and guidelines.
The TMS aims to provide an overarching management
direction towards ensuring that the condition and integrity
of the flora, fauna, landforms, geology and hydrology
(water quality and distribution) are protected, and enhanced
where necessary.
The objective of the TMS is to provide for sustainable
management of the terrestrial environment, sustainable
recreation and protection of the natural asset on which RIA
bases its holiday and recreation business, and to assist the
RIA in achieving financial sustainability. The TMS provides
the framework for delivery from high level strategy to more
detailed operational plans.
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ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
SCOPE OF THE STRATEGY
The TMS will provide direction to other aspects of Island
The significance of the natural terrestrial environment
to Aboriginal people and the implications of cultural
considerations on management of the terrestrial
environment is not directly covered in this strategy. Rather,
the complimentary Rottnest Island (Wadjemup) Cultural
Landscape Plan (TPG Town Planning, 2014) ensures the RIA
management, including but not limited to:
• Sustainable management of operations including waste,
wastewater, utilities, transport services, and infrastructure
(RIMP Initiative 16);
• Development assessment and control processes (RIMP
Initiative 6);
considers the significant cultural landscape in the proper
• Tourism and recreation opportunities (RIMP Initiative 2);
management of the terrestrial reserve.
• Cultural Heritage (RIMP Initiative 21); and
The TMS considers existing management plans and
• Sustainability accreditation (RIMP Initiative 4).
programs, including but not limited to, pest fauna and weed
Implementation will be supported by volunteer engagement
management, bushfire management, woodland restoration,
which will provide benefits to conservation of the Reserve
coastal stabilisation and access control, quokka management,
(RIMP Initiative 25).
groundwater and wetland management, and contaminated
sites management.
The TMS is focused primarily on the natural terrestrial
environmental management of the Rottnest Island Reserve
now and into the future.
LEGAL AND OTHER
OBLIGATIONS
A primary function of the RIA is to maintain and protect the
The scope of the TMS includes the following:
natural environment of Rottnest. There are various sections
• Environmental planning;
• Groundwater and wetland management (incorporating
salt lakes, seeps and swamps);
• Biosecurity;
of the Rottnest Island Authority Act 1987 and Rottnest Island
Regulations 1988 that provide a legal framework to enable
implementation of this goal, in addition to external legal
requirements and obligations.
• Flora management;
In addition, there are a considerable number of Commonwealth
• Wildlife management;
and State Acts and regulations that have implications on the
• Provision of Reserve visitor facilities, visitor and risk
management;
management of Rottnest Island’s terrestrial environment.
Appendix A outlines the main legal requirements and other
obligations that apply to facets of reserve management.
• Environmental restoration; and
• Climate change responses and emissions management.
With regard to the RIA, the following sub-sections outline
requirements of the RIA Act, regulation and policy which are of
particular relevance to reserve management.
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
13
ROTTNEST ISLAND AUTHORITY ACT
AND REGULATION
The Rottnest Island Authority Act 1987 and Rottnest Island
Regulations 1988 are the legal basis for Island management.
Under Section 11 of the Act, the control and management of
the Island is vested in the Rottnest Island Authority for the
purpose of enabling it to:
• provide and operate recreational and holiday facilities on
the Island;
• protect the flora and fauna of the Island; and
• maintain and protect the natural environment and the
man-made resources of the Island and, to the extent
that the Authority’s resources allow, repair its natural
environment.
RIA ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
In April 2012, the RIA developed an Environmental Policy which
provides direction for environmental management of Rottnest
Island with respect to:
• management of environmental risks associated with RIA
activities;
• improving workplace culture with regards to sustainability;
• promotion of the efficient use of resources including
energy and water;
• implementation of waste minimisation strategies and
more efficient management practices;
• minimising environmental harm and prevent pollution by
applying a hierarchy of controls;
• compliance with legal, internal and voluntary
requirements; and
RIA DEVELOPMENT
PLANNING POLICY
• continual improvement of sustainability processes and
environmental performance.
Based on the Environmental Policy, the RIA has developed
The Rottnest Island Authority seeks to ensure that all
administrative and operational processes and procedures,
development undertaken in the Reserve shall observe
undertakes auditing and monitoring of operational facilities,
principles of sustainability. The policy (endorsed by the
utilities, projects and works, and maintains a core group of
Minister for Tourism) provides the RIA, private sector
qualified personnel to protect the environment of
developers and RIA community with a clear set of
Rottnest Island.
requirements for all developments on Rottnest Island.
The policy is underpinned by a Development Approval Process
and a suite of Development Approval Guidelines.
The Development Planning initiative was implemented,
amongst other reasons, to ensure a high level of protection
from inappropriate development or cumulative impacts of
development and to encourage a holistic approach to planning
and managing environmental impacts.
Specifically, Development Guideline number 8: ‘Environmental
Management of flora, fauna and marine’ provides for
formal triggers for an Environmental Impact Assessment
for substantial developments, and the requirement for an
Environmental Management Plan for a proposed development
that may have significant environmental impacts.
Eastern Osprey (Pandion cristatus).
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ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
RIA SUSTAINABILITY STRATEGY
The 2010 RIA Sustainability Strategy has six guiding principles
and a twenty point strategy framework to deliver RIMP
initiatives and maximise sustainable outcomes. It is important
that all strategies prepared by the RIA (including this TMS) can
deliver on these principles and the corresponding actions.
The guiding principles are:
1.
Rottnest Island’s terrestrial and marine environment will
be protected to safeguard the landscape and biodiversity.
2.
Development will meet both holiday and environmental
needs of present and future generations.
3.
Ethical tourism will be based on sustainable visitor
capacity and comprise ecotourism and cultural heritage
tourism, environmental education, nature conservation
and respect for cultural values.
4.
The ‘Rottnest Island experience’ including environmental,
cultural heritage and social values will be defined,
conserved and enhanced for current and future
generations (intergenerational equity).
5.
The Rottnest Island Authority will manage its resources to
be financially sustainable.
6.
Sustainability management will be based on effective
legislation, policies, procedures, increasing capacity and
participation. The Sustainability Strategy acknowledges
that each business area has a role in meeting
organisational aspirations for sustainability.
The success of the Strategy relies on the ability to coordinate,
Salt lake Samphire community.
New Zealand Fur Seal (Arctocephalus forsteri).
collaborate and integrate operations and planning at various
levels across the agency, with other stakeholders and with
commercial operators.
Achieving sustainability accreditation is a specific initiative of
the RIMP. Accreditation offers opportunities to benchmark
current environmental performance in the areas of policy,
management systems and procedures, water use, fuel
consumption, and waste generation against other tourism
businesses around the world. Documentation of performance
in these areas will support modification of management
processes, inform decision making and direct effort towards
improved environmental and financial performance
and outcomes.
Westringia (Westringia dampieri).
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
15
The Terrestrial Environment
Rottnest Island has a myriad of natural
values that are of importance for biodiversity
conservation at a local, state and national level,
and are an integral part of Island amenity and
attraction for visitors. The natural environment
is of intrinsic value and protection of the
Rottnest Island Reserve to maintain a healthy
environment is critical to ensure ecosystem
function today and in the future, with minimal
human intervention.
The large aeolian dunes that make up Rottnest Island consist
of cemented windblown (aeolian) limestone, which formed
when the Island was connected to the mainland, some
140,000 years ago, when sea-level was much lower and the
coastline was 12km west of Rottnest Island (Playford P. E.,
1988; Hearty P. J., 2003). The coastline of approximately
20,000 years ago was also beyond Rottnest Island, when sealevel was ~130m below the present Perth shoreline.
The sediments comprising the Spearwood Dune System
developed from the Tamala Limestone, which is predominantly
cemented quartz sands, but also contains an extensive coastal
assemblage of shells and coral fragments (Playford P. E.,
CLIMATE
Rottnest Island experiences a Mediterranean climate with
wet winters and extremely dry summers. The Island
receives an annual average rainfall of 713mm, with 72% of
precipitation occurring between May and August and only
around 4% in the summer months. Temperatures range from
an average maximum temperature of 17.5°C in winter to 25.6°C
in summer.
1988). The Tamala Limestone formed as windblown deposits
during the Pleistocene age. Large aeolian dunes reflect the
accumulation of sand blown inland and coastal migration
of the dunes is evident in the cross-bedding of Tamala
Limestone cliffs (Copp, 2001). The Island’s distinct shoreline
of reef platforms, which cut into aeolionite Tamala limestone
ridges and cliffs, demonstrate historical sea-level changes, as
evidenced in the notch, ridges and cemented assemblages
within limestone cliffs (Playford P. E., 1997; Short, 2005).
Rottnest Island’s unique carbonate geologic features
GEOLOGY
(stromatolites, evidence of sea level change, exposures of Late
Rottnest Island is one of three Cenozoic carbonate islands,
of geological phenomena, particularly relating to global
including Carnac and Garden Island, located in a tectonically
stable region on the continental shelf off the coast of Perth
(Szabo, 1978; Playford P. E., 1997; Vacher & Quinn, 2004;
Pleistocene eolionite and Holocene dunes) present examples
climate change, and offer opportunities for the development
of geotourism, where the focus of tourism is on their particular
features (Rutherford, 2012).
