PUBLISHING MANAGEMENT
Lecture 1 / Part 1 A:
Ing. Jiří Šnajdar
2014
Under pressure of inner conflicts and nations´
migration comes in the year 476 to disintegration of
Western Roman empire. In Europe comes to new
division of labour, trade production is developing,
comes to towns´ urbanisation, formation of society on
national principles and formation of new power
centres.
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Informal McLuhan comments this break on his own medially : Speeding up with help of wheel, road and
papyrus in constantly more homogenous and uniform
Roman area enabled to use potential of Roman
technologies. But typography provided the road and
wheel with far considerable speed and overcame
orders of Roman world. Gutenberg´s uniform
continual and infinitely repeated products enabled to
transfer any kind of complicated space to simple, flat
and rational space.
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Together with significantly raised media speed
accelerates also society progress in medieval Europe,
from citizens arises bourgeoisie, pre-industrial
production comes in useful, arise new social classes,
expands also trade with overseas countries, comes
to discovery journeys and beginning of colonialism.
This produces new power relations and social stress,
that results gradually in bourgeoisie revolution. We are
on the threshold of new era.
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Predecessors of periodical press :
First written records in China, acta diurni, scribers in
monasteries
Written information for aristocracy and tradesmen –
information as goods
Written newspapers of town patriciate and
tradesmen, first recorded are from Fugger´s bank
house in Augsburg
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Transportation system – enclosures to private letters,
foot-couriers, post as source of information and means
of distribution. In Austria-Hungary and consequently in
Bohemia started regular posts in 1527 in management
of aristocratic family of Taxis.
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Beginnings of commercial press :
At the beginning of 15th century is in Europe circa
1000 presses
From beginning of the 17th century started printers in
the Netherlands, France, England publishing of
popular books, songbooks, calendars.
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Newe Zeitung – in 16th century begins to appear
among press products also disposable prints
(notifications, leaflet newspapers and newspaper
leaflets). Mostly included news about war fights,
natural phenomenon, accidents, executions, overseas
discoveries etc. Are assigned for wide public and
issue during the whole 17th century.
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Beginning of periodical press Relation in 1605 in
Strasbourg first newspaper with weekly periodicity
From the second half of 17th century issue first
journals – in England The Daily Courant, in Germany
Einkommende Zeitung, from beginning of the 18th
century issue first magazines - D. Defoe issues The
Review and J Swift The Examiner.
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Titelblatt der Relation von Johann Carolus (1609), der ersten
Zeitung der Welt.
The Daily Courant, first published on 11 March 1702,
was the first British daily newspaper. It was produced
by Elizabeth Mallet at her premises next to the Kings
Arms tavern at Fleet Bridge in London. The paper
consisted of a single page, with advertisements on the
reverse side. Mallet advertised that she intended to
publish only foreign news and would not add any
comments of her own, supposing her readers to have
"sense enough to make reflections for themselves."
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Beginning of the 18th century – commercial periodical
press (conditions for its formation – news
correspondence for private customers, state
administration, post, fairs, about the year 1700 issue
1st newspapers in Northern America in Boston.
When Franklin established himself in Philadelphia,
shortly before 1730, he established „The Pennsylvania
Gazette.“
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First newspapers:
quarto format A4
extent 4-8 pages
front page decorated with engravings
edition 250 – 400 pieces, propagation by reading
newspapers were prepaid, local, weekly
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mainly political, diplomatic and army events
information from far, local news did not exist
simple groups of news without further segmentation
according to importance or themes
factual neutral news without further editorial
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Print technique, Polygraphy:
Manual graphic techniques
Wood print
Wood engraving, copperplate, lino cut, lithography
Nature of typography device are movable letters
Mechanical hot composition - linotype
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The earliest surviving woodblock printed fragments are
from China and are of silk printed with flowers in three
colours from the Han Dynasty (before 220 A.D.), and
the earliest example of woodblock printing on paper
appeared in the mid-seventh century in China.
Block printing first came to Europe as a method for
printing on cloth, where it was common by 1300.
Images printed on cloth for religious purposes could be
quite large and elaborate, and when paper became
relatively easily available, around 1400, the medium
transferred very quickly to small woodcut religious
images and playing cards printed on paper.
These prints were produced in very large numbers from
about 1425 onward.
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Around the mid-fifteenth-century, block-books,
woodcut books with both text and images, usually
carved in the same block, emerged as a cheaper
alternative to manuscripts and books printed with
movable type.These were all short heavily illustrated
works, the bestsellers of the day, repeated in many
different block-book versions: the Ars moriendi and
the Biblia pauperum were the most common. There is
still some controversy among scholars as to whether
their introduction preceded or, the majority view,
followed the introduction of movable type, with the
range of estimated dates being between about 1440
and 1460
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History of Printing
Woodblock printing (200)
•Movable type (1040)
•Printing press (1454)
•Etching (ca. 1500)
•Mezzotint (1642)
•Aquatint (1768)
•Lithography (1796)
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History of Printing
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•Chromolithography (1837)
•Rotary press (1843)
•Hectograph (1869)
•Offset printing (1875)
•Hot metal typesetting (1886)
•Mimeograph (1890)
•Screen printing (1907)
•Spirit duplicator (1923)
•Inkjet printing (1956)
•Dye-sublimation (1957)
•Phototypesetting (1960s)
•Dot matrix printer (1964)
•Laser printing (1969)
•Thermal printing (ca. 1972)
•3D printing (1984)
•Digital press (1993)
1904 offset printing
Basic print techniques – typographic, planography,
intaglio printing
Computer (cold) composition
Printer as computer's peripheral
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The linotype machine is a "line casting" machine
used in printing. Along with letterpress printing linotype
was the industry standard for newspapers, magazines
and posters from the late 19th century to the 1960s
and 70s, when it was largely replaced by offset
lithography printing and computer typesetting. The
name of the machine comes from the fact that it
produces an entire line of metal type at once, hence
a line-o'-type, a significant improvement over the
previous industry standard, i.e., manual, letter-by-letter
typesetting using a composing stick and drawers of
letters.
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The machine revolutionized typesetting and with it
especially newspaper publishing, making it possible
for a relatively small number of operators to set
type for many pages on a daily basis.
Before Mergenthaler's invention of the linotype in
1884, no newspaper in the world had more than eight
pages.
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