BALTIC DEFENCE COLLEGE
LATVIAN NATIONAL DEFENCE ACADEMY
MA PROGRAM HANDBOOK
August 2013
Tartu, Estonia
Contents
1. Introduction.........................................................................................................
2. Advanced Seminars…………………………………………………………….
3. Direct Readings…………………………………………………………….......
4. Thesis…………………………………………………………………...............
5. Assessment and Feedback………………………………………………….......
6. Course Timeline………………………………………………………………...
Annex A: Advanced Seminars Syllabi and Description……………………….
Strategic Thought………………………………………………………………...
Strategic Thought Course Description……………………………………….........
LESSON 1: Defining Strategy…………………………………………........
LESSON 2: Historical Development of Strategic Thought……………........
LESSON 3: Clausewitz on Strategy…………………………………….......
LESSON 4: Strategic Studies 1: Traditional and Behavioristic
Approaches…………………………………………………………………..
LESSON 5: Strategic Studies 2: Constructivist and
Postmodern Approaches……………………………………………………..
LESSON 6: Strategy as Practice 1: The Makers of Strategy
and Strategy-Making………………………………………………………...
LESSON 7: Strategy as Practice 2: Strategic Culture……………………….
LESSON 8: Strategy as Practice 3: Military strategy……………………….
LESSON 9: Strategy as Practice 4: Nuclear Strategy……………………….
LESSON 10: Strategy as practice 5: Revolutionary
Warfare as Strategy………………………………………………………….
LESSON 11: Future of Strategy…………………………………………….
Graduate Seminar on Military Theory – 2012....................................................
Week 1 The Purpose Military Theory and the nature of War.........................
Week 2 Sun Tzu..............................................................................................
Week 3 The European Way of War to Age of Napoleon...............................
Week 4 Clausewitz..........................................................................................
Week 5 Jomini.................................................................................................
Week 6 Prussian Reforms...............................................................................
Week 7 Sea power...........................................................................................
Week 8 Small Nation Military Theorists........................................................
Week 9 Air power...........................................................................................
Week 10 Insurgency and Counterinsurgency.................................................
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Week 11 John R. Boyd...................................................................................
Week 12 Complexities of Strategy.................................................................
European Security………………………………………………………………..
Course description…………………………………………………………...
List of Topics and Readings…………………………………………………
Place of Europe in the system of international relations.................................
The institutional setting of the EU external relations......................................
Risks and challenges for Europe.....................................................................
Diverging approaches towards security in Europe –inside look.....................
Approaches towards European security from the
outside and continent’s frontiers.....................................................................
EU crises management capabilities.................................................................
CFSP/CSDP in action.....................................................................................
European defence industry and armament cooperation..................................
Role of NATO as collective security organization.........................................
Additional perspectives to European security.................................................
European security in 2020 – toward a more effective system........................
Advanced Seminar - Irregular Warfare…………………..................................
Course description…………………………………………………………...
SEMINAR ONE Small Wars Theory: A Few Basics.....................................
SEMINAR TWO Revolutionary War and Guerilla War................................
SEMINAR THREE Theories of Counterrevolutionary Warfare....................
SEMINAR FOUR The Baltic Region and Insurgency...................................
SEMINAR FIVE The European Experience in
Counterinsurgency – Case Studies..................................................................
SEMINAR SIX Small States and Counterinsurgency....................................
SEMINAR SEVEN Insurgencies in the Middle
East and Central Asia......................................................................................
SEMINAR EIGHT Peace Operations.............................................................
SEMINAR NINE Afghanistan and Beyond—Western
doctrine and Small Wars…………………………………………….............
SEMINAR TEN Student Group Briefings…………………………………..
SEMINAR ELEVEN Student Group Briefings……………………………..
SEMINAR TWELVE Global War on Terror-Future Directions……………
Annex B: Directed Readings…………………………………………………….
Military Theory Direct Readings………………………………………………..
General………………………………………………………........................
Airpower…………………………………………………………….............
19th Century to World War I………………………………………………...
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Seapower…………………………………………………………….............
20th Century Maneuver War…………………………………........................
Airpower…………………………………………………………………….
Nuclear Era to 2000…………………………………………………............
Irregular War………………………………………………………………...
21st Century and Current…………………………………………….............
Strategic Thought Direct Reading........................................................................
Strategic theory: classics…………………………………………………….
Strategy as a play……………………………………………………………
Strategy as practice: the Makers of Strategy and Strategy-Making……........
Strategic choices: What influences strategy?..................................................
Offensive strategies………………………………………………………….
Defensive strategies…………………………………………………………
Compelling strategies……………………………………………..................
Deterrence……………………………………………………………….......
Nuclear Strategy: Whither Clausewitz?..........................................................
Asymmetric strategies……………………………………………………….
Alternative strategies and tools of statecraft………………………………..
The Future of Strategy………………………………………………………
European Security Issues/ Baltic Security Issues………………………………
Directed Readings Bibliography.....................................................................
Current European Security…………………………………………………..
European Union Security Issues…………………………………………….
2. Baltic Regional Security………………………………………….............
European Security Issues……………………………………………………
Russia and NATO/EU………………………………………………............
Bosnia, Kosovo Southern Europe…………………………………………...
Bosnia………………………………………………….........................
Kosovo………………………………………………….......................
Terrorism…………………………………………………………….............
Terrorism - Islamic Connections…………………………………….............
Legal issues………………………………………………………………….
NATO Issues………………………………………………………………...
Failed States/ Interventions/ Peacekeeping………………………….............
Georgia and the Caucasus Region…………………………………………..
Afghanistan/ NATO EU ops………………………………………………...
Energy Security……………………………………………………………...
Irregular Warfare Directed Reading Bibliography............................................
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General………………………………………………………........................
Theorists of Insurgency/ revolutionary War…………………………….......
Major COIN theorists………………………………………………………..
Terrorism and Counterterrorism…………………………………….............
Peacekeeping and Peace Enforcement Failed States………………………..
History of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency……………….......................
General…………………………………………………………………........
Philippine War………………………………………………………………
Algerian War………………………………………………………………...
Asian conflicts……………………………………………………….............
Mideast Conflicts……………………………………………………………
Afghanistan and Iraq………………………………………………………...
Recent and current conflicts-Post Cold War………………………………...
Irregular Warfare…………………………………………………….............
Training foreign forces………………………………………........................
Baltic Guerrilla War…………………………………………........................
Directed Readings on Defence Technology and Economics…………………...
General Readings on War and Technology 2012……………………….......
General History of Technology……………………………………………...
General Military and Technology…………………………………………...
Revolution in Military Affairs………………………………………………
Recent Conflicts- comments on Technology………………………………..
Airpower…………………………………………………………….............
Atomic Energy………………………………………………………………
Cultural………………………………………………………........................
Computers and Communications……………………………........................
Missiles and Space…………………………………………………………..
Naval………………………………………………………….......................
Firearms……………………………………………………………………...
Twentieth Century…………………………………………………………..
Technology and Defence Economics Directed Reading…………….................
Transformation………………………………………………........................
Baltic Military History Directed Readings bibliography...................................
General............................................................................................................
Middle Ages....................................................................................................
On the Teutonic Knights and War in the East................................................
Early Modern Era……………………………………………........................
1500s to 1800s................................................................................................
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Russia/Baltic 19th Century..............................................................................
World War I- WWII.......................................................................................
Russian Civil War- Independence Wars 1917-1922………………………...
Independence Wars.........................................................................................
Interwar Period WWI-WWII..........................................................................
Poland 1939-1944...........................................................................................
Russo- Finn War 1939-1940...........................................................................
Baltic Occupation 1940-1949……………………………………….............
World War II..................................................................................................
Baltic Forces………………………………………………….......................
Other topics.....................................................................................................
World War II German Military.......................................................................
World War II Baltic Region…………………………………………………
Soviets.............................................................................................................
World War II SS and Other Forces.................................................................
WWII Guerrilla War.......................................................................................
Cold War.........................................................................................................
Annex C - COURSE Forms..................................................................................
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1. Introduction
The MA Program in Military Leadership and Security is based on three pillars. The
first are the Advanced Seminars, the second are the Directed Readings, and the third is
the MA Thesis. Students shall take one Advanced Seminar, carry out the assignments
therein before the end of the semester, and simultaneously undertake Directed Readings.
Students must make their choice of Seminars and Directed Readings known to the Dean.
This will be a 3-semester program. Semester 1 and 2 of the program are the year of the
Joint Command and General Staff Course (JCGSC). Semester 1 is September to
December and Semester 2 is January to June. The third semester of the course is not
done at BALTDEFCOL. The third semester is dedicated to the completion of Masters’
thesis. The subject of the thesis must also be submitted to the Thesis advisor prior to the
end of the second semester.
2. Advanced Seminars
Advanced Seminars are run each semester simultaneously. Applicants must choose one
of them. Advanced Seminars take place after the normal BDCOL study day at BDCOL.
These will be the Fall Semester seminars that will meet from September to December.
Normally two are offered in each half of the year. Each is taught by a team of two PhD
faculty.
The Advanced Seminars are Strategic Thought and Military Theory, Irregular Warfare
and European Security Issues.
Each Advanced Seminar carries its own assignment file, which the applicant can consult
in the syllabus in Annex. Large papers that may be part of the assignment file of
Advanced Seminars do not replace the Individual Study Paper (ISP) which is the main
deliverable of Academic Writing (Learning Area 5) of the JCGSC.
3. Directed Readings
The MA program will include a Directed Reading program of books and articles that the
student should read during the course of the year. There are six fields in the Directed
Readings and applicants for the MA Program must complete reading program in one of
these six areas. The student will have a written exam in the field at the end of the year.
The fields are: Military Theory, Irregular Warfare, Current Baltic Security Issues,
European Security Issues, Baltic Military History, Technology and Defence Economics.
The BALTDEFCOL faculty have prepared a reading program in each of these areas. The
directed reading will be done on your own time under the direction of an advisor.
The idea is that the student would do his/her thesis in one of the six fields. A reading list
in each of the six fields would ensure that the student had a firm grasp of some major
works in his/her area before embarking on a thesis.
Students should have about 10-20 major readings – a mix of books, book chapters,
academic journal articles – for each field. At the end of the year, there will be a written
exam in the field the student has chosen and the exam will be based on the readings. The
exam is done on your own computer and is an open book examination.
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Directed readings and any written paper during the MA Program such as the individual
study paper (ISP) including assignments within Advanced Seminars may support the
elaboration of the final MA thesis.
4. Thesis
Students will write Master’s thesis of 60-80 pages in length. This thesis may be supported
by the Directed Readings, and any paper delivered as part of the JCGSC or Advanced
Seminar assignments. Theses subjects are proposed by the student and are approved by
the Latvian National Defence Academy (LNDA). Students will be assigned a thesis
advisor and reader and will complete a research thesis under their direction. The thesis
must be approved by your thesis advisor and a second reader prior pre-defence and
defence, appointed by LNDA and BALTDEFCOL.
There are specific thesis regulations “Guidelines and Methodological Instructions for
Development and Defence of Master’s Thesis” that are published on LNDA homepage1
5. Assessment and Feedback
Master’s thesis assessment system of grades
Degree of
acquisition
very high
high
medium
low
Grade
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3–1
Meaning
with distinction
excellent
very good
good
almost good
satisfactory
almost satisfactory
unsatisfactory
Approximate ECTS
credits
A
A
B
C
D
E
E/FX
Fail
10 (with distinction) – knowledge exceeding the requirements set in the
programme, and demonstrating evidence of independent research and in depth
understanding of the problem;
9 (excellent) – requirements of the programme are fully met, skills acquired to
apply the knowledge independently;
8 (very good) – requirements of the programme are fully met, however,
occasionally lacks deeper understanding and the ability to apply the knowledge in
tackling complex questions;
7 (good) – requirements of the programme met, however, occasionally there are
minor lacks in knowledge;
6 (almost good) – requirements of the programme met, however, occasionally there
are major lacks in knowledge, not sufficient enough understanding of questions;
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http://www.naa.mil.lv/en/Studijas/Ma%c4%a3istra%20studiju%20programma.aspx
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5 (satisfactory) – in general, requirements of the programme met, although, there
are several failures to understand important questions evident;
4 (almost satisfactory) – in general, requirements of the programme met, there are
several failures to understand important questions and a difficulty to apply the acquired
knowledge;
3 (unsatisfactory) – the knowledge acquired on the main problems of the research
object is superficial, there is no ability to apply the knowledge;
2 (very weak) – the knowledge acquired on the main problems of the research
project is superficial, lack of orientation in other significant problems;
1 (very, very weak) – no understanding of the research problem.
Students’ work will be assessed using both letter and number grades.
The criteria for evaluation shall be
a. Quality of the argumentation
b. Quality and number of the sources
c. Application of sound academic principles
d. Presentation of a sound research question
e. Provision of operational hypothesis for research
f. Elaboration of measurement, methodology and indicators for research.
The weight given to each of these criteria within each assessment is at the discretion of
the person correcting the papers.
Students should have a level of English sufficient to perform well in the discussions and
in the thesis and written work. The requirement to write a thesis means that students must
possess a solid competence in written English. Enrollment eligibility will be based on the
English test that BALTDEFCOL requires of all incoming students.
Students will take the BALTDEFCOL English exam to determine language competence.
Those with solid language competence (above 70 on the Cambridge test) can enroll.
Those with marginal English competence (between 60 and 70 on the Cambridge Test can
enroll on a probationary basis. To remain enrolled students must show significant
improvement by December. Students who show significant progress in English will be
allowed to be fully enrolled. Those who continue to have limited English skills will be
dropped from the program. The one exception to the rule is the Latvian students who opt
to do their thesis in the Latvian language.
Students are invited to provide the faculty feedback on the Advanced Seminars and the
Directed Reading anonymously at the end of each semester. This feedback will help to
improve on the MA Program for future iterations. See a sample of feedback form from a
course in Annex C:
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Grading rubrics: For the convenience of the Faculty: The following grading rubric
follows as a useful guide to grading student written assignments. This can also serve as a
guide to the students to self check written work before turning it in (see Annex c).
6. Course Timeline
August – Students arrive at BDCOL. The MA program will offer 3 advanced graduate
seminars in the Fall Semester (August –December).
August: Program signup.
Immatriculation into the program in September.
First semester advanced seminars begin
December:
First Semester advanced seminars end. Grades and student debriefs.
January:
Faculty AAR from first semester.
Semester 2: Students work with thesis advisor and reader to complete as much
research as possible before leaving BDCOL.
June:
Student examinations for Directed readings for those who wish. Otherwise
the DR exams can be done at student discretion after the student leaves BALTDEFCOL. .
Late June:
Students who have completed their thesis may have their thesis defense
before leaving BDCOL.
June to December – following year. Students continue work on their thesis and turn in
drafts for review by the thesis advisor and reader. When the reader and advisor certify
that the thesis meets MA program standards, the student arranges with LNDA and
BDCOL for a thesis pre-defense and defense with PhD panel to include the thesis
advisor. The thesis defense can be conducted by videoconferencing. When the student
completes the thesis defense and the thesis examination board certifies that the thesis
meets the standard, the student will complete the program and receive a Master’s degree
in Military Leadership and Security.
Annex A: Advanced Seminars Syllabi and Description
BALTIC DEFENCE COLLEGE – LATVIAN NATIONAL DEFENCE
ACADEMY
STRATEGIC THOUGHT
Syllabus Version 1.3 August 2012
Lt. Col, D.Soc.Sc. Mika Kerttunen
CONTENTS
Course description
Lesson 1: Defining Strategy
Lesson 2: Historical development of strategic thought
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Lesson 3: Clausewitz on Strategy
Lesson 4: Strategic Studies 1: Traditional and Scientific Approaches
Lesson 5: Strategic Studies 2: Reflective and Postmodern Approaches
Lesson 6: Strategy as practice 1: The Makers of Strategy and Strategy-Making
Lesson 7: Strategy as practice 2: Strategic Culture
Lesson 8: Strategy as practice 3: Military Strategy
Lesson 9: Strategy as practice 4: Nuclear Strategy
Lesson 10: Strategy as practice 5: Revolutionary Warfare as Strategy
Lesson 11: Future of strategy
STRATEGIC THOUGHT COURSE DESCRIPTION
Course overview
The course proceeds from a thematic and meta-thematic point of view, and allows the
student to explore various approaches to strategy and strategic studies. The course begins
by tentatively defining strategy. The first three sessions cover classical variations from
ancient Occidental and Oriental schools of thought to Clausewitz. The next two sessions
examine strategic studies as a discipline by focusing on different epistemic orientations of
the field. The following five sessions offer the students practical political, cultural and
military strategic insights on strategy. The last session asks about the validity of strategy
and strategic thinking in a world where fiscal concerns seem to override other political
consideration, where the traditional Western and male dominated logic of strategy is
openly questioned and where non- and anti-state actors have a bigger role. The required
writings will complement the readings and the seminar sessions and enable the students
to reflect and synthetize their deepened understanding.
Course aims
The course will develop and deepen the student´s understanding of strategy as a concept,
practice and discipline. Canonized texts or any particular national or operative strategy
will not be examined; instead the seminar focusses on investigating the universal, cultural
and contingent ideas underlying in strategic thinking and studies. Doing this it will
develop the analytical and critical thinking skills needed to interpret the delicate and
often problematic tension between political ambitions, military and other means and far
than perfect execution of the man and her organizations and technology. The enhanced
cognitive skills in the field of strategy and strategic studies will help the officers to grasp
the complex and comprehensive political and military operative environment they serve
in. The enhanced academic skills will also support the officers in their studies and future
service.
Methodology and course assignments
During the seminar sessions (“lessons) the students are expected to discuss, debate and
present the key contents and their own thoughts and findings of the directed readings. In
addition the students need to write a critical and analytical review (in a format of
executive summary) of the lessons 6-10, and a larger essay on a relevant topic of their
choice. Both are graded. Participation, i.e. insightful contribution to different forms of
seminar work, is also graded.
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Participation:
25%
Review:
25%
Essay:
50%
Course material
Syllabus Version 1.3 August 2012
Reader Version October 2012
LESSON 1: Defining Strategy
By introducing several aspects on strategy from military operative to political as well as
on strategic studies the lesson will widen the students´ understanding of strategy as a
practice and discipline.
Lesson 1 Readings:
John Baylis et al, eds., Strategy in the Contemporary World: An Introduction to Strategic
Studies, (Oxford: OUP, 2002), “Introduction”, p. 1-16.
Colin S. Gray, Modern Strategy, (Oxford: OUP, 1999), “Introduction” and Ch 1 “The
Dimensions of Strategy”, p. 1-15 and 16-48.
Beatrice Heuser, The Evolution of Strategy, (Cambridge: CUP, 2010), “What is strategy”,
p. 3-28.
LESSON 2: Historical Development of Strategic Thought
By examining few historical approaches to strategy the students will deepen their
knowledge on the concept of strategy.
Lesson 2 Readings:
Beatrice Heuser, The Evolution of Strategy, “Themes in early thinking about strategy”, p.
76-110.
Williamson Murray et al, eds., The Making of Strategy, (Cambridge, UK: CUP, 1994),
alternatively Ch. 2 (Athens), Ch. 3 (Chinese strategy), or Ch. 6 (England).
LESSON 3: Clausewitz on Strategy
The students will deepen their understanding on Clausewitizan concepts and approaches
to war and strategy. After the lesson they are better able to situate both Clausewitz and
contemporary thinking in a historical and intellectual framework.
Lesson 3 Readings:
Carl von Clausewitz, On War, (Michael Howard – Peter Paret edition, Princeton: PUP,
1984), Book 1, Ch.1; Book 2, Ch. 1; Book 3, Chapter 1-2.
Peter Paret, “Clausewitz” in Paret, Peter (ed.) The Makers of Modern Strategy, (Oxford:
OUP, 1999), p. 186-213.
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Thomas G. Manhken, “Strategic Theory” in Baylis et al, eds., Strategy in the
Contemporary World: An Introduction to Strategic Studies, (Oxford: OUP, 2002), p. 6681.
LESSON 4: Strategic Studies 1: Traditional and Behavioristic
Approaches
By examining the scientific foundations of social science and selected strategic thinkers
the students will develop their academic skills and critical thinking.
Lesson 4 Readings:
Michael Crotty, The Foundations of Social Research, (London: Sage, 1998/2010),
“Introduction” and “Positivism”, p. 1-17 and 18-41.
Robert Jackson & Georg Sörensen, Introduction to International Relations, (Oxford:
OUP, 1999), “Methodological Debates”, p. 217-248.
Selected writings of e.g. Sunzi, Carl von Clausewitz, Basil Henry Liddell Hart, André
Beaufre, and Edward Luttwak.
LESSON 5: Strategic Studies 2: Constructivist and Postmodern
Approaches
By examining the scientific foundations of social science and selected strategic thinkers
the students will develop their academic skills and critical thinking.
Lesson 5 Readings:
John Baylis & Steve Smith, The Globalization of World Politics, (Oxford: OUP, 2001),
“Alternative approaches to international theory”, p. 271-296.
Selected writings of e.g. Cynthia Enloe, Arundhati Roy, Paul Virilio, James Der Derian,
Alexander Wendt, and Mary Kaldor.
LESSON 6: Strategy as Practice 1: The Makers of Strategy and
Strategy-Making
By focusing on the practical making of strategy and strategic considerations in historical
frameworks the students will deepen and test their previously gained theoretical
understanding of strategy.
Lesson 6 Readings:
Williamson Murray et al, eds., The Making of Strategy, (Cambridge: CUP, 1994),
alternatively Ch. 12 (Germany), Ch. 13 (Britain), Ch. 14 (United States), or Ch. 15
(France).
Barry Posen, The Sources of Military Doctrine, (Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1984), Ch. 1.
David Fraser, Alanbrooke, (New York: Atheneum, 1982), Ch. XI “Grand Strategist –
1942”, p. 240-270.
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LESSON 7: Strategy as Practice 2: Strategic Culture
By examining the notion of strategic culture and selected strategic authors the students
will widen their understanding of the universal and cultural nature of strategy, military
strategy and strategic studies.
Lesson 7 Readings:
Colin S. Gray, Modern Strategy, Oxford: OUP, 1999), Ch. 5 “”Strategic Culture as
Context”, p. 129-151.
Alistair Iain Johnston, Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in
Chinese History, (Princeton, PUP, 1995), p. 4-22.
Patrick Porter, Military Orientalism, (London: Hurst & Company, 2009), p. 1-22; 171190, and 191-198.
LESSON 8: Strategy as Practice 3: Military strategy
By examining the logic and premises of military strategy the students will deepen their
understanding on the often problematic practical implementation of strategy and strategic
decision-making.
Lesson 8 Readings:
Edward N. Luttwak, Strategy. The Logic of War and Peace, (Cambridge, The Belknap
Press of Harward University Press, 2001), Ch. 7 “The Operational Level”, and Ch. 8
“Theater Strategy I: Military Options and Political Choices”, p. 112-137 and 138-157.
Thomas M. Kane and David J. Lonsdale, Understanding Contemporary Strategy,
(London: Routledge, 2012), Ch. 7 “Land power”, p. 114-136, and alternatively Ch. 8
“Sea Power”, Ch.9. “Air power”, or Ch. 10 “Space Power”.
LESSON 9: Strategy as Practice 4: Nuclear Strategy
By examining the key concepts and ideas in nuclear strategy, such as deterrence and
targeting, the students will develop their understanding in the problematic nature of
strategic thinking and political and strategic decision-making.
Lesson 9 Readings:
Colin S. Gray, “Strategy in the nuclear age: The United States, 1945-1991” in Murray et
al, eds., The Making of Strategy, (Cambridge: CUP, 1994), p. 579-613.
Albert Wohlstetter, The Delicate Balance of Terror, RAND publication P-1472,
December
1958,
http://www.rand.org/publications/classics/wohlstetter/P1472/P1472.html.
