Maîtrise de la langue écrite/
Maîtrise de la langue orale
Conclusions & Paraphrasing
Techniques
Introduction
Hook
Background Information about
the topic
Thesis statement
3 supporting
elements
Supporting Idea #1
Supporting Idea #2
Supporting Idea #3
Conclusion
Restate thesis statement and 3
major points
Closing remark/Thought-provoking
comment
The Five-Paragraph
Essay
Conclusion
•  Summarize your ideas = paraphrasing what you already said
before
•  Techniques?
Ø  Change word order
Ø  Change a clause into a phrase (or a phrase into a clause)
Ø  Switch voice (active/passive)
Ø  Change word class
Ø  Transform numbers
Ø  Use synonyms
Ø  Make underlying meaning plain
Ø  Change or add linking words
Ø  Use reversals or negatives
Ø  Use definitions (change from specific to general)
Ø  Use idioms and/or metaphors
Paraphrasing Techniques
•  Change word order
E.g.
After he studied, John took a nap.
John slept a little after studying.
Paraphrasing Techniques
•  Change a clause into a phrase (or vice
versa)
E.g.
The house across the street is new.
The house that you can see across the
street has just been built.
Paraphrasing Techniques
•  Switch voice (active/passive)
E.g.
A hotel employee will carry your bags
Your luggage will be picked up by a bell
boy.
Paraphrasing Techniques
•  Change word class
E.g.
John is an accurate typist.
John types accurately.
Paraphrasing Techniques
•  Transform numbers
E.g.
I heard 50% of the students go on an
Erasmus exchange.
It is said that half the students leave thanks
to an exchange program.
Quarter, third, majority/minority, small/large
proportion,…
Paraphrasing Techniques
•  Use synonyms
E.g.
Memory is the capacity for storing and
retrieving information.
Memory is the capacity for keeping and
recovering data.
Possibility of playing with different registers.
Paraphrasing Techniques
•  Make underlying meaning plain
E.g.
The wolf said he was ready for lunch. The
sheep looked very worried.
The wolf complained about being hungry
which made the sheep really anxious.
Paraphrasing Techniques
•  Change or add linking words
E.g.
It was raining, but Bob walked to work.
Although the weather was rainy, Bob
went to work on foot.
Paraphrasing Techniques
•  Use reversals or negatives
E.g.
This unusual species is only found
underwater.
This species is not found on land.
!Be certain not to transform meaning
Paraphrasing Techniques
•  Use definitions/change from specific to
general
E.g.
For her birthday, her father gave her a
stallion.
She received a male horse on her birthday.
Paraphrasing Techniques
•  Use idioms and/or metaphors
E.g.
John died.
John kicked the bucket.
Rosa’s heart was a cold stone no man’s
touch could warm.
Rosa rejected the romantic intentions of all
men.