Farzaliyev-Afonin: Plantation possibilities of Pinus eldarica Medw.
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PROGNOSTICATION OF PLANTATION POSSIBILITIES OF
PINUS ELDARICA MEDW. BY USE OF GEOINFORMATIONAL
TECHNOLOGIES
FARZALIYEV, V.1* ‒ AFONIN, A.2
1
Central Botanical Garden of the NAS. Azerbaijan. Badamdar highway, 40, AZ 1073, Baku,
Azerbaijan Republic
2
Saint-Petersburg State University. Russia. St. Petersburg State University 7-9,
Universitetskaya nab.,St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
(e-mail: [email protected]; tel: 7(812) 465-07-51)
*Corresponding author
e-mail: [email protected]; tel: +994-12-502-41-72; fax: +994-12-502-41-72
(Received 4th Mar 2016; accepted 28th Jun 2016)
Abstract. Eldarian Pine has high forestry potential in dry regions. Its rate of biomass accumulation rivals
the fastest growing conifer species. According to this feature in this article we studied plantation
possibilities to new areas on the base of the data obtained by geoinformational technologies about
ecological limits of Pinus brutia var. eldarica (Medw.) Silba growing in Azerbaijan. Ecological
amplitudes of this species have been defined according to the following limiting environmental factors:
the sum of active temperatures above 0°C. the annual amount of precipitation and temperature for the
month of January. The obtained model previously allows to identify the possible zones of plantation and
perspective territories for the cultivation of this object. It was ascertained that the Pinus brutia var.
eldarica (Medw.) Silba . is characterized by a wide potentiality of plantation for its cultivation in Central
Asia and Asia Minor in a number of regions of Southern Europe. Northern and Southern America and
Australia.
Keywords: area, Azerbaijan, modeling, planting
Introduction
Climate-change models predict a more intense hydrological cycle with both increases
in rainfall and increased length and severity of droughts (Houghton, 1997). Changes in
rainfall will likely affect ecosystem processes such as primary production and nutrient
release from decomposing litter caused by direct effects of altered rainfall on plants and
primary decomposers, respectively. From this point of the view drought resistant plants
play an important role in plantations. Extension of area of these species due to
reclamation by them new territories, differed from initial ones, creates preconditions for
emergence of new ecotypes and finally morphogenesis and speciation. Prognostication
of possibilities of re-planting of plants to new regions is one of the main problems in
plant introduction. Study of historical and present-day areas of drought resistant species
makes it possible to judge their ecology and prospects of their distribution to new
regions where they did not grow earlier.
Identification of potential areas of species distribution is of interest from theoretical
and practical points of view. Modeling of spatial distribution of biological objects
became a trend in researches and practical activities. Models of availability of habitat
are good instrument of management in the field of applied biology. They can be used in
development of the strategy of biodiversity conservation, plant introduction, forestry, to
APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 14(4): 121-131.
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predict behavior and dynamics of species distribution under alternative effects caused,
for example, by climate change (Bakkenes et.al., 2002; Pearson et al., 2002; Thuiller,
2003). Prognosis is vital for decision-making in planning, management and
conservation of resources.
Modeling technologies of spatial distribution of biological objects have got a powerful
impulse with appearance and development of geo-informational technologies. Geoinformational technologies and systems possess greater capabilities of reflection, analysis
and modeling of geographical objects and the phenomena than traditional ways.
Among the first tasks which were set by biologists in the researchers conducted with
use of the geographical information systems (GIS) there were attempts of modeling of
distribution of species with use of information on the actual distribution of species and
maps of environmental factors (Booth, 1990; Busby, 1991; Cadwell et al., 1996).
Symptoms of disruption of ecological equilibrium, degradation of environment and
desertification of arid and semi-arid territories in Africa, Middle- and Central Asia,
Australia etc. during the last half-centuries, especially after a long drought, began to
appear more clearly. Centuries-old impact of a man on ecosystems of arid areas
occupying about 30% of terrestrial land caused emergence and progressive growth of
processes of desertification that presently gained global character (Babayev, 1995).