Beatrice Heuser, The Evolution of Strategy, (Cambridge: CUP, 2010), Ch. 14 “Nuclear
Strategy”, p. 351-383.
LESSON 10: Strategy as practice 5: Revolutionary Warfare as
Strategy
By examining the ideas of revolutionary warfare the students will deepen their
understanding of insurgency, and terrorism, as a strategy.
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Lesson 10 Readings:
Mao Zedong, “On Protracted War“ (May 1938). Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung,
sections 1, 4, 6, 72–7, 91–6, 100, Marxist Internet Archive. http://www.marxists.org/
reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-2/mswv2_09.htm.
Mao Zedong, “Strategy for the Second Year of the War of Liberation“ (September 1947),
Marxist Internet Archive. http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selectedworks/
volume-4/mswv4_21.htm.
John Shy and Thomas W. Collier, “Revolutionary War” in Paret, Peter (ed.) The Makers
of Modern Strategy (Oxford: OUP, 1999), p. 815-862.
James S. Corum, Fighting the War on Terror (St. Paul: Zenith Press, 2007), Ch.1
“Contemporary Insurgency and Terrorism”, p. 13-49.
Mika Kerttunen, “A transformed insurgency: The strategy of the Communist Party of
Nepal (Maoist) in the light of communist insurgency theories and a modified Beaufrean
exterior/interior framework“, Small Wars & Insurgencies, 22:01 (2011), p. 78-118.
LESSON 11: Future of Strategy
By examining the contemporary societal and security related issues the students will gain
understanding of the limits and boundaries of strategic thinking and strategy making.
Lesson 11 Readings:
Mikkel Vedby Rasmussen, The Risk Society at War (Cambridge: CUP, 2006), Ch. 2
“Strategy, strategic studies and risk”, p. 12-42.
James J. Wirtz, “A New Agenda for Security and Strategy” in Baylis et al, eds., Strategy
in the Contemporary World: An Introduction to Strategic Studies, (Oxford: OUP, 2002),
p. 337-354.
Colin S. Gray, Another Bloody Century (London: Weidenfeld Nicolson, 2005), p. 370397.
Graduate Seminar on Military Theory - 2012
Overview the of Course: The course will take a broad view on the evolution of warfare
and on the development of military theory. Students will examine the development of
military thought covering both the ideas of general theorists to those covering specific
modes of warfare and military operations in different in environments.
Purpose of the course: To provide a broad background to military and civilians students
on the nature of war and the influence of military theory in military and strategic affairs.
Methodology: Directed readings, students will prepare for active participation in seminar
discussions, students will be evaluated on the quality of their participation.
Grading: Each student will give a powerpoint presentation on an assigned military thinker
and lead discussion on that thinker (50% of the grade). Each student will write an essay
on a particular RMA (Revolution in Military Affairs) and discuss the lessons learned for
today’s soldiers. (50% of grade). Final essay is due at the last course meeting.
15
Week 1
The Purpose Military Theory and the nature of War
Students will examine the phenomenon of war and its nature and causes. Students will
contend with definitions and functions of military theory in general how military theory
forms the foundations of modern military thought.
Readings:
Donald D. Chipman, “Mahan’s Classical View and the Profession of Arms,” Air
University Review. (March – April 1986): 104-110
Michael Howard, “Use and Abuse of Military History,” The Army Doctrine and Training
Bulletin. (Summer 2003): 19 – 22
Peter Paret, “Clausewitz,” Peter Paret (ed.) Makers of Modern Strategy: from
Machiavlelli to the Nuclear Age. (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. 1986): 186 –
202
Paul Van Ripper, “The Use of Military History in the Professional Education of
Officers,” Marine Corps Gazette. (February 1994): 48-53
Leslie Susser, “Closing Ranks: Series of critical reports to the Israeli Defence Forces’
failure in the second war in Lebanon, citing poor professional training, mistaken military
philosophy and misguided values and principles,” The Jerusalem Report. (8 January
2007): 10 – 14
J.J. Widen, “Sir Julian Corbett and the Theoretical Study of War,” The Journal of
Strategic Studies. (February 2007): 109 – 127
Questions:
1.) What is meant by the nature of war?
2.) What does a theory of war provide?
3.) What is the relationship between military history and military theory?
4.) Is military theory truly “the stone on which instinct is sharpened”? Explain.
5.) Why has the study of the military theory been often a neglected topic for military
officers and civilian officials?
Week 2
Sun Tzu
Students will examine contributions relevancy of the ideas of Sun Tzu as a general
theorist of war and strategy
Readings
Sun Tzu.(Samuel B. Griffith trans.) The Art of War (London: Oxford University Press,
1963) – entire volume
Other editions of Sun Tzu can be found online—those are OK also.
Questions:
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1.) Do Sun Tzu’s writings express a relationship between war and politics, political
and military objectives? If so what are they?
2.) Sun Tzu declares that war should be appraised in forms of the five fundamental
factors and seven elements. What are they? To what extent are they appropriate
today?
3.) What does Sun Tzu have to say about protracted warfare?
4.) According to Sun Tzu, what are the characteristics of the skilful commander?
What elements of the art of war must he master?
5.) What qualities does the Art of War have which has allowed it to endure while the
works of many far more recent theorists have been long forgotten?
Week 3
The European Way of War to Age of Napoleon
Students will examine the evolution of warfare and military thought in modern Europe
from the era of Gustav Adolph through the Napoleonic era
Readings
Alf Äberg, “Swedish Army from Lützen to Narva,” in Michael Roberts (ed) Sweden’s
Age of Greatness: 1632 – 1718. (New York: Macmillan. 1973): 265 – 287
Andre Corvisier. Armies and Societies in Europe: 1494 – 1789. (Bloomington IN:
Indiana University Press. 1979): 1 – 20
Michael Roberts. The Military Revolution, 1560-1660: An inaugural lecture delivered
before the Queen’s University of Belfast. (Belfast: Queen’s University of Belfast. 1956)
32 pages
R.R. Palmer, “Frederick the Great, Guibert , Bulow: from Dynastic to National Warfare,”
Peter Paret (ed.) Makers of Modern Strategy: from Machiavlelli to the Nuclear Age.
(Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. 1986): 91 – 119
Colin Gray, “From Limited war to National war: the French Revolution and the
Napoleonic Way of War,” in Colin S. Gray. War, Peace, and International Relations: An
Introduction to Strategic History. (London: Routledge. 2008):30 – 48
Questions
1.) What were the key elements of what Michael Roberts described as the military
revolution?
2.) Could the Swedish Army of mid 17th century be described as Europe’s first
modern army?
3.) How did the army of Frederick the Great maneuver and employ combined arms?
How was it sustained in the field?
4.) Why is the 18th century often described as the age of limited warfare?
5.) What was the Napoleonic way of war? Identify its systemic strengths and
weaknesses.
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Week 4
Clausewitz
Students will examine contributions relevancy of the ideas of Clausewitz as a general
theorist of war and strategy
Readings
Colin Gray, “Carl von Clausewitz and the Theory of War,” in Colin S. Gray. War, Peace,
and International Relations: An Introduction to Strategic History. (London: Routledge.
3008):15 -30
Carl von Clausewitz. Michael Howard & Peter Paret (trans) On War. ( Princeton NJ:
Princeton University Press, 1976): Book one, 75 – 98
Michael I. Handel, Who is Afraid of Clausewitz? A guide to Clausewitz. pdf
Peter Paret, “Clausewitz,” Peter Paret (ed.) Makers of Modern Strategy: from
Machiavlelli to the Nuclear Age. (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. 1986): 186 213
Questions
1.) What does Clausewitz mean by the term “genius”? What are the components of
military genius?
2.) According to Clausewitz, what four elements make up the climate of war? How
does a commander contend with these elements?
3.) How does Sun Tzu’s teaching compare with Clausewitz? Are they
complementary or at odds?
4.) Would you describe Clausewitz’s approach to the examination of war as more
analysis or prescription?
5.) On War is considered by many to be greatest theoretic work on the theory of war
ever written. What do you attribute this greatness to?
Week 5
Jomini
Students will examine contributions relevancy of the ideas of Jomini as a general theorist
of war
Readings
John Shy, “Jomini,” Peter Paret (ed.) Makers of Modern Strategy: from Machiavlelli to
the Nuclear Age. (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. 1986): 143 – 185
Gordon J. Lippman, “Jomini and the Principles of War,” Military Review. (February
1959): 100 – 103
A. D. Jomini, “The Art of War,” in J.D. Hittle (ed.) Roots of Strategy, Book 2.
(Harrisburg PA: Stackpole Books. 1987): 104 – 127
Questions
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1.) How does Jomini differ from Clausewitz in his approach to the theory of war?
2.) Would you describe Jomini’s approach to the examination of war more inclined to
analysis or prescription?
3.) Jomini had tremendous influence on officer education in numerous armies in the
early 19th century. Why do you thing his work was so enthusiastically received?
4.) Jomini attempted to isolate strategy from its political and social context? Why?
What effect did this have on his interpretation of the greatness of Napoleon and
the role of the French Revolution?
5.) Do Jomini’s principles of war have a place in contemporary military theory?
Week 6
Prussian Reforms
Student will examine how the Prussian army adapted to the new form of warfare brought
about by the Napoleonic wars and the roles of Scharnhorst and Gneisenau in establishing
the Prussian school of military thought and the Prussian General Staff
Readings
Hajo Holborn, “The Prusso-German School: Moltke and the Rise of the General Staff,”
& Gunther E. Rothenberg, “Moltke, Schlieffen and the Doctine of Strategic
Envelopment,” Peter Paret (ed.) Makers of Modern Strategy: from Machiavlelli to the
Nuclear Age. (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. 1986): 281 – 325
Arthur T. Coumbe, “Operational Command in the Franco – Prussian War,” Parameters.
(Summer 1991): 145 – 185
Charles Edward White. The Enlightened Soldier: Scharnhorst and the Militärische
Gesellschhaft in Berlin: 1801 – 1805. (Westport CT: Praeger. 1989): read, “Introduction
War in the Enlightenment,” xi – xv, & 182 – 188
Questions
1.) How did the Prussian Army change as a result of the Napoleonic Wars?
2.) What effect did Jomini and Clausewitz have on military thought in Prussia?
3.) How did Helmuth von Moltke apply Clausewitzian theory and his own strategic
thought to create the most powerful army in Europe?
4.) What change in warfare and society led to the adoption of the Prusso-German
Staff system and its subsequent spread to modern armies around the world?
5.) What role did Gerhard Scharnhorst have in change in the Prussian army?
Week 7
Sea power
Students will examine the ideas of Mahan and Corbett on maritime strategy and their
lasting influence on naval thought. The ideas of the jeune ecole, coast defence theorists
and Tripitz will also be examined
19
Readings
Alfred Thayer Mahan: Excepts from Mahan on Naval Warfare,” in George Edward
Thibault (ed.) The Art and Practice of Military Strategy. (Washington DC: National
Defense University. 1986): 160 - 177
Phillip A. Crowl, “Alfred Thayer Mahan The Naval Historian,” in Peter Paret (ed.)
Makers of Modern Strategy: from Machiavlelli to the Nuclear Age. (Princeton NJ:
Princeton University Press. 1986): 444- 477
Julian S. Corbett. Some Principles of Maritime Strategy. (Annapolis: Naval Institute
Press. 1972): 178 – 209
John D. Gibson, “Sir Julian Corbett on Amphibious Operations,” Marine Corps Gazette.
(March 1998): 68 – 73
Barry M. Gough, “Maritime Strategy: The Legacies of Mahan and Corbett as
Philosophers of Sea power,” The RUSI Journal. (Winter 1988): 210 – 217
Lawrence Sondhaus. Naval warfare: 1815-1914. (New York: Routledge. 2001): 108 –
139
Questions
1.) What are the six elements which Mahan identifies as influencing sea power of
nations?
2.) How were Mahan and Corbett similar in their views on maritime strategy?
3.) How do Mahan’s ideas differ from Corbett’s? How do they differ in regarding
their views on the suggested use of the fleet?
4.) What events and trends in the 19th century influenced Aube and other jeune ecole
thinkers?
5.) Which theorist seems to have the most developed concepts on amphibious
operations?
Week 8
Small Nation Military Theorists
Students will examine the ideas on military theory focused on the armed forces small
states such as Henri Alexis Brialmont, Nikolai Reek, and others.
Readings
Dr. Bruce I. Gudmundsson. “Henri Alexis Brialmont, Major General (1821-1903),”
(Quantico VA. ND) 6 pages
Andres Seene, M. A. “General-Lieutenant Nikolai Reek (1890–1942) – Estonian officer
and leading military theorist,” (Tartu 2008) 7 pages
Questions
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1.) What were the basic elements of Brialmont’a theory of war? Within the European
context how could a small power successfully defend itself from an attack by a
large power?
2.) From Reek’s experiences what can be lessons can be drawn for the development
military theory and doctrine within small nations?
3.) Brialmont advised numerous states, including Romania, Switzerland, Bulgaria,
and Greece. From what you know about the history of these countries which was
most successful in their military policy since Brialmont’s times? Do you think
that Brialmont’s concepts are part of this success?
4.) Are elements of Brialmont’s theories still relevant for small states in
contemporary times?
5.) Are there current parallels to Reek’s problems in dealing with Czarist legacy
during officer education reforms in the 1920s?
Week 9
Air power
Students will examine the ideas of Douhet, Mitchell and Warden on air power and their
lasting influences on air war doctrine of various nations.
Readings
David S. Fadok. John Boyd and John Warden: Air Power’s Quest for Strategic Paralysis.
(Maxwell AFB: Air University Press. 1995): 23 – 31
David Mac Isaac “Voices from the Central Blue: the Air Power Theorists,” in Peter Paret
(ed.) Makers of Modern Strategy: from Machiavlelli to the Nuclear Age. (Princeton NJ:
Princeton University Press. 1986): 624 – 647
Giulio Douhet, “Excerpts from the Command of the Air,” (Dino Ferrari trans.) in George
Edward Thibault (ed.) The Art and Practice of Military Strategy. (Washington DC:
National Defense University. 1986): 229 – 232
W.D. Disbrey, “The Application of the Principles of War to Air Power,” Military Review.
(November 1951): 31 - 36
Questions
1.) What impact did the early air power theorists have upon statesmen and military
leaders? Did these leaders appreciate the potential advantages of employing air
forces? Did they accept theorists’ idea that the aircraft would become the
predominant instrument of war?
2.) Did the early air power theorists truly believe that the use of the aircraft would
significantly alter war, or was their real goal to establish support for the idea of
forming air forces as independent services from the army and navy?
3.) Did air forces develop strategic bombing capabilities to be as foreseen by early
theorists to have a war winning effect or did this emphasis cause neglect of the
operational and tactical aspects of air power?
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4.) Warden contends that all strategic entities can be broken down into five
component parts what do these component parts consist of? Based on your
knowledge of recent military operations, are these five component part relevant to
planning air operations in a counterinsurgency?
5.) What is do you see in common with Warden’s ideas with those of Douchet?
Week 10
Insurgency and Counterinsurgency
Student will examine the ideas of Lenin, Trotsky, Mao, Marighella, al-suri, Galula and
Lawrence on insurgency
Readings
Andrew Black, “Al-Suri’s Adaptation of Fourth Generation Warfare Doctrine,”
Terrorism Focus. (21 September 2006): 4 – 6
David Fromkin, “The Strategy of Terrorism,” Foreign Affairs. (July 1975): 683-698
David Galula. Counterinsurgency Warfare Theory and Practice. (London: Pall Mall
Press. 1964): 3 – 16
T.E. Lawrence, “The Evolution of a Revolt,” Army Quarterly and Defence Journal.
(October 1920): 1 - 22
Mao Tse-tung. Samuel B Griffith (ed. & trans) Mao Tse-tung on Guerrilla Warfare.
(Carbondale IL: University of Illinois Press. 2000): 3 - 34
Carlos Marighella Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla. (NP: 1969)
John Shy and Thomas Collier, “Revolutionary War,” Peter Paret (ed.) Makers of Modern
Strategy: from Machiavlelli to the Nuclear Age. (Princeton NJ: Princeton University
Press. 1986): 815 - 862
Questions
1.) T.E. Lawrence wrote that “to make war upon rebellion is…like eating soup with a
knife.” What does Lawrence mean by this statement?
2.) What is the purpose of terrorism for the insurgent?
3.) What is the purpose of Marighella’s writing?
4.) What is al-suri’s approach to insurgency?
5.) Which do you think is more difficult to defeat a Maoist insurgency or one
following al-suri’s approach? Why? Week 11
Week 11
John R. Boyd
Students will examine contributions relevancy of the ideas of Boyd as a general theorist
of war and strategy
Readings
22
John R. Boyd, “Patterns of Conflict,” (1986 presentation later converted to power point
by his US Air Force colleagues Chuck Spinney and Chet Richards)
David S. Fadok. John Boyd and John Warden: Air Power’s Quest for Strategic Paralysis.
(Maxwell AFB: Air University Press. 1995): 13 – 21
Grant T. Hammond. Mind of War: John Boyd and American Security. (Washington DC:
Smithsonian Institution Press. 2001): 118 – 174
William S. Lind. Maneuver Warfare Handbook. (Boulder CO: Westview Press 1985): 4 –
8
Frans P.B. Osinga. Science, Strategy, and War: The Strategic Theory of John Boyd.
(London: Routledge. 2007): 1- 19
Franklin C. Spinney, “Genghis John.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings. (July 1997): 4247.
Questions
1.) What elements in Boyd’s background and experiences influenced his theories on
war and strategy?
2.) What is Boyd’s OODA cycle? Is it applicable to all levels of war and well as
grand strategy?
3.) What was common factors did Boyd see in the Blitzkrieg and guerrilla war?
4.) Did Boyd see the need for principles of war? What was his approach to the issue?
5.) What was Boyd influence on US Marine Corps doctrine? Why were the marines
receptive to Boyd’s ideas?
Week 12
Complexities of Strategy
Students will examine the difficulties of integrating military strategy with overall grand
strategy through in the insights of Basil Liddell – Hart, Michael Howard, Colin Gray,
Martin Van Crevald and others.
Readings
Colin S. Gray, “Why is Strategy Difficult?” Joint Forces Quarterly. (Summer 1999): 6 –
12
Michael Howard, “The Forgotten Dimensions of Strategy,” Foreign Affairs. (Summer
1979): 975 – 986
Basil H. Liddell Hart. Strategy: The Indirect Approach. (London: Faber and Faber.
1967): 333 – 382
William S. Lind, Keith M. Nightengale, John Schmitt, Joseph W. Sutton, G.I. Wilson “The
Changing Face of Warfare,” Military Review. (October 1989): 3 – 11
Harry G. Summers. On Strategy: The Vietnam War in Context. (Carlisle Barracks PA: US
Army War College. 1983): 1 – 19
23
Martin Van Crevald, “Through a Glass Darkly: Some Reflections on the future of war,”
Naval War College Review. (Autumn 2000): 25 – 44
Questions
1.) According to Gray what are the three reasons it is difficult to do strategy well?
2.) What is the concept of grand strategy? What part does military strategy play?
3.) According to Michael Howard, what are the “forgotten dimensions” of strategy?
Which dimensions of strategy will be the most dominant today and in the future?
4.) What are the attributes of the fourth generation of modern war? Has the
assessment of Lind (et al.) about the 4th generation proven correct?
5.) According van Crevald the nation - state is in decline, what influence, according
him, has this on the future of warfare?
EUROPEAN SECURITY
Autumn 2013
Edited 23rd August 2013
Mr. James Rogers
Room 402
[email protected]
Tel. 717 6046
Course description
‘European security’ is a small directed-reading course, which will provide an overview
and in-depth analysis of the most relevant issues to the security of the European Union,
the Wider Neighbourhood and the European geopolitical environment. In particular, the
course will help students to understand the geopolitical raison d’être of both the Atlantic
Alliance and the European Union (and its foreign, security and defence policies) and the
foreign and strategic interests of Europe’s major powers (France, Germany, Russia, the
United Kingdom and the United States), as well as those of the ‘Wider Baltic’ region.
Students’ presentations:
The course is divided into thirteen supervisions, which are small seminars. Each
supervision will be started with students’ presentations: individual students will be asked
to explore the topic of the supervision (directed readings are indicated in the programme;
however, students must look for at least one additional source using their own research
skills). After briefings are made, a discussion period with questions and answers will take
place.
The requirements for presentations:
24
1. Presentations must be short (c. 10-15 minutes) and clear;
2. All presenters must read and understand the indicated literature before the
supervision. Presenters can use additional literature as well;
3. Presentations must not simply reflect given texts: the student must create a lively
presentation with a thesis to stimulate academic discussion, and not merely
provide a literature review of the directed and supplementary readings;
4. Presenters do not have to agree with the presentation topic statement;
5. PowerPoint presentations are acceptable but the emphasis should be on orally
presented argumentation.
Assessment requirements
The evaluation will be based on performance on the following items and points:
Participation in supervisions – 25%
Review essay – 25%
Research essay – 50%
Review essay: This short essay (500 words) must review of two of the key readings from
one of the supervisions. It should be made available to the entire supervision when a
student gives a presentation.
Research essay: This longer essay (1,200 words) – to be based on the regulations for
academic writing for Learning Area 5 on the Joint Command and General Staff Course –
should be submitted on 3rd December 2013. It should provide an in-depth answer to one
of the following questions:
1. Is geopolitics re-emerging on the European continent?
2. Defence forces or expeditionary forces: which strategic posture best reflects
the needs of the Baltic States?
3. With their respective ‘pivots’ to the Indo-Pacific region, will the United
States and the United Kingdom continue to be able to underwrite the
Atlantic Alliance?
4. Should the European Union integrate into a fully-fledged military power?
5. Is Russia re-emerging as a potential threat to the security of the ‘Wider
Baltic’ region?
List of supervisions and readings
Please note: for each supervision, you must read all items listed under ‘directed reading’
in the order provided and one item from the list of supplementary readings. Presenters
must read three items from the supplementary readings.
25
3rd September 2013
1. Preliminary meeting
Issues covered: Outline of the course; objectives of the course; assigning presentations;
assessment criteria for presentations and assignments.
10th September 2013
2. European security through the lens of geopolitics
Issues covered: Geopolitics as an analytical approach; the geopolitical history of the
balance of power on the European continent.
Presentation topic: ‘European security can only be understood through the waxing
and waning of the Great Powers.’
Directed reading:
Kaplan, Robert. 2009. The Revenge of Geography. Foreign Policy. May/June 2009.
Spykman, Nicholas. 2008 [1942]. America’s Strategy in World Politics. New
Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2008 [1942], pp. 11-38 and pp. 96128.
Supplementary reading:
Fox, William. 1985. Classical Geopolitics. [book auth.] Ciro E. Zoppo and Charles
Zorgibibe. On Geopolitics: Classical and Nuclear. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, 1985.
Spykman, Nicholas. 1942. Frontiers, Security and International Organisation.
Geographical Review. July, 1942, Vol. 32, 3.
17th September 2013
3. The European security order
Issues covered: Geopolitics and security on the contemporary European continent; ‘premodern’ states, ‘modern’ states and ‘post-modern’ states; the Europe as a ‘security
community’.
Presentation topic: ‘Europe has become a “post-modern” community while the rest
of the world remains “modern” or “pre-modern”.’
26
Directed reading:
Cottey, Andrew. 2007. Security in the New Europe. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan,
2007, pp. 5-78.
Cooper, Robert. 1996. The Post-Modern State and the World Order. London: Demos,
1996.
Supplementary reading:
Dunay, Pál. 2009. The changing political geography of Europe: After EU and NATO
enlargements. [book auth.] Thierry Tardy. European Security in a Global Context:
Internal and external dynamics. Abingdon: Routledge, 2009.
Mölder, Holger. 2006. NATO’s Role in the Post-Modern European Security
Environment: Cooperative Security and the Experience of the Baltic Sea Region.
Baltic Security and Defence Review. 2006, Vol. 8, 1.
24th September 2013
4. The Atlantic Alliance and European security
Issues covered: The creation, evolution and transformation of the Atlantic Alliance from
1943-2010; the Atlantic Alliance and European integration; the main aspects of the New
Strategic Concept.
Presentation topic: ‘The Atlantic Alliance’s purpose is to keep the Russians out, the
Americans in and the Germans down [and the British up].’
Directed reading:
Mackinder, Halford. 1943. The Round World and the Winning of the Peace. Foreign
Affairs. 1943, Vol. 21, 1.
Herd, Graeme P., Kriendler, John and Wittman, Klaus. 2013. NATO’s Genesis and
adaption: From Washington to Chicago. [book auth.] Graeme P. Herd and John
Kriendler. Understanding NATO in the 21st Century. Abingdon: Routledge, 2013.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. 2012. What is NATO? Brussels: Public Diplomacy
Division, 2012.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. 2010. New Concept: Active Engagement, Modern
Defence, Lisbon: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, 2010.
Supplementary reading:
27
Gardner, Hall. 2002. NATO Enlargement and Geostrategic History: Alliances and the
Question of War and Peace. [book auth.] Carl C. Hodge. NATO for a New Century –
Atlantics and European Security. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers, 2002.
Kashmeri, Sarwar A. 2011. NATO 2.0: Reboot or Delete? Washington, DC: Potomac
Books, 2011, pp. 21-66.
Locatelli, Andrea and Testoni, Michele. 2009. Intra-allied competition and alliance
durability: the case for promoting a division of labour among NATO allies.
European Security. September, 2009, Vol. 18, 3.
Mattelaer, Alexander. 2011. How Afghanistan has strengthened NATO. Survival.
December, 2011, Vol. 53, 6.
Noetzel, Timo and Schreer, Benjamin. 2009. NATO's Vietnam? Afghanistan and the
Future of the Atlantic Alliance. Contemporary Security Policy. November, 2009,
Vol. 30, 3.
Spelling, James and Weber, Mark. 2009. NATO: from Kosovo to Kabul. International
Affairs. May, 2009, Vol. 85, 3.
1st October 2013
5. Russia and European security
Issues covered: Russia and European security; Russia’s periphery.
Presentation topic: ‘Today, Russia is nothing more than a mouse that occasionally
tries to growl.’
Directed reading:
Friedman, George. 2008. The Geopolitics of Russia: Permanent Struggle. Austin,
Texas: STRATFOR, October 2008.
STRATFOR, 2012. Russia’s Expanding Influence (Parts 1, 2, 3 and 4). Austin, Texas:
STRATFOR, 2012.
Nopens, Patrick. 2009. A New Security Architecture for Europe? Russian Proposal and
Western Reactions. Brussels: Egmont Institute, 2009.
Rachwald, Arthur R. 2011. A ‘reset’ of NATO-Russia relations: real or imaginary?
European Security. March, 2011, Vol. 20, 1.
Supplementary reading:
Holbrooke, Richard and Asmus, Ronald. 2008. Russia Crosses the Line. Project
Syndicate. [Online] 11 August 2008. [Cited: 25 January 2013]. http://www.p rojectsyndicate.org/commentary/russia-crosses-the-line.
28
Main, Steven. 2010. The Mouse that Roared, or the Bear that Growled? Russia’s Latest
Military Doctrine. Shrivenham: Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, 2010.
Nikitin, Alexander. 2006. Russian Perceptions of the CFSP/ESDP. European Union
Institute for Security Studies. [Online.] 29 May 2006 [Cited: 21 January 2013.]
http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/analy145.pdf.
Polyakov, Leonid. 2009. An Ideological Self-Portrait of the Russian Regime. [book
auth.] Ian Krastev, Mark Leonard and Andrew Wilson. What Does Russia Think?
London: European Council on Foreign Relations, 2009.
Schmidtke, Oliver and Yekelchyk, Serhy. 2008. Europe’s last frontier? Belarus,
Moldova and Ukraine between Russia and the European Union. New York City:
Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, pp. 195-222.
15th October 2013
6. European security and strategic culture
Issues covered: European security culture; European strategic culture; threats, such as
terrorism; proliferation of weapons of mass destruction; regional conflict; state failure;
organised crime; cyber-attacks; attacks against terrestrial and maritime communication
lines; energy security; challenges, such as global conflicts; climate change; poverty;
underdevelopment.
Presentation topic: ‘Americans are from Mars and Europeans are from Venus.’
Directed reading:
European Council. 2003. A secure Europe in a better world. European Security
Strategy. Brussels: European Union, 2003.
European Council. 2008. Report on the Implementation of the European Security
Strategy: Providing Security in a Changing World. Brussels: European Union, 2008.
Edwards, Geoffrey. 2006. Is there a Security Culture in the Enlarged European Union?
International Spectator. 2006, Vol. 41, 3.
Hyde-Price, Adrian. 2004. European Security, Strategic Culture, and the Use of Force.
European Security. 2004, Vol. 13, 4.
Kagan, Robert. 2002. Power and Weakness: Why the United States and Europe see the
world differently. Policy Review. 2002, Vol. 113.
Rogers, James. 2012. Empowering the tribe: Confidence comes before strategy. [book
auth.] Roderick Parkes and Ryszarda Formuszewicz. Stocktaking of EU Strategising.
Warsaw: European Global Strategy, 2012.
Supplementary reading:
29
Mérand, Frédéric, Bonneu, Mathias and Faure, Samuel. 2009. What do ESDP actors
want? An exploratory analysis. European Security. 2009, Vol. 18, 3.
Norheim-Martinsen, Per M. 2011. EU Strategic Culture: When the Means Becomes the
End. Contemporary Security Policy. 2011, Vol. 32, 3.
Rehrl, Jochen and Weisserth, Hans-Bernhard. 2011. Handbook on CSDP. Vienna:
Armed Forces Printing Centre, 2011, pp. 17-25.
Smith, Karen. 2005. Still ‘civilian power’ EU? London: London School of Economics,
2005.
22nd October 2013
7. The European Union as a global actor
Issues covered: Birth of the European Union as a military power; European
Neighbourhood Policy; impact of the Treaty of Lisbon.
Presentation topic: ‘The European Union is just a small power; still an economic
giant, but a political dwarf and military worm.’
Directed reading:
Wood Steve and Quaisser, Wolfgang. 2007. The New European Union: Confronting
the Challenges of Integration. Bolder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 2007, pp. 115-154.
Shepherd, Alistair J. K. 2009. ‘A milestone in the history of the EU’: Kosovo and the
EU’s international role. International Affairs, May, 2009, Vol. 85, 3.
Alboni, Roberto. 2005. The Geopolitical Implications of the European Neighbourhood
Policy. European Foreign Affairs Review. 2005, Vol. 10, 1.
Toje, Asle. 2011. The European Union as a Small Power. Journal of Common Market
Studies. January, 2011, Vol. 49, 1.
Supplementary reading:
Angelet, Bruno and Vrailas, Ioannis. 2008. European Defence in the Wake of the
Lisbon Treaty. Brussels: Academia Press, May 2008.
Biscop, Sven and Algieri, Franco. 2008. The Lisbon Treaty and ESDP: Transformation
and Integration. Brussels: Academia Press, 2008.
Haukkala, Hiski. 2013. The Three Paradigms of European Security in Eastern Europe:
Co-operation, competition and conflict. [book auth.] Sven Biscop and Richard G.
Whitman. The Routledge Handbook of European Security. Abingdon: Routledge,
2013.
30
Rogers, James. 2009. From ‘Civilian Power’ to ‘Global Power’: Explicating the
European Union’s ‘Grand Strategy’ Through the Articulation of Discourse Theory.
Journal of Common Market Studies. September, 2009, Vol. 47, 4.
Sangiovanni, Mette Eilstrup. 2003. Why a Common Security and Defence Policy is
Bad for Europe. Survival, 2003, Vol. 45, 4.
Vlachos-Dengler, Katia. 2002. Getting there: building strategic mobility into ESDP.
Paris: European Union Institute for Security Studies, 2002.
29th October 2013
8. The European Union’s foreign, security and defence policies
Issues covered: The contemporary institutions of external action; military operations;
civilian operations; crises prevention (diplomatic tools); civilian crises management
capabilities (civilian response teams, etc.); military capabilities (strategic mobility and
battlegroups).
Presentation topic: ‘European foreign, security and defence policies have made a
real difference, actively contributing to European security.’
Directed reading:
Rehrl, Jochen and Weisserth, Hans-Bernhard. 2011. Handbook on CSDP. Vienna:
Armed Forces Printing Centre, 2011, pp. 27-87.
Edwards, Geoffrey. 2013. Diplomacy and the CFSP: with new hands on the wheel, have
we something that’s real? [book auth.] Sven Biscop and Richard G. Whitman. The
Routledge Handbook of European Security. Abingdon: Routledge, 2013.
Giegerich, Bastian. 2010. Military and Civilian Capabilities for EU-led CrisisManagement Operations. [book auth.] Bastian Giegerich. Europe and Global
Security. Abingdon: Routledge, 2010.
Supplementary reading:
Biscop, Sven and Coelmont, Jo. 2013. Military CSDP: The quest for capability. [book
auth.] Sven Biscop and Richard G. Whitman. The Routledge Handbook of European
Security. Abingdon: Routledge, 2013.
Quille, Gerrard. 2006. The European Security and Defence Policy: from the Helsinki
Headline Goal to the EU Battlegroups. Brussels: European Parliament, 2006.
Merlingen, Michael. 2013. The CSDP in the Western Balkans: From experimental pilot
to security governance. [book auth.] Sven Biscop and Richard G. Whitman. The
Routledge Handbook of European Security. Abingdon: Routledge, 2013.
31
Pirozzi, Nicoletta and Sandawi, Sammi. 2009. Military and Civilian ESDP Missions:
Ever Growing and Effective? Rome: Isitituto Affari Internazionale, 2009.
Riddervold, Marianne. 2011. Finally flexing its muscles? Atalanta – The European
Union’s naval military operation against piracy. European Security. October, 2011,
Vol. 20, 3.
Schulz, Michael and Söderholm, Frederik. 2010. Theorising the EU’s role in regional
conflict management. European Security. December, 2010, Vol. 19, 3.
5th November 2013
9. The European military-industrial and technological base
Issues covered: Perspectives on the European arms industry and market; perspectives of
the joint defence research, technological innovations and industrial co-operation; role of
the European Defence Agency.
Presentation topic: ‘The European military-industrial base is uncoordinated,
stagnant and set to decline.’
Directed reading:
Missiroli, Antonio. 2013. Enabling the future – European military capabilities, 20132025: challenges and avenues. Paris: European Union Institute for Security Studies,
2013.
Andersson, Jan Joel. 2013. Defence industry and technology: the base for a more
capable Europe. [book auth.] Sven Biscop and Richard G. Whitman. The Routledge
Handbook of European Security. Abingdon: Routledge, 2013.
Fiott, Daniel. 2013. The ‘TTIP-ing Point: How Could the Transatlantic Trade and
Investment Partnership Impact European Defence? International Spectator. 2013,
Vol. 48, 3.
Supplementary reading:
Bátora, Jozef. 2009. European Defence Agency: A Flashpoint of Institutional Logics.
West European Politics. October, 2009, Vol. 32, 6.
Fiott, Daniel. 2013. The European Union and geostrategy: The importance of critical
defence infrastructure. European Geostrategy. [Online] 8 October 2012. [Cited: 21
October 2012.] http://europeangeostrategy.ideasoneurope.eu/files/2012/1 0/LongPost-3.pdf
James, Andrew D. 2008. The Defence Industry and ‘Transformation’: A European
Perspective. Security Challenges. Summer, 2008, Vol. 4, 4.
32
Keohane, Daniel. 2008. Towards a European Defence Market. [book auth.] Daniel
Keohane. Paris: European Union Institute for Security Studies, 2008.
O’Donnell, Clara Marina. 2009. The EU finally opens up the European defence market.
London: Centre for European Reform, 2009.
12th November 2013
10. European geopolitics: diverging approaches?
Issues covered: Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Northern Europe and Southern
Europe; small states and major powers (United Kingdom, Germany and France); the
geopolitical implications of the 2007-2009 Financial Crisis.
Presentation topic: ‘European integration is over; not only are Europeans diverging
geopolitically but they are in permanent and unstoppable decline.’
Directed reading:
Simón, Luis and Rogers, James. 2010. The Return of European Geopolitics: All Roads
Lead Through London. RUSI Journal. June/July, 2010, Vol. 155, 3.
Terlikowski, Marcin. 2013. No One Left Behind? European Defence and ‘Brexit’. RUSI
Journal. August/September, 2013, Vol. 158, 4.
Kundnani, Hans. 2011. Germany as a Geo-economic Power. The Washington Quarterly.
Summer, 2011, Vol. 34, 3.
Simón, Luis. 2013. The Spider in Europe’s Web? French Grand Strategy from Iraq to
Libya. Geopolitics. January, 2013, Vol. 18, 2.
Grygiel, Jakub. 2013. Europe: Strategic Drifter. The National Interest. June, 2013.
Supplementary reading:
Chivvis, Christopher S. and Rid, Thomas. 2009. The Roots of Germany’s Russia
Policy. Survival. March, 2009, Vol. 51, 2.
Eyal, Jonathan. 2012. The EU’s Alternative Futures. RUSI Journal. February, 2012,
Vol. 157, 1.
Kramer, Steven P. 2012. The Return of History in Europe. The Washington Quarterly.
Autumn, 2012, Vol. 35, 4.
Kupchan, Charles A. 2010. The Potential Twilight of the European Union. New York
City: Council on Foreign Relations, 2010.
Molis, Arūnas. 2006. Role and Interests of Small States in Developing European
Security and Defence Policy. Baltic Security and Defence Review. 2006, Vol. 8, 1.
33
Rachman, Gideon. 2012. Europe’s Zero-Sum Dilemma, The National Interest.
May/June, 2012.
19th November 2013
11. After the pivot(s): is the Atlantic Alliance still relevant?
Issues covered: The eastward pivots of France, the United Kingdom and United States –
the Atlantic Alliance’s strategic guarantors; implications for the European security order
and the Baltic States.
Presentation topic: ‘European security will deteriorate as the British, French and
Americans move towards the Indo-Pacific region.’
Directed reading:
Shambaugh, David. 2013. Assessing the US ‘pivot’ to Asia. Strategic Studies Quarterly.
Summer, 2013, Vol. 7, 2.
Rogers, James. 2013. European (British and French) geostrategy in the Indo-Pacific.
Journal of the Indian Ocean Region. June, 2013, Vol. 9. 1.
Saint-Mezárd, Isabelle. 2013. The French strategic vision of the Indian Ocean. Journal
of the Indian Ocean Region. June, 2013, Vol. 9, 1.
Stokes, Doug. 2013. Goodbye America? Transatlantic Grand Strategy after the Financial
Crisis. RUSI Journal. August/September, 2013, Vol. 158, 4.
Herd, Graeme P. and Kriendler, John. 2013. ‘Good enough is better than good’:
Towards a third ‘transatlantic bargain’? [book auth.] Graeme P. Herd and John
Kriendler. Understanding NATO in the 21st Century. Abingdon: Routledge, 2013.
Supplementary reading:
Blount, Clive. 2013. Staying in Step: The US ‘Pivot’ and UK Strategic Choices.
Strategic Studies Quarterly. Summer, 2013, Vol. 7, 2.
Fedyszyn, Thomas R. 2010. Saving NATO: Renunciation of the Article 5 Guarantee.
Orbis: A Journal of World Affairs. June, 2010, Vol. 54, 3.
Shetler-Jones, Philip. 2012. UK-Japan Defence Cooperation: Britain Pivots and Japan
Branches Out. Asia Pacific Bulletin. May, 2013, Vol. 164.
Ross, Robert S. 2013. US Grand Strategy, the Rise of China and US National Security
Strategy for East Asia. Strategic Studies Quarterly. Summer, 2013, Vol. 7, 2.
Stansfield, Gareth and Kelly, Saul. 2013. A Return East of Suez? UK Military
Deployment to the Gulf. London: Royal United Services Institute, 2013.
34
Whitman, Richard and Stokes, Doug. 2013. Transatlantic triage? European and UK
‘grand strategy’ after the US rebalance to Asia. International Affairs. September,
2013, Vol. 89, 5.
Yoshihara, Toshi. 2013. The US Navy’s Indo-Pacific Challenge. Journal of the Indian
Ocean Region. June, 2013, Vol. 9, 1.
26th November 2013
12. The European Union in 2030: power through integration?
Issues covered: Future threats and priorities; future ambitions (capabilities, operations
and mechanisms); the European Union’s potential as a global power.
Presentation topic: ‘By 2030, the European Union will be a global superpower.’
Directed reading:
Rehrl, Jochen and Weisserth, Hans-Bernhard. 2011. Handbook on CSDP. Vienna:
Armed Forces Printing Centre, 2011, pp. 124-131.
Simón, Luis. 2012. CSDP, Strategy and Crisis Management: Out of Area or Out of
Business? International Spectator. 2012, Vol. 47, 3.
Keohane, Daniel. 2013. Strategic Priorities for EU Defence Policy. Paris: Notre Europe,
2013.
Simón, Luis. 2013. Setting the Tone: The 2013 French White Paper and the Future of
European Defence. RUSI Journal. August/September, 2013, Vol. 158, 4.
Supplementary reading:
Bentegeat, Henri. 2009. What aspirations for European defence? [book auth.] Alvaro de
Vasconcelos. Ambitions for European Defence in 2020? Paris: European Union
Institute for Security Studies, 2009.
Biscop, Sven. 2012. EU Grand Strategy: Optimism is Mandatory. Brussels: Egmont
Institute, 2012.
Ham, Peter van. 2008. The Power of War: Why Europe Needs It. The Hague:
Clingendael Institute, 2008.
Reis, Tomas. 2009. The Globalising Security Environment and the EU. [book auth.]
Alvaro de Vasconelos. Ambitions for European Defence in 2020? Paris: European
Union Institute for Security Studies, 2009.
Rogers, James. 2009. From Suez to Shanghai: the European Union and Asian maritime
security. Paris: European Union Institute for Security Studies, 2009.
35
3rd December 2013
13. Future security in the ‘Wider Baltic’
Issues covered: The strategic balance in the ‘Wider Baltic’ area, i.e., the Baltic States,
Scandinavia and surrounding powers, out to the 2030s; implications for the Baltic States.
Presentation topic: ‘The “Wider Baltic” will remain secure, even with the
resurgence of Russia and the partial departure of the United Kingdom and the
United States.’
Directed reading:
Kaljurand, Riina et. al. 2012. Developments in the Security Environment of the Baltic
Sea Region up to 2020. Tallinn: International Centre for Defence Studies, 2012.
Männik, Erik. 2013. The Evolution of Baltic Security and Defence Strategies. [book
auth.] Tony Lawrence and Tomas Jermalavičius. Apprenticeship, Partnership,
Membership: Twenty Years of Defence Development in the Baltic States. Tallinn:
International Centre for Defence Studies, 2013.
Rogers, James. 2013. Geopolitics and the ‘Wider North’: The United Kingdom as a
‘strategic pivot’. RUSI Journal. December, 2013, Vol. 157, 6.
Neretnieks, Karlis. 2013. Sweden and stability in the Baltic Sea region. STRATFOR.
[Online] 25 June 2013. [Cited: 20 August 2013.] http://www.stratfor.com/ othervoices/sweden-and-stability-baltic-sea-region-0.
Forss, Stefan. Et. al. 2013. The Development of Russian Military Policy and Finland.
Helsinki: National Defence University, 2013, pp. 1-40.
Supplementary reading:
Gotkowska, Justyna. 2013. Sitting on the Fence: Swedish Defence Policy and the Baltic
Sea Region. Warsaw: Centre for Eastern Studies, 2013.
Paulauskas, Kestutis. 2013. The Baltic Quest to the West: From Total Defence to
‘Smart Defence’ (and Back?). [book auth.] Tony Lawrence and Tomas
Jermalavičius. Apprenticeship, Partnership, Membership: Twenty Years of Defence
Development in the Baltic States. Tallinn: International Centre for Defence Studies,
2013.
STRATFOR. 2009. The Geopolitics of Sweden: A Baltic Power Reborn. Austin, Texas:
STRATFOR, 2009.
Sundberg, Anna and Zetterlund, Kristina. 2013. Losing an Ally but not Losing Faith
in the EU: Swedish Perspectives on a UK Departure from the Union. RUSI Journal.
August/September, 2013, Vol. 158, 4.
36
Advanced Seminar - Irregular Warfare Edited Jan 2012
Course Leader and Primary Professors:
Dr. James Corum// Dr. Col. Sliwa
The military historian John Keegan wrote, “Continuities, particularly hidden continuities,
form the principal subject of historical enquiry.” With apologies to Socrates, historical
inquiry is a process of discovering what we wrongly thought we knew but in fact were
ignorant of. The philosopher Hegel first reminded us that we learn from history what we
do not learn from history. In that light, this seminar has a two-fold purpose. First, this
seminar seeks to make the student aware that the concept of small wars is not new—
irregular warfare dates back at least to the Old Testament. Second, and probably more
importantly, the student should emerge from this seminar with a grasp of the nature of
irregular warfare and small wars.
Through history, the most common form of small war has involved conventional forces
against what can be broadly classified as irregulars. The course is designed with several
objectives in mind. First, the course will provide a basic background in the most
important theories of revolutionary war and counterinsurgency. The course will deal
strategies employed by insurgents and revolutionary movements and the impact these
insurgencies and strategies have upon Western and NATO and US actions.
In this course we will discuss the theoretical background to irregular warfare. The course
will examine a number of case studies of irregular warfare conflicts, focusing on the
conflicts sine 1945. The general strategy of the insurgents/terrorist groups will be
examined as well as the strategy of the counterinsurgency forces.
We will critically analyze the broad experience of Western nations in conducting
counterinsurgency and counter terrorism operations with the goal of finding models and
principles that could be adapted to current and future operations. We will examine current
Western doctrine and operations with a view to understanding the strengths and
weaknesses of their approach to irregular warfare.
Much of the syllabus is bibliographical. Although we cannot cover the material in the
detail warranted, we will provide students with a list of recommended readings on the
subject of irregular warfare.
Course Seminars
Seminar One: A Few Basics
Seminar Two: Revolutionary and Guerrilla War
Seminar Three: Theories of Counterrevolutionary Warfare:
Seminar Four: European Experience
Seminar Five: Baltic Experience in Insurgency
Seminar Six: Peacekeeping and Peace Enforcement
Seminar Seven: Small Nation Experience Case studies
37
Seminar Eight: Mideastern/ Central Asian Insurgencies
Seminar Nine: Afghanistan Iraq and Beyond- US and NATO Experience
Seminar Ten: Group briefs
Seminar Eleven: Group briefs
Seminar Twelve: Global War on Terror- Future Directions
Irregular Warfare
“If you wish for peace, understand war—particularly the guerrilla and subversive
forms of war.”
B. H. Liddell Hart
Strategy
“As a nation we don’t understand it and as a government we are not prepared to
deal with it.”
Wallace H. Nutting
Lieutenant General, U. S. Army
Newsweek, 6 June 1983
Course Description
The course is divided into 12 seminars. The intent of the course is to provide the student
with a basic understanding of the most important theories concerning people’s war and
terrorism as well as an overview of the experience of combating insurgency and terrorism
in recent decades. This course will also include a study of current operations and
doctrine.
Readings
The objective of the recommended reading list is to offer a cross-section of what is
available so that you might flesh out what you have learned in this course.
Grading
Seminar Participation: The seminar meets once a week for a three hour period. Each
student is expected to do the weekly readings and come to the seminar prepared to
discuss issues and questions issued beforehand. Participation in the seminar is 25% of the
course grade
Presentation: the course director will break the students into 2-3 man teams. Each team
will be given a recent or ongoing insurgency and the team will be expected to provide a
detailed briefing to the seminar on the insurgency in the time of the 10th and 11th
seminars. The briefing will constitute 25% of the grade. The insurgencies that will be
examined are from the following list: Colombia, Sri Lanka, Kashmir, Chechnya,
Philippines, Thailand, and Northern Ireland.
