The Impact of World War 1
on the
Landscape of
Nidderdale Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty:
Scoping Report for Volunteer Project
Farm girls wearing oil skins and Sou Westers driving a farm cart.©
IWM (Q 31004)
http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205296795
Linda Smith
for
Nidderdale Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty
January 2015
Contents
1.
Abstract
3
2.
Introduction 3
3.
Historicbackground:governmentpoliciesandcommittees
4
4.
Scopingmethodsandresults
5
5.
Conclusionsandrecommendations 8
6.
Summary
9
Appendix1Projectbrief
Appendix2Sourcesusedandweblinks
2
1.0
Abstract
ThisreportdescribestheresultsofresearchintohowavolunteerprojectforNidderdale
AreaofOutstandingNaturalBeauty(NAONB)mightinvestigatetheimpactofWorldWar
1ontherurallandscapeoftheareaattheperiod.Itscopesthepotentialevidencein
termsofavailablerecordsandwhatinformationtheymightyieldonthesubject,their
geographicalaccessibility,theirsuitabilityforusewithinavolunteerprojectandwhat
trainingmayberequired.
Itrecommendstwooptionsbasedonthesourceslocated:
•
ApilotexplorationoftheValuationBooksinonearea.
•
ResearchonthecountyWarAgriculturalExecutiveCommittees.
InadditionapossibleprojectusingrecordsattheYorkshireFarmingMuseumisalso
suggested.Afulllistofsourcesinspectedandwebaddressesisincluded.
2.0
Introduction
AspartofaHeritageLotteryFundproject“TheFirstWorldWarandNidderdaleAONB”,
anumberoftrainedvolunteersareworkingonaprojectconcentratingonwar
memorialswithinasocialandfamilyhistorycontext.Knowingthatanumberof
government-ledinitiativesbroughtintobeingduringthewarwouldhavehadanimpact
onthelandscape,NidderdaleAONBiskeentoexplorethemfurtherasbefitssucha
designation.SomelocaloralevidencehasbeenidentifiedbytheWW1HeritageOfficer:
excessivewearonagrindstonefromtreefelling;gamekeeperskeenlysoughtafterby
recruitingofficersfortheirshootingskills;andfarmingfamiliesaffectedbadlyby
recruitmentandconscription.Potentialimpactsofnationalinitiativesincludethe
creationoftheWomen’sLandArmy,horsesgatheredforsendingtothefrontand
changesinfarmingpracticefromalargelypastoralsystemtoarable.Itwasnotknown
whatsourcesmightbeavailableinthisremoteandpartlyuplandpartofNorthYorkshire
andsoabriefwasdevisedforascopingprojecttobeundertaken,whichwouldinclude
potentialforfurthervolunteertraining.ThefullbriefisattachedasAppendix1.
2.1. ThisreportbeginsinSection3.0withaverybriefhistoryofthemajorgovernment
policiesandcommitteeswhicharelikelytohavecreatedagriculturalchangeandhada
consequentimpactonthelandscape.Assuchitalsostandsasausefulstartingpoint
forfutureprojectsandasahistoricalbackground.InSection4.0sourcesaredescribed
withcataloguelinks,thetypeofsource,therepositorywhereitisheldandaccessibility.
Section5.0exploresthepotentialforseveralvolunteerprojectsfromtheevidence
gained;trainingandskillsrequirementsandsuggestedoutputs.Finally,Section6.0
summarisestheconclusionsandrecommendations.
2.2. AcompletelistofsourcesandweblinksaregiveninAppendix2underthenameofthe
organisation.
3
3.0
Historicbackground:governmentpoliciesandcommittees
Thissectiondescribesthewartimelegislationaffectingfarming,partlyasabrief
informativebackground,butmostlybecauseitinformedmanyofthesubjects
researchedforinthisdocument.Muchofthisinformationhasbeenobtainedfromthe
NFUwebsite(NationalFarmersUnion,nd)andtowhoseauthorsthisauthorisdeeply
indebted.In1901only12%ofmenwereemployedinagriculture,whichwas
predominantlyonlandowner-tenantholdings.Britainwasnotself-reliantinfoodand
mostwheatwasimported;livestockproductionwasdominant.Asthewarwasthought
tobeshort-livedandlikelytobeoverbyChristmas1914,noplansweremadeto
changethesituationbutpanicbuyingledtotheDefenceoftheRealmAct8August
1914whichallowedrequisitioningoflandandbuildingsforthewareffort.On18th
August1914farmerswereaskedtoincreasetheproductionoffoodandtheareaof
landunderwheatandothercereals.Insomecases,landwasploughedforthefirsttime
inover70years.Cerealswereprioritisedforhumanconsumption,aswasfeedfordairy
animals,andforhorsesdraftedintothewareffort.Othercountriesweresoughtto
supplyshortfallsbutafter1916,whentherehadbeenbadwheatharvestsandstormsin
theUSAandattacksonconvoys,amajoreffortwasmadetoincreaseproduction
nationallyandarablelandwasrestoredfrompoorgrasslandundertheCornProduction
Act.
3.1TheBoardofAgriculturewasadvisedbytwocommitteesuntillate1916–thecabinet
CommitteeonFoodSuppliesandtheAgriculturalConsultativeCommittee–whenthe
RoyalCommissiononWheatSupplywasformed,underliningtheimportanceofthiscrop
tothecountry.UnderthenewcoalitiongovernmentinDecember1916,theMinistryof
Foodwascreated,followedbytheFoodProductionDepartmentin1917whichmanaged
thedistributionoflabour,feed,fertiliserandmachinery.Tothisend,theWarOffice
releasedmenthesameyeartohelpwithcultivationinthespringandfortheharvest
later.TheWomen’sLandAmywasformedatthesametime.TheMinistryofMunitions
wasmaderesponsiblein1917fortheproductionanddistributionofagricultural
machinerytoincreasetheuseandnumberofmotortractors.Nonetheless,in1918
compulsoryrationingofstaplefoodswasproduced,tolimitthesupplyoffoodand
preventadecreaseinnutritionalintake.Staplefoodsatthetimewerebread,meat,
butter,sugar,cheese,jam,bacon,eggsandmilk.Onlythelasttwowerenotrationed.
3.2Nearlyonethirdofmalefarmworkerswenttowar,aswellasmechanicsand
blacksmithsbutfromMay1915skilledfarmworkerswerenotrecruitedandsomeduties
weremadeexempt.ShortfallsweremadeupbyPOW’sandsoldiers.Workhorseswere
requisitioned.Womenalsofeaturedinthewareffortandtwoprivateorganisations
werecreated,theWomen’sDefenceReliefCorps(latertakenoverbytheBoardpf
Agriculture)andtheWomen’sFarmandGardenUnion.ThefirstWomen’sInstitutes
weresetupin1915.TheBoardofAgriculturedevelopedatrainingschemeforwomenin
agriculturalcollegesin1915;ithadaslowstartbutby1918223,000womenworkedin
agricultureincluding8,000intheWomen’sLandArmy.
3.3Improvementsinagriculturemadeasadirectresultofthewarweretheuseof
mechanisedtractors,bothfromtheUSA(TitanandFordson)andtheUK(Iveland
4
Saunderson).CountyWarAgriculturalExecutiveCommitteescouldbeappliedtofortheir
supply.Oatswereanimportantcropforhorsefeed.Landwasalsoploughedforpotatoes
andwheat.
4.0
Scopingmethodsandresults
Thescopingprojecthadfouraims,exploringdifferentpartsoftheruraleconomy:
•
•
•
•
WhatessentialsdidtheAONBlandscapeprovidefortheWareffort?
Forestry;
Changestoshootingestatesandtheirmanagement;
Horseandmulerequisitionandtheimpactofthis;
Theseaimswereresearchedfromtheperspectiveofhowchanges in farm management
andagriculturalproductionmightproduceaphysicalimpactonthelandscape.On-line
sourceswereresearchedinitiallyinbroadcategoriestofindtheoriginalsource
documentsheldbytheNationalArchivesatKewandlocalrecordoffices.TheAONB
coverspartsoftheformerwestandnorthRidings;after1973whentheRidingswere
disbanded,newrecordacquisitionschangedtoreflectnewboundaries,notablywithout
awholesalemovementofexistingcollectionsacrossoffices;socataloguesforboth
NorthYorkshireCountyCouncilandtheWestYorkshireArchiveServiceshavebeen
queried.Webquerieswerealsomadebytopic,tofindothersourcesnotheldwithinthe
localornationalgeneralarchives.Thiswasuseful,revealingthewebsitesgivenoverto
specificssuchastheWomen’sLandArmyandrecordsheldelsewhere,forinstanceby
theMuseumofEnglishRuralLife.Broadlyspeaking,theNationalArchivesatKew,as
mightbeexpected,holdthehighestlevelinformationsuchasCabinetpapers;andlocal
archivesholdinformationdevolvedtocountryandareaadministration;however,itis
worthnotingthatneitherisexclusiveandtherearemanyvariations.Forexample,a
cataloguesearchforaplacenamesuchasPateleyBridgeproducesdifferentdocuments
whensearchingtheNationalArchivesDiscoverycatalogueandthatofNorthYorkshire
CountyRecordOffice.Theresultsofresearchoneachaimarediscussedinturninthe
followingparagraphs.
4.1WhatessentialsdidtheAONBlandscapeprovidefortheWareffort?
4.2EachcountyhaditsownWarAgriculturalExecutiveCommitteeasasub-committeeof
theCountyCouncil.Applicationsfortractorsandotherequipmentwentthroughthe
committeesoarchivesoftheappropriatecommitteewouldbeausefulresource.There
arenorecordsofthatcommitteefortheNorthRidingintheNorthYorkshireCounty
RecordsOffice(NYCRO)onlinecataloguealthoughapersonalsearchofthehardcopy
cataloguesandindexesinthesearchroommightbearfruit,aswoulddiscussionwithan
archivist.TherearesomerecordsintheWestYorkshireArchives:thecommitteeMinute
book1915-19,itemreferenceWRC/18/1;andreturnedformsA5fromfarmsdescribing
landusein1917,itemreferenceWRT2.BotharestoredatWakefieldarchives.
4.3TheWomen’sInstitute(WI),asahighlylocalisedorganisationconcernedatthetime
withefficientuseofandgrowingfood,ispotentiallyagoodresourcebutitwilldepend
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onhowmanygroupswereformedintheAONBduringtheperiod.Localcontactsmay
havetheirowninformationbuttheWIwebsitedirectsenquirerstotheLondonSchool
ofEconomicssiteforhistoricalinformation.RecordsareheldinTheWomen’sLibrary
andcataloguedonline,referencecodeNA34NationalFederationofWomen'sInstitutes,
buttheactualrecordsarenotavailabledigitally.Furtherpotentialmaybeheldwithin
thepagesofTheLandswoman,amagazinetheWIsharedwiththeWomen’sLandArmy
from1918,andisfreelyavailableonline.Itisquitegeneralbutprovidesapictureof
whatwashappeningandcouldspursomemorethoughtsandideasandprovidesome
namestofollowup.
4.4TheWomen’sLandArmywasformedin1917toreplacemaleagriculturalworkerswho
hadsignedup.Theyworkedingeneralagriculture,madeforageduringhaymakingto
providefoodforhorsesandengagedintimbercutting.Themajoritywhoworkedin
agricultureweremilkersandfieldworkers,butsomewerecarters,ploughwomenand
marketgardeners.Themainaimwastoincreasedomesticfoodproductionduringthe
war.TheWLAwebsiteisanexcellentsourceofinformationbutextraordinarilyitseems
therewasnocentralregistercreatedoflandgirlswhodidthiswork;itwouldneedlocal
knowledgeofindividualwomen’smaidennamestobuildupindividualstoriesfrom
families.ThewebsitesuggestslocatinginformationinlocalarchivesfortheWomen’s
WarAgriculturalCommittee(1917-1919)andWomen’sLandArmydocumentsand
photographs(1917-1919);contemporarylocalnewspaperreportsarealso
recommended.OldnewspapersmaybefoundontheNYCCLibrarywebsite.
4.5TheWomen’sFarmandGardenUnion(laterAssociation)wasinitiallyformedin1899
andwasinstrumentalincreatingtheWomen'sNationalLandServiceCorpsduringWW1,
untilitwastakenoverbytheBoardofAgriculturein1917andrenamedtheWomen’s
LandArmy.RecordsareheldintheMuseumofEnglishRuralLifeatReading,catalogue
referenceSR WFGA. Only the catalogue is available on line.
4.6POWs/billetedsoldiersworkinginagriculture:locationsofwherecentralrecords,ifany,
areheldhavenotbeenfound.AquerytoaresearcherontheNationalArchiveswebsite
providednoinformationonwheresuchrecordsmightbefoundanditmightbeworth
startingatindividualfarmlevel,queryingbythenamebywhichthefarmwasknown
duringtheperiod.Thecounty(Riding)WarAgriculturalExecutiveCommitteepapers
mayprovefruitfulinthisregard.
4.7UseoflandduringWW1.Norecordswerefoundofsurveysduringtheperiodbutthere
wasasurveyin1910,carriedoutundertheprovisionsoftheFinance(1909-1910)Act,in
whichtheCommissionersoftheInlandRevenuewereinstructedto'causeavaluationto
bemadeofallthelandintheUnitedKingdom'.ThevaluationbooksforNorthYorkshire
aredepositedattheCountyRecordOffice(NYCRO)inNorthallerton.Theyincludethe
namesoftheownersandoccupiersofland,adescriptionofthepropertyandits
situation,areferencetotheseriesofvaluationmaps,theoriginalgrossvaluewith
deductionsforbuildingsandotherstructuresandtheoriginalfullsitevaluewith
deductionsforpublicrightsofway,rightsofcommon,easementsetc.Thevaluation
mapsarenotavailableattheNorthYorkshireCountyRecordOfficebutareheldbythe
NationalArchives,Kew.Eachmaphastobefoundusingtheirmapfindertool,identified
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andrequestedtoviewanditisnotuncleariftheycanonlybeseenatKeworifcopies
canbesent,oratwhatcost.Themapsare1:2500scale.Theyalsohavefieldbooksand
somevaluationbooks,noneofwhichcanbeviewedonline.Thereisanessentialand
veryusefulguidetothemaps,booksandfieldbooksat
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/research-guides/valuation-officerecords.htm
4.8ThearchivistatNYCROsaysthattheyhavemanyvaluationbooksbutinorderto
understandexactlywheretheholdingisandfinditsreferencenumber,itisfirst
necessarytoviewthemapsatKew.Thebookshaveallbeenmicrofilmed.Information
onlandrequisitionisavailableathttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/researchguides/requisitioned-land.htmwhichcontainsafullguidetothelegislationand
documentsforWW1concerningcompensationandothermatters.Mostrecordsarenot
availableonlinebutitispossibletoaskforanestimateforcopyingdigitallyorashard
copy.
4.9Forestry
4.10ForestrycameundertheBoardofAgricultureuntiltheForestryCommissionwas
createdbyActofParliamentin1919.Between1910and1919,theDevelopment
CommissionundertheDevelopmentandRoadImprovementAct1909,recommended
advancesfromitsfundforthepromotionandencouragementofforestryintheUnited
Kingdom.Alltherecordsforthisarecataloguedonline,althoughnotalwaystoitem
level,intheNationalArchivesbuttheoriginaldocumentsneedtobeviewedatKew.The
Women’sLandArmyalsoworkedinforestryduringthewar:seeaboveforfurther
information.
4.11Changestoshootingestatesandtheirmanagement
4.12Forthissubjecttherecordforeachestateneedstoberesearchedindividually.Many
estateshavelodgedtheirarchivesinNYCRO,forinstancealltheSwintonestatearchives
areheldintheSwintonandMiddlehamEstaterecords,referenceZS;verylittleofthis
archivehasbeencataloguedanditwillneedsortingthroughbyhandtofinddocuments
oftherightperiod.TheJervaulxEstatearchive,referenceZJX,hasbeencataloguedto
itemlevelandmostitemsmicrofilmed;thefullcataloguecanbeaccessedinthesearch
room.RecordsforsomeestatesmaybefoundintheWYArchivesService.
4.13Theimpactofhorseandmulerequisition
4.14ThevastvolumeStatisticsoftheMilitaryEffortoftheBritishEmpireduringtheGreat
War1914-1920(p388)describeshowhorseswereobtainedinitiallyviamasspurchase
byimpressmentwithin12daysofmobilisation.Afterthat,mostwereobtainedfromthe
USA(whichalsosuppliedallthemules),CanadaandSouthAmerica;countrygentlemen,
mastersofhoundsandmenofsimilarstanding,weresentovertodothepurchasing.
ThechiefremountdepotswerenearBristol,LiverpoolandSouthampton.ANorth
YorkshiretrainingandremountpointwheredraftedhorsesweremusteredwasatHome
Farm,MytononSwalenearYork(NFUonline);logisticallytherearelikelytohavebeen
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fewsuchplacesbutthecountyWarAgriculturalExecutiveCommitteemayreveal
furtherinformation.
5.0Conclusionsandrecommendations
5.1Themainpurposeofthisscopingreporthasbeentolocaterecordsofevents,people
andplacesassociatedwiththerurallandscapefrom1914-1918,intheareanowcovered
bytheNidderdaleAONBdesignation.Fromthis,suggestionscanbemadeforprojectsin
whichvolunteerscanusethoserecordstolearnmoreaboutlandscapechangeduring
theperiod.TheresourcescopinginSection4producedfewrecordsthatcouldbe
accessedeitheronlineorphysicallyfromclosetotheAONB.Manycollectionsof
informationconcerningGovernmentpapersareheldattheNationalArchivesinKew
andarenotavailableonline.Thecataloguesareaccessibleandsearchablebuttogetto
individualitemsrequiresaconsiderableamountofcheckingvaryinglevelsandgroupsof
records;individualrecordsmayhaveonlyaveryshortdescriptionfromwhichto
determinetheirusefulness.Atamorelocallevel,theAONBcoverspartsoftheformer
NorthandWestRidingsofYorkshirewhichformedthemajoradministrativedivisionsat
theperiodinquestion:recordsmaybefoundinarchivesheldbythewestYorkshire
metropolitanauthoritiesandNorthYorkshireCountyCouncil.Individualrecordsoffices
haveachieveddifferentlevelsofonlinecataloguingsonotallinformationbeyondahigh
levelisavailabletosearch.Withregardtoaccessforavolunteerproject,Kewisan
expensiveoptionanditwouldrequireknowledgeofexactlyhowusefularecordwasto
justifytheexpenseoforderingacopy.NorthallertonandsomeofthewestYorkshire
archivesmightbemoresuitableforthepurpose.
5.2Twolinesofenquiryaresuggested,withafurtherpotentialavenuetopursue:
a. PapersofthecountyWarAgriculturalExecutiveCommitteesarelikelytobearich
sourceofinformationbecausetheywillconcerndecisionmakingandthecarrying
outofgovernmentguidancedevolvedtocountylevel.Theydidnotappearona
searchoftheNYCROonlinecataloguesoitislikelythatasearchofthepapersofthe
CountyCouncilatNYCROisrequiredtolocatethem;therecouldbeasearchroom
hardcopycatalogueandthearchivistcanadviseonrequest.WestRidingCounty
CouncildocumentshavetobesearchedviatheWYAScataloguewhichincludesall
themodernmetropolitanauthoritiesinthearea.Physicalvisitsarelikelytobe
requiredasfewdocumentshavebeendigitisedandtheoriginalswillhavetoberead
inthesearchrooms.
b. Use1910ValuationOfficebooksandmapsasastartingpointinatrialareaand
comparewith1940-43agriculturalsurveystogetapictureofchangeoverthis
periodatfieldandfarmscale.Thiscouldbeachievedbychoosingamapsquare,
orderingthemaponlinefromtheNationalArchivesandfollowingupwithavisitto
NYCROtoexaminetherelevantValuationBooksandlateragriculturalsurveys.All
theValuationBookshavebeenmicrofilmedandpapercopiescanbemadeinthe
SearchRoomatacostof£1.00perA4or£1.50perA3sheet.Alternatively,theycan
bescannedfromthemicrofilmdirectlytoamemorystick,whichischargedat£6.00
perhalf-hourforuseoftheequipmentandisaverycost-effectivemethodofgaining
copiestoprintoffanduseasdesired.
8
c. AninitialtelephonediscussionhastakenplacewiththecuratoratMurtonPark,the
YorkshireMuseumofFarmingnearYork.Areplytoafollow-upemailhasbeenheld
upbytheChristmasbreakandwillbeforwardedassoonasithasbeenreceived.Itis
hopedthatthelibraryandarchivesmayyieldinformationthatcouldbemadeintoa
suitableproject,ifthelocationdoesnotprohibitthisduetodistancefromtheAONB.
5.3Training,skillsandoutputs:anabilitytoreadmaps;abasicunderstandingoffarming
terms;anunderstandingoftheimpactoffarmingpracticeonthephysicallandscape;an
abilitytodrawconclusionsfrommaterialused.Itissuggestedthattheresultscouldbe
presentedinanexhibitionshowingthechangesononefarmoraspecificarea,perhaps
tobeshownattheNidderdaleshowwherefarmers,landownersandschoolchildrencan
seeitanddiscusstheresultswiththeprojectteam.However,sincetheshowisin
Septemberandoutsidetheperiodoffundingfortheproject,theexhibitioncouldbe
takentovillagehalls,communityeventsorerectedtemporarilyintheCouncilChamber
atPateleyBridge.