Owing to the irrigation and flooding of these regions the possibility of their forestation
arose. This ecological. social and economic problem has attracted attention of many
scientists and experts of the world. In arid countries to protect the agricultural lands
from water and wind erosion. crops and plantations from drought and hot dry winds it is
necessary to increase the forest protective strips and planting of urbanized territories. In
this case important problem is the choice of the most valuable woody and shrubby
species available for cultivation in severe forest vegetation conditions. Numerous
species of coniferous plants with a high economic and social potential grow in various
droughty territories of the world. Both from esthetic and economic points of view pine
species like: Pinus halepensis, P. brutia, P. eldarica and P. pinaster etc. naturally
widespread in droughty territories have special significance. They successfully passed
tests in various droughty areas of the world for the last 100 years. During investigations
in various countries P. eldarica was more resistant species in comparison with others. It
is connected with high adaptation possibility of the species (Safarov, 1972; Fisher and
Widmoyer, 1978; Fisher, 1985; Wilson and Tran, 1995).
Materials and methods
P. eldarica as a Near Threatened and endemic species of the Caucasus (Farjon,
2013). The conserved plantings of P. eldarica are (as it is recognized by the majority of
the Caucasian authors) the remains of the coastal pine forests that once bordering the
coast of the Tertiary Sarmatian basin (Prilipko, 1970). In the process of its development
this species has developed special properties of adaptability to adverse environmental
conditions that let it to remain up to present. A number of positive biological properties
of Eldarian Pine - drought tolerance, not requiring soil, wind-resistance, a certain saltresistance and adaptability to adverse environmental conditions that is developed in
severe growing conditions make it irreplaceable to cultivate in areas with difficult soil
and climatic conditions (Safarov, 1955).
Eldarian Pine is widely used in Southern Caucasus in planting of settlements and
forestation of droughty areas with dry and even partially salted soils. It was tolerant to
APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 14(4): 121-131.
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pollution as the few of the coniferous plants tolerant even in street plantings of air
pollution by dust and exhausted gases. Eldarian pine is already introduced on quite
considerable areas in the Caucasus, as well as in Central Asia, USA, etc. (Allegri, 1973;
Eccher et al., 1982). P. eldarica successfully grows also in Tajikistan and
Turkmenistan. In all research works devoted to P. eldarica the severe conditions of its
natural growth that is developed its exclusively high drought resistance (Tutayuk, 1959;
Kolesnikov and Agayev, 1961; Safarov, 1972; Eccher et. al., 1982; Reservations of the
USSR, 1990; Mamedov and Halilov, 2002; Farzaliyev, 2010; Farzaliyev et al., 2010).
The purpose of the present work is ecological and geographical study of P. eldarica
development of the model allowing to predict the perspective territories for plantation of
eldarian pine.
Natural areas of Eldarian Pine growth and its planting in Transcaucasia have been
observed and studied during numerous expedition researches conducted during 2008 to
2014 in the research areas (Farzaliyev, 2010). Points of growth have been registered on
maps and were accessed into base; coordinates were determined by a navigator of GPS
in process of development of technologies of geopositioning. Additional source of data
about places of growth of elder pine were the map of the forests of Azerbaijan (1986)
and the map of distribution of forest formations of Azerbaijan (Red Book, 2013).
Ecological maps for model development in the territory of Azerbaijan have been
taken from the Agroatlas (Afonin et al., 2008). Layers of agroclimatic maps presented in
the atlas were used: the sum of active temperatures above 0°C, the average temperature
of the coldest month (map of temperature of January for the territory of Azerbaijan was
used), map of annual precipitation for the year, hydrothermal coefficient of Selyaninov
for summer. At compiling up the world map of areas potentially available to introduce
elder pine world climatic maps prepared by Hijmans et al. (2005) were used.
Recalculation of monthly layers of temperatures to the map of active temperature above
0°C during vegetation period was carried out by Kelchevskaya's method (1978) using
GIS Idrisi 32 (2001). In this study we are interested in ecological distribution of the
specie. That is why we use only 4 ecological predictor for modeling.
Working off an ecological model of elder pine for its growth area in Azerbaijan was
the first step. Ecological amplitudes of species related to environmental factors limiting
its distribution were determined by extraction of values of factors in the known points
of the actual growth of the species. In this purpose points of growth have been accessed
into the GIS Idrisi 32 and standard procedure of extraction of data was carried out on
them. After determination of ecological amplitudes of species ecologically available
areas related to each limiting factor of the environment were revealed and on the basis
of these maps the generalized model of growth of species was made. The model was
firstly made for the territory of Azerbaijan and then used for definition of regions of the
Globe available for plantations of Eldarian Pine.
Validation of the model was carried out by comparison of the known points of the
actual growth of species outside of Azerbaijan with the territory predicted by the model.