Brooke et. al., 2010). Rottnest Island is part of what is
aeolian limestone dune systems (Playford P. E., 1997;
GROUNDWATER
Brooke, Creasey, & Sexton, 2010), and is part of a chain of
Three major aquifers are located beneath Rottnest Island: the
aeolian dunes known as the Spearwood Dune System, believed
Tamala aquifer, Leederville aquifer and Yarragadee aquifer.
to have formed some 140,000 to 130,000 years
The Leederville and Yarragadee aquifers are confined aquifers
ago during a glacial period (Playford P. E., 1988;
which store groundwater deep underground under great
Hearty P. J., 2003; Hearty & O’Leary, 2008; Hearty et. al.,
pressure (Davidson & Mory, 1990). Both aquifers extend from
2007). Bathymetry shows a late Quaternary history of dune
the Perth metropolitan area to Rottnest Island.
recognised as one of the world’s most extensive Quaternary
systems, parallel ridges and reefs and evidence of previous
shorelines (Richardson et. al., 2005).
16
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
Three major aquifers
are located beneath
Rottnest Island.
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
17
FIGURE 2: FRESHWATER AQUIFER LENSES ON ROTTNEST ISLAND (BASED ON HIRSCHBERG & SMITH, 1990)
The Tamala aquifer is an unconfined aquifer, where the upper
Analysis of bore data has indicated a correlation between the
surface of the aquifer comprises the Island’s water table. The
rate of abstraction and salinity readings within the aquifer both
aquifer contains two freshwater lenses, one located under the
on a seasonal (short time period – which can be compounded
Wadjemup Lighthouse and a smaller lens located under the
by the effect of rainfall) and on an annual basis (longer
Oliver Hill artillery battery (Figure 1). Lenses are thin layers of
time period). It appears that whilst rainfall does decrease
fresh water on top saline water with a brackish mixing zone in
salinity over the winter months, consistent elevated rates of
between (Playford P. E., 1997).
abstraction over a longer period has led to an overall increase
The Wadjemup Hill lens is a major source of Rottnest Island’s
in salinity within the aquifer.
groundwater, and is recharged via rainfall events. Freshwater
flows from the lens via radial outflow to the coast and surface
seepage to swamps and lakes. Groundwater is lost from the
WETLANDS
aquifer via evaporation, abstraction (pumping) from boreholes,
The wetlands on Rottnest Island consist of salt lakes,
vegetation uptake and transpiration (Smith, 1985).
freshwater seeps and brackish swamps which are essential for
The RIA has identified an increasing trend in overall aquifer
the continued functioning of all Rottnest’s ecosystems.
salinity of the Wadjemup Hill lens (approximately 30% of
Rottnest Island’s salt lakes, swamps and seeps are listed as
bores have increased in salinity since their installation). The
‘Wetlands of National Importance’ under the Directory of
drivers for this are likely to be decreasing rainfall and prolonged
Important Wetlands in Australia (Environment Australia, 2001).
groundwater abstraction from the aquifer.
The Island’s wetland system is represented in every category
within the directory from highly saline to fresh.
18
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
The three deepest lakes on the Island (Government House
Approximately 30 years ago, the Rottnest Island landfill came
Lake, Lake Serpentine and Lake Herschel) are the only
into use and all waste (inert and putrescible - decomposing
wetlands in Australia known to exhibit seasonal meromixis
waste such as food and organic matter) was buried in two
(i.e. stratification that occurs in winter to spring where cool,
unlined cells on the site. Burying of putrescibles at the landfill
low salinity water derived from groundwater seepage overlays
has since ceased, however leachate from decomposing waste
warmer, highly saline water).
has caused a groundwater nutrient plume that extends from
Rottnest is the only island amongst over 200 islands in
Western Australia that supports a salt lake complex which
covers an area in excess of 10 hectares. The Island has been
the site in a north-easterly direction towards Herschel Lake.
There is potential for nutrient-laden groundwater originating at
the old landfill site to affect the salt lakes and seeps.
identified as meeting up to four out of nine Ramsar criteria for
As a result of development and operational activities, there
listing as a ‘Wetland of International Importance’ (Jaensch &
is also pressure on Rottnest’s salt lakes and seeps adjacent
Watkins, 1999; Horwitz et. al., 2014)
to the Settlement. Eutrophication (excessive nutrient influx)
Water supply to the brackish seeps and swamps occurs
via precipitation and groundwater. Seven of the lakes are
permanent; with other waterbodies seasonally inundated. A
and introduction of chemicals via surface water run-off or
infiltration into groundwater can significantly impact water
quality and affect fauna and flora populations.
number of the deeper salt lakes support significant hypersaline
At present, the RIA has limited understanding of the magnitude
microbialite communities that are listed as Priority Ecological
of the threat posed by development and the associated
Communities (PEC) under the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950.
environmental risk. This places the Island at risk of potential
The microbialite communities on Rottnest contain fossilised
structures as well as active structure forming algal mats,
occurring in a variety of different colours and forms. The form
and diversity of both algal mats and structures (both modern
environmental harm. It is critical the RIA acquire greater
understanding of the hydrological dynamics of Rottnest’s
wetland system and contaminant threshold levels to mitigate
any potential anthropogenic impacts.
and historical) in the Rottnest lakes is unique in south-west
Western Australia (Vogwill, 2013). The ecological water
requirements of the microbialite communities on Rottnest are
FLORA
currently unknown; however previous research has shown that
The soils on Rottnest are very porous and are lacking in many
increased acidity, nutrients or salinity changes can all cause
essential plant nutrients as a result of excessive leaching,
impacts to communities.
however soils located in large swales and depressions do have
The RIA has identified a general increase in the salinity
of piezometers at Lake Negri, Serpentine, Baghdad and
Pink Lakes over time (RIA, 2012). Lake Baghdad, Lake
Negri and Pink Lake are within the vicinity of the bores that
relatively high amounts of organic matter (Winn, 2007).
The native flora on Rottnest is well adapted to the
predominantly nutrient poor soils, along with the salty and
often windy conditions.
have experienced an increase in salinity levels since they
The most recent comprehensive survey of the vascular flora
were established. Flow paths between the aquifer and the
of Rottnest Island was carried out between 1998 and 2000 by
surrounding areas have not been formally evaluated however,
the Rottnest Voluntary Guides, in conjunction with the Western
there is evidence that seeps located on the western shorelines
Australian Herbarium. A total of 196 vascular plant species
of Lake Baghdad, Lake Negri, Pink Lake and Parakeet, Barker,
were recorded during the survey including 113 native species
Bulldozer, Lighthouse and Salmon Swamps derive some
and 83 introduced flora species (Rippey et. al., 2003).
groundwater (quantity unknown) from the freshwater lens
beneath the borefield (Smith R.A, 1985).
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
19
With the help of volunteers, the RIA are currently in the
process of updating the flora inventory for Rottnest through
the collection of new specimens and development of a
comprehensive flora database. This will enable continual
updates to the inventory which will provide the RIA with a
better understanding of the presence and distribution of flora,
including any new introductions or losses which will assist in
WEEDS
The Rottnest Island terrestrial environment has been isolated
from the mainland for approximately 7000 years, allowing
the Island’s ecology and biological diversity to develop with
limited external impacts. Since the arrival of settlers, significant
changes have been taking place, many of them to the
the management of the floristic communities on Rottnest.
detriment of the Island’s pre-settlement ecosystems.
One Priority 2, State-listed flora species under the Wildlife
Alterations to the flora species composition of Rottnest
Conservation Act 1950 (Hydrocotyle sp. Hamelinensis) has
been previously recorded adjacent to Lake Timperley.
means and has implications for biodiversity, genetic
The RIA initiated operation of its native plant nursery in 2010.
The nursery facility provides an essential platform for the RIA
to undertake RIA’s biodiversity conservation action, monitoring
and research activities and facilitate community volunteering.
To date the RIA propagates up to 25,000 native plants annually
from seed collected on the Island to service conservation
habitats has occurred through both deliberate and accidental
conservation and ecosystem viability.
The vegetation of Rottnest Island contains a large proportion of
weed (introduced) species, with 42% (83) of the total
196 species recorded between 1998 and 2000 considered to
be weeds. The comparable figure for the Perth region was 27%,
or 547 alien species in a total of 2057 species
projects within the Rottnest Island Reserve.
(Marchant et. al., 1987).
The nursery’s outputs cannot be sustained without the
From the late 1950s to late 1990s, weeds comprised an
dedicated and consistent effort of specialised community
increasing proportion of the flora and showed a particularly
conservation volunteers.
rapid turnover. These introduced species were concentrated in
the developed areas, where they dominated the flora, but some
were widespread across the Island.
A total of 33 cultivated species were recorded on Rottnest
between 1998 and 2000. These species are not native to
the Island and include relics of nineteenth century market
gardens and orchards, shading ornamentals for the benefit of
twentieth-century tourists, and reforestation species.
The daily movement of people and freight has inherent risk
associated with it that has the potential to result in introduction
of disease, pests and weeds resulting in a loss in biodiversity
and genetic diversity. Activities which carry particular
biosecurity risk include the importation of soil for projects,
introduction of unclean machinery and vehicles which may
carry weed and seed, importation of seeds and plants for
landscaping and revegetation purposes, and the planting of
weed species in private Island gardens.
Twining fringe lily (Thysanotus patersonii).
20
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
HABITAT TYPES
The current dune rehabilitation program on Rottnest
There are six main terrestrial habitats on Rottnest,
coastal flora species at the Rottnest Island nursery for planting.
characterised by a variety of vegetation assemblages (Winn,
Other types of coastal habitat and erosion management
2007). The vegetation assemblages are not discrete units
include installation of jute matting, sand-trap fencing and
confined solely to a particular habitat type as there is crossover
access controls such as boardwalks and stairways. The
of species both between and within habitats.
delivery of on-ground dune rehabilitation works is largely
incorporates weed control, seed collection and propagation of
undertaken by community volunteers.