Each student will write a 3,000-word essay and turn it in at the end of the course. The
essay will examine a major theorist of insurgency or a counterinsurgency theorist. The
38
student will provide a critical analysis of the main aspects of the theory. The insurgency
theorists include: T.E. Lawrence, Mao, Ho chi Minh, Counterinsurgency writers include
Kitson, Manwaring, Galula, Trinquier, Thompson, Petreaus (FM 3-12) Van Creveld. The
final essay is worth 50% of the grade and is due the last day of the course.
Faculty
The course director is Dr. James Corum.
Course Seminars
SEMINAR ONE
Small Wars Theory: A Few Basics
“Guerrilla war is far more intelligent than a bayonet charge.”
Colonel T. E. Lawrence
“The Science of Guerrilla Warfare”
We will read a piece from the early 20th Century on how to make a successful
insurgency—T.E. Lawrence’s “Evolution of a Revolt,” written in 1920. T.E. Lawrence,
better known as “Lawrence of Arabia,” was born in 1888 and educated at Oxford. He
became a fellow of All Souls College specializing in Mideastern archaeology. Prior to
World War I he had traveled extensively through the Mideast and mastered Arabic and
several local dialects. He was commissioned as an intelligence officer at the outbreak of
World War I and sent to Cairo. Due to his understanding of Arabic and his intimate
knowledge of the Bedouin mind and politics, he became a senior advisor to the Arabs in
revolt against the Ottoman Empire. The story of the very successful Arab guerrilla war
against the Turks is related in full detail in Lawrence’s Seven Pillars of Wisdom. This
short article, however, boils down the strategy of the insurgent and offers some insights
as to how small guerrilla forces have so often prevailed against large and well-equipped
conventional armies.
The Small Wars Manual evolved from the US experience in fighting insurgents and
rebels in the colonial campaigns and in the Caribbean and Latin American operations
from 1910 to 1934. The Small Wars Manual was a surprisingly “modern” book, and has
achieved something of a cult status within the counterinsurgency community for a very
sophisticated understanding of the politics of insurgency.
When reading these classic works you might consider what lessons or insights from the
authors are relevant today and which ones are irrelevant to current conditions.
It is important to develop a common vocabulary to discuss the issues in this course.
Corum and Johnson provide definitions for the main terms used such as “small wars,”
“terrorism,” “insurgency” and so on in the first chapter of their book, Airpower and Small
Wars.
Readings:
Required Reading:
39
In Pdf file Small Wars Manual. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy, 1940.
Reprint 1987. 1-1-1 to 1-17-32 (1-32); 1-28-41 to 1-31-47 (41-47), 2-1-2-9
(Estimate of the situation); 5-1- 5-21 pp. 1-9.
Corum, James and Wray Johnson. Airpower and Small Wars. Lawrence: University Press
of Kansas, 2003. 1-10
In Pdf file T.E. Lawrence. “The Evolution of a Revolt.” Army Quarterly no. 50, (October
1920): 55-69.
Recommended Reading
Asprey, Robert. War in the Shadows: The Guerrilla in History. 2 vols. Garden City:
Doubleday and Company, 1975.
Beckett, Ian, ed. The Roots of Counterinsurgency: Armies and Guerrilla Warfare, 19001945. London: Blandford Press, 1988.
Beckett, Ian, and John Pimlott, eds. Armed Force and Modern Counterinsurgency. New
York: St. Martin’s Press, 1985.
Bond, Brian, Victorian Military Campaigns. New York: Praeger, 1967.
Chaliand, Gérard. Guerrilla Strategies: An Historical Anthology from the Long March to
Afghanistan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982.
Colonel C. E. Callwell. Small Wars: Their Principles and Practice. reprint of 3rd edition.
Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996. v-xviii, 442-480.
Corr, Edwin, and Stephen Sloan, eds. Low-Intensity Conflict. Boulder: Westview Press,
1992.
Clutterbuck, Richard. Guerrillas and Terrorists. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press,1980.
Downie, Richard. Learning From Conflict: Studies in Counterinsurgency and Low
Intensity Warfare. Westport: Praeger, 1998.
Ellis, John. From the Barrel of a Gun: A History of Guerrilla, Revolutionary and
Counter-Insurgency Warfare, from the Romans to the Present. London: Greenhill
Books, 1995.
Gallagher, James, ed. Low Intensity Conflict: A Guide for Tactics, Techniques and
Procedures. Harrisburg: Stackpole Books, 1992.
Von der Heydte, Friedrich Freiherr, Modern Irregular Warfare, In Defense Policy as a
Military Phenomenon. trans. George Gregory. New York: New Benjamin
Franklin House, 1986.
Ion, Hamish, and E. J. Errington, eds. Great Powers and Little Wars: The Limits of
Power. Westport: Praeger, 1993.
Joes, Anthony. Guerrilla Warfare: A Historical, Biographical, and Bibliographical
Sourcebook. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1996.
Guerrilla Conflict Before the Cold War. Westport: Praeger, 1996.
40
Modern Guerrilla Insurgency. Westport: Praeger, 1992.
Laqueur, Walter. Guerrilla: A Historical and Critical Study. Boston: Little, Brown, and
Company, 1976.
Lawrence, T. E. Seven Pillars of Wisdom. Garden City: Doubleday, Doan and Company,
1935.
Linn, Brian. The Philippine War, 1899-1902. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas,
2000.
Pakenham, Thomas, The Boer War. New York: Random House, 1979.
Peters, Ralph. “Kinds of War.” Military Review (October 1986): 14-32.
Sarkesian, Sam. Revolutionary Guerrilla Warfare. Chicago: Precedent Publishing, 1975.
The New Battlefield: The United States and Unconventional Conflicts. Westport:
Greenwood Press, 1986.
Smith, R.C. Ethics and Informal War. New York: Vantage Press, 1991.
Tabor, Robert. The War of the Flea: A Study of Guerrilla Warfare Theory and Practice.
New York: The Citadel Press, 1970.
SEMINAR TWO
Revolutionary War and Guerrilla War
Another form of irregular warfare is that in which the opposing forces have a
revolutionary goal that aims to overthrowing the existing political order and then to
radically restructure the society. This class of war is known as revolutionary warfare and
has often been associated with Marxist and communist ideologies. Given the relative
frequency of this type of war since 1945, it demands your serious attention. You should
ask the same types of questions about this genre of organized violence that you have
about wars between states. The readings for this seminar will help you develop tentative
answers to these questions. John Shy and Thomas Collier offer a definitional and
historical overview of revolutionary war.
Mao’s model of “people’s war” has had great influence on insurgencies in Asia, Africa
and Latin America. While it has been adapted in many ways to national cultures, Mao’s
basic concepts are easily recognizable in other insurgent strategies.
While Mao’s theory has been undoubtedly influential, is would seem to be dated by the
obvious failure of communism or can the Maoist form of revolutionary war be adapted
and thrive in different contexts? What is the probability of facing a renewed wave of
Maoist-style revolutionary wars in the future?
Required Reading:
John Shy and Thomas Collier. “Revolutionary War.” in Paret, ed., Makers of Modern
Strategy. 815-862.
Nils Rekkedal, Insurgency and Counterinsurgency (Stockholm: Swedish NDU, 2006)
109-122.
41
Suggested Additional Reading:
Especially recommended: Mao Tse-Tung. “Problems of Strategy in China’s
Revolutionary War.” and “On Protracted War.” in Six Essays on Military Affairs
(reprint) 1-135 and 195-399.
Other Readings
Bouc, Alain. Mao Tse-Tung: A Guide to His Thought. trans Paul Auster and Lydia Davis.
New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1977.
Griffith, Samuel B. The Chinese People’s Liberation Army. New York: McGraw Hill,
1967.
Giap, Vo Nguyen. People’s War, People’s Army: The Viet Cong Insurrection Manual for
Underdeveloped Countries. 1961. reprint, New York: Praeger, 1962.
Guevara, Ché. Guerrilla Warfare. New York: MR Press, 1961.
Ho Chi Minh. On Revolution: Selected Writings, 1920-66. New York: Praeger, 1967.
Lindsay, Michael. The Unknown War: North China 1937-1945. London: Berstrom and
Boyle, 1975.
Liu, F.F. A Military History of Modern China. Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1956.
Marks, Thomas. Maoist Insurgency Since Vietnam. London: Frank Cass, 1996.
O’Balance, Edgar. The Red Army of China: A Short History. New York: Praeger, 1962.
Payne, Robert. Mao Tse-Tung. New York: Weybright and Talley, 1969.
Pomeroy, William, ed. Guerrilla Warfare and Marxism: A Collection of Writings from
Karl Marx to the Present on Armed Struggles for Liberation and for Socialism.
New York: International Publishers, 1968.
Salisbury, Harrison. The Long March: The Untold Story. New York: Harper and Row,
1981.
Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung, 5 vols. Peking: Foreign Language Press, 1964.
Shih, Bernadette. Mao: A Young Man From the Yangtze Valley. Port Washington NY:
Ashley Books, 1974.
Short, Philip. Mao: A Life. New York: Henry Holt, 2000.
Spence, Jonathan. Mao Zedong. New York: Viking, 1999.
Truong Chinh. “The August Revolution” and “The Resistance Will Win” in Bernard Fall.
Primer for Revolt: The Communist Takeover in Vietnam. New York: Praeger,
1963.
Zhai, Qiang. “Transplanting the Chinese Model: Chinese Military Advisors and the First
Vietnam War, 1950-1954.” The Journal of Military History 57 (October 1993):
689-715.
42
SEMINAR THREE
Theories of Counterrevolutionary Warfare
At the end of World War II, the severe degradation of European power and the rise of
nationalism in Europe’s colonial possessions, coupled with support from communist
regimes in China and the USSR, set the stage for a variety of revolutions in Asia and
Africa. These revolutions aimed to win independence and to radically restructure the
existing social and political order. The European powers were sometimes slow to develop
the concepts and mental attitudes within their armed forces to deal with the new
revolutionary wars. However, after the French defeat in Indochina and the British victory
in Malaya, a body of literature began to develop dealing with the military and political
strategies required to defeat revolutionary warfare.
The British and French developed a number of major counterinsurgency theorists to
include General Frank Kitson, a British soldier with extensive service in Kenya and
Malaya and who later served in Northern Ireland. Roger Trinquier, one of the leading
French theorists, was translated into English and highly influential on US doctrine. Even
more influential was the work of David Galula, a French colonel who had extensive
experience in Indochina and Algeria.
Max Manwaring, a professor at the US Army’s Strategic Studies Institute served in a
variety of US government positions including some time at the DIA. He is considered
one of the senior experts in counterinsurgency in the US defense establishment. Among
his many writings on insurgency is this chapter that briefly summarizes his model of
counterinsurgency—called the “Manwaring Paradigm.”
Required Reading:
Rikkedal, Insurgency and Counterinsurgcy: 275-361
Max Manwaring. “The Threat in the Contemporary Peace Environment: The Challenge
to Change Perspectives.” in Low Intensity Conflict: Old threats in a New World.
Eds. Edwin Corr and Stephen Sloan, Boulder: Westview, 1992. 46-59.
PDF File, Max Manwaring, A Strategic View of Insurgencies (McNair Paper 08, NDU
Press: Washington DC, 1990)
PDF file Martin Van Crevald, “The Fate of the State.” Parameters, (Spring 1996): 4-18.
Recommended Reading
Major theorists:
Van Crevald, Martin Transformation of War. New York: Free Press, 1991.
Frank Kitson. Low Intensity Operations. London: Faber and Faber, 1971. 1-9, 49-143.
Max Manwaring. “Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency: Toward a New Analytical
Approach.” Small Wars and Insurgencies, (Winter 1992) 272-305.
in Pdf file, David Galula, Pacification in Algeria (Rand Study, 1963)
43
Thompson, Robert. Defeating Communist Insurgency: Experiences from Malaya and
Vietnam. London: Chatto and Windus, 1966.
Revolutionary War in World Strategy, 1945-1969. New York:
Taplinger Publishing Company, 1970.
Roger Trinquier. Modern Warfare: A French View of Counterinsurgency. reprint, Ft.
Leavenworth: Army Command and General Staff College, 1985. vii-xviii, 3-115.
Also:
Aussaresses, Paul. Services Speciaux: Algerie, 1955-195. Paris: Perrin, 2001.
Cloake, John. Templer: Tiger of Malaya. London: Harrap Limited, 1985.
Clutterbuck, Richard. The Long, Long War: Counterinsurgency in Malaya and Vietnam.
New York: Praeger, 1966.
Greene, T. N. ed. The Guerrilla—And How to Fight Him. New York: Frederick A.
Praeger, 1962.
Horne, Alistair. A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954-1962. New York: Penguin
Books, 1985.
Jones, Tim. Post-War Counterinsurgency and the SAS, 1945-1952. London: Frank Cass,
2001.
Laquier, Walter. Guerrilla: A Historical and Critical Study. Boston: Little Brown and
Company, 1976.
Osgood, Robert. Limited War Revisited. Boulder: Westview Press, 1979.
Paget, Julian. Counter-Insurgency Operations: Techniques of Guerrilla Warfare. New
York: Walker and Company, 1967.
Paret, Peter. French Revolutionary Warfare from Indochina to Algeria. London: Pall
Mall Press, 1964.
Sarkesian, Sam. Unconventional Conflicts in a New Security Era: Lessons From Malaya
and Vietnam. Westport: Praeger, 1993.
SEMINAR FOUR
The Baltic Region and Insurgency
It makes sense to look at some of the local traditions of irregular warfare and the Baltic
nations harbored a large insurgent movement that opposed the Soviet occupation of the
nations in the period 1944-1955. Armed with left over wartime weapons, the various
guerrilla groups hid in the Baltic forests and rural areas and carried on a low level war for
years until being eradicated by the Soviet apparatus. Indeed, the Soviets employed a
considerable array of counterinsurgency strategies, and made extensive use of informers
and disinformation programs to fight the insurgents.
The articles here, published in the Baltic Security and Defence Review, offer an overview
of the guerrilla/insurgent methods and the campaign against them.
44
Required Reading
Major Andrew M. DelGaudio, “The Baltic Partisans and the Influence of the 1944 Battles
on Their Resistance 1944-1956”.
Vylius M. Leskys, “Forest Brothers,” 1945: The Culmination of the Lithuanian Partisan
Movement,” Baltic Security and Defence Review, Oct 2009.
Recommended Reading
Anusaukar Arvydas ed. The Anti-Soviet Resistance in the Baltic States (Vilnius: Duka,
1999)
John Armstrong ed. Soviet Partisans in World War II (Madison: University of Wisconsin
Press, 1964)
Philip W. Blood, Hitler’s Bandit Hunters: the SS and the Nazi Occupation of Europe
(Dulles VA: Potomac Books, 2006)
Colin Heaton, German Anti-Partisan Warfare in Europe, 1939-1945 (Atgelen PA:
Schiffer Military History, 2001)
Alexander Hill, The War Behind the Eastern Front (London: Frank Cass, 2005)
Mart Laar, War in the Woods: Estonia’s Struggle for Survival (Washington DC: Compass
Press, 1992).
Kenneth Slepyan, Stalin’s Guerrillas: Soviet Partisans in World War II (Lawrence:
University Press of Kansas, 2008).
Alexander Statiev, “Was Smuglianka a Lunatic or a Sigurata’s Agent-Provacateur?
Peculiarities of the Soviet Partisan Struggle in the Western Borderlands”, in
Journal of Strategic Studies Vol. 31, No. 5, Oct 2008, 743-770.
Daniel J. Kasezeta, "Lithuanian Resistance to Foreign Occupation 1940-1952" Lituanus,
The Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of the Arts and Sciences (Volume 34, No 3,
Fall 1988) Pg 2.
Stanley Vardys, "The Partisan Movement in Postwar Lithuania", Slavic Review, Volume
22, No3 (September 1963) 518.
SEMINAR FIVE
The European Experience in Counterinsurgency – Case Studies
Some of these historical cases are examples of very successful counterinsurgency
campaigns. Malaya is a good example of coming from behind and winning. Other cases
are good examples of failure in counterinsurgency (UK in Cyprus, France in Indochina).
Are there common characteristics to successful campaigns? What are the political,
economic and social conditions required for success in counterinsurgency? What is the
role of military power in counterinsurgency and how can it be employed most
successfully? What are the limits of military and other forms of power in combating
insurgencies?
45
Readings:
Required readings:
James Corum, Bad Strategies: How Great Powers Fail in Counterinsurgency (St. Paul,
Zenith press, 2006) chapters 2 and 3.
James Corum, “Training Indigenous Forces in Counterinsurgency: A Tale of Two
Insurgencies” Monograph (Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, 24
March, 2006).
Recommended readings:
Akehurst, John. We Won a War: The Campaign in Oman, 1965-1975. London: Michael
Russell Publishing Ltd., 1982.
Beaumont, Roger. “A New Lease on Empire: Air Policing, 1919-1939. Aerospace
Historian 26 (June 1979): 84-90.
Corum, James. “The Myth of Air Control: Reassessing the History.” Aerospace Power
Journal (Winter 2000): 61- 77.
Corum and Johnson, Airpower and Small Wars, Chapter 2 “Colonial Air Control,” 51-92;
Chapter 4 “The French Colonial Wars 1946-1962: Indochina and Algeria,” 139178; Chapter 5 “The British Colonial Wars,” 179-224; Chapter 7, “Airpower and
Insurgencies in Southern Africa,” 279-324.
Corum, James, “Building the Malayan Army and Police—Britain’s Experience During
the Malayan Emergency 1948-1960,” Security Assistance: U.S. and International
Historical Perspectives ed. Randall Gott (Leavenworth: Combat Studies Institute
Press, 2006) 291-314.
Cox, Jafna. “A Splendid Training Ground: the Importance to the Royal Air Force of its
Role in Iraq, 1919-32.” Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 13
(1984): 157-184.
David Dean. “Small Wars: Airpower Against Insurgents and Terrorists: The British Air
Control Experience.” in David Dean ed. The Air Force Role in Low Intensity
Conflict. Maxwell Air Force Base: Air University Press, 1986: 19-27.
Gray, Peter. “The Myths of Air Control and the Realities of Imperial Policing.”
Aerospace Power Journal (Fall 2001): 21-31.
Heitman, Helmoed-Roemer. War in Angola: The Final South African Phase.
Johannesberg, Ashanti Publishing, 1990.
Horne, Alistair. A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954-62. London: MacMillan, 1977.
Komer, R. W. The Malayan Emergency in Retrospect: Organization of a Successful
Counterinsurgency Effort (R-957-ARPA). Santa Monica: RAND, February 1972.
Leulliette, Pierre. The War in Algeria. NY: Houghton Mifflin, 1964.
Leonard, R. South Africa at War. West Point NY: Lawrence Hill, 1983.
46
Longoria, Michael. A Historical View of Air Policing Doctrine: Lessons from the British
Experience between the Wars, 1919-39. Masters thesis. School of Advanced
Airpower Studies, (June 1993).
Lovell, Mark. Airpower in Peripheral Conflict: The French Experience in Africa. Santa
Monica: RAND, January 1989.
Nagle, John. Counterinsurgency Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam. Westport: Praeger
Press, 2002.
Omissi, David. The Royal Air Force, Air Power and Colonial Control, 1919-1939.
Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990.
Osanka, Mark. Modern Guerrilla War. New York: The Free Press, 1962.
Owen, Robert. “Counterrevolution in Namibia.” Airpower Journal (Winter 1987-88): 5262.
Parsons, David. “British Air Control: A Model for the Application of Air Power in LowIntensity Conflict?” Airpower Journal (Summer 1994): 28-39.
Peck, R.H. “Aircraft in Small Wars.” Journal of the Royal United Service Institution.
(August 1928): 535-50.
Steenkamp, Willem. Borderstrike: South Africa into Angola. Durban: Butterworths,
1983.
South Africa’s Border War, 1966-1989. Gibraltar: Ashanti, 1989.
Taylor, N. E. The Role of Airpower in Crisis Management. London: Director of Defence
Studies, 1994.
Thomas, Timothy. “Air Operations in Low Intensity Conflict: the Case of Chechnya.”
Airpower Journal. (Winter 1997): 51-59.
Thompson, Robert. Defeating Communist Insurgency: Experiences from Malaya and
Vietnam. London: Chatto and Windus, 1966.
Revolutionary War in World Strategy, 1945-1969. New York:
Taplinger Publishing Company, 1970.
Towle, Philip. Pilots and Rebels: The Use of Aircraft in Unconventional Warfare, 19181988. London: Brassey’s, 1989.
SEMINAR SIX
Small States and Counterinsurgency
Case Studies
The El Salvadorans have to solve [the insurgency] themselves.
I don’t believe you can gringoize the war and win it.
Colonel John Waghelstein, U.S. Army
Commander, U.S. Military Group, El Salvador
47
The war in El Salvador was a long and bloody affair. The United States provided
training, support, and equipment to the Salvadoran Forces between 1981 and 1992—
more than $1 billion worth. Ironically, only a few months after a General Accounting
Office study reported that military victory over the insurgents was unlikely, a peace
agreement was signed between the FMLN and the government on January 16, 1992.
In hindsight, how effective was the counterinsurgency strategy? Did the US and El
Salvador government simply blunder into victory – thanks to rebel mistakes – or was the
US supported strategy for the war fundamentally sound? What are the lessons pertaining
to military power from the Salvadoran War? Do these lessons apply to current operations
in Afghanistan or Iraq?
Getting US agencies to work together in a common strategy in El Salvador was a
problem. Have we fixed any of these problems?
This seminar offers two other case studies in contrast to El Salvador. In Guatemala a civil
war, probably bloodier than El Salvador’s, raged for more than three decades. A rightist
government, faced with a choice of initiating major reforms or losing American military
assistance, chose to go it alone and develop its own strategy to win the war. The
Guatemalan civil war ended in 1996 with a political agreement in which the leftist rebels
accepted a solution on the government’s terms.
The readings also discuss how a small nation such as Rhodesia could carry on a very
successful campaign against insurgents for more than a decade. Portugal also carried on a
counterinsurgency campaign, but with less success than the Rhodesians. Are there any
lessons to be learned here about how to fight insurgents with small forces and limited
resources?
Readings
Required readings:
Corum and Johnson. Airpower and Small Wars. Chapter 8. 325-378.
Corum and Johnson, Airpower and Small Wars, Chapter 7, “Airpower and Insurgencies
in Southern Africa,” 279-324.
Recommended readings:
Bacevich, A.J. et. al. American Military Policy in Small Wars: The Case of El Salvador.
Washington DC: Pergamon-Brassey’s, 1988. 1-52. (Reader)
Castellanos, Miguel. The Commandante Speaks: Memoirs of an El Salvadoran Guerrilla
Leader. ed. Courtney Prisk. Boulder: Westview Press, 1991.
Clements, Charles. Witness to War. New York: Bantam Books, 1984.
Corr, Edwin and Courtney Prisk. “El Salvador: Transforming Society to Win the Peace.”
in Low Intensity Conflict: Old Threats in a New World. Boulder: Westview Press,
(1992): 223-253.
“Societal Transformation for Peace in El Salvador.” The Annals of the
American Academy of Political Science (September 1995): 144-56.
48
Corr, Edwin and David Miller. “United States Government Organization and the
Capability to Deal With Low-Intensity Conflict.” in Low Intensity Conflict, 17-45.
Corum, James. “Latin American Nations and Airpower’s Role in the War on Terrorism.”
WHINSEC Occasional Papers Series. no.1, (Nov 2001): 61-70.
“The Air War in El Salvador.” Airpower Journal (Summer 1998): 27-44.
Cragin, Kim and Bruce Hoffman. Arms Trafficking and Colombia. Santa Monica: Rand,
2003.
Doyle, Kate, and Peter Duklis, Jr. “The Long Twilight Struggle: Low-Intensity Conflict
Warfare and the Salvadoran Military.” Journal of International Affairs 43 (Winter
1990): 431-60.
English, Adrian. Armed Forces of Latin America: Their Histories, Development, Present
Strength and Military Potential. New York: Jane’s, 1984.
Flintham, Victor. Air Wars and Aircraft. New York: Facts on File, 1990.
Fischel, Kimbra. “From Peace Making to Peace Building in Central America: The
Illusion Versus the Reality of Peace.” Small Wars and Insurgencies (Spring
1998): 32-49.
Franco, George. “Their Darkest Hour: Colombia’s Government and the NarcoInsurgency.” Parameters 30, no. 2, (Summer 2000): 83-93.
Gettleman, Marvin Ed. El Salvador: Central America in the New Cold War. New York:
Grove Press, 1986.
Hamilton, Nora, et al. Crisis in Central America: Regional Dynamics and U.S. Policy in
the 1980s. Boulder: Westview Press, 1988.
Heitman, Helmoed-Roemer. War in Angola: The Final South African Phase.
Johannesberg, Ashanti Publishing, 1990.
Holt, Jimmie. “LIC in Central America: Training Implications for the US Army.”
Military Review. (March 1990): 3-15.
Johnson, Kermit. Ethics and Counter-Revolution: American Involvement in Internal
Wars. Lanham: University Press of America, 1997.
Kjonnerod, L. Erik. ed. Evolving U.S. Strategy for Latin America and the Caribbean.
Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press, 1992.
Lane, Charles. “The War That Will Not End.” The New Republic, (October 16, 1989).
Leulliette, Pierre. The War in Algeria. NY: Houghton Mifflin, 1964.
Leonard, R. South Africa at War. West Point NY: Lawrence Hill, 1983.
Little, Michael. A War of Information: The Conflict Between Public and Private US
Foreign Policy on El Salvador, 1979-1992. Lanham: University Press of
America, 1994.
Krauss, Clifford. Inside Central America. New York: Summit Books, 1991.
49
Krause, Merrick. “Partnering for Hemispheric Security: A Combined Regional
Operations Center in Brazil.” Aerospace Power Journal. (Summer 2002): 49-59.
Manwaring, Max, and Courtney Prisk, eds. El Salvador at War: An Oral History of
Conflict from the 1979 Insurrection to the Present. Washington, D.C.: National
Defense University Press, 1988.
Manwaring, Max. “National Security Implications of Drug Trafficking for the USA and
Colombia.” Small Wars and Insurgencies 5, no. 2 (Winter 1994): 379-408
Max Manwaring. “United States Security Policy in the Western Hemisphere: Why
Colombia, Why Now, and What is to be Done?” Small Wars and Insurgencies.
Vol. 12, No. 3 (Autumn 2001) 67-96.
Montgomery, Tommie Sue. “Getting to Peace in El Salvador: The Roles of the United
Nations Secretariat and ONUSAL.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World
Affairs. (Winter 1995): 139-72.
Mora, Frank and Pala, Antonio, “US Arms Transfer Policy for Latin America.” Airpower
Journal, (Spring 1999), 76-92.
Mora, Frank and Jeanne Hey eds. Latin American and Caribbean Foreign Policies. New
York: Rowman and Little Publishers, 2003.
Musicant, Ivan. The Banana Wars: A History of United States Military Intervention in
Latin America from the Spanish-American War to the Invasion of Panama. New
York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990.
Palmer, David, ed. The Shining Path of Peru. 2nd Ed. New York: St. Martin’s Press,
1994.
Ramsey, Russell. Ed. Guardians of the Other Americas: Essays on the Military Forces of
Latin America. Lanham: University Press of America, 1996.
Strategic Reading on Latin America, 3rd Ed., 1x Books Library:
Columbus: GA, 2001.
Schmidt, Steffen. El Salvador: America’s Next Vietnam. Salisbury: Documentary
Publications, 1983.
“El Salvador’s Prolonged Civil War.” in Karl Magyar and Constantine
Danopoulos, eds. Prolonged Wars: A Post-Nuclear Challenge. Maxwell Air
Force Base: Air University Press, 1994.
American Counterinsurgency Doctrine and El Salvador: The
Frustrations of Reform and the Illusions of Nation Building (R-4042-USDP).
Santa Monica: RAND, 1991.
Steenkamp, Willem. Borderstrike: South Africa into Angola. Durban: Butterworths,
1983.
South Africa’s Border War, 1966-1989. Gibraltar: Ashanti, 1989.
SWORD Paper: Strategic Country Assessment: El Salvador. U.S. Southern Command:
Small Wars Operational Requirements Division. (February 4, 1988) 1-29.
50
Tenneriello, Bonnie with Geoff Thale and Richard Millett. “Unfinished Business:
Military Reform and Peace Processes in El Salvador and Guatemala.” In Beyond
Praetorianism: The Latin American Military in Transition. Eds. Richard Millett
and Michael Gold-Biss. University of Miami: North-South Center Press, (1996):
181-206.
U.S. Southern Command. Small Wars Operational Requirements Division. SWORD
Paper Civil Military Operations, El Salvador. February 17, 1988.
SWORD Paper: El Salvador: Psychological Operations Assessment,
February 4, 1988.
Weathers, Bynum. “LIC Doctrine, Strategy and Force Configuration in Guatemala and El
Salvador.” In Stephen Blank, et. al., Responding to Low Intensity Conflict
Challenges. Maxwell Air Force Base: Air University Press, (1990): 127-76.
SEMINAR SEVEN
Insurgencies in the Middle East and Central Asia
Fighting Muslim insurgents and terrorists is nothing especially new. This chapter will
look at four different conflicts against Muslim nationalist/religious movements over the
last four decades. The first is a study of a Third World Muslim nation engaged in a major
counterinsurgency operation with one of the most backward countries on earth—Egypt
versus Yemeni rebels. Despite all the advantages of manpower, technology, training and
organization as well as plenty of airpower—Egypt suffered a major defeat in Yemen.
In the next case study, the Soviets breezed into Afghanistan in 1978 with overwhelming
force to help put down one faction in a long-simmering civil war. What was expected to
be a short, sharp intervention of a few months turned into a decade-long war of attrition.
Eventually, the Soviets simply left. A useful case study is of Israel in Southern Lebanon
and the fight against the Hezbollah terrorists from 1982 to 2000. While Israel handily
defeated the PLO in a conventional campaign in 1982 when the Israelis invaded Lebanon,
the small terrorist/insurgent force of Hezbollah mounted an exceptionally effective terror
and guerrilla campaign against the Israeli forces stationed in South Lebanon. After almost
two decades of struggle, Israel simply withdrew from Lebanon. In 2006 the conflict with
Hezbollah heated up again and Israel mounted a full scale invasion into southern
Lebanon as the Hezbollah forces fired thousands of missiles into Israel. Israel was
unprepared for a ground war, and expected that it overwhelming air power would do the
job. Instead, the Israelis became involved in a several week long campaign without a
clear conclusion.
The ongoing Russian campaign in Chechnya is briefly examined. This war has been
simmering since the 1990s.
In each conflict the ratio of government to rebel forces and the technological disparity
between major intervening power and the insurgents was enormous. Still, the insurgents
generally gained their goals. Were the insurgent victories due to doctrinal and strategic
failures on the part of the intervening powers? How did the insurgents manage to
minimize the military and technological superiority of the major outside power? Are
51
there any lessons for the US in these cases? Given the history of Afghanistan, what are
the long-term prospects for maintaining US influence there?
Within a year of Israel’s invasion and occupation of S. Lebanon a force that was
ultimately far more dangerous to the Israelis appeared to oppose the Israeli occupation of
the region. Hezbollah (the Party of God) was recruited among Lebanese Shiites who were
armed and equipped by Iran, with the help of the Syrians who allowed weapons and
supplies to pass through their sector of Lebanon. The Moslem fundamentalists of
Hezbollah initiated a guerrilla warfare campaign against Israeli forces stationed in the S.
Lebanon security zone in late 1982 and soon involved the Israelis in a long term war of
attrition with the goal of forcing Israel out of Lebanon. Hezbollah used terrorist tactics,
maintained a high level of secrecy and lived among the local population. Israel fought a
war in Lebanon against Hezbollah for 18 years. Although Hezbollah took heavy losses, it
was able to maintain a capable force operating against the Israelis. Finally, due to
political dissatisfaction at home with the unending war and with the constant losses, the
IDF withdrew from Lebanon at the beginning of 2000.
During the last two years, Israel has been engaged in fighting an insurgency in Gaza and
against the Hezbollah forces in S. Lebanon. Israel’s enemies in this battle, the PLO,
Hamas, Islamic Jihad etc. are, in many cases, closely related to the terrorists NATO and
the Western nations are currently fighting. What makes Hezbollah such a formidable and
successful organization. What are Hezbollah’s vulnerabilities? What makes the
Chechens such formidable fighters?
Required Readings:
Thomas, Timothy. “The Battle of Grozny: Deadly Classroom for Urban Combat.”
Parameters (Summer 1999): 87-102.
Evsikov, Egor, “Soviet Intelligence in Afghanistan: The Only Efficient Tool of the
Politburo,” Baltic Security and Defence Review, Vol. 11, 2009 Issue No. 1, 41-57.
Corum and Johnson. Airpower and Small Wars. Chapter 9 “Intervention in the Mideast
1962-2000: Three Counterinsurgency Campaigns.” 379-422.
Pdf file William Arkin, Divining Victory: Airpower and the 2006 Hezbollah-Israel War
(Air University Press, 2007)
Pdf file, Matt Mathews, We Were Caught Unprepared: the 2006 Hezbullah-Israel War
(US Army CAC: Ft. Leaqvenworth Kansas, 2008)
Recommended Reading:
Arnold, Guy. Wars in the Third World Since 1945. 2nd ed. London: Cassell, 1995.
Arquilla, John and Theodore Karasik. “Chechnya: A Glimpse of Future Conflict?”
Studies in Conflict and Terrorism. no. 22, (1999): 207-229.
Bar-Joseph, Uri. “Israel’s Northern Eyes and Shield: The Strategic Value of the Golan
Heights Revisited.” Journal of Strategic Studies 21, no. 3 (Sept. 1998): 46-66.
“Israel’s National Security Towards the 21st Century.” Journal of
Strategic Studies 24, no. 2, (June 2001).
52
Barovik, Yehuda. Israeli Air Force: 1948 to the Present. London: Arms and Armour,
1984.
Black, Ian and Benny Morris. Israel’s Secret Wars. New York, 1991.
Blank, Stephen. “Imagining Afghanistan: Lessons of a Small War.” The Journal of Soviet
Military Studies 3 (Sept 1990): 468-490.
Cohen, Stuart and Efraim Inbar. “Varieties of Counter-Insurgency Activities: Israel’s
Military Operations Against the Palestinians, 1948-1990.” Small Wars and
Insurgencies 2 (April 1999): 41-60.
Creveld, Martin van. The Sword and the Olive: A Critical History of the Israeli Defense
Force. New York: Public Affairs, 1998.
Finch, Maj. Raymond III. Why the Russian Military Failed in Chechnya. FMSO Special
Study No 98-16. Ft. Leavenworth KS: U.S. Army Foreign Military Studies
Office, 1998
Flintham, Victor. Air Wars and Aircraft. New York: Facts on File, 1990.
Gabriel, Richard. Operation Peace for Galilee: The Israel-PLO War in Lebanon. New
York: Hill and Wang, 1984.
Gordon, Shmuel. The Vulture and the Snake: Counter-guerrilla Air Warfare- The War
for Southern Lebanon, Study 39. (Mideast Security and Policy Studies. BeginSadat Center for Strategic Studies: Bar-Ilan University, Israel, July 1998).
Grau, Lester ed. The Bear Went Over the Mountain: Soviet Combat Tactics in
Afghanistan. Washington: NDU Press, 1996.
Herzog, Chaim. The Arab-Israeli Wars. New York: Vintage Books, 1984.
Hurley, Mathew. “The Bekaa Valley Air Battle, June 1982: Lessons Mislearned?”
Airpower Journal, (Winter 1989): 60-70.
Isby, David. Russia’s War in Afghanistan. London: Osprey Press, 1986.
Weapons and Tactics of the Soviet Army, Revised ed. London: Janes, 1998.
Jabber, Hall. Hezbollah, Born With a Vengeance. New York: Columbia Univ. Press,
1997.
Jalali, Ali. The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahhideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan
War. London: Frank Cass, 2002.
Jones, Clive. “Israeli Counter Insurgency Strategy and the War in South Lebanon, 198597.” Small Wars and Insurgencies. (Winter 1997): 82-108.
Kreis, John. “Unmanned Aircraft in Israeli Air Operations.” Air Power History, (Winter
1990): 46-60.
McMichael, Scott. “Soviet Tactical Performance and Adaptation in Afghanistan.” The
Journal of Soviet Military Studies 3, (March 1990): 73-80.
Nelson, Danny. “Soviet Air Power: Tactics and Weapons Used in Afghanistan.” Air
University Review, (Jan-Feb 1985).
53
Nordeen, Lon. Fighters Over Israel. New York: Orion Books, 1990.
Norton, Augustus. AMAL and the Sh’ia: Struggle for the Soul of Lebanon. Austin:
University of Texas Press, 1987.
O’Balance, Edgar. The War in Yemen. Hamden CT: Archon Books, 1971.
Olson, William. “Air Power in Low-Intensity Conflict in the Middle East.” Air University
Review, (Mar-Apr 1986).
Rabinovitch, Itamar. The War for Lebanon, 1970-1985. Ithaca: Cornell University Press
1985.
Rashid, Ahmed. Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia. Yale University Press,
2002.
Russian General Staff, Ed and trans W. Grau and Michael Gress. The Soviet Afghan War:
How a Superpower Fought and Lost. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas,
2002.
Schad, Andrew. Lebanon’s Hizbollah Movement: The Party of God. Wright Patterson
AFB: Air Force Inst. of Technology, 1999. 1-97.
Schiff, Ze’ev. A History of the Israeli Army: 1874 to the Present. New York: Macmillan,
1985.
Schmidt, Dana. Yemen: The Unknown War. London: The Bodley Head, 1968.
Segoli, Brigadier General Ephraim. The Israeli Dilemma in Lebanon. Monograph written
at SAAS, 1998.
Thomas, Timothy. “Air Operations in Low Intensity Conflict: the Case of Chechnya.”
Airpower Journal. (Winter 1997): 51-59.
Thomas, Timothy. “The Battle of Grozny: Deadly Classroom for Urban Combat.”
Parameters (Summer 1999): 87-102.
US Defense Dept. Terrorist Group Profiles. Washington DC: Defense Dept. 1988.
Westermann, Edward. “The Limits of Soviet Airpower: The Failure of Military Coercion
in Afghanistan, 1979-89.” in The Journal of Conflict Studies. Vol. 19 No. 2, (Fall
1999): 39-71.
Wehrey, Frederic. “Unconventional Warfare in South Lebanon: Hizballah’s
Psychological Campaign Against Israel.” Small Wars and Insurgencies. vol. 13
No. 3, (autumn 2002): 53-74.
Witty, David. “A Regular Army in Counterinsurgency Operations: Egypt in North
Yemen 1962-1967.” Journal of Military History 65, (April 2001): 401-440.
SEMINAR EIGHT
Peace Operations
One of the recurring problems in the post- Cold War era is the failure of states. Failed
states lapse into chaos and violence. Failed states trigger regional instability,
54
humanitarian emergencies and even genocide. The problem is serious enough to require
intervention by the UN, United States and other coalitions. Peacekeeping, which started
in the 1940s as small operations to help diplomats mitigate interstate conflicts, has turned
into peace enforcement—large military operations to deal with intrastate conflict. These
operations do not fit clearly into our national strategy or into our military doctrine.
Nevertheless, in 1994 the Department of Defense Commission on Roles and Missions of
the Armed Forces concluded that U.S. forces must be prepared to participate in
operations other than war and, in particular, peace operations. Given the ongoing problem
of failed states, the US military will have to engage in peace enforcement operations such
as the one carried out in Liberia in 2003.
The debacle in Somalia in 1993 energized an ongoing debate regarding the nature of
military operations short of general war. Traditional peacekeeping—nominally provided
for in Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter, and which requires the consent of the
parties in conflict—has been superseded in large measure by “peace enforcement,”
wherein the intervenor imposes order as a precursor to reestablishing legitimate
government. “Enforcement” refers to actions nominally authorized under Chapter VII of
the UN Charter, which do not require the consent of the parties affected. Critics have
argued that such operations degrade the war-fighting capability of the armed forces.
Since peace operations are almost always multinational operations, how does the joint
and combined forces commander overcome the challenges of integrating diverse and
sometimes incompatible assets? Who commands the military resources? How will the
military forces be best employed? This seminar seeks to examine the possible answers to
these and other questions.
As with any military operation, one needs to develop a plan to meet the strategic
objective with limited resources. What are the multinational options for dealing with a
particular failed state or humanitarian emergency? How much military force is needed to
stabilize the situation? What type of military force is needed?
Almost all of the peace enforcement operations of the last decade have been
multinational operations. Indeed, these are exceptionally complicated operations because
the US EU and NATO military forces have to deal with NGOs (non-governmental
agencies) as well as American and foreign government agencies. Harold Bullock’s thesis
provides a critical look at the problems of conducting multinational operations. He
analyzes the command, control and coordination problems that occurred in Somalia and
earlier operations and these foreshadow later problems in Bosnia and Kosovo. Corum’s
article takes a similar approach and deals with the airpower aspects of peace enforcement
operations. In the operations of the last decade the multinational command and control
issues have been a major sticking point. Can we do coalition operations better in the
future or is the capabilities differential so great between the US and its allies that the
coalition problems will increase? What are the advantages of coalition operations? Do the
advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
After the end of the Cold War “peacekeeping” somehow morphed into “peace
enforcement” something that sounded like peacekeeping but looked a lot like
conventional war.
55
Required readings:
Abizaid, John. "Lessons for Peacekeepers.” Military Review (March 1993): 11-19.
Pauline Baker, and John Audsink. “State Collapse and Ethnic Violence: Toward a
Predictive Model.” Parameters (Spring 1996), 19-31.
Bullock, Harold. Peace By Committee: Command and Control Issues in Multinational
Peace Enforcement Operations. (SAAS Thesis) Maxwell AFB: AU Press, 1995.
1-80.
Corum, James, “Operational Problems in UN Peacekeeping,” Peacekeeping in Africa,
Vol. 2. Ed. Jakkie Cilliers. Pretoria. 1995
Recommended readings:
Adams, Martin. “U.S. Peace Enforcement Versus American Strategic Culture.” Strategic
Review (Winter 1995): 14-22.
Allard, Kenneth. Somalia Operations: Lessons Learned. Washington, D.C.: National
Defense University Press, 1995.
Arnold, S. L. and David Stahl. “A Power Projection Army in Operations Other Than
War.” Parameters (Winter 1993-94): 4-26.
Bash, Brooks. The Role of United States Air Power in Peacekeeping. (SAAS Thesis)
Maxwell AFB: AU Press, 1994.
Beale, Michael. Bombs Over Bosnia: the Role of Airpower in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Maxwell AFB: SAAS Thesis (Aug 1997).
Kevin Benson, and Christopher Thrash. “Declaring Victory: Planning Exit Strategies for
Peace Operations.” Parameters (Autumn 1996), 69-80.
Glenn Bowens, “Legal Issues in Peace Operations,” Parameters (Winter 1998-99), 5172.
Boulden, James. Peace Enforcement: The United Nation’s Experience in Congo, Somalia
and Bosnia. Westport: Praeger Press, 2001.
Cable Larry,. “Getting Found in the Fog: The Nature of Interventionary Peace
Operations.” Small Wars and Insurgencies. (Spring 1996): 97-111.
Chayes, Antonia, and George Raach, eds. Peace Operations: Developing an American
Strategy. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press, 1995.
Clarke, Walter and Robert Gosende. “The Political Component: The Missing Vital
Element in US Intervention Planning.” Parameters. (Autumn 1996): 35-51.
Clark, John. Keeping the Peace: Regional Organizations and Peacekeeping. Maxwell
AFB: SAAS Thesis, (Nov 1997).
Clarke, Walter, and Jeffrey Herbst. “Somalia and the Future of Humanitarian
Intervention.” Foreign Affairs (March/April 1996): 70-85.
Corum, James. “Airpower and Peace Enforcement.” Airpower Journal. (Winter 1996):
10-26.
56
Corum, James. “Supporting United Nations and Regional Peacekeeping Efforts.” in
Challenge and Response. ed. Karl Magyar. Maxwell AFB: Air University Press,
(1994): 259-276.
Corum, James “Airpower in Peace Enforcement Operations,” Luftmakt 1996. Ed. Rune
Bjerkas. Oslo: Institutt For Forsvarsstudier. 1996.
Daniel, Donald, and Bradd Hayes, eds. Beyond Traditional Peacekeeping. New York: St.
Martin's Press, 1995.
Doll, William and Steven Metz. The Army and Multinational Peace Operations:
Problems and Solutions. Carlisle PA: Army War College Strategic Studies
Institute, November 1993.
Dorff, Robert. “Responding to the Failed State: The Need for Strategy.” Small Wars and
Insurgencies 10, no. 3 (Winter 1999): 62-81.
Durch, William. The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping. New York: St. Martin’s Press,
1993.
Graham, James. Non-Combat Roles for the Military in the Post-Cold War Era.
Washington DC: National Defense University Press, 1993.
Hillen, John. “Policing the New World Order: The Operational Utility of a Permanent
UN Army.” Strategic Review (Spring 1994): 54-62.
“Peacekeeping at the Speed of Sound: The Relevancy of Airpower
Doctrine in Operations Other Than War.” Airpower Journal (Winter 1988): 6-16.
“Peace(keeping) in Our Time: The UN as a Professional Military
Manager.” Parameters (Autumn 1996): 17-34.
Blue Helmets: The Strategy of UN Military Operations. New York:
Brassey’s, 1998.
Hirsch, John, and Robert Oakley. Somalia, And Operation Restore Hope: Reflections on
Peacemaking and Peacekeeping. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of
Peace Press, 1995.
Hoffman, Michael. “War, Peace, and Interventional Armed Conflict: Solving the Peace
Enforcer’s Paradox.” Parameters (Winter 1995-1996): 41-52.
Hughes, G. Philip. “US Forces and International Peace Operations: Some General
Considerations.” Small Wars and Insurgencies (Spring 1996): 85-95.
Jockel, J.T. Canada and International Peacekeeping Washington: CSIS, 1994.
Jones, Peter. “Peacekeeping and Aerial Surveillance” (3 parts) Peacekeeping and
International Relations Vol. 22 (March-April 1993), 3-4; Vol. 22 (Sept-Oct
1993), 3-4; Vol. 23 (July-August 1994), 5-7.
Lange,
David. “The Role of the Political Advisor
Operations.”Parameters 29, no. 1, (Spring 1999): 92-109.
in
Peacekeeping
Lewis, Paul. “A Short History of United Nations Peacekeeping.” Military History
Quarterly (Autumn 1992): 33-47.
57
Lyons, Terrence, and Ahmed Samatar. Somalia: State Collapse, Multilateral
Intervention, and Strategies for Political Reconstruction. Washington, D.C.: The
Brookings Institute, 1995.
MacKenzie, Lewis. Peacekeeper: The Road to Sarajevo. Toronto: Harper Collins, 1993.
Malcom, Noel. Bosnia: A Short History. New York: New York University Press, 1994.
Malesic, Marjan. “International Peacekeeping: An Object of Propaganda in the Former
Yugoslavia.” International Peacekeeping (Summer 1998): 82-102.
Marks, Edward. Complex Emergencies; Bureaucratic Arrangements in the UN
Secretariat. Washington: DC: National Defense University Press, 1996.
Maxwell, Dayton. “Facing the Choice Among Bad Options in Complex Humanitarian
Emergencies.” Small Wars and Insurgencies 9, no. 1 (Spring 1998): 179-191.
(Reader)
Mays, Terry. Africa’s First Peacekeeping Operation: The OAU in Chad, 1981-1982.
New York: Praeger Press, 2002.
Metz, Steven. “The Air Force Role in United Nations’ Peacekeeping.” Airpower Journal
(Winter 1993).
Mockaitis, Thomas. “Peacekeeping in Intra-State Conflict.” Small Wars and Insurgencies
(Spring 1995): 112-25.
Mokhtari, Fariboz. ed. Peacemaking, Peacekeeping, and Coalition Warfare: The Future
Role of the United Nations. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press,
1994.
Quinn, Dennis. Peace Support Operations and the U.S. Military. Washington, D.C.:
National Defense University Press, 1994.
Ratner, Steven. The New U.N. Peacekeeping: Building Peace in Lands of Conflict After
the Cold War. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995.
Smith, Hugh. ed. Peacekeeping Challenges for the Future. Canberra: Australian Defence
Studies Centre, 1995.
Snow, Donald. Peacekeeping, Peacemaking and Peace-Enforcement. The US Role in the
New International Order. Carlisle Barracks: US Army War College, February
1993.
Ripley, Tim. Air War Bosnia: UN and NATO Airpower. Osceola WI: Motorbooks
International, 1996.
Schow, Kenneth. Falcons Against the Jihad; Israeli Air Power and Coercive Diplomacy
in Southern Lebanon. SAAS thesis, Maxwell AFB: AU Press, 1995. 1-45.
Siegel, Pascale. Target Bosnia: Integrating Information Activities in Peace Operations.
Washington D.C.: National Defense University Press, 1998.
Wentz, Larry, ed. Lessons From Bosnia: The IFOR Experience. Washington DC:
National Defense University Press, 1997.
58
SEMINAR NINE
Afghanistan and Beyond—Western doctrine and Small Wars
The US is currently in the process of rewriting its doctrine for small wars and this
seminar will try to draw some practical insights from recent operations against al Qaeda
and the Taliban. A good starting point is understanding the nature of the enemy. How are
al Qaeda and the Taliban similar to other insurgent/terrorist movements? How are they
different? How ought we to adapt models of fighting terrorism and insurgency to fighting
these groups?
Stephen Biddle has provided probably the most thorough and critical assessment of the
US campaign in Afghanistan to date and has tried to draw some doctrinal lessons for all
the services. Chin, Simons and Tucker and Finlan all look to draw some doctrinal lessons
and insights from the campaign. Where do these authors agree? Where is there
disagreement between the authors? What are the real lessons from the Afghanistan
campaign? Is the campaign in Afghanistan so dependent upon the particular conditions
that it makes an unlikely model for other types of operations?
Corum and Johnson provide some conclusions as to where they believe how the US
military ought to adapt its force structure, culture and doctrine to defeat terrorists and
insurgents. How do Corum and Johnson’s views contrast with Ochmanek’s Rand study?
We will also review the most current US strategy and doctrine for fighting terrorism. Is
the USAF doctrine properly crafted to serve the national strategy goals? How can
airpower be employed to maximum advantage to fulfill the president’s strategic goals?
Required Reading
Biddle, Stephen. Afghanistan and the Future of Warfare. Carlisle PA: Army Strategic
Studies Institute, Nov. 2002. 1-58.
READ in Pdf file***US Army/ US Marine Corps FM 3-24 Counterinsurgency (Dec
2006) FM 3-24, chapters 1, 6.
READ in Electronic file, Alexander Alderson, “US COIN Doctrine and Practice: An
Ally’s Perspective” US Army War College Quarterly - Winter 2007-08, 33-45.
Recommended Reading
Ali. Jalali, “Afghanistan: The Anatomy of an Ongoing Conflict.” Parameters. (Spring
2001): 85-98.
Alexander, Yonah ed. Combating Terrorism: Strategies of Ten Countries. University of
Michigan Press, 2002.
Arquilla, John and Theodore Karasik. “Chechnya: A Glimpse of Future Conflict?”
Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 22 (1999): 207-27.
Asanayagam, Angelo. Afghanistan; A Modern History. London: I.B. Tauris, 2003.
Glenn Bowens. “Legal Issues in Peace Operations.” Parameters (Winter 1998-99): 5172.
59
Builder, Carl. “Doctrinal Frontiers.” Airpower Journal (Winter 1995): 6-13.
Clarke, Walter, and Jeffrey Herbst. “Somalia and the Future of Humanitarian
Intervention.” Foreign Affairs (March/April 1996): 70-85.
Coll, Alberto, James Ord, and Stephen Rose. Legal and Moral Constraints on LowIntensity Conflict. Newport: Naval Institute Press, 1995.
Collins, John. “Military Intervention: A Checklist of Key Considerations.” Parameters.
(Winter 1995-96): 53-8.
Dippold, Marc. “Air Occupation; Asking the Right Questions.” Airpower Journal,
(Winter 1997): 69-84.
Gentry, John. “Complex Civil-Military Operations.” Naval War College Review,
(Autumn 2000): 57-76
Gunaratna, Rohan. Inside Al Qaeda. Columbia University Press, 2002.
Jalali, Ali. “Afghanistan: The Anatomy of an Ongoing Conflict.” Parameters. (Spring
2001): 85-98. (Reader)
Jogerst, John. “What’s So Special About Special Operations? Lessons from the War in
Afghanistan.” Aerospace Power Journal, (Summer 2002): 98-102.
Johnson, Wray. “Whither Aviation Foreign Internal Defense?” Airpower Journal (Spring
1997): 67-86.
Klingaman, Jerome. “Light Aircraft Technology for Small Wars,” in David Dean ed.
Low-Intensity Conflict and Modern Technology. Maxwell Air Force Base: Air
University Press, (June 1986): 123-38.
Lewis, Bernard. The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror. New York: The
Modern Library, 2003.
Margolis, Eric. War at the Top of the World: The Struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir and
Tibet. New York: Routledge, 2002.
Marks, Paul. “Joint Publication 3-07.15 Tactics, Techniques and Procedures for advising
Foreign Forces and the American Mission.” Small Wars and Insurgencies.
(Spring 2001): 31-58.
Mockaitis, Thomas and Paul Rich, eds. Special Issue, Small Wars and Insurgencies:
Grand Strategy in the War Against Terrorism. London: Frank Cass, (Spring
2003).
Moore, Robin. The Hunt for Bin Laden: Task Force Dagger on the Ground with Special
Forces in Afghanistan. New York: Random House, 2003.
Ochmanek, David. Military Operations Against Terrorist Groups Abroad: Implications
for the United States Air Force. Santa Monica; Rand, 2003.
Rashid, Ahmed. Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia. Yale University
Press, 2002.
Tallion, Paul. The Evolution of Special Forces in Counterterrorism: The British and
American Experiences. Westport: Praeger, 2001.
60
Vallance, Andrew. “The Changing Nature of Air Warfare,” in Richard Hallion, ed., Air
Power Confronts an Unstable World. London: Brassey’s. (1997): xiii-xxiii.
Warden, John. “Afterword: Challenges and Opportunities.” in Richard Hallion, ed., Air
Power Confronts an Unstable World. London: Brassey’s, (1997): 227-40.
Seminar 10: Student Group Briefings
Seminar 11: Student Group Briefings
SEMINAR TWELVE
Global War on Terror-Future Directions
This seminar will focus on the practical lessons, learned from experience, as well as to
consider how military power might be used most effectively in future small wars.
Readings:
In the last meeting of the course we will look at the war in Afghanistan and the
experience of the Western and Baltic nations. What lessons have been learned? What
lessons are we failing to learn? What does the present tell us about the future?
We will discuss the development of COIN doctrine in the specific requirements of urban
warfare and the joint air/ground doctrine. The current debates are important ones and
ought to be critically reviewed. What should the proper role of technology and airpower
be in future COIN doctrine? What are the implications for the training and doctrine and
force structures for our own nations?
Assuming that we will continue to fight non-state enemies, how should we develop
doctrine in NATO and the EU to counter the threat?
Required readings:
Corum, James “On Airpower, Land Power and Counterinsurgency--Getting the Doctrine
Right,” Joint Forces Quarterly, Issue 49, April 2008, 93-97.
Dunlap, Charles, “Developing Joint Counterinsurgency Doctrine: an Airman’s
Perspective,” Joint Forces Quarterly, Issue 49, April 2008, 86-92.
Antulio J. Echevarria II FOURTH-GENERATION WAR AND OTHER MYTHS Strategic
Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, November 2005
Zenkevicius,
Gintautas,
“Rebuilding
Afghanistan—Is
That
Post-Conflict
Reconstruction?” Baltic Security and Defence Review, Vol. 9, 2007. 28-56
Racius, Egdunas, “The ‘Cultural Awareness’ Factor in the Activities of the Lithuanian
PRT in Afghanistan,” Baltic Security and Defence Review, Vol. 9, 2007 57-78
Recommended readings:
Barnes, Rudolf. “Military Legitimacy and the Diplomat Warrior.” Small Wars and
Insurgencies (Spring/Summer 1993): 1-28.
61
Baker, Pauline, and John Audsink. “State Collapse and Ethnic Violence: Toward a
Predictive Model.” Parameters (Spring 1996): 19-31.
Berberoglu, Berch, ed. The National Question: Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and SelfDetermination. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995.
Brown, Michael. Ethnic Conflict and International Security. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1993.
Bowens, Glenn. “Legal Issues in Peace Operations.” Parameters (Winter 1998): 51-72.
Connor, Walker. Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1994.
Cordesman, Anthony. Terrorism, Asymmetric Warfare and Weapons of Mass
Destruction: Defending the US Homeland. Washington: Praeger- Center for
Strategic and international Studies, 2001.
Corum, James “Rethinking US Army Counterinsurgency Doctrine” Contemporary
Security Policy Vol. 28 No. 1 (April 2007) 1-16. Also published as a book chapter
in Dimensions of Counter-Insurgency: Applying Experience to Practice, eds Tim
Benbow and Rod Thornton, London: Taylor and Francis, 2007. 121-136.
Corum, James, “The Air Campaign of the Present and Future—Using Airpower Against
Insurgents and Terrorists.” In Air Campaigns in the New World Order, Allan D.
English, ed. Winnipeg: Centre for Defence and Security Studies, 2005. 25-42.
Dorff, Robert. “The Future of Peace Support Operations.” Small Wars and Insurgencies.
(Spring 1998): 160-78.
Dunlap, Charles. “How We Lost the High Tech War of 2007: A Warning From the
Future.” Weekly Standard, (Jan 29, 1996).
Enzensberger, Hans. Civil Wars: From L.A. to Bosnia. New York: New Press, 1994.
Fishel, John. “The Normative Implications of the ‘Savage Wars of Peace.” Small Wars
and Insurgencies. (Spring 1998): 102-13.
Gaddis, John. The United States and the End of the Cold War: Implications,
Reconsiderations, Provocations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Gentry, John. “Military Force in an Age of National Cowardice.” The Washington
Quarterly (Autumn 1998): 179-91.
Gurr, Ted Robert. Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts.
Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1993.
Hahn, Robert, and Bonnie Jezior. “Urban Warfare and the Urban Warfighter of 2025.”
Parameters (Summer 1999), 74-86
Haass, Richard. The Reluctant Sheriff; The United States After the Cold War.
Washington: Council on Foreign Relations, 1997.
Intervention: The Use of American Military Force in the Post-Cold
War World. Washington: Carnegie Foundation, 1994.
62
Hoffman, Stanley. “The Politics and Ethics of Military Intervention.” Survival (Winter
1995-1996): 29-51.
Howard, Michael. “War, Peace, and Interventional Armed Conflict: Solving the Peace
Enforcer’s Paradox.” Parameters (Winter 1995-1996): 41-52.
Huntington, Samuel. “Democracy for the Long Haul.” Journal of Democracy 2 (April
1996): 3-13.
Hutchinson, John, and Anthony Smith, eds. Nationalism. Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1994.
Kaplan, Robert. “The Coming Anarchy.” The Atlantic Monthly, (February 1994).
“Fort Leavenworth and the Eclipse of Nationhood.” The Atlantic
Monthly, (September 1996).
“Air Time.” New Republic (January 22, 2001): 1-3.
Kaufman, Chaim. “Intervention in Ethnic and Ideological Civil Wars: Why One Can Be
Done and The Other Can’t.” Security Studies (Autumn 1996): 62-103.
Laqueur, Walter. No End to War: Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century. New York:
Continuum, 2003. 1-250.
Lind, William, et. al. “The Changing Face of War: Into the Fourth Generation.” Military
Review (October 1989): 2-11.
Luttwak, Edward. “A Post-Heroic Military Policy.” Foreign Affairs (July/August 1996):
33-44.
Maxwell, Dayton. “Facing the Choice Among Bad Options in Complex Humanitarian
Emergencies.” Small Wars and Insurgencies. (Spring 1998): 179-91.
Mueller, Karl. “Politics, Death, and Morality in US Foreign Policy,” Aerospace Power
Journal (Summer 2000): 12-16.
Peters, Ralph. “After the Revolution.” Parameters (Summer 1995): 7-14.
“The New Warrior Class.” Parameters (Summer 1994): 16-26.
“The Culture of Future Conflict.” Parameters (Winter 1995-1996): 18-27.
“Our New Old Enemies.” Parameters (Summer 1999): 22-37.
“Our Soldiers, Their Cities.” Parameters (Spring 1996): 43-50.
Posen, Barry, “The Struggle against Terrorism: Grand Strategy, Strategy and Tactics.”
International Security 26, no. 3 (Winter 2001): 39-55.
Record, Jeffrey. Operation Allied Force: Yet Another Wake-Up Call for the Army?”
Parameters (Winter 1999-2000): 15-23.
Riper, Paul, and Robert Scales. “Preparing for War in the 21st Century.” Parameters
(Autumn, 1997): 4-14.
Slocombe, Walter. “Force, Pre-emption and Legitimacy”, Survival 45, no. 1 (Spring
2003): 117-130
63
Smith Paul, Transnational Terrorism and the al Qaeda Model: Confronting New
Realities.” Parameters. (Summer 2002): 33-46.
Tomes, Robert. “Operation Allied Force and the Legal Basis for Humanitarian
Interventions.” Parameters, (Spring 2000): 38-50.
Thomson, John. The Role of Group Rights in International Relations. Princeton: Institute
for Advanced Studies, 5 October 1995.
Tucker, David. “Fighting Barbarians.” Parameters, (Summer 1998): 69-79.
Van Crevald, Martin. “The Fate of the State.” Parameters, (Spring 1996): 4-18.
Transformation of War. New York: Free Press, 1991.
Vick, Alan et. al. Preparing the USAF for Military Operations Other Than War. Santa
Monica: RAND, (1997): iii-77.
Walsh, Mark and Michael Harwood. “Complex Emergencies: Under New Management.”
Parameters, (Winter 1989-99): 39-50.
Zakaria, Fareed. “The Rise of Illiberal
(November/December 1997): 22-43.
Democracy.”
Foreign
Affairs,
64
Annex B: Directed Readings
Military Theory Directed Readings
All on Pdf or Electronic Files
This is an extensive bibliography for your current and future use. You do NOT have to
read all of the listed works. You will read the required works. The final examination will
be based on the REQUIRED readings.
Reaquired Readings –Those noted with READ in boldface.
General:
READ Bernard Brodie, Strategy as an Art and a Science, a lecture delivered by Dr.
Brodie at the Naval War College on 18 September 1958.
READ in pdf file bold chapters: Michael D. Krause andR. Cody Phillips, General
Editors, Historical Perspectives of the Operational Art (Washington, D.C: Center of
Military History United States Army, 2005)
Contents: Operational Art's Origins; Bruce W. Menning, Ph.D. (France) Napoleon,
Operational Art, and the Jena Campaign; David G. Chandler, Ph.D. French Operational
Art: 1888-1940; Col. Robert A. Doughty (Germany) Moltke and the Origins of the
Operational Level of War; Col. Michael D. Krause, U.S. Army, Retired; Operational
Thought from Schlieffen to Manstein; Brig. Gen. Günter R. Roth Panzer Group Kleist
and the Breakthrough in France, 1940; Karl-Heinz Frieser, Ph.D. (Russia and USSR)
The Imperial Russian Legacy of Operational Art, 1878-1914; Bruce W. Menning,
Ph.D. The Origins of Soviet Operational Art, 1917-1936; Jacob W. Kipp, Ph.D.
Soviet Operational Art Since 1936: The Triumph of Maneuver War; Col. David M.
Glantz, U.S. Army, RetiredSoviet Operational Logistics, 1939-1990; Graham H.
Turbiville, Jr., Ph.D. (The United States) The Origins of Operational Art Brig. Gen.
Harold W. Nelson, U.S. Army, Retired; Operational Art and the Gettysburg Campaign
Col. Arthur V. Grant, U.S. Army, Retired; Normandy to Falaise: A Critique of Allied
Operational Planning in 1944
Russell F. Weigley, Ph.D; After Inch'on: MacArthur's 1950 Campaign in North
Korea Col. Stanlis David Milkowski, U.S. Army, Retired; The Maturation of
Operational Art: Operations DESERT SHIELD and DESERT STORM Brig. Gen.
John S. Brown
READ ANTULIO J. ECHEVARRIA, Moltke and the German Military Tradition: His
Theories and Legacies, From Parameters, Spring 1996, pp. 91-99.
READ T. E. Lawrence, THE EVOLUTION OF A REVOLT, CSI REPRINT
READ Chipman, Donald. “Clausewitz and the Concept of Command Leadership.”
Military Review 67(August 1987): 28-39.
Airpower:
READ (skim) Giulio Douhet, The Command of the Air (USAF reprint 1998)
65
William Sherman, Air Warfare (1926) Reprint AU Press, 2002 available in pdf
READ Col John A. Warden III, Air Theory for the Twenty-first Century, document
Created: September 1995
Barry D Watts, Clausewitzian Friction and Future War. (Revised Edition) (Washington:
Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defence University, 2004).
David S Fadok, John Boyd and John Warden: Air Power’s Quest for Strategic Paralysis
(Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Air University Press, 1995).
READ David. Mets “Boydmania.” Air and Space Power Journal Vol. 18 (Fall 2004): 98108. See also the related correspondence in Air and Space Power Journal Vol. 19(Spring
2005): 18.
Scott West, Warden and the Air Corps Tactical School, Déjà vu? (SAASS Thesis, Air
University Press, 1999)
Current:
Harry Yarger, Strategic Theory for the 21st Century (US Army War College, SSI, Feb
2006)
General Works: Not on Electronic file
Handel, Michael. Masters of War: Classical Strategic Thought. (London: Frank Cass,
1996).
READ – for general course background --Peter Paret, ed. Makers of Modern Strategy:
From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986).
B.H. Liddell Hart, Strategy. 2nd rev. ed. 1967. Reprint: (New York: Penguin, 1991).
Classical
READ Sun Tzu. The Illustrated Art of War: The Definitive English Translation by
Samuel B. Griffith. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
The Landmark Thucydides: A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War. Robert
B. Strassler, ed. (New York: The Free Press, 1996).
Azar Gat, The Origins of Military Thought: From the Enlightenment to Clausewitz.
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.
19th Century to World War I
Theorist Texts
READ Carl Clausewitz, On War. trans. and ed. Michael Howard and Peter Paret.
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984).
Raoul Castex, Strategic Theories. trans., ed. Eugenia Kiesling. (Annapolis, Naval
Institute Press, 1994).
READ Daniel J. Hughes, ed. Moltke on the Art of War: Selected Writings. (Novato, Ca.:
Presidio Press, 1993).
66
Antoine-Henri, Jomini, The Art of War. (Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, 2007).
Helmuth, Graf von Moltke, The Franco-German War of 1870-71. (London: Harper and
Brothers, 1907; Reprint with introduction by Michael Howard, London: Greenhill Books,
1992).
Helmuth, Graf von Moltke, Moltke’s Military Correspondence 1870-1871. Edited by
Spencer Wilkinson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1923; Reprint with preface by
Brian Bond, Aldershot, England: Gregg Revivals, 1991).
Helmuth, Graf von Moltke, Strategy; Its Theory and Application: The Wars for German
Unification, 1866-1871. (1907, 1911, and 1915; Reprint, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood
Press, 1971).
Commentary
Arden Buchholz, Moltke, Schlieffen and Prussian War Planning (Oxford, Berg, 1991)
Jehuda.Wallach, The Dogma of the Battle of Annihilation: The Theories of Clausewitz
and Schlieffen and Their Impact on German Conduct of Two World Wars (Westport,
Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1986).
READ Antulio Echevarria J., II. “Center of Gravity: Recommendations for Joint
Doctrine.” Joint Forces Quarterly 35: 10-17.
Milan N. Vego “Operational Overreach and the Culmination Point.” Joint Forces
Quarterly (Summer 2000): 99-106.
Robert M. Citino, “Moltke’s Art of War: Innovation and Tradition,” Chapter 5 of The
German Way of War: From the Thirty Years’ War to the Third Reich (Lawrence:
University Press of Kansas, 2005).
Gordon Craig, The Battle of Königgrätz: Prussia’s Victory over Austria, 1866.
Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1964.
Gordon Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army 1660-1945 (Oxford: The Clarendon
Press, 1955).
READ Antulio J.Echevarria, After Clausewitz: German Military Thinkers before the
Great War. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000).
Michael Howard, The Franco-Prussian War. (New York: Macmillan, 1961).
William McElwee, The Art of War: Waterloo to Mons (Bloomington: Indiana University
Press, 1974).
Douglas Porch, The March to the Marne: the French Army 1871-1914 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1981)
Ritter, Gerhard. The Sword and the Scepter: The Problem of Militarism in Germany.
Translated by Heinz Norden, Vol. I, The Prussian Tradition 1740-1890. Coral Gables,
Fl.: University of Miami Press, 1969.
Jack Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive: Military Decision Making and the Disasters
of 1914 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984)
67
Dennis Showalter, Railroads and Rifles: Soldiers, Technology, and the Unification of
Germany (Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1975).
Geoffrey Wawro, The Austro-Prussian War: Austria’s War with Prussia and Italy in
1866. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
Seapower
Theorist Texts
Alfred T. Mahan, Mahan on Naval Strategy: Selections from the Writings of Rear
Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan. ed. John B. Hattendorf, (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press,
1991).
READ Alfred T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power upon History 1660-1783 (Boston:
Little, Brown, 1890).
Alfred T. Mahan, The Life of Nelson: The Embodiment of the Sea Power of Great Britain.
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1897).
READ Julian Corbett, Some Principles of Maritime Strategy. Introduction and Notes by
Eric J. Grove. (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1988).
S.V. Gorshkov, The Sea Power of the State. (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1979).
Commentary
Bernard Brodie, A Guide to Naval Strategy. 5th ed. (New York: Praeger, 1965).
Colin S Gray, The Leverage of Sea Power: The Strategic Advantage of Navies in War.
(New York: The Free Press, 1992).
Colin S Gray and Roger W. Barnett. Seapower and Strategy (Annapolis: Naval Institute
Press, 1989).
READ Michael Handel, “Corbett, Clausewitz, and Sun Tzu.” Naval War College Review
53(Autumn 2000): 107-24.
Barry D. Hunt, “The Strategic Thought of Sir Julian S. Corbett.” In Hattendorf, John B.
and Robert S. Jordan, eds. Maritime Strategy and the Balance of Power (London:
Macmillan, 1989): 110-35.
Paul Kennedy, “Mahan versus Mackinder (1859-97),” Chapter Seven of The Rise and
Fall of British Naval Mastery. (New York: Scribner, 1976).
Nicholas Lambert, Sir John Fisher’s Naval Revolution. (Columbia: University of South
Carolina Press, 1999).
Donald Schurman, Julian S. Corbett, 1854-1922. (London: Royal Historical Society,
1981).
Donald Schurman “Civilian Historian: Sir Julian Corbett.” Chapter 7 in The Education of
a Navy: The Development of British Naval Strategic Thought, 1867-1914. (Chicago: The
University of Chicago Press, 1965).
68
Jon T. Sumida, In Defence of Naval Supremacy: Finance, Technology, and British Naval
Policy, 1889-1914. (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989).
Margaret Tuttle Sprout, “Mahan: Evangelist of Sea Power.” In Edward Mead Earle, ed.
Makers of Modern Strategy: Military Thought from Machiavelli to Hitler. (Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1943).
READ Jon T. Sumida, “Alfred Thayer Mahan, Geopolitician.” Journal of Strategic
Studies Vo. 22 (Fall 1999): 39-62.
Jon T. Sumida. Inventing Grand Strategy and Teaching Command: The Classic Works of
Alfred Thayer Mahan Reconsidered. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997).
Jon T. Sumida, “New Insights from Old Books: The Case of Alfred Thayer Mahan.”
Naval War College Review 54(Summer 2001): 100-111.
Geoffrey Till,. ed. Seapower: Theory and Practice. (London: Frank Cass, 1994).
Frank Uhlig,. How Navies Fight: The U.S. Navy and Its Allies. (Annapolis: Naval
Institute Press, 1994). Crowl, Philip. “Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Naval Historian” in
Paret, ed., Makers of Modern Strategy.
20th Century Maneuver War
Theorists:
READ J.F.C. Fuller, The Foundations of the Science of War. London: Hutchinson & Co.,
1926.
J.F.C. Fuller. The Reformation of War. London: Hutchinson, 1923.
J.F.C. Fuller, Machine Warfare: An Inquiry into the Influence of Mechanics on the Art of
War. (Washington: The Infantry Journal, 1943).
Commentary
William S. Lind. Maneuver Warfare Handbook. (Boulder CO: Westview Press 1985)
Posen, Barry, The Sources of Military Doctrine, (Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1984).
Soviet/ Russian Theorists:
READ The Evolution of Soviet Operational Art, 1927-1991: The Documentary Basis,
Vol. 1. Operational Art, 1927-1964. Translated by Harold S. Orenstein. (London: Frank
Cass, 1995).
Aleksander A. Svechin, Strategy. Minneapolis: Eastview Publications, 1972.
V.K. Triandafillov, The Nature of the Operations of Modern Armies. ed. Jacob W. Kipp,
trans. William A. Burhans. (London: Frank Cass, 1994).
Commentary
Christopher Donnelly, Red Banner: The Soviet Military System in Peace and War.
(Alexandria, Virginia: Jane’s, 1988).
M.A. Gareev, M.V. Frunze: Military Theorist. (Washington: Pergamon-Brassey’s, 1988).
69
David Glantz, Soviet Military Operational Art: In Pursuit of Deep Battle. London: Frank
Cass, 1990.
Richard Harrison, The Russian Way of War: Operational Art, 1904-1940. Lawrence:
University Press of Kansas, 2001.
READ Jacob W. Kipp, “Military Reform and the Red Army, 1918-1941: Bolsheviks,
Voyenspetsy, and the Young Red Commanders.” In The Challenge of Change: Military
Institutions and New Realities, 1918-1941, edited by Harold R. Winton and David R.
Mets. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000).
J Jacob W. Kipp, “Lenin and Clausewitz: The Militarization of Marxism.” Military
Affairs 49 (October 1985): 184-91.
B.J.C. McKercher, and Michael A. Hennessey, eds. The Operational Art: Developments
in the Theories of War. (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1996).
James J. Schneider, The Structure of Strategic Revolution: Total War and the Roots of the
Soviet Warfare State. (Novato, Calif.: Presidio Press, 1994).
Richard Simpkin, Deep Battle: The Brainchild of Marshal Tukhachevskii. (Washington:
Brassey's Defence, 1987).
Richard Simpkin, Race to the Swift: Thoughts on Twenty-First Century Warfare.
(Washington: Brassey's Defence Publishers, 1985).
Sally Stoecker, Forging Stalin’s Army: Marshal Tukhachevsky and the Politics of
Military Innovation. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1998.
Airpower
Theorists Texts
READ Grant T. Hammond, The Mind of War: John Boyd and American Security.
(Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2001).
Commentary
Kross, Walter. Military Reform: The High-Tech Debate in Tactical Air Forces.
(Washington: National Defence University Press, 1985).
Benjamin Lambeth, The Transformation of American Air Power (Ithaca: Cornell
University Press, 2000)
Frans Osinga,. Science, Strategy, and War: The Strategic Theory of John Boyd. London:
Routledge, 2007
James C. Slife, Creech Blue: Gen Bill Creech and the Reformation of the Tactical Air
Forces, 1978-1984. (Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Air University Press, 2004).
READ Williamson Murray, “Why Air Forces Do Not Understand Strategy,” Military
History Quarterly, Spring 1989 Vol. 1, no. 3.
Nuclear Era to 2000
Alan. Beyerchen, "Clausewitz, Nonlinearity, and the Unpredictability of War."
International Security. 17(1992/93): 59-90.
70
Lawrence Freedman, The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy
Joseph. Wylie, Military Strategy: A General Theory of Power Control (Annapolis: Naval
Institute Press, 1989).
Colin S. Gray, Fighting Talk: Forty Maxims on War, Peace, and Strategy (Westport,
Conn.: Praeger Security International. 2007).
Colin S. Gray, Modern Strategy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
Irregular War:
Theorist texts
Vo Nguyen Giap, People’s War, People’s Army: The Viet Cong Insurrection Manual for
Underdeveloped Countries. 1961. reprint, (New York: Praeger, 1962).
Guevara, Ché. Guerrilla Warfare. New York: MR Press, 1961.
Ho Chi Minh. On Revolution: Selected Writings, 1920-66. (New York: Praeger, 1967).
READ Mao Tse-Tung. “Problems of Strategy in China’s Revolutionary War.” and “On
Protracted War.” in Six Essays on Military Affairs (reprint) 1-135 and 195-399.
21st Century and Current
Russian General Staff, The Soviet Afghan War, translated /edited by Lester Grau and
Michael Gress (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002)
William Lind,, et. al. “The Changing Face of War: Into the Fourth Generation.” Military
Review (October 1989): 2-11.
Edward Luttwak,. “A Post-Heroic Military Policy.” Foreign Affairs (July/August 1996):
33-44.
Thomas Schelling, Arms and Influence
STRATEGIC THOUGHT DIRECTED READING
You do not have to read all these works—the REQUIRED readings are noted
READ in boldface. Exam will be on the required readings.
John Baylis et al, eds., Strategy in the Contemporary World: An Introduction to Strategic
Studies, (Oxford: OUP, 2002), introduction, pp. 1-16.
Course Main Text:
READ In PDF File Dennis Drew and Donald Snow, Making Twenty-First Century
Strategy (Maxwell AFB: Air University Press, 2006)
READ Michael I Handel, Masters of War: Classical Strategic Thought, 3rd Ed (London,
Frank Cass, 2000).
Daniel J. Hughes, ed., Moltke on the Art of War (trans. H. Bell), (NY: Random House,
1995), editor’s introduction.
71
Edward N Luttwak,, Strategy: The Logic of War and Peace (Cambridge, MA: Harvard
UP, 2002).
Barry Posen, The Sources of Military Doctrine, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1984), Ch. 1.
Ghulam Dastagir Wardak, The Voroshilov Lectures: Materials from the Soviet General
Staff Academy, Vol. 1: Issues of Soviet Military Strategy, (Washington, DC: NDU Press,
1989), pp. 55-62.
Strategic theory: classics
Niccolo Machiavelli, The Art of War and The Prince, translated by Henry Neville and W.
K. Marriott (El Paso Norte, 2005)
Review Carl von Clausewitz, On War, (Princeton, NJ: PUP, 1984), Chapters 1-3.
READ Robert Art, “The Four Functions of Force,” Art and Jervis (eds), International
Politics: Enduring Concepts and Contemporary Issues Sixth Edition (Addison-Wesley,
2003): 153-65
READ on Pdf file, Dan Hughes, Clausewitz on the Schwerpunkt (Paper from US Army
Staff college)
READ on pdf file, Michael Handel, Clausewitz: A Guide to the Perplexed (paper)
Baron Antoine Henri de Jomini, The Art of War, Chapters 1-3.
Report of the Secretary General of the UN, No Exit Without Strategy, S/2001/394, 21
April 2001.
Sir Basil-Henry Liddell-Hart, Strategy: The Indirect Approach, (London: Faber and
Faber, 1967), pp. 333-372.
Strategy as a play:
READ McMaster, H R, Dereliction of Duty: Johnson, McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of
Staff and the Lies That Led to Vietnam (Harper Collins, 1998)
Edward Newman, “Weak States, State Failure and Terrorism”, Terrorism and Political
Violence, 19, 2007, pp. 463-488.
READ Azar Gat, “Ideology, National Policy and Strategic Doctrine between the Two
World Wars,” Journal of Strategic Studies, 24:3, September 2001, pp. 1-18.
READ Rebecca R. Moore, “NATO’s Mission for the New Millenium: A Value-Based
Approach to Building Security”, in Contemporary Security Policy, Vol. 23, #1, April
2002, pp.1-25.
Gerhard P. Gross, “There was a Schlieffen Plan”, War in History, 15: 4, 2008, pp. 389431.
Strategy as practice: the Makers of Strategy and Strategy-Making
READ Corum, James S, Bad Strategies: How Major Powers Fail in Counterinsurgency
(New York: Zenith Press, 2008).
72
Woodward, Bob, The War Within: A Secret White House History (New York NY: Simon
& Schuster, 2008)
Michael Fitzsimmons, “The Problem of Uncertainty in Strategic Planning”, Survival,
48:4, Winter 2006-2007, pp. 131-146.
READ on Pdf File, Steven Metz, Eisenhower as Strategist (US Army War College SSI
paper, 1993)
Williamson Murray et al, eds., The Making of Strategy, (Cambridge, UK: CUP, 1994),
Ch. 1.
Colin S. Gray, Modern Strategy, (Oxford, UK: OUP, 1999),
Strategic choices: What influences strategy?
READ Cohen, Eliot A, Supreme Command: Soldiers, Statesmen and Leadership in
Wartime (New York: Free Press, 2002).
Jost Dülffer, “The Adenauer Era: Anxieties and Traumas of Violence in the Post-War
Period”, German Politics and Society, 82:25, Summer 2007, pp. 1-6.
Chadwick, Richard. "Diasporadic Minorities, Terrorism, and Great Powers' National
Security Strategies" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the The Midwest Political
Science Association, Palmer House Hilton, Chicago, Illinois, Apr 07, 2005 Online
<.PDF>. 2009-03-07 <http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p84946_index.html>
Eli Ginzberg et al, “Human Resources and National Security”, Scientific Monthly, 82:3,
(March 1956), pp. 121-135.
Stale Ulriksen, “Deployments for Development? Nordic Peacekeeping Efforts in Africa”,
International Peacekeeping, Vol.14, No.4, August 2007, pp.553–568.
READ Simon Dalby, “Regions, Strategies and Empire in the Global War on Terror”,
Geopolitics, 12, 2007, pp. 586-606.
Offensive strategies
READ Karl Mueller et al, Striking First (RAND, 2007)
OR READ (in Pdf file) chapter: Karl Mueller, “Strategic Airpower and Nuclear
Strategy: new theory for a Not-Quite –So New Apocalypse,” in Paths of Heaven, ed.
Phillip Meilinger (Maxwell AFB, Air University Pres, 1997)
Martin Patchen, “When do Arms Buildup Lead to Deterrence and When to War?”, Peace
and Change, 25:3/4, 1986, pp. 25-46.
Steven E. Lobell, “The International Realm, Framing Effects, and Security Strategies:
Britain in Peace and War”, International Interactions, 32, 2006, pp. 27-48.
Eric J. Labs, “Beyond Victory: Offensive Realism and the Expansion of War Aims”,
Security Studies, 64, 1997, pp. 1-49.
Thomas Schelling, Arms and Influence (Yale, 1966)
73
Defensive strategies
READ M. Taylor Fravel, “Securing Borders: China’s Doctrine and Force Structure for
Border Defence”, Journal of Strategic Studies, 30:4/5, Oct.- Nov. 2007, pp. 705-737.
Barry Posen, The Sources of Military Doctrine, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1984), Ch. 4.
Field Marshal Ritter Von Leeb, “Defence”, in Roots of Strategy, Vol. III¸(Mechanicsburg,
PA: Stackpole, 1991), pp. 135-171.
Compelling strategies
Robert Pape, Bombing to Win (Cornell, 1995)
READ Robert A. Pape, “The Air Force Strikes Back: A Reply to Barry Watts and John
Warden,” Security Studies 7, no. 2 (Winter 97/98): 191-214.
READ Karl Mueller, “Strategies of Coercion: Denial, Punishment, and the Future of Air
Power,” Security Studies 7, no. 3 (Spring 98): 182-228.
READ John A. Warden, “Success in Modern War: A Response to Robert Pape’s
Bombing to Win,” Security Studies 7, no. 2 (Winter 97/98): 172-90.
Daniel Byman and Mathew Waxman, Dynamics of Coercion (Cambridge, 2002)
LCol Michael T. Plehn, “The Sharpest Sword: Compellence, Clausewitz and
Counterinsurgency”, unpublished thesis submitted to the Air Force Fellows CADRE/AR,
Maxwell AFB, Alabama, 2005.
Wallace Thies, “Compellence Failure or Coercive Success? The Case of NATO and
Yugoslavia”, Comparative Strategy, 22:3, July 2003, pp. 243-267.
Thomas Schelling, Arms and Influence, Yale University Press, 1966, Ch. 1
Gregory F. Treverton, Framing Compellent Strategies, RAND publication MRD-1240OSD, 2000, http://weber.ucsd.edu/~bslantch/courses/pdf/treverton-compellence.pdf
Deterrence
Lawrence Freedman, Deterrence (Polity, 2004)
Lawrence Freedman, The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy, 3rd ed., (Lpondon, UK:
Palgrave, 2003), ch. 16-17.
Terry C. Heuring, “Non-nuclear Strategic Deterrence of State and Non-state Adversaries:
Potential Approaches and Potential for Success”, Ft. Belvoir, NJ: Defence Threat
Reduction Agency, Oct. 2001), pp. 1-49.
Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (Simon & Schuster, 1994)
READ Maj. Mark Knott, “Does 9/11 Mark the End of Deterrence and the Birth of
“Detercion”?” Defence Studies, 4:1, Spring 2004, pp. 41-63.
LCdr Katherine Richards, RAN, “Classical Maritime Strategy and Medium Power
Navies” pp. 1-15 (2003 Winner of the Peter Mitchell Essays - Officer’s Selection, Royal
Australian Navy), http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/PIAMA14_1.pdf
74
READ Albert Wohlstetter, The Delicate Balance of Terror, RAND publication P-1472,
Decembver
1958,
http://www.rand.org/publications/classics/wohlstetter/P1472/P1472.html
Nuclear Strategy: Whither Clausewitz?
READ Graham Allison and Philip Zelowski, Essence of Decision (2nd ed.),
Barry M. Blechman and Douglas M. Hart, “The Political Utility of Nuclear Weapons” in
Steven Miller, ed., Strategy and Nuclear Deterrence: An International Security Reader,
(Princeton, NJ: PUP, 1984).
READ (In PDF File) Mark Conversino, “Should Deterrence Fail”, pp 216-240 in
Golden legacy, boundless future : essays on the United States Air Force and the rise of
aerospace power : proceedings of the Aim High symposium 1997 Rebecca Cameron and
Barbara Wittig, eds., USAF History Program , 2000
Theodore Draper, “Nuclear Temptations: Doctrinal Issues in the Strategic Debate”, in
Kegler and Wittkopf, eds., The Nuclear Reader: Strategy, Weapons, War, (NY: St.
Martin’s, 1985).
John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Containment, (New York, 1982), Ch. “Implementing
the New Look”
George Perkovich, India’s Nuclear Bomb (California, 2001)
Josph Siracusa and David Coleman, “Scaling the Nuclear Ladder: Deterrence from
Truman to Clinton,” Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol 54, No. 3 (2000):
277-96.
Asymmetric strategies
READ Thomas Hammes, The Sling and the Stone, (London: Motorbooks International,
2004),
James D. Kiras, “Irregular Warfare: Terrorism and Insurgency” in John Baylis, Colin S.
Gray et al, eds., Strategy in the Contemporary World, 2nd ed., (Oxford: OUP, 2007), pp.
163-192.
READ LGen David Petraeus, “Learning Counterinsurgency: Observations from
Soldiering in Iraq”, Military Review, Jan-Feb 2006, pp. 2-12.
Hy S. Rothstein, “The Problematic Future of Irregular Warfare in an Era of Collapsing
States”, Third World Quarterly, 28:2, March 2007, pp. 275-294.
Alternative strategies and tools of statecraft
Cimbala, Stephen J, Military Persuasion in War and Policy: The Power of Soft (Westport
CT: Greenwood Press, 2002).
READ Joseph Nye, Soft Power (Public Affairs, 2005)
Nino Gogoladze, “Does Size Matter? Georgia and Russia in the WTO”, paper presented
to the 6th Pan-European International Relations Conference, 12-15 September 2007,
Turin, Italy. http://archive.sgir.eu/uploads/Gogoladze-DOES SIZE MATTER GEORGIA
75
READ in PDF File George Kennan, Measures Short of War: George Kennan’s Lectures
to the National War College 1946-1947 (NDU Press)
State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO), “Switzerland’s Multilateral Development
Cooperation Strategy”, Berne, 2005.
Aram I, Catholicos of Cilicia, “Multilateralism: The Basis of a New World Order”,
http://www.armenianorthodoxchurch.org/v04/doc/Documents/Multilateralism.pdf
Vahur Made, “Estonian Conceptions of Foreign Policy and International Relations”,
http://edk.edu.ee/default.asp?object_id=6&id=28&site_id=1&printit=1
Steven Pifer, “Averting Crisis in Ukraine”, Council on Foreign Relations Special Report,
41,
January
2009,
pp.
1-10.
http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Ukraine_CSR41.pdf
Fiona Adamson, “International Terrorism, Non-state Actors, and the Logic of
Transnational Mobilization”, Memo for the international conference International Law,
International
Relations
and
Terrorism,
ca.
2002,
http://programs.ssrc.org/gsc/gsc_activities/adamson/
Stephen M. Saideman, Beth K. Dougherty and Erin K. Jenne, “Dilemmas of Divorce:
How Secessionist Identities Cut Both Ways”, Security Studies, 14:4, Oct.-Dec. 2005,
pp.607-636.
William J. Lahnemann, “Impact of Diaspora Communities on National and Global
Politics”, Center for International Security Studies at Maryland, 5 July 2005, pp. 11-30.
The Future of Strategy
READ Hirst, Paul, War and Power in the 21st Century: The State, Military Conflict, and
the International System (Themes for the 21st Century) (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001).
Creveld, Martin van, The Transformation of War (New York, NY: The Free Press, 1991).
Carolyn Pumphrey, ed., “Global Climate Change: National Security Implications”,
Strategic Studies Institute, (Carlisle, PA: US Army War College, May 2008), pp. 55-68,
77-118.
Hugh C. Dyer, “Theoretical Aspects of Environmental Security” in Eileen PetzoldBradley et al, eds., Responding to Environmental Conflicts: Implications for Theory and
Practice, (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2001), pp. 67-82.
Joseph Alcamo and Marcel Endejan, “The Security Diagram: An Approach to
Quantifying Global Environmental Security” in Eileen Petzold-Bradley et al, eds.,
Responding to Environmental Conflicts: Implications for Theory and Practice,
(Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2001), pp. 133-148.
Bruce Russett and John O’Neal, Triangulating Peace (W.W. Norton, 2001)
76
European Security Issues/ Baltic Security Issues
Directed Readings Bibliography
You are not required to read all these articles – Only the REQUIRED readings—and
these are noted as READ in boldface. The exam will be on the required readings.
Current European Security:
R., Dannreuther (eds.) European Union foreign and security policy, New York:
Routledge, 2005.
READ G. Hauser, F. Kernic (eds.) European Security in Transition, Hampshire:
ASHGATE, 2006.
Bo Huldt et al., Strategic Yearbook 2006, European security and defence policy. A
European Challenge. Vallingby: Elanders, 2006.
S. Keukeleire, J.MacNaughtan, “The Foreign Policy of the European Union”, 2008.
N. Kotzias, Liacouras P., EU-US relations. Repairing the Transatlantic Rift (New York:
Palgrave MacMillan, 2006)
Ch. Piening, Global Europe. The European Union in the World Affairs (London: Lynne
Rienner Publishers, 1997).
READ M. Leonard, N. Popescu, “A Power Audit of EU-Russia Relations”, 2007. p. 1150
http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0C54E3B31E9C-BE1E-2C24-A6A8C7060233&lng=en&id=91773
Richard E. Rupp, NATO: From Collective Defence to Collective Security to Coalitionsof- the-Willing (from NATO after 9/11, (Palgrave- Macmillan: New York, 2006)
A. Schmidt-Felzmann, ”All for One? EU Member States and the Union’s Common
Policy Towards the Russian Federation” in Journal of Contemporary European Studies,
No. 16, 2008. p. 169-187
European Union Security Issues
READ Alvara de Vasconelos ed. Ambitions for European Defence in 2020, EU: ISS,
2009 (Pdf file available in course files)
READ A Secure Europe in a Better World, European Security Strategy, Brussels, 12
December
2003
http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/78367.pdfhttp://www.consilium.euro
pa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/78367.pdf
Bomberg, E. and Stubb, A. (eds.) (2003), The European Union: How does it work?,
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
READ Nelsen, B.F. and Stubb, A. (eds.) (2003), The European Union: Readings on the
Theory and Practice of European Integration, 3rd edition, Boulder: Lynne Rienner and
London: Macmillan-Palgrave.
77
READ Jolyon Howorth, Security and Defence Policy in the European Union, Palgrave,
2007
Jolyon Howorth Defending Europe: the EU, NATO and the Quest for European
Autonomy, Palgrave, 2003 (edited with John Keeler)
READ Mika Kerttunen, Tommi Koivula and Tommy Jeppsson, EU Battlegroups. Theory
and Development in the Light of Finnish-Swedish Co-operation, National Defence
College,
Helsinki
2005.
http://www.mpkk.fi/attachment/ad9d29e3539815313b364464a41b98a9/cf2c37d4a3ae119
2a208fc5c9a2f249d/StratL2_30.pdf
READ Tommi Koivula and Heidi Kauppinen (eds.), Promoting Peace and Secuirty in
Africa: Is the European Union Up to the Challenge?, National Defence College, Helsinki
2006.
http://www.mpkk.fi/attachment/ad9d29e3539815313b364464a41b98a9/8ed841a50a1a16
06886345fbcef6b115/StratL2_35.pdf
2. Baltic Regional Security
READ The Government Security and Defence Policy Report 2009, Helsinki 2009.
http://www.vnk.fi/julkaisukansio/2009/j11-turvallisuus-j12-sakerhets-j13finnish/pdf/en.pdf
READ Finnish Ministry of Defence, Russia of Challenges, Helsinki 2008.
http://www.defmin.fi/files/1298/Russia_of_Challenges_nettiversio.pdf
READ Finnish Ministry of Defence, Predictions regarding international actors up to the
year 2030, Helsinki 2007. http://www.defmin.fi/files/1184/predictions2030_eng.pdf
READ Baltic Defence Review (2003), “Northeast European Security: After the 2004
Dual Enlargement: The End of History?”. Volume 1/2003, pp.108-113
<http://www.bdcol.ee/fileadmin/docs/bdreview/bdr-2003-9-08.pdf>.
K. Budrys. “EU–Russia energy dialogue and Lithuania’s energy security” in Lithuanian
foreign policy review 2006, p. 1-48. <http://www.lfpr.lt/uploads/File/200618/Budrys.pdf>
Ann-Sofie Dahl, US Policy in the Nordic-Baltic Region, Stockholm: Santerus
Academic Press, 2008
David. Galbreath (2006), “Global and regional security challenges”, The Baltic States
and the European neighbourhood policy: maximizing the voices of small nations, edited
by H.Tiirmaa-Klaar. Tallinn University Press. pp. 113-123.
READ R. Graudinš, K.Krūma, Ž. Ozolina, G. Pelnēns, T. Rostoks (2006). Baltic Sea
Region after the Enlargement of the European Union: Future Prospects. Riga: Zinātne.
pp. 11-24.
READ Kempe, D.Grotzky, "CROSSROADS OF COOPERATION: THE FUTURE
OF EU-RUSSIAN RELATIONS AND THE IMPACT OF THE BALTIC STATES"
in Lithuanian foreign policy review 2006, p. 8-38. http://www.lfpr.lt/uploads/File/200719/Kempe_ENG.pdf
78
READ A. Molis, “Standpoint of the Baltic States towards NATO and ESDP: importance
of the Russian factor” ” in Lithuanian foreign policy review 2008, p. 9-29.
http://www.lfpr.lt/uploads/File/2008-20/Molis_ENG.pdf
N. Statkus, K.Paulauskas, "FOREIGN POLICY OF LITHUANIA: LINKING
THEORY TO PRACTICE" in Lithuanian foreign policy review 2006, p. 41-82.
<http://www.lfpr.lt/uploads/File/2006/Statkus_Paulauskas.pdf
Urbelis, Vaidotas (2006). “Lithuanian Strategic Culture”. Lithuanian Annual Strategic
Review 2006, Vilnius: Lithuanian Military Academy.
pp. 193-207.
http://www.kam.lt/EasyAdmin/sys/files/strategic_review2006.pdf
European Security Issues
READ Joseph Christoff, “GAO Report on NATO Enlargement,” Contentions, Spring
2009 Vol. VIII No. 2, 75-90
READ Peppino A DeBiaso, “Missile Defence and NATO Security” in Contentions,
Spring 2009 Vol VIII No. 2, 35-44
READ R. Dannreuther, (ed.) European Union Foreign and Security Policy (New York:
Routledge, 2005).
Eberhardt Adam, Iwashita Akihiro, Security Challengers in the post-soviet space.
European and Asian perspectives, Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych 2007,
ISBN: 9788389607171
M. Gariup, European Security Culture, Ashgate Publishing Company 2008, ISBN: 9780-7546-7555-6
G. Hauser, F. Kernic (eds.) European Security in Transition, (Hampshire: ASHGATE,
2006).
Bo Huldt et al., Strategic Yearbook 2006, European security and defence policy. A
European Challenge. Vallingby: Elanders, 2006.
READ Karlis Kreslins “Role of the European Union in Modern Conflicts,” in Topical
Problems in Management of Economics and Law. Ed. Latvian Academy of Sciences.
(Riga: 2009) 281-294
F. Merand, European Defence Policy, Oxford University Press 2008, ISBN: 978-0-19953324-4
M. Merlingen, European Union Peacebuilding and Policing, Routledge 2008,
ISBN: 978-0-415-47964-6
NATO'S Role In Baltic Security: New Challenges, New Opportunities, Seminar Report
Riga, Latvia, 16-18 June 2002 - NATO'S ROLE IN BALTIC SECURITY,
http://www.nato-pa.int/Default.asp?SHORTCUT=81
Ch. Piening Global Europe. The European Union in the World Affairs, London: Lynne
Rienner Publishers, 1997.
79
Jeffrey Simon, Poland and NATO: A Study in Civil-Military Relations (Paperback) 216
pages (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 2003) ISBN-10: 0742529940 ISBN-13:
978-0742529946
N. Fernandez Sola, Perceptions and Policy in Transatlantic Relations, Routledge 2009,
ISBN: 978-0-415-45488-9
Teija Tiilikainen (2003), The political implications of the EU’s enlargement to the Baltic
states in Vello Pettai and Jan Zielonka The Road to the European Union: Lithuania,
Estonia and Latvia, Chapter 2, pp. 14-23 (10)
Amy Woolf “Strategic Arms Control After START: Issues and Options”, Contentions
Spring 2009 Vol. VIII No. 2, 45-74
Russia and NATO/EU
Vladimir Baranovsky (2003) “Russian Views on NATO and EU,” in A. Lieven and D.
Trenin (eds.) Ambivalent Neighbors (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace) pp.
269-294 (26)
Vladimir Batyuk, “The End of the Cold War: A Russian View,” History Today, Vol. 49,
April 1999.
Kristian Gerner, Stefan Hedlund, (1993) ”The Baltic States and the End of the Soviet
Empire,” Routledge, pp.49-68. The Baltic States after Independence” (1996), Ole
Norgaard with Dan Hindsgaul, Lars Johannsen and Helle Willumsen, Edward Helgar,
pp.17Marshall I. Goldman, Petrostate: Putin, Power, and the New Russia
H. Kauppila, The Baltic Puzzle. Russia's Policy towards Estonia and Latvia 1992-1997,
University
of
Helsinki
1999,
http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/val/yhtei/pg/kauppila/thebalti.pdf.
Steve Levine, Putin's Labyrinth: Spies, Murder, and the Dark Heart of the New Russia
Paperback: 240 pages Random House; Reprint edition 2009) ISBN-10: 0812978412
ISBN-13: 978-0812978414
READ Edward Lucas, The New Cold War: Putin's Russia and the Threat to the West
Paperback: 288 pages Palgrave Macmillan; Second Edition, Revised and Updated edition
2009) ISBN-10: 0230614345 ISBN-13: 978-0230614345
READ Viatcheslav Morozov (2003), Russia in the Baltic Sea Region: Desecuritization or
Deregionalization? Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. 39(3): 317–329 (13)
A. Molis, “Standpoint of the Baltic States towards NATO and ESDP: importance of the
Russian factor” ” in Lithuanian foreign policy review 2008, p. 9-29.
http://www.lfpr.lt/uploads/File/2008-20/Molis_ENG.pdf
Anna Politkovskaya, Putin's Russia: Life in a Failing Democracy 288 pages Holt
Paperbacks 2007) ISBN-10: 0805082506 ISBN-13: 978-0805082500
A. Schmidt-Felzmann, ”All for One? EU Member States and the Union’s Common
Policy Towards the Russian Federation” in Journal of Contemporary European Studies,
No. 16, 2008. p. 169-187
80
Bosnia, Kosovo Southern Europe
Bosnia
Rabia Ali, and Lawrence Lifschultz, “Why Bosnia?”. Third World Quarterly, 1994, 367401.
Michael Beale,. Bombs Over Bosnia: the Role of Airpower in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Maxwell AFB: SAAS Thesis (Aug 1997).
Charles Boyd, “Making Peace with the Guilty,” Foreign Affairs (September/October
1995), 22-38.
Norman Cigar, “How Wars End: War Termination and Serbian Decisionmaking in the
Case of Bosnia,” Southeast European Monitor (January 1996), 121-66.
Norman Cigar. “Croatia’s War of Independence: The Parameters of War Termination”,
The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, June 1997, 34-70.
Cirafici, John, ”SFOR in Bosnia in 1997: A Watershed Year,” Parameters (Spring 1999),
80-91.
Brigadier Roderick Cordy-Simpson,. “UN Operations in Bosnia-Herzegovina.” In
Peacekeeping: Challenges for the Future. Ed. Hugh Smith. Canberra: Australian
Defence Studies Centre, 1993, 101-08.
H. Gagnon, “Ethnic Nationalism and International Conflict: The Case of Serbia,”
International Security (Winter 1994/95), 130-66.
Dawn Hewitt, From Ottawa to Sarajevo: Canadian Peacekeepers in the Balkans,
Martello Papers Nr. 18, Kingston, Ontario.: Centre for International Relations Queen’s
University, 1998.
READ P. H. Liotta and Anna Simons, “Thicker Than Water? Kin, Religion, and Conflict
in the Balkans,” Parameters (Winter 1998-99), 11-27.
Lewis MacKenzie,. Peacekeeper: The Road to Sarajevo. Toronto: Harper Collins, 1993.
Marjan Malesic,. “International Peacekeeping: An Object of Propaganda in the Former
Yugoslavia.” International Peacekeeping (Summer 1998): 82-102.
M. Merlingen and R. Mastrauskaite R., The EUPM in Bosnia in „European Union
Peacebuilding and policing“(New York: Routledge, 2006).
Jeffrey Record,. Operation Allied Force: Yet Another Wake-Up Call for the Army?”
Parameters (Winter 1999-2000): 15-23.
Tim Ripley,. Air War Bosnia: UN and NATO Airpower. Osceola WI: Motorbooks
International, 1996.
Pascale Siegel, Target Bosnia: Integrating Information Activities in Peace Operations.
Washington D.C.: National Defence University Press, 1998.
Wentz, Larry, ed. Lessons From Bosnia: The IFOR Experience. Washington DC:
National Defence University Press, 1997.
81
Kosovo
Byman, Daniel L. and Mathew Waxman, “Kosovo and the Great Air Power Debate”,
International Security vol. 24 No. 4 Spring 2000, 5-38. Good over view of the debate on
meaning of Kosovo. See also Arbogast, Col. Gordon ret. (army), “An Army View on
Kosovo”, Airpower Journal—circa 1998.
Center for Strategic and budget analysis, The Lessons of Kosovo, Report Oct 13, 1999
After the War: Kosovo peacekeeping Costs, 6 July 1999
Potential Cost of US Operations in Kosovo, 22 March 1999
Norman Cigar,. “The Serbo-Croatian War, 1991: Political and Military Dimensions.”
Journal of Strategic Studies (September 1993), 297-338.
Dag Henrikson, NATO’s Gamble: Combining Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo
Crisis 1998-1999 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2007) Great analysis of Clinton
Admin and the State Dept favoring force
Robert Tomes,. “Operation Allied Force and the Legal Basis for Humanitarian
Interventions.” Parameters (Spring 2000), 38-50.
U.S. General Accounting Office. Peace Operations: Update on the Situation in the
Former Yugoslavia. Washington, D.C.: May 1995.
Larry Wentz, Ed. Lessons From Bosnia: The IFOR Experience. Washington DC:
National Defence University Press, 1997.
Warren Zimmerman, “The Last Ambassador: A Memoir of the Collapse of Yugoslavia,”
Foreign Affairs (March/April 1995), 2-20.
Terrorism
Bjørgo, Tore, ed. Root causes of terrorism : myths, reality, and ways forward. London ;
New York : Routledge, 2005.
Yonah Alexander, ed. Combating Terrorism: Strategies of Ten Countries. University of
Michigan Press, 2002.
Bellamy, Alex. “No pain, no gain? Torture and ethics in the war on terror” in
International Affairs, vol.82 No.1, January 2006, pp.121-148.
Bjørgo, Tore, ed. Root causes of terrorism : myths, reality, and ways forward. London ;
New York : Routledge, 2005.
READ Lia, Brynjar. Globalisation and the future of terrorism : patterns and predictions.
London: New York : Routledge, 2005.
Cromer, Gerald, ed. Insurgent terrorism. Aldershot ; Burlington (Vt.) : Ashgate, 2006.
Cronin, Audrey Kurth. Ending terrorism : lessons for defeating al-Qaeda. London :
International Institute for Strategic Studies : Routledge, 2008.
Christopher Harmon,. “Five Strategies in Terrorism.” Small Wars and Insurgencies 12,
no. 3 (Autumn 2001): 39-66.
82
Kassimeris, George, ed. Playing politics with terrorism : a user's guide. London : Hurst,
2007.
Kegley, Charles, ed. The New Global Terrorism. Characteristics, Causes and Control.
Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2003.
Walter Laqueur,. No End to War: Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century. New York:
Continuum, 2003.
Mockaitis, Thomas R.The "new" terrorism : myths and reality. Stanford (Calif.) :
Stanford University Press, 2008.
Bard E. O’Neill, Insurgency and Terrorism: Inside Modern Revolutionary Warfare.
Brassey’s, Inc., 2001.
Ralph Peters, Beyond Terror: Strategy in a Changing World. Stackpole, 2002.
Paul Pillar,and Michael Armacost. Terrorism and US Foreign Policy.
Brookings, 2001.
Washington:
Barry Posen,. “The Struggle Against Terrorism.” International Security 26, no. 3 (Winter
2001/2002).
Edited by Walter Reich, Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Theologies, Ideologies,
States of Mind. Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1998.
Mark Sageman,. Understanding Terror Networks. Philadelphia, PA: University of
Pennsylvania Press, 2004.
Ben Sheppard,. The psychology of strategic terrorism : public and government responses
to attack. London ; New York : Routledge, 2009.
Silke, Andrew (2005) “Fire of Iolaus. The role of state countermeasures in causing
terrorism and what needs to be done” in Bjørgo, Tore, ed. The Root Causes of Terrorism.
Myths, reality and ways forward. (London: Routledge), pp.241-255.
Silke, Andrew (2006) “Retaliating Against Terrorism” in Andrew Silke, ed. Terrorists,
Victims and Society. Psychological Perspectives on Terrorism and its Consequences
(Chichester: Wiley), pp.215-232.
Paul Smith. “Transnational Terrorism and the al Qaeda Model: Confronting New
Realities.” Parameters. (Summer 2002): 33-46.
Von Hippel, Karen, ed. Europe confronts terrorism. Basingstoke; New York : Palgrave
Macmillan, 2005
Grant Wardlaw,. Political Terrorism. New York; Cambridge University Press, 1982.
Weinberg, Leonard, ed. Democratic responses to terrorism. New York : Routledge, 2008.
Terrorism - Islamic Connections
Daniel Benjamin, Steven Simon, The Age of Sacred Terror: Radical Islam’s War Against
America, Random House: NY 2003.
83
Bin Ladin, Shaykh Usamah Bin-Muhammad. “Declaration of Jihad Against the
Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Mosques; Expel the Heretics From the
Arabian Peninsula.”
Edited by Mary Buckley and Rick Fawn, Global Responses to Terrorism: 9/11, The War
in Afghanistan, and Beyond. Routledge Press, 2003.
Rohan Gunaratna,. Inside Al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror. New York: Columbia
University Press, 2002. 221-242.
Russell D. Howard and Reid L. Sawyer, Terrorism and Counterterrorism:
Understanding the New Security Environment. Readings and Interpretations.
McGraw Hill Press, 2003.
Russell D. Howard and Reid L. Sawyer Defeating Terrorism: Shaping the New Security
Environment. McGraw Hill Press, 2003.
Samuel Huntington,. "The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order,"
Sayyid Qutb,. Milestones. New Delhi: Islamic Book Service, 2002.
Simon Reeve, The New Jackals: Ramzi Yousef, Osama bin Laden and the Future of
Terrorism, Northeastern University Press, 1999.
Michael Vlahos, Terror’s Mask: Insurgency within Islam. Laurel, MD: John’s Hopkins
University Applied Physics Laboratory, 2002. 1-28.
Legal issues
John Thomson,. The Role of Group Rights in International Relations. Princeton: Institute
for Advanced Studies, 5 October 1995.
READ Robert Tomes, “Operation Allied Force and the Legal Basis for Humanitarian
Interventions.” Parameters, (Spring 2000): 38-50.
NATO Issues:
Joseph Christoff, “GAO Report on NATO Enlargement,” Contentions, Spring 2009 Vol.
VIII No. 2, 75-90
Peppino A DeBiaso, “Missile Defence and NATO Security” in Contentions, Spring 2009
Vol VIII No. 2, 35-44
Jeffrey Simon, Poland and NATO: A Study in Civil-Military Relations (Paperback) 216
pages (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 2003) ISBN-10: 0742529940 ISBN-13:
978-0742529946
Amy Woolf “Strategic Arms Control After START: Issues and Options”, Contentions
Spring 2009 Vol. VIII No. 2, 45-74
Failed States/ Interventions/ Peacekeeping
Pauline Baker, and John Audsink. “State Collapse and Ethnic Violence: Toward a
Predictive Model.” Parameters (Spring 1996): 19-31.
84
READ Robert Dorff,. “Responding to the Failed State: The Need for Strategy.” Small
Wars and Insurgencies 10, no. 3 (Winter 1999): 62-81.
Jonathan Fox, “Enforcing the Pax Americana on the Frontiers of Empire: Three Reforms
for the Twenty-First Century, ”Journal of Power and Ethics, Vol. 2, 2001.
Michael Howard,. “War, Peace, and Interventional Armed Conflict: Solving the Peace
Enforcer’s Paradox.” Parameters (Winter 1995-1996): 41-52.
Huntington, Samuel. “Democracy for the Long Haul.” Journal of Democracy 2 (April
1996): 3-13.
Hutchinson, John, and Anthony Smith, eds. Nationalism. Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1994.
Robert Kaplan,. “The Coming Anarchy.” The Atlantic Monthly, (February 1994).
Edward Marks,. Complex Emergencies; Bureaucratic Arrangements in the UN
Secretariat. Washington: DC: National Defence University Press, 1996.
Dayton Maxwell, “Facing the Choice Among Bad Options in Complex Humanitarian
Emergencies.” Small Wars and Insurgencies 9, no. 1 (Spring 1998): 179-191.
Walter Slocombe,. “Force, Pre-emption and Legitimacy”, Survival 45, no. 1 (Spring
2003): 117-130
U.S. General Accounting Office . U.N. Peacekeeping: Lessons Learned in Managing
Recent Missions. Washington, D.C.: December 1993.
U.S. General Accounting Office . Peace Operations: U.S. Costs in Support of Haiti,
Former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda. Washington, D.C.: March 1996.
Fareed Zakaria,. “The Rise of
(November/December 1997): 22-43.
Illiberal
Democracy.”
Foreign
Affairs,
Georgia and the Caucasus Region
John Arquilla, and Theodore Karasik. “Chechnya: A Glimpse of Future Conflict?”
Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 22 (1999): 207-27.
Maj. Raymond Finch, III. Why the Russian Military Failed in Chechnya. FMSO Special
Study No 98-16. Ft. Leavenworth KS: U.S. Army Foreign Military Studies Office, 1998.
Timothy Thomas, “The Battle of Grozny: Deadly Classroom for Urban Combat.”
Parameters (Summer 1999): 87-102.
Afghanistan/ NATO EU ops
Ali. Jalali, “Afghanistan: The Anatomy of an Ongoing Conflict.” Parameters. (Spring
2001): 85-98.
Ali A Jalali, “Rebuilding Afghanistan’s National Army”, Parameters, Autumn 2002, 7286. covers issues such as primacy of tribal loyalty, local militias and warlords etc.
Stephen Biddle,. Afghanistan and the Future of Warfare. Carlisle PA: Army Strategic
Studies Institute, Nov. 2002.
85
Energy Security
K. Budrys. “EU–Russia energy dialogue and Lithuania’s energy security” in Lithuanian
foreign policy review 2006, p. 1-48. <http://www.lfpr.lt/uploads/File/200618/Budrys.pdf>
READ Z. Khamashuridze, “Energy security and NATO: Any role the Alliance?”,
Connections The Quarterly Journal, Volume VII, no 4, p. 43.
L., Mauring, D Schaer (2006). “The Effects of the Russian Energy Sector on the Security
of the Baltic States”. Baltic Security & Defence Review. Vol. 8. pp. 66-80.
General:
Fareed Zakaria, The Post-American World (Paperback)
Paperback: 336 pages W.W. Norton & Co. 2009) ISBN-10: 0393334805 ISBN-13: 9780393334807
Irregular Warfare Directed Reading Bibliography
Note: This is intended also to serve as a useful bibliography for now and the future. The
REQUIRED readings are noted as READ in boldface. The exam will be based on the
required readings.
Note: ** signifies articles/books available electronically
General:
Mockaitis, Thomas and Paul Rich, eds. Special Issue, Small Wars and Insurgencies:
Grand Strategy in the War Against Terrorism. London: Frank Cass, (Spring
2003). See Fallowing articles: Paul Rich. “Al Qaeda and the Radical Islamic
Challenge to Western Security.”39-56.Warren Chin. “Operation Enduring
Freedom: A Victory for a Conventional Force Fighting and Unconventional
War.” 57-76.Anna Simons and David Tucker. “United States Special Operations
Forces and the War on Terrorism.” 77-91.Alistair Finlan. ”Warfare by Other
Means: Special Forces, Terrorism and Grand Strategy.” 92-108.
Theorists of Insurgency/ revolutionary War
Vo Nguyen Giap,. People’s War, People’s Army: The Viet Cong Insurrection Manual for
Underdeveloped Countries. 1961. reprint, New York: Praeger, 1962.
Ché Guevara,. Guerrilla Warfare. New York: MR Press, 1961.
Ho Chi Minh. On Revolution: Selected Writings, 1920-66. New York: Praeger, 1967.
T. E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom. Garden City: Doubleday, Doan and Company,
1935.
READ**T.E. Lawrence. “The Evolution of a Revolt.” Army Quarterly no. 50, (October
1920): 55-69.
86
READ Mao Tse-Tung. “Problems of Strategy in China’s Revolutionary War.” and “On
Protracted War.” in Six Essays on Military Affairs (reprint) 1-135 and 195-399.
Alain Bouc,. Mao Tse-Tung: A Guide to His Thought. trans Paul Auster and Lydia Davis.
New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1977.
Mao Tse-Tung, (trans Brig Gen Samuel Griffith, Mao Tse Tung on Guerrilla Warfare
(New York: praeger, 1962)
READ John Shy and Thomas Collier. “Revolutionary War.” in Paret, ed., Makers of
Modern Strategy. 815-862.
Major COIN theorists
Colonel C. E. Callwell. Small Wars: Their Principles and Practice. reprint of 3rd edition.
Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996.
Eliot Cohen. “Constraints on America’s Conduct of Small Wars.” International Security
9, no. 2 (Fall 1984).
READ in Pdf file, David Galula, Pacification in Algeria (Rand Study, 1963)
David Galula, "Counterinsurgency Warfare, Theory and Practice", Praeger, New York
1964
READ Frank Kitson. Low Intensity Operations. London: Faber and Faber, 1971. 1-9,
49-143.
READ Max Manwaring. “The Threat in the Contemporary Peace Environment: The
Challenge to Change Perspectives.” in Low Intensity Conflict: Old threats in a
New World. Eds. Edwin Corr and Stephen Sloan, Boulder: Westview, 1992. 4659.
READ in PDF File, Max Manwaring, A Strategic View of Insurgencies ( McNair Paper
08, NDU Press: Washington DC, 1990)
Max Manwaring. “Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency: Toward a New Analytical
Approach.” Small Wars and Insurgencies, (Winter 1992) 272-305.
READ in Pdf File, Small Wars Manual. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy,
1940. Reprint 1987.
Roger Trinquier. Modern Warfare: A French View of Counterinsurgency. reprint, Ft.
Leavenworth: Army Command and General Staff College, 1985.
READ in Pdf file***US Army/ US Marine Corps FM 3-24 Counterinsurgency (Dec
2006)
Terrorism and Counterterrorism
READ Tore Bjørgo, ed. Root causes of terrorism : myths, reality, and ways forward.
London ; New York : Routledge, 2005.
Audrey Kurth Cronin,. Ending terrorism : lessons for defeating al-Qaeda. London :
International Institute for Strategic Studies : Routledge, 2008.
87
Yonah Alexander,and Dennis Pluchinsky, European Terrorism: Today and Tomorrow,
(Washington DC: Brassey’s 1992). A review of the Euro terror groups of 1980s
and their org and motivation.
Alex Bellamy,. “No pain, no gain? Torture and ethics in the war on terror” in
International Affairs, vol.82 No.1, January 2006, pp.121-148.
Gerald Cromer, ed. Insurgent terrorism. Aldershot ; Burlington (Vt.) : Ashgate, 2006.
READ Christopher Harmon,. “Five Strategies in Terrorism.” Small Wars and
Insurgencies 