In the past the pine and pine-juniper open woodland was widespread on the steppe
plateau and reached Cobistan and Absheron within Transcaucasia. D. I. Sosnovsky (1910)
specifies that in former times the pine went down much below on Eller Oyughu slopes. At
present, the open woodland of elder pine has remained only on hard-to-reach mountain
range (Fig. 2). Though height of the mountain range is rather small very difficult relief
caused hard-to-reach condition and partly completely hard-to-reach condition of its separate
areas. It provided preservation of elder pine in these shelters up to now.
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In more available places it was destroyed long ago by human being. Pinus brutia var.
eldarica (Medw.) Silba. on the Eller Oyughu mountain range is accompanied by
junipers: Juniperus rufescens Link., J. foetidissima Willd. and the juniper most
widespread on the mountain range - J. polycarpos C. Koch that together with the P.
eldarica forms a typical arid light forest (Kolesnikov and Agayev, 1961). 406 species
relating to 56 families and 195 genera (Baghyrova, 2009) were revealed in the
reservation area and in surrounding agroecosystems.
The annual precipitation doesn't exceed 250 mm here; at the same time a precipitations
drop out unevenly mainly in the early spring and late fall; number of days with a
precipitation is 70; average relative humidity of air is 58%; average overcast is 53. Annual
mean temperature is 12.9 °C; the sum of effective temperature for the whole vegetative
period is about 3680°C; evaporation is 727 mm; number of days with a snow cover is 22.
General indicator of soil samples is the high alkalinity, indicating the richness of the
soil carbonate layers. Eldarian Pine substrate is a thick layer of conchoidal limestone
covering the Sarmatian sandstones. Texture of the soil humus-carbonate and sandy.
General index of soil tests is the high alkalinity that testify to richness of the soil by
carbonate layers. A powerful layer of blistered limestone serves as substratum of elder
pine covering Sarmatian sandstones. Mechanical structure of the soil is hummus and
carbonate and sandy.
According to geological structure the mountain range in the most high-altitude parts is
covered with elder pine suite of Aghjagyl Stage that in proportion of relief lowering is
replaced by the upper Sarmatian. The upper Sarmatian is gray, bluish and greenish gray and
brown clays with layers of brown coal and plaster alternating with packages of gray middleand coarse-grained carbonate sandstones. Except sandstones frequent pro-layers of shell
limestone occur here. In the upper and middle parts of northern slope of the mountain range
sandstones and shell rocks come to a surface being a substratum on which P. eldarica
grows. Thanks to remarkable biological properties P. eldarica as irreplaceable coniferous
genus has got wider prospects at cultivation in dry subtropical areas.
Figure 1. State Natural Preservation's map of Pinus brutia var. eldarica (Medw.) Silba
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Figure 2. Characteristic places of natural area of Pinus eldarica
The major factors limiting distribution of P. eldarica are sum of active temperatures
during vegetative period, low winter temperatures and sum of precipitation in a year.
Active vegetation period of elder pine begins with transition of average air temperatures
through 10°С. The minimum sum of active temperatures (effective heat unit) necessary
for passing of a seasonal cycle of ontogenesis from spring growth up to formation of
seeds and preparation of plants for winter is 4500°C.
P. eldarica is not frost-resistant and can be easily damaged by low winter
temperatures. It sustains single temperature falls up to -22°C but as the actual border of
its distribution according to this factor the isometric line of January temperatures serves
-3.5°C in Azerbaijan.
Sufficient moistening is necessary condition for growth of plants. In this regard P.
eldarica is very undemanding and capable to grow at 250 mm of precipitation per year.
In condition of additional artificial irrigation of young plants and periodic watering P.
eldarica is capable to grow in areas with the annual sum of precipitation of 200 mm in
Absheron.
The further assessment of predicativity of ecological model showed need of an
additional factor registration – seasonality of a precipitation. P. eldarica both relatives
and related to it types of Pinus brutia and P. halepensis according to ecological
requirements grew only in the territories being characterized existence of the droughty
period in summer months abroad. Apparently it is also associated with the possibility of
withdrawal from competitive pine species. The factor of seasonality of moistening was
considered by inclusion into the model of additional condition: Selyaninov's
hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) for summer months shouldn't exceed 0.85.
In accordance with the above mentioned as ecological limits of growth of P.
eldarica. According to the main limiting factors of the environment limiting its
distribution were chosen: the sum of active temperature above 10°С from 4500°C to
7000°C, the annual precipitation were 270 to 1000mm; temperature for January was >3.5°C; HTC during summer was not higher than 0.85. The obtained data on ecological
limits and existence of ecological maps allowed to carry out modeling of an area of
possible distribution of Eldarian Pine.