COASTAL HABITAT
Stable sand dunes are situated behind the mobile sand dunes
Coastal habitat comprises Rottnest’s sandy beaches, mobile
and stationary sand dunes and limestone cliffs. On Rottnest,
mobile sand dune vegetation assemblages occur on beach
backshores, foredunes and blowouts. Mobile sand dunes
are shaped by erosion and accretion processes through
wind and ocean influences. The vegetation is dominated by
Beach Spinifex (Spinifex longifolius), Coastal Sword-sedge
and are generally older. The soils are often more complex and
can therefore provide habitat for a more varied vegetation
assemblage. Rottnest’s stable sand dunes and limestone
cliffs are characterised by the Coastal Daisy Bush (Olearia
axillaris), Fan Flower (Scaevola crassifolia), Seaberry Saltbush
(Rhagodia baccata), Guichenotia ledifolia and Coastal
Rosemary (Westringia dampieri).
(Lepidosperma gladiatum), Bower Spinach (Tetragonia
Under the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950, a Priority 3
implexicoma) and Saltbush (Atriplex cinerea and A. isatidea).
ecological community, ‘Coastal Shrublands on Shallow Sands’
Mobile sand dunes are integral components of beach systems.
While natural processes contribute to dune erosion, the
process can be exacerbated by human activity, leading to:
• loss of fragile dune vegetation and associated fauna
habitats;
has been identified as occurring within the south-eastern
portion of the Island near Henrietta Rocks.
WETLANDS
Salt Lakes
• damage to infrastructure such as roads and buildings;
The vegetation assemblages found around Rottnest’s salt
• loss of visual amenity and a reduced visitor experience;
lakes are associated with particular areas based on soil salinity
and
and proximity to the lakes. The area closest to the hypersaline
• increased visitor risk if erosion contributes to landslides or
water is dominated by Samphire species such as the Beaded
Samphire (Sarcocornia quinqueflora) and Shrubby Samphire
rock falls.
The total area of dune blowouts as at December 2008 was
estimated to be 21 hectares (representing 3.5% of the coast
zone). This was an increase of 15% on the 18.2 hectares
estimated for eight years earlier (Rottnest Island Authority,
2010). More than half of the increase came from just two
blowouts: Parker Point and Parakeet Bay. While natural
processes contribute to the growth of dune blowouts, there
appears to be a positive correlation between growth and
frequency of human activities on dunes. Whilst there has been
(Tecticornia halocnemoides). Beyond the high water mark, the
vegetation complex consists of Coastal Bonefruit (Threlkeldia
diffusa), Grey Saltbush (Atriplex cinerea), Seaberry Saltbush
(Rhagodia baccata), Cockies’ Tongues (Templetonia retusa)
and Coastal Pigface (Carpobrotus virescens). Finally, the
outermost area surrounding the salt lakes comprises the
sedges: Coastal Saw Sedge (Gahnia trifida), Coastal Sword
Sedge (Lepidosperma gladiatum) and Coarse Club Rush
(Ficinia nodosa).
an increase in localised erosion across the Island, this has been
confined to a dozen locations that make up a small proportion
of the whole coastal zone. Dune erosion does create localised
environmental issues which can impact on visitor experience,
visitor risk and localised environmental values.
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
21
Under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity
Conservation (EPBC) Act 1999, the Subtropical and Temperate
Coastal Saltmarsh Ecological Community has been listed as
Vulnerable. This community is represented in the Samphire
communities around the Rottnest salt lakes. This community is
susceptible to threats including, but not limited to clearing and
fragmentation, altered hydrology, invasive species, recreation,
eutrophication and inappropriate fire regimes.
Prior to European settlement in 1831, over half of Rottnest
Freshwater Seeps and Brackish Swamps
restoration on Rottnest since 1963 (Figure 2) in order to:
Water supply to the freshwater seeps and brackish swamps
on Rottnest occurs via precipitation and groundwater. Soil
moisture is maintained year-round, with a diverse assemblage
of vegetation found around these water bodies. Vegetation
is dominated by the sedge species including Coastal Saw
Island was covered in large areas of woodland. The majority
of the Island’s woodland was lost during early European
settlement due to clearing for farming, buildings and firewood,
and inappropriate fire regimes (Winn, 2007). At present,
approximately 4% of the Island is covered by scattered relic
stands of woodland.
The Rottnest Island Authority has been undertaking woodland
• Prevent local extinction of this threatened ecological
community;
• Extend woodland habitat to protect Island fauna; and
• Enhance the natural recreation amenity of the Island.
Sedge (Gahnia trifida), Coastal Sword Sedge (Lepidosperma
Historically, the woodland restoration program on Rottnest
gladiatum) and Coarse Club Rush (Ficinia nodosa). Some salt
tolerant species such as the Beaded Samphire (Sarcocornia
quinqueflora), Grey Saltbush (Atriplex cinerea) and Shrubby
Samphire (Tecticornia halocnemoides) exist around the
brackish margins.
occurred on an ad hoc basis, with little strategic planning
involved. Woodland restoration activities include seed
collection, propagation, planting and weed control.
In earlier years, tree species not naturally occurring on
Rottnest such as Tuart (Eucalyptus gomphocephala) and
Coastal Moort (Eucalyptus utilis) were planted in large stands.
WOODLAND
Apart from these stands not being representative of the natural
The woodland community on Rottnest comprises Rottnest
the Island’s harsh conditions. Species such as Tuart have high
Island Pine (Callitris preissii) and Rottnest Island Tea Tree
water demands and as a result put additional pressures on
(Melaleuca lanceolata). This woodland community is listed as
Rottnest’s limited groundwater supply.
a ‘Vulnerable’ Threatened Ecological Community under the
Wildlife Conservation Act 1950. Both woodland species are
killed outright by fire, relying on regeneration from seed only.
habitat, many of these non-native species are not suited to
Since 1995, only the two tree species native to the Island,
Rottnest Island Pine and Rottnest Island Tea Tree, have
been planted. Woodland restoration on Rottnest to date has
Canopy seed store peaks between the ages of 30-36 years
predominantly involved planting within fenced restoration areas
for Rottnest Island Pine and 19-36 years for Rottnest Island
in order to exclude quokkas from grazing on the seedlings.
Tea Tree. Stands in this age range therefore have the greatest
chance of successfully regenerating, particularly following
fire when seed in serotinous cones is released. Many natural
stands will die out in the near future because regeneration
is not occurring. High tree density and quokka grazing were
identified as the principal factors limiting regeneration.
Regeneration is limited at stands with high tree densities due
to unsuitable seedbed conditions beneath the closed canopy
and high levels of competition from established vegetation.
However, at sites with low tree densities and large open
areas where conditions were more favourable for seedling
establishment, prolific quokka grazing appeared to be the
critical factor limiting regeneration (Maher, 2003).
22
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
FIGURE 3: WOODLAND RESTORATION SITES (1963 – 2012)
HEATH AND SHRUBLAND
FAUNA
The vegetation of Rottnest Island is dominated by the Prickle Lily
Rottnest Island provides critical habitat for a range of fauna
(Acanthocarpus preissii) and Feather Speargrass (Austrostipa
species, including several species listed as conservation
flavescens) heath community, which occurs in areas previously
dominated by woodland. The heath comprises a variety of
annuals and perennials, including Grey Cottonhead (Conostylis
candicans subsp. calcicola), Cockies’ Tongues (Templetonia
retusa) and Rottnest Island Daisy (Trachymene coerulea
subsp. coerulea). Over 60% of the Island is covered by this
heath assemblage, with the Summer Scented Wattle (Acacia
rostellifera) forming a closed scrub in association with the heath.
significant under State and Commonwealth legislation. To date,
SETTLEMENT VEGETATION
MAMMALS
The Settlement area incorporates all the highly developed
There are only two endemic mammals found on Rottnest
areas on the Island. Many introduced vegetation species exist
Island, the Quokka (a marsupial) and the White-Striped
around the main Settlement area at Thompson Bay and along
Free-tail Bat.
there have been approximately 181 fauna species recorded
on the Island, including two mammals, 100 shorebird and
bushbird species, 19 reptiles and three amphibians. There are
records of 33 terrestrial invertebrate species recorded during
RIA reptile monitoring programs, and up to 19 freshwater
and saline invertebrate families identified in a recent wetland
research study (Avenant, 2012).
existing roads and pathways. Some of the exotic trees found in
the Settlement have heritage values and have been placed on
the RIA’s significant heritage tree register.
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
23
Quokka
Given the current vulnerable conservation status of the
The Quokka (Setonix brachyurus) is listed as ‘Vulnerable’
quokka, the RIA has collaborated with Department of Parks
under State and Commonwealth legislation, and ‘Vulnerable’
and Wildlife (DPaW) to develop a state-wide Quokka Recovery
on the global IUCN Redlist. Before the 1930s, quokkas were
Plan (Department of Environment and Conservation, 2013).
abundant in the south-west of Western Australia; however
The Recovery Plan guides the management of quokka
habitat loss, altered fire regimes, altered hydrological regimes
populations over the next 10 years, with the overall long-
(through surface and groundwater abstraction) and the
term objective to at least maintain the current population
introduction of feral predators such as the fox and cat has led
distribution and abundance. The RIA are collaborating with
to significant declines in the mainland population (Department
DPaW to address several of the recovery actions, including
of Environment and Conservation, 2013).
undertaking a quokka demographics, health and condition
Rottnest Island currently supports the largest existing quokka
population, with an estimated 10,000 to 12,000 individuals
(Department of Environment and Conservation, 2013).
Quokkas are found in varying densities across the entire
and genetics research project on Rottnest in conjunction with
DPaW and the University of Western Australia. This will provide
crucial data on the overall condition of Rottnest’s quokka
population and inform management strategies.
Island, in all terrestrial habitat types. Quokkas also congregate
White-striped Free-tail Bat
in the Settlement due to the prevalence of freshwater and
The White-striped Free-tail Bat (Tadarida australis) forages for
food availability. Some seasonal mortality coincides with the
airborne insects at night above the canopy at high speeds and
dry season when food resources and freshwater availability
occasionally descends to the ground in search of terrestrial
decline, however the extent to which this affects the overall
insects (Dell, 2008). It roosts in tree hollows, under loose
population is presently unknown.
bark, in dead stumps and the ceilings of buildings. It is a partial
The quokka is mostly nocturnal and a browsing herbivore,
however they will also occasionally eat insects. On Rottnest,
most young are born in late February to April, emerge from the
pouch in August-September and continue to suckle for another
two months.
The Rottnest quokka was once hunted for meat on Rottnest,
migrant, and has been recorded across the entire Island.
However, the duration of time individuals spend on Rottnest
Island is not known (Dell, 2008). The White-striped Free-tail
Bats are vulnerable to temperature increases as a result
of climate change, and consequently have been selected
as an indicator species under the ClimateWatch program
(ClimateWatch, 2013).
but was protected in 1917. Whilst the quokka population on
Rottnest is relatively stable, they are still susceptible to threats
such as disease, uncontrolled fires, altered hydrological
regimes from groundwater abstraction, decreasing rainfall
as a result of climate change and anthropogenic impacts e.g.
tourists providing food, new developments and environmental
incidents affecting food availability and freshwater resources.
Disease has not been demonstrated as an important factor
in the decline of the quokka; however, it has been implicated
as responsible for deaths of individuals (de Tores et.al.,
2007). Potential disease threats include salmonella infection
and toxoplasmosis. Salmonella infections are believed to be
common on Rottnest Island (Hart, Bradshaw, & Iveson, 1986).
Quokka (Setonix brachyurus).
24
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
BIRDS
The Island is a major stop-over area for migratory shorebirds
Rottnest Island is a haven for birds and thus a popular
destination for bird watching. The birds found on Rottnest
Island can be generally grouped into shorebirds, bushbirds,
and pest birds.
in south-western Australia, and supports regionally-significant
numbers of the Red-necked Stint (Calidris ruficollis) which is
listed under the international CAMBA, JAMBA and ROKAMBA
treaties (Department of the Environment, 2014). The wetlands
on Rottnest also provide significant drought refuge area
for migratory shorebirds, including over 1% of the world’s
Shorebirds
Rottnest Island’s wetlands and coastal areas provide
significant food resources and breeding habitat for a
population of the Banded Stilt (Cladorhynchus leucocephalus)
(BirdLife International, 2013).
multitude of shorebird species. The RIA has a Memorandum
Rottnest Island supports several of the southern-most
of Understanding with BirdLife Australia, who have been
breeding colonies of Wedge-tailed Shearwaters (Puffinus
surveying trans-equatorial shorebirds at Rottnest since the
pacificus) (Bancroft, Garkaklis, & Roberts, 2004). Wedge-tailed
Shearwaters can live for up to 30 years, are monogamous
(pair for life), and breed in burrows they have excavated. The
breeding pairs will usually return to the same breeding burrow
year after year where they lay a single egg (Bancroft J. B.,
2009). The boardwalk at West End was constructed to protect
the burrows of the Shearwater colony from human disturbance
via trampling.
1970s. Up to 50 shorebird species are recorded by BirdLife
Australia at Rottnest on a bi-annual basis, with itinerant
species regularly observed.
The Island’s listing as a ‘Wetland of National Importance’ under
the Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia (Environment
Australia, 2001) is in part due to its habitat significance for
migratory and resident shorebirds. The lack of introduced
predators such as foxes and cats on Rottnest also enables
successful breeding when compared to the mainland.
Rottnest has been classified as an ‘Important Bird Area’ by
BirdLife International as it provides critical breeding habitat
for the Fairy Tern (Sterna nereis), listed as ‘vulnerable’ under
Commonwealth legislation and the IUCN Red List (BirdLife
International, 2013)
Rottnest also provides important breeding habitat for the
Eastern Osprey (Pandion cristatus). There are about fifteen
nests on the Island, of which thirteen were active in 2012.
Ospreys build large nests of sticks and seaweed on limestone
outcroppings on the Island, and will generally return to the
same nest each year to breed (Poole, 1981). Breeding occurs
from June to December on Rottnest, and the ospreys are easily
disturbed by human presence through accessing the nests,
boat traffic and other recreational activities such as snorkelling
and kayaking. Disturbance can lead to nest abandonment,
delayed breeding and/or a decrease in reproductive output
(Dennis, 2007).
Shorebirds face threats such as anthropogenic impacts
(e.g. human disturbance, boat traffic, new developments
and environmental incidents affecting water quality),
competition from pest bird species, and predation on nests
by the Australian Raven (Corvus coronoides), Rottnest Island
Dugite (Psuedonaja affinis exilis) and King Skink (Egernia
kingii). Shorebirds are also susceptible to climate change,
with increased water temperatures and altered rainfall events
affecting food resources. Regular survey events enable the RIA
to track presence/absence and breeding success of shorebirds
on the Island and, if required, implement mitigation strategies
to manage any environmental impacts.
Australian Pied Oystercatcher (Haematopus longirostris).
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
25
Bushbirds
Pest Birds
A combination of habitat clearing on the Swan Coastal Plain
Rottnest Island is host to a number of pest bird species
and the introduction of feral predators such as foxes and
(both indigenous and non-indigenous), including the
cats have caused significant declines in mainland bushbird
Australian Raven (Corvus coronoides), Silver Gull (Larus
populations since European colonisation. Rottnest Island’s
novaehollandiae), Rainbow Lorikeet (Trichoglossus
haematodus), and Galah (Cacatua roseicapilla). Pest birds
are species considered to have a negative impact on the
recreational, natural and heritage values of Rottnest Island.
woodland (listed as a Threatened Ecological Community
under State legislation), Acanthocarpus preissii – Austrostipa
flavescens and Acacia rostellifera communities provide key
habitat for the 43 species of bushbird regularly surveyed
on Rottnest.
Two non-indigenous species, the Common Pheasant
(Phasianus colchicus) and Indian Peafowl (Pavo sp) were
Woodland habitat is especially important for the Golden
introduced to the island. Although generally considered a pest
Whistler (Pachycephala pectoralis) and Red-capped Robin
bird species from an environmental perspective, in 1979 they
(Petroica goodenovii). The population of both these species
were formally protected under the Wildlife Conservation Act for
has declined on the Swan Coastal Plain, however surveys on
their heritage value.
the Island have indicated an increase in population size and
colonisation of suitable reforested sites since 2009.
Problems presented by pest birds can include harassment/
injury to people, disease and infection transfer, competition with
The Rock Parrot (Neophema petrophila) forages on the ground
native birds, damage to buildings, noise and water pollution.
for seeds and vegetation, and nests in limestone rock crevices
While all flora and fauna on Rottnest is protected under the
(Saunders & de Rebeira, 1993). It was regarded as common
Rottnest Island Authority Act 1987, management action is
on Rottnest from 1905 to 1929 but was uncommon by 1965
necessary to ensure pests do not have an overall negative
due to capture of juvenile birds for sale on the mainland (Storr,
impact on the Island. For over 20 years a variety of control
1964). This population has continued to decline (even with the
measures have been implemented by the RIA to reduce the
removal of cats from the Island in 2002) which may indicate
negative impacts caused by pest birds on Rottnest.
that it is potentially no longer viable on the Island (BirdLife
Australia, 2011). Research into Rock Parrot population size
is currently being undertaken by DPaW and RIA, with several
individuals already tagged by DPaW.
Whilst Rottnest provides excellent habitat for bushbirds, they
are still vulnerable to external threats such as climate change
and associated flow-on effects, uncontrolled fire events, and
competition with pest bird species. Under the Memorandum
of Understanding with the RIA, BirdLife Australia conduct
bushbird surveys of the Island’s reforested sites and remnant
bushland once every two years. This allows the RIA to track
breeding success and population size of bushbird species on
the Island and, where required, adjust management activities
(e.g. woodland restoration) to mitigate any impacts and
increase opportunity.
Silver Gull (Larus novaehollandiae).
26
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
REPTILES
INVERTEBRATES
There are 19 species of reptile found on the Island, including
There are records of 33 terrestrial invertebrate species
two geckos, two legless lizards, thirteen skink lizards and two
recorded during RIA reptile monitoring programs, and up to 19
snakes. Coastal habitat, limestone heath and Acanthocarpus
freshwater and saline invertebrate families identified in a recent
preissii – Austrostipa flavescens and Acacia rostellifera heath
communities provide key habitat for Rottnest’s reptiles. The
RIA reptile monitoring program has previously recorded
healthy breeding populations of 16 reptile species throughout
the Island.
wetland research study (Avenant, 2012).
The Rottnest Island Bobtail (Tiliqua rugosa konowi) and
Rottnest Island Dugite (Psuedonaja affinis exilis) are both listed
as ‘Vulnerable’ under the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 as
they are genetically distinct from the mainland populations.
Given the length of time Rottnest has been separated from the
mainland, it could potentially be inferred that all reptile species
are genetically distinct from their mainland counterparts,
however this is yet to be confirmed.
Invertebrates play a critical role in ecosystem function, and
provide a significant food source for Rottnest’s reptiles,
amphibians, birds and mammals. Brine shrimp (Artemia
sp.) are prevalent in the salt lakes, and are an important food
resource for migratory and resident shorebirds.
Freshwater and saline invertebrates are dependent on water
quality of the wetlands, and water quality issues such as
eutrophication (excessive nutrients from anthropogenic
sources) or increasing salinity may significantly impact the
invertebrate populations. Further research is required to
gain more understanding of the freshwater and terrestrial
invertebrates on Rottnest, and their function within terrestrial
and wetland ecosystems.
AMPHIBIANS
Rottnest Island supports three species of frogs: the Moaning
Frog (Heleioporus eyrei), Sandplain Froglet (Crinia insignifera)
and Western Green Tree Frog or Motorbike Frog (Litoria
moorei). All species are morphologically distinct to those on
the mainland which may indicate they are genetically distinct
and could be classified as subspecies. The brackish wetlands
on Rottnest (swamps and seeps) provide critical breeding
sites and habitat for Rottnest’s frog species. Frog population
condition is dependent on the water quality of these water
bodies therefore minimising anthropogenic impacts such as
eutrophication and over-abstraction of groundwater is vital to
ensure Rottnest’s frog populations remain stable.
Frog populations around the world are also threatened by
Chytridiomycosis, an infectious disease caused by a fungus
known as the amphibian chytrid fungus or Batrachochytrium
dendrobatidis (Department of Environment, Climate Change
and Water, 2009). Chytrid has been found on Rottnest during
a recent study and the strain is most likely to be the same as
that found in the metropolitan area and surrounds (Florides
& Wilcox, 2013). However, the RIA frog monitoring program
has recorded healthy breeding populations of all frog species
since 2002, indicating that environmental conditions on the
Island may potentially inhibit the chytrid fungus from causing
widespread mortality.
Moaning Frog (Heleioporus eyrei).
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
27
Island Operations
WATER SUPPLY
Any increased requirement for potable water produced with
The RIA is licensed by the Economic Regulation
Authority to operate the island’s drinking
water supply.
RIA’s operations through increased carbon emissions and risks
The supply consists of water drawn from the Wadjemup bore
such as fuel spills and fertiliser input.
fossil fuel power increases the environmental hazards of the
associated with fossil fuel transport, storage and dispensing.
As with groundwater, Rottnest’s salt lakes, seeps and swamps
are vulnerable to contamination from anthropogenic sources
field (fresh water) and a saltwater bore field at Longreach Bay.
The volume of fresh water abstracted is managed under a
licence to take water issued by the Department of Water and
the Minister for Environment’s Statement 324 (1993). The
island’s facilities and utilities maintenance contractor manages
the island’s drinking water supply on behalf of the RIA.
In the Settlement, all wastewater is collected and fed via
gravitational sewers and several sewage pump stations into
the Island’s wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). At the
The bore fields of the proposed Rottnest Island Water Reserve
WWTP, the wastewater is treated to secondary standard, with
are vulnerable to contamination from surrounding land uses
some further treated to an acceptable standard to be used for
and activities due to the unconfined and shallow nature of
irrigation at the football oval.
the aquifer.
Wastewater that is not required for irrigation is diverted to two
A ‘Rottnest Island Water Reserve Drinking Water Source
ponds, which were designed to allow for excess water loss
Protection Plan’ (DWAPP) was prepared by the Department
through evaporation and ground infiltration. The RIA monitors
of Water (Department of Water, 2013). The DWAPP identifies
several groundwater bores adjacent to the WWTP. The long-
strategies and proposed water reserve boundary, priority areas
term effects of wastewater infiltration (containing high nutrient
and protection zones that will help to protect the water quality
and bacteria levels) into groundwater and the impacts on
of Rottnest Island’s drinking water supply.
the surrounding environment such as the nearshore coastal
The desalination plant was commissioned in 1995 and
environment are currently unknown.
currently supplies approximately 70% of the Island’s water
Historically, there have been incidents which resulted in
requirements. Approximately 30% of the Island’s electricity
an influx of nutrients and bacteria to groundwater at the
needs are met from a wind turbine and the use of diesel to also
WWTP. Upgrades to the WWTP have improved the WWTP
generate electricity for the desalination plant is a relatively
performance in recent times, however, due to the age and
expensive option for water production and increases carbon
suitability of the plant, performance is increasingly harder to
emissions to the atmosphere.
maintain. Performance of the utility could be further optimised
Under normal operating conditions, water demand on Rottnest
Island has been fairly stable for the last five years. The 2013
upgrade of the Rottnest Island Golf Course has significantly
to maintain compliance requirements into the future.
Environmental loading of nutrients continues and residual
issues remain for consideration.
increased the demand for fresh water. Furthermore, the RIA is
The RIA utilises treated wastewater to irrigate the Rottnest
considering strategies to gradually increase visitor numbers
football oval. The WWTP’s performance in the treatment of
up to 800,000 annually by 2034 to ensure its financial viability
wastewater to required reuse standards has been variable
(Rottnest Island Management Plan 2014-2019).
over the last five years. The RIA intend to upgrade or replace
Without management intervention, increasing demand for
potable water combined with a drying climate has the potential
to significantly impact wetland and groundwater systems and
hydrogeological processes on Rottnest Island.
28
WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT
the current WWTP facility and improve management practices
to ensure wastewater can continue to be processed and
managed to prescribed water quality and health standards into
the future.
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
30% of the Island’s
electricity needs
are met from a
wind turbine.
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
29
In the bays situated further from the Settlement, there is no
sewerage infrastructure and ablution facilities use one of three
WASTE MANAGEMENT
The RIA operates a two municipal waste stream system, with
systems: septic trenches, composting and hybrid.
The septic trench system is the original toilet system still in use
in the Reserve where no sewage system exists. This system
requires regular replenishment of water that is stored to refill
the toilet cisterns. These ablution facilities are the oldest and
will be replaced with hybrid or composting toilets in the future.
At Parker Point, leachate of nutrients from the septic trench
system was believed to have a detrimental impact on the
adjacent marine environment. The RIA decommissioned the
old ablution block and septic system and replaced it with
a new hybrid toilet at a nearby location. The hybrid system
is environmentally friendly as it is fully contained with no
recycling and rubbish bins provided in accommodation units,
as well as at public bin stations situated across the Island
for use by day visitors and the visiting boating community.
All waste is collected and taken to the transfer station at the
landfill site, where it is compacted and stored prior to transfer
by barge to the mainland for processing and disposal.
Based on a 2010/11 waste audit (Encycle Consulting, 2011)
Rottnest Island waste streams are dominated by food, paper,
cardboard, green waste (or other compostable items), plastics
and glass comprising 85% of overall generation (Figure 4).
The Encycle review identified these streams as offering the
most opportunity for reduction in operating costs and
wastewater discharge and uses a microflush mechanism
requiring only 300 millilitres of water per use. They are relatively
resource recovery.
high cost systems to install and provide a good alternative to
Furthermore, it was recognised that the reclamation of specific
flush toilet systems for high-use non-sewered sites.
waste streams from the general waste streams should initially
Composting toilets are in use at Oliver Hill, Stark Bay and
Narrowneck. These toilet systems are also environmentally
friendly with all solid waste contained in composting chambers
and most liquids allowed to evaporate naturally. They are
relatively low cost systems that require regular service and
maintenance to ensure they perform as designed.
focus on commercial outlets since the recycling streams are
generally ‘cleaner’ (i.e. easier to source separate in bulk).
Once technologies and systems are in place for commercial
waste streams, it might be possible to consider the inclusion
of domestic materials. Any change in waste management
systems will require careful implementation and clear,
on-going education and engagement with system users
(Encycle Consulting, 2011).
FIGURE 4: RECYCLING STREAM GENERATION RATES AND COSTS (ENCYCLE CONSULTING, 2011).
Waste stream
30
Aluminium cans: 1.20%
Management
cost
Food
$225,341
Green waste
$100,000
Ferrous: 4.90%
Household
hazardous: 0.20%
Paper/cardboard
$90,166
Other: 2.00%
Plastics
$47,163
Biosolids: 6.20%
Glass
$45,083
Biosolids
$35,959
Ferrous
$27,332
Baled cardboard
$16,772
Other
$11,438
Aluminium cans
$6,759
Household hazardous
$1,352
Baled
cardboard: 0.0%
Green waste:
14.00%
Paper/cardboard:
15.60%
Plastics:
8.50%
Glass:
8.10%
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
Food: 39.10%
VISITOR FACILITIES
In 2004, research of visitor wants for Rottnest Island identified
Rottnest Island’s natural environment is one of the major
for more regular maintenance of existing facilities. Follow up
attractions for visitors to the Island (TNS, 2012). The Island
visitor research in 2012 identified a strong demand for trails
Reserve is a popular holiday destination and its many sheltered
and tours in the Reserve and visitors thought that drinking
bays and beaches are very popular for recreational activities.
water should be available outside the main Settlement.
a demand for shade shelters around the Reserve and the need
The coastal landforms and associated vegetation is very fragile
and prone to disturbance and damage from even low levels
of use, resulting in loss of vegetation and unstable coastal
formations. These unstable areas may then quickly become
hazardous both to visitors and the environment without
WADJEMUP WALK TRAIL
In 2007, the RIA developed the Rottnest Island Wadjemup Walk
Trail (WWT) Concept Plan. This concept plan had a goal to
management intervention.
provide a new walk trail on the Island that protects the natural
The RIA provides a wide range of visitor facilities across
2011, a Rottnest Walk Trail Site Development Plan was prepared
the Island including roads, footpaths, access ways, shade
structures, seats, bins, ablution blocks, play equipment,
signage and visitor interpretation material to facilitate a
spectrum of recreational opportunities safely and with minimal
environmental impact.
and cultural environment and enhances visitor experience. In
which included a Signage and Facilities Standards Guide and
an Interpretation Plan. The Plan developed a hierarchical
node system for visitor sites which considers the systematic
distribution of facilities and information to meet visitor needs
across the Island to an optimum level.
The Island’s road system was constructed by the military and
now provides an outstanding opportunity for cyclists to easily
access most of the Island. Boating visitors to the outer bays
use bicycles to visit the Settlement. A bus service also utilises
the road system to take visitors to popular sites and members
of the boating community who commute on the ferry between
the Settlement and their mooring and anchoring site bays. An
informal network of unsealed trails covers much of the Island.
Ablution facilities can be found throughout the Reserve at key
locations and beach access ways have been formalised where
there was high foot traffic. Bicycle racks and signage provide
supporting facilities at these locations. Many of the formal
access paths had been constructed to replace informal paths,
however many informal paths remain. A plethora of warning,
directional and interpretive signage of different designs is
dispersed throughout the Reserve. Waste collection services
The WWT will comprise a 50 kilometre network of tracks
that links a myriad of natural and cultural environments
through circuits across the Island. The WWT is intended to
be constructed in collaboration with the community and
sponsors. The trail presents a significant opportunity to
address key coastal management issues and simultaneously
deliver a desired community product and provide new
recreation opportunities across the Island.
The coastal environment of Rottnest is a major visitor draw
card; however it is also extremely fragile. The WWT alignment
has been designed to limit access to areas of high erosion and
vulnerability, close unnecessary or unwanted tracks, contribute
to biodiversity conservation targets and provide links between
Island attractions.
The project will enhance visitor experiences through various
are provided at many sites and for boating bays.
trail experiences highlighting environmental, historical and
The provision of visitor access and facilities historically occurred
yield and numbers, protect visitors from coastal risk issues by
on an ad hoc basis with limited consideration of site design
and was defined by past use patterns and perceived visitor
needs. Formal access leads to an increase of visitation which
subsequently changes the use patterns at a recreational site. A
study of sustainable visitor capacity at high use sites found that
environmental and site amenity indicators had exceeded their
cultural significance, create opportunities to improve visitor
redirecting them to areas of low geological risk, reduce human
impact on the coastal dune systems, rehabilitate existing
erosion areas and sites potentially susceptible to erosion, and
create opportunities for education, training and employment
for a wide range of demographics.
thresholds at some of the sites (Northcote, 2010).
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
31
OPERATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS
One hundred and thirty six environmental risks were identified
across Island activities. Of these, 22% were recorded as high
risk, and 18% as significant. The high and significant risk
profiles were dominated by activities related to fuel and gas,
In the Settlement, the RIA provides utilities to support
power, and sewerage (Figure 5). Operational controls are in
visitor accommodation and associated services, private
place to manage these risks to ensure low residual risks and
businesses, government support services and residents
treatment plans have been identified and implemented where
(live-on workforce). These activities consume resources and
controls were considered inadequate. The risks controls are
create waste. The RIA provides utilities such as power, water
reviewed annually.
and gas and manages the waste stream through a Wastewater
Treatment Plant and Waste Transfer Station. These operations
the natural environment and safety of visitors.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND
EMISSIONS
In 2012, the RIA completed an environmental risk assessment
Climate change refers to any long-term, systematic
for its whole-of-Island operations. The goal of the risk
trends in average weather conditions over many years
assessment was to quantify the level of environmental
or decades (CSIRO, 2011). Changes such as increased
risk inherent with current Island activities, evaluate the
temperatures, decreased rainfall, increased global greenhouse
effectiveness of existing controls and identify treatments
concentrations, altered frequency and intensity of storms and
available to the RIA to minimise the likelihood of environmental
elevated mean sea level will increase pressure and risks for
harm occurring. Inherent risk refers to level of risk that exists
both natural and anthropogenic environments
due to an activity, product or service in the absence of any
(CZM Pty Ltd, 2011).
have inherent aspects that pose environmental health risks
that need to be considered to ensure adequate protection of
intervention through controls. Once controls are in place and
considered adequate, the risk is referred to as residual risk.
FIGURE 5: ENVIRONMENTAL RISK PROFILE INHERENT TO ROTTNEST ISLAND OPERATIONS (RIA, 2013A)
RIA Environmental High and Significant Risk - September 2012
18
16
Number of risks
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
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ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
High Risks
Significant Risks
Climate predictions are that the Perth metropolitan area will
experience the following changes by 2070 (CSIRO, 2007):
• an increase in annual temperature of 2.70 C and an
approximate doubling of the number of days over 350 C;
EMISSIONS AND POWER SUPPLY
Rottnest Island currently produces approximately 4,000
tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions annually. Over the last
five years carbon emissions have increased by approximately
• a decline in annual rainfall of approximately 20%;
30%. Greenhouse gas emissions correspond directly to the
• an increase in mean sea level of 0.47 m; and
consumption of diesel, LPG, petrol, electricity consumption
• a decrease in the number but increase in the severity of
(Fremantle Office), wastewater treatment and waste
generation. The amount of fuel consumption and waste
extreme events.
In 2011, the RIA commissioned an assessment of preliminary
climate change impacts on Rottnest Island (CZM Pty Ltd,
2011). Potential impacts from climate change can affect
almost every aspect of the RIA’s planning and management
responsibilities, with the key risks identified as:
a) impact of climate changes on natural resource
management, including biodiversity of flora and fauna in
both the terrestrial and marine environment;
b) threat to infrastructure adjacent to the coast from erosion,
inundation and extreme storm events; and
generation is indivertibly a reflection of demand for Island
services and the operating efficiency of the facilities, utilities
and operations that provide the services. Fluctuations in the
amount of emissions can correspond with water demand,
which in turn reflects the amount of petroleum diesel used
in the production of electricity. The Island’s wind turbine
was installed in 2004 and provides around 30% of annual
power requirements, with the remaining power supplied
using diesel generators. The electricity consumed by Island
accommodation has remained relatively constant over
this period.
c) impact of climate changes on management and
maintenance of infrastructure.
With regards to Rottnest’s natural ecosystems, the impact of
FIGURE 6: ROTTNEST ISLAND AUTHORITY TOTAL
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 2008-2013
climate change on freshwater availability is a key consideration.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
2008-2013
Sea level rise and increased storm events may increase the
prevalence and rate of saline incursion into the groundwater
aquifer. Decreased rainfall will reduce the recharge capabilities of
the aquifer and diminish freshwater availability from ephemeral
swamps and seeps. This will have detrimental flow-on effects to
all wetlands, and flora and fauna on the Island.
4200
4000
3800
Several structural assets of the Island situated on the coast
were identified as being most at risk of climate change
impacts, including South Thomson apartments, Geordie Bay
3600
3400
villas, and the Main Jetty. In the short term, there will be a need
3200
for physical buffering of infrastructure, however in the longer
3000
term there may be a need for removal or relocation of some
accommodation units and other infrastructure.
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
GHG Emissions in tonnes CO2 equivalent
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
33
Implementing the
Terrestrial Management
Strategy
The previous section identified a broad range
of values, issues and risks that influence
decisions for the proper management of the
A-Class Reserve.
ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
It specifically identified management considerations that will
comprehensive knowledge of the Island’s economy, and its
need to be addressed to ensure the sustainability of Rottnest
Island. The most challenging aspects of management for
sustainability is to determine where to focus the limited
fiscal and social resources available to the RIA to deliver the
Protection of the Rottnest terrestrial environment requires
a detailed understanding of legal obligations, biodiversity
health and community expectations. It must incorporate
services and activities that may impact on natural functional
viability and environmental compliance, and pose significant
risk of causing harm. Environmental protection implies
reducing adverse effects on the natural resources of the Island
optimum balance of ecological, social and financial benefits.
to meet regulated standards and be compliant.
This section outlines the guiding principles, approach and
Several key utility operations are controlled through licences
management frameworks the RIA will apply to the future
administered by external regulatory agencies including
management of the terrestrial Reserve.
groundwater abstraction, wastewater treatment and reuse,
There are three key focus areas which will guide the terrestrial
fuel storage, transport and supply, and waste management
management of Rottnest Island.
1.
2.
3.
and disposal.
Environmental Protection – focus on human activities and
Island operations that may cause environmental harm
and ensure that any potential or real impact is assessed
and adequately managed.
The RIA also undertakes regulatory functions with regards
Biodiversity Conservation – focus on protection of flora,
fauna, ecosystems and natural processes and ensure their
long-term viability through understanding their ecological
needs, key threatening process that may impact these, and
implementing mitigating strategies to respond to identified
threats including restoration of degraded systems.
By protecting the environment, the RIA can support sustainable
Sustainable Development – focus on moving beyond
environmental protection through compliance to deliver
conservation, recreation and holiday experiences in a
sustainable and safe manner for the long-term benefit of
the community.
to contractual and service area performance and works
closely with relevant regulatory agencies to achieve improved
environmental operational performance.
development. Sustainable development on Rottnest Island
goes beyond environmental compliance to adopt strategies
and activities that meet the need of the community today, while
protecting, sustaining and enhancing the human and natural
resources that will be needed in the future.
BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
Biodiversity conservation activities include ecological
monitoring, research, identifying conservation threats,
restoration activities, developing and implementing
appropriate intervention strategies, policies and procedures to
control and prevent negative impacts on biodiversity health.
34
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
By protecting the environment,
the Rottnest Island Authority can
support sustainable development.
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
35
At its most basic level, a healthy environment consists
For the RIA, environmental protection is the one component
of clean air, unpolluted water, healthy soil and viable
of sustainability into which social and financial aspects of its
ecosystems consisting of diverse and abundant flora and
operations are embedded. Protection of the environment
fauna. These are necessary for the survival of the Island
alone does not necessarily lead to sustainability outcomes; it
today and for future generations. The preservation of natural
is not always sufficient since a healthy environment does not
resources supports sustainability.
necessarily mean an enhanced community or a strong
Island economy.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The RIA is unique to other tourism businesses in Western
APPROACH
Australia due to the diversity of responsibilities and
In order to achieve our goal of protecting the Rottnest Island
management requirements, and the magnitude of its
environment, the RIA must set targets on what it needs and
operations. The RIA is effectively a government agency
wants to achieve and subsequently measure the extent to
operating as a commercial tourism accommodation and
which our actions are working. Finally, the RIA must be able to
tour provider, whilst also administering and managing private
diagnose why some actions succeed while others do not
business activities and providing community services such as
(i.e. evaluate performance).
environmental and heritage conservation. Furthermore, as an
Island destination, the provision of utilities such a power, gas,
water and waste management also becomes the responsibility
of the RIA.
The importance of implementing sustainable business
practices will grow stronger as climate change, natural
The approach will need to be risk-based, adaptive, continually
improving, and meet or exceed industry best practice
standards. These four pillars of the strategic approach are
explained in more detail below.
1.
resource constraints, rapid development in emerging
there may be adverse impacts on the environment. If a
economies, and a host of other factors drive unprecedented
risk to that environment is identified, action should be
changes in business. There is a myriad of case studies and
taken to address that risk. This approach would require
reports that prove the business case for sustainability,
the setting of environmental quality objectives that set
recognition of the interdependent relationship between
a level required to protect certain ecosystems. If the
business, environment, and society and how business leaders
objectives are not met, it signals a potential risk to the
can profit by integrating sustainability into their strategy and
ecosystem, which is then investigated using the
value-chain while securing a competitive advantage.
Under the current Rottnest Island Management Plan
2009-14, the RIA is committed to achieving sustainability
risk-based approach.
2.
and its strategic approach is based on the ‘triple-bottom
capacity to gradually reduce uncertainty through system
monitoring. It offers transparency and accountability
environmental benefits. In effect, the RIA aims to become
to decision making and resource prioritisation, while
a sustainable enterprise.
providing a formal theoretical foundation for learning and
It is imperative the RIA implements an efficient business
and ensures that impacts from management decisions are
fully understood and accounted for across all areas of the
business. This can only be achieved with a holistic approach to
management and planning.
36
Adaptive Management – Is ‘learning by doing’, a
structured iterative process of decision making with the
line’ – delivering simultaneously economic, social and
operation, one which optimises gains, reduces loss and risk,
Risk-based – Increasingly, environmental management
agencies use a risk-based approach to identify where
improving management.
3.
Continuous Improvement Cycle – Nesting such an
adaptive risk-based management approach into an
annual project lifecycle would provide for an optimised
environmental framework that spans across both the
terrestrial and marine components of the Island Reserve.
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
4.
Industry Best Practice Standards – There are a number of
existing natural resource and sustainability management
frameworks that have integrated such an approach and
that are able to provide common concepts, approaches
and terminology. These are generally supported by
literature, methodologies, manuals, technical experts,
training programs and software tools that reflect best
practice standards and meet statutory requirements.
The application of these components to the management
framework of the Island’s terrestrial environment should
lead to a systematic, integrated approach to the delivery
of environment and sustainability requirements across all
business functions within the RIA. Such an approach will
provide an opportunity for the RIA to improve its’ overall
sustainability and environmental management performance by
focusing on key issues.
An environmental management system:
• serves as a tool, or process, to improve environmental
performance and information, pollution control and waste
minimisation, training, reporting to top management, and
the setting of goals;
• provides a systematic way of managing environmental
affairs;
• addresses immediate and long-term impacts of products,
services and processes on the environment;
• assists with planning, controlling and monitoring policies;
• provides consistency to address environmental concerns
through the allocation of resources, assignment of
responsibility and ongoing evaluation of practices,
procedures and processes;
• creates environmental commitment from all levels and
assigns accountability and responsibility;
MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORKS
There are three specific management tools that will be
utilised by the RIA to provide an effective framework for
environmental protection and biodiversity conservation. These
are the application of an Environmental Management System,
Conservation Action Planning and EarthCheck Accreditation.
These tools represent best practices for environment and
sustainability management from both industry and not-forprofit sectors and provide a solid foundation for achieving
continual improvement in the RIA’s knowledge and practices.
• establishes a training framework to achieve objectives and
desired performance;
• fosters understanding of legislative requirements to better
determine a product or service’s impact, significance,
priorities and objectives;
• focuses on continual improvement of the system and
a way to implement policies and objectives to meet a
desired result; and
• encourages contractors and suppliers to establish their
own EMS.
The EMS will provide a structure and consistency to ensure
compliance against all policy and legislative requirement,
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
An Environmental management system (EMS) refers to the
management of an organisation’s environmental programs
in a comprehensive, systematic, planned and documented
manner. It includes the organisational structure, planning and
and assist the RIA to evaluate, identify, assess and address
environmental aspects, and to track environmental
performance. It will be subject to on-going development and
further refinement in accordance with the EarthCheck policy
of continual improvement, and the Australian/New Zealand
Standard, ISO 14001:2004 Environmental management
systems – Requirements with guidance for use.
resources for developing, implementing and maintaining policy
for environmental protection.
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
37
A component of the EMS is an Environmental Performance
Viability assessments are undertaken for each FCT to
Evaluation (EPE) framework. The EPE involves selecting key
determine how to measure the viability (‘health’) of the FCTs
performance indicators, undertaking baseline assessments,
over time, and to identify how the target is doing today and
collecting and analysing data, assessing information
what a ‘healthy state’ might look like. Viability assessment
against environmental performance criteria, reporting and
helps to build a set of hypotheses to guide conservation and
communicating, and periodically reviewing the process.
research and then to continue to improve these hypotheses
The EPE framework will provide the RIA with a formal process
to develop key indicators representing the health and condition
of the Island’s marine and terrestrial environment and the
environmental performance of the Authority’s activities. This
over time. Viability assessment uses the best available
information on the target’s biology and ecology in an explicit,
objective, consistent, and credible manner (Conservation
Action Planning Working Group, 2007).
will enable the RIA to monitor and manage its impact on the
In many conservation situations, biodiversity has either already
natural environment of Rottnest Island.
been degraded, or is facing a series of threats that need to be
countered by conservation actions. CAP involves threat ranking
CONSERVATION ACTION PLANNING
which is a process wherein sources of stress, or direct threats,
The RIA will establish an environment and biodiversity
scope and severity) so that conservation actions and resources
conservation management framework that will identify the
can be directed where they are most needed (Conservation
natural values of the Reserve, consider its conservation status,
Standards Partnership, 2007).
consider threatening processes, and facilitate that all activities
associated with its operations and those of visitors will not
negatively impact on the Island’s natural environment. This
framework will be developed to be applied to first the terrestrial
and then the marine environment of the Reserve.
to targets are first identified and then prioritised (based on
Situation analysis is undertaken to assess the key factors
affecting the FCTs, including direct threats (sources of
stress), indirect threats and opportunities. This assists in the
development of conservation strategies through determining
how the RIA can overcome critical threats and restore degraded
Conservation Action Planning (CAP) is an open-standard
targets, including what specific objectives need to be achieved
approach to conservation management developed through a
and what specific actions need to be taken to achieve those
joint venture of non-government organisations seeking better
objectives (Conservation Action Planning Working Group, 2007).
ways to design, manage and measure the impacts of their
conservation actions (Conservation Standards Partnership,
2007). CAP is a proven approach for planning, implementing
and measuring success for conservation projects. The
conservation goal at a landscape level is to maintain healthy,
viable occurrences of the selected focal conservation targets.
By definition, healthy occurrences are not significantly stressed
(The Nature Conservancy, 2007).
The CAP process involves the selection of Focal Conservation
Targets (FCTs) to establish a clear biodiversity focus. FCTs are a
limited suite of species, ecological communities and ecological
systems that are chosen to represent and encompass the
biodiversity found in the project area (Conservation Action
Planning Working Group, 2007).
Government House Lake.
38
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
EARTHCHECK
ACCREDITATION
The RIA has reached the first milestone of the EarthCheck
process by attaining the Bronze Benchmark Status. This
involved successfully completing steps 1 and 2 of the Earth
The RIA is committed to finding a management solution to
achieve sustainability for the whole of the Island. The RIA and its
partners will work towards basing all operations on sustainable
principles, practices and technologies to the extent that this
is commercially achievable. The RIA is seeking to create a
Check Program which included:
1.
2.
Policy – Developing Sustainability Polices
Benchmarking – Completion of benchmark assessment
of key performance operational data
sustainable enterprise – using knowledge to inform strategies
In order to retain Benchmarked Bronze Status and/or
that reflect community and corporate aspirations and deliver
proceed to Certification (Silver and Gold Status), the RIA will
optimised economic, social and environmental outcomes.
be required to continually submit benchmarking data, meet
The RIA recognises sustainability accreditation as an important
component of a broader response to sustainability. A key
requirements of an external audits and structure and maintain
sustainability management to the EarthCheck standards.
component of any sustainability accreditation program is the
A key element of achieving accreditation through EarthCheck
goal of continuous improvement.
will be the establishment of an Environmental Management
In 2010, the RIA registered with EarthCheck® to attain
sustainability accreditation as part of Initiative 4 of the
System (EMS) to monitor and inform decision making relating
to environmental impacts and the RIA business performance.
The success of the Terrestrial Management Strategy requires
2009-2014 RIMP.
EarthCheck is an internationally recognised environmental
management and certification program designed for the travel
and tourism industry (EarthCheck, 2011). The benefits of
participation include reduced operation costs, environmental
leadership, understanding potential environmental risk
exposure, delivering bottom line results, providing assurance
that claims are genuine, and a basis for the development of a
sustainable destination.
Benchmarking (Stage 1) was completed for the 2010-2011 and
2011-2012 financial years involving reporting on the operational
indicators of energy use, emissions, water consumption, waste
production, community involvement, paper use, cleaning and
pesticide use. The EarthCheck Program has three levels of
certification which include Bronze, Silver and Gold.
agency-wide commitment to implementing and maintaining
the Environmental Management System, addressing
biodiversity and conservation management actions and
continuing to achieve sustainability targets and objectives
through the EarthCheck process.
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
The Rottnest Island terrestrial environment is diverse
and unique. The range of natural values identified in the
previous sections requires a sound knowledge base about
their condition and threats. Knowledge will provide an
understanding for appropriate responses by management to
ensure that the natural values are protected. Table 1 outlines
management considerations and strategies to address issues
that may require intervention to protect natural values of the
terrestrial Reserve now and into the future.
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
39
TABLE 1: TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS AND STRATEGIESr
Geology
Item
Management consideration
Unique carbonate geological features present
T1
examples of geological phenomena, particularly
relating to global climate change.
Strategies
• Investigate opportunities for broader recognition of
geo-heritage values.
Wetlands are of local, national and international
Groundwater
T2
significance, providing important habitat for migratory
birds and frogs, and supporting unique microbialite
wetland values e.g. RAMSAR listing.
communities.
There is a limited understanding of hydrological
T3
dynamics of the Island’s wetland systems and
ecological water requirements of microbialite
communities.
Increasing salinity in some bores of the Wadjemup
T4
Aquifer has raised concerns over general aquifer health
(viability).
Flora
• Investigate opportunities for broader recognition of
T5
and ecological water requirements of microbialite
communities.
• Determine sustainable yield of aquifer.
• Consider reducing abstraction of groundwater.
The nursery facility is integral for biodiversity
• Maintain the nursery facilities and operations.
conservation management, monitoring and research
• Facilitate research into ecosystem rehabilitation
activities and facilitates community volunteering.
T6
• Facilitate research on wetland hydro-dynamics
Rottnest Island is subject to inherent biosecurity risk as
a result of daily operational activities.
techniques.
• Develop and implement a biosecurity policy and
procedures.
Habitats
The terrestrial environment has been substantially
T7
changed since European settlement, including the
significant removal of woodland habitat, and creation of
• Develop and prioritise strategies and actions through
Conservation Action Planning process.
numerous ad-hoc access tracks.
Vegetation is critical for ecosystem health and is
T8
susceptible to threats including but not limited to
erosion, bushfire, quokka grazing and weeds.
• Develop and prioritise strategies and actions through
Conservation Action Planning process.
The Island supports fauna species that are significant
Fauna
at local, federal and global scales, including, but not
T9
limited, to the federally-listed Quokka, internationally
protected migratory shorebirds, locally declining
• Develop and prioritise strategies and actions through
Conservation Action Planning process.
bushbirds, morphologically unique frogs, and
genetically distinct reptiles.
The bore fields are vulnerable to contamination
T10
from surrounding land uses and activities due to the
Reserve drinking water source protection plan (WRP
unconfined and shallow nature of the aquifer.
No.148).
Water supply
Over-reliance on water extraction from Wadjemup
T11
• Implement strategies of the Rottnest Island Water
aquifer may result in the potential loss of this
freshwater resource that supplies water for human
consumption and ecological needs.
• Reduce reliance on freshwater aquifer.
• Investigate increasing use of saline borefield for
desalination plant or alternative sea water intake.
• Investigate increased use of recycled water for
T12
Increasing demand for potable water requires
non-consumptive purposes e.g. watering of grounds
consideration on environmental and financial
and gardens.
sustainability of the Island’s water supply system.
• Investigate use of renewable energy for desalination
power supply.
40
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
Wastewater
management
Waste
management
Item
T13
Management consideration
The wastewater treatment plant requires upgrading to
improve discharge water quality.
Strategies
• Upgrade or replace the current wastewater
treatment plant.
• Investigate increased use of recycled water for
T14
Current use of recycled wastewater is limited.
non-consumptive purposes e.g. watering of grounds
and gardens.
• Investigate on site glass processing and use options.
Waste management services present a considerable
T15
financial and environmental cost to the RIA and the
Island.
• Investigate on site organic waste processing and use
options.
• Investigate used cooking oil processing and use
options (biodiesel).
Visitor
facilities
The provision of visitor facilities represent a
significant element of Island management, with many
T16
facilities offering enhanced visitor experience and
• Implement the Wadjemup Walk Trail Project.
understanding, while protecting fragile and high use
areas.
Environmental
Risks
Climate
change
Emissions &
power supply
The Wadjemup Walk Trail provides a unique opportunity
T17
to protect the fragile environment while providing a new • Implement the Wadjemup Walk Trail Project.
visitor experience.
T18
Rottnest Island operations have significant inherent
environmental risks that need to be controlled.
• Manage all environment-related risks through the
Environmental Management System.
• Ensure infrastructure planning and asset
T19
Climatic changes present a potential threat to Island
infrastructure and biodiversity.
replacement considers climate change impacts.
• Ensure biodiversity conservation management
considers implications of climate change impacts.
• Implement energy demand management practices.
• Investigate options for renewable energy sources to
T20
The Island relies on fossil fuels for power supply, which
is costly and creates Greenhouse gas emissions.
reduce fossil fuel requirements.
• Improve energy efficiency in Island operations.
• Monitor continual improvement in greenhouse gas
emission through EarthCheck.
Melaleuca lanceolata woodland.
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
41
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45
Appendix A
Key legal and other obligations with implications for proper management of the natural values of the Rottnest Island
terrestrial reserve.
Legal requirement
Description
Aspect
An Act to provide for the welfare, safety and health of animals, to
Animal Welfare Act 2002
regulate the use of animals for scientific purposes, and for related
Wildlife welfare
purposes.
An Act to make better provision for diminishing the dangers resulting
Bush Fires Act 1954 (WA)
from bush fires, for the prevention, control and extinguishment of
Asset protection (life,
bush fires, for the repeal of the Bush Fires Act 1937 and for other
property and biodiversity)
purposes.
Contaminated Sites Act
2003 (WA)
An Act providing for the identification, recording, management and
remediation of contaminated sites, to consequentially amend certain
Utilities
other Acts and for related purposes.
An Act to provide for the prevention, control and abatement
Environmental Protection
Act 1986 (WA)
of pollution and environmental harm, for the conservation,
preservation, protection, enhancement and management of the
Operations
environment and for matters incidental to or connected with the
foregoing.
Environmental Protection
(Controlled Waste)
Regulations 2004
Environmental Protection
(Clearing of Native
Vegetation)
Regulations 2004
Environment Protection
and Biodiversity
Conservation Act 1999
Health Act 1911
Land Administration
Act 1997
Regulations regarding the documentation of the disposal of
Controlled Waste
Regulations relating to the clearing of native vegetation.
Waste management
Reserve maintenance and
development approvals
An Act relating to the protection of the environment and the
Nationally listed flora, fauna
conservation of biodiversity, and for related purposes
and communities
An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to public health.
Potable water and
catchment
An Act to consolidate and reform the law about Crown land and the
compulsory acquisition of land generally, to repeal the Land Act 1933
A-class reserve
and to provide for related matters.
An Act to make provision for the abatement of litter, to establish,
Litter Act 1979
incorporate and confer powers upon the Keep Australia Beautiful
Operations
Council (W.A.), and for incidental and other purposes.
Rights in Water and
Irrigation Act 1914
46
An Act relating to rights in water resources, to make provision for the
regulation, management, use and protection of water resources, to
provide for irrigation schemes, and for related purposes.
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
Potable water supply from
groundwater
Legal requirement
Description
Aspect
An Act to –
• provide for waste avoidance and resource recovery; and
Waste Avoidance and
Resource Recovery
Act 2007
• establish the Waste Authority; and
• provide for waste services by local governments; and
Waste management
• provide for levies on waste; and
• repeal the Environmental Protection (Landfill) Levy Act 1998; and
• provide for related and consequential matters.
Wildlife Conservation
Act 1950
Flora, fauna, and
An Act to provide for the conservation and protection of wildlife.
Threatened and Priority
ecological communities
An Act to provide for, and to encourage, the conservation of places
Heritage of Western
Australia Act 1990
which have significance to the cultural heritage in the State, to
establish the Heritage Council of Western Australia, and for related
Heritage values
purposes.
Other obligations
Register of
Geoheritage Sites
Description
Geoheritage sites are natural features of the Earth that are
considered to be unique and to have significant geoscientific and
Geoheritage sites
educational values. Maintained by the Geological Survey.
CAMBA, JAMBA,
ROKAMBA
Bilateral agreements between Australia and China, Japan and Korea
Wetland of National
Importance
Listing under Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia which
Important Bird Area
Aspect
for the protection of migratory birds and their environment.
identifies nationally important wetlands
Shorebirds
Habitat significant for
migratory and resident
shorebirds
Important Bird Areas (IBAs) are sites of global bird conservation
Breeding habitat for
importance
Fairy tern
ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014
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ROTTNEST ISLAND TERRESTRIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | NOVEMBER 2014