6.0 Summary
6.1Thisscopingprojecthasshownthattherearesomerecordswhichmightdemonstrate
landscapechangeinNidderdaleAONBbetween1914and1918andwhichareaccessible
inNorthallertonandelsewhere.Itissuggestedthatapilotstudyofanareausingthe
1910ValuationBooksandmapswouldmakeasuitableprojectforvolunteerstopursue.
ResearchonthecountyWarAgriculturalExecutiveCommitteesisalsorecommendedas
itcouldhaveabearingonfuturework.ContactwithMurtonParkmayprovefruitful
withfurtherideas.
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Appendix1Projectbrief
Avolunteerresearch‘scoping’project,basedonfindingoutaboutFirstWorldWarlandscape
impactinNidderdaleAONB.
Theaimofthethisconsultancyprojectistoidentifyadiscretevolunteerresearchprojectthat
interestedvolunteerscould,theoretically,undertakefromabaseinNidderdaleAONBtofindout
moreaboutthelandscape-scaleimpactoftheWarinourarea.
Theprojectmustlookatlandscapeimpactandcouldincludeinvestigationof:
•
Changes to farm management/ farm production, for example using farm surveys from pre and post
War (was there an increase in cereal production? Tractor use? Increased ploughing? Hay meadows? Or
the opposite – a decline in production
•
Forestation changes (deforestation impacts?)
•
Changes to shooting estates and their management
•
Horse and mule requisition and the impact of this
•
Did the AONB landscape provide any other essentials for the War effort (sphagnum moss?)
Alimitedbudgetfortrainingandresourcesforvolunteerresearchisavailable.
AmandaWalters
WWIHeritageOfficer
NidderdaleAreaofOutstandingNaturalBeauty
10
Appendix2Sourcesusedandweblinks
ForestryCommission.See
http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/record?catid=117&catln=1forahistory.
NationalArchivesatKew.For1910valuationsurveymapsgototheValuationOfficemap
finderathttp://labs.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wordpress/index.php/2010/04/valuationoffice-map-finder/.
NationalFarmersUnion,nd.http://www.nfuonline.com/about-us/history/farming-and-the-first-
world-war/.ForanarticleontheMytononSwaletrainingandremountcentreseeBritishFarmer
andGrowermagazineFebruary2010“21stcenturyfarmer–19thcenturyfarm”pp36-37.Available
formembersonNFUonline.
NorthYorkshireCountyCouncillibraries.Someoldnewspaperscanbereadonline,othersareon
microfiche.Seehttp://www.northyorks.gov.uk/article/23883/Libraries---historic-local-newspapers
foralistofeach.
NorthYorkshireCountyRecordsOfficehttp://archives.northyorks.gov.uk/
StatisticsoftheMilitaryEffortoftheBritishEmpireduringtheGreatWar1914-1920.
http://www.vlib.us/wwi/resources/britishwwi.pdfThisisahuge.pdfdocument,bestdownloaded
foreaseofsearching.Concernedsolelywiththearmyitselfasperitstitle,anddoesnotcontain
domesticinformation.
WestYorkshireArchivesServicehttp://www.archives.wyjs.org.uk/archives-online-catalogue.asp
Theserviceisdividedacrossseveralmetropolitanauthoritiessothephysicallocationofarecord
needstobenoted.
Women'sFarmandGardenUnionakaWomen'sFarmandGardenAssociation
http://www.wfga.org.uk/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2&Itemid=3
SeeacatalogueofrecordsandabriefhistoryheldattheMuseumofEnglishRuralLife,Readingat
http://www.reading.ac.uk/merl/collections/Archives_A_to_Z/merl-SR_WFGA.aspx
Women’sInstitutearchiveshttp://twl-
calm.library.lse.ac.uk/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=NA34ref.codeNA34
NationalFederationofWomen'sInstitutes.ForthemagazineTheLandswoman,publishedfrom
1918,seehttp://www.womenslandarmy.co.uk/archive-material/the-landswoman-magazine-ww1/
Women'sLandArmyhttp://www.womenslandarmy.co.uk/world-war-one/..Seealsothe
Landswomanmagazinepublishedfrom1918http://www.womenslandarmy.co.uk/archivematerial/the-landswoman-magazine-ww1/
LindaSmithHistoricEnvironmentSpecialist
3LodgeLane
Brompton
Northallerton
DL62QW
[email protected]
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