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Results and Discussion
The presented model was used for compiling the prognostication map of world
territories that are perspective from the point of view of an plantation of P. eldarica.
Similar model calculations were carried out with use of the ecological maps made by
Hijmans et al. (2005). Thus for the northern and southern hemisphere calculations of
ecologically available areas according to temperatures of the coldest month counted
separately: for the northern hemisphere according to January temperatures and southern
– according to July. The final map united according to the mask in GIS Idrisi 32.
Validation of the world prognostic map of territories, optimal for an introduction of P.
eldarica was carried out by use of world data on known points of a successful plantation
of eldarian pine.
According to ecological maps areas ecologically available for growth of Eldarian
Pine per each of 3 major limiting factors of the environment were allocated. As a total
prognostication area of distribution was considered the area available for growth of
Eldarian Pine according to set of all the considered factors. White dots show the actual
places of growth of P. eldarica Medw. in Azerbaijan.
Figure 3. Ecological - geographical model of distribution of Pinus brutia var. eldarica (Medw.)
Silba in Azerbaijan: A) the area ecologically available for growth of Pinus brutia var. eldarica
(Medw.) Silba . according to the temperatures of the coldest month (above -3.5°C); B) on sum
of active temperature above 0°С in vegetation period (4500°C to 7000°C); C) on amount of
precipitation for year from 270 mm to 1000 mm; D) on the HTC for the summer period (not
higher than 0.85); E) ecologically available territory on all set of the considered factors of the
environment.
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Comparison of the model area with known points of a successful plantation of plants
show that territories ecologically available for plantations of Eldarian Pine according to
ecological model substantially coincide with the actual places of successful growth of
the introduced plants (Fig. 4., 5).
Figure 4. Comparison of predicted ecologically suitable areas with places of the actual growth
of P. eldarica in North America.
Figure 5. Comparison of predicted ecologically available territories with places of the actual
growth of Pinus eldarica (Medw.) and related to it species of Pinus brutia and P. halepensis in
Europe. Front Asia and North Africa.
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Dark colour showed ecologically suitable areas. black dots – known places of growth
of eldarian pine. It should be noted that the known places of growth of P. eldarica in
North America as a whole are dated for massifs of the territories prognosticated by the
model. Some origins of the known points of growth out of the frames of the modeled
area particularly can be explained by regional features of places of cultivation of P.
eldarica – redistribution of environmental factors not considered on small-scale
ecological maps. More careful acquaintance to features of cultivation of elder pine in
the south of the United States showed that in some cases possibility of cultivation of P.
eldarica outside of ecologically available territory is caused by agrotechnical features;
for example use of intensive watering. It has been also ascertained that the introduced
pine grows in a number of places but it experiences considerable difficulties. In
particular in noted on the map in Fig. 4 four points of growth of pine in the southern
Texas, going beyond ecologically available zone, grown-up plants experience
considerable difficulties because of the raised humidity of climate. It is observed that
pines not bad get accustomed but in the course of years the needles connected
apparently with diseases of root system become brownish on them.
The total predicative map of potential of P. eldarica Medw. for replanting along with
new territories of the Globe is given in Fig. 6. Good coincidence of ecological model to
known places of the actual growth of P. eldarica Medw. and related to it types testifies
to universality of the developed model and its predicative value for drawing up plans of
plantation of P. eldarica Medw. and to far distant regions.
Figure 6. Globe territories ecologically available for plantation of Pinus brutia var. eldarica
(Medw.) Silba . according to the data of ecological model.
Thus territories ecologically available for growth of P. eldarica Medw. and
perspective from the introduction point of view have been determined. As a result of the
researches conducted by the GIS it has been revealed that conditions for the plantation
of P. eldarica Medw. in the Globe are quite extensive. The P. eldarica Medw. is
characterized by wide plantation potential for cultivation in Central Asia and Asia
Minor, in a number of regions of Southern Europe, Northern and Southern America and
Australia.
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Conclusion
Distribution of plants along with land surface depends on biological features and
ecological properties of plants, their ability to replanting. It depends also on ecological
and biological barriers like: mountains. seas - on climate, other living organisms and
human beings. Human being is able to transfer species through ecological barriers to
places potentially available for their habitation, expanding the areas of growth of
valuable species. reducing the risk of disappearing of Near Threatened species.
Ecological and geographical methods allow specifying places potentially available
for growth of introduced species that makes such activity more effective.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1404_121131
 2016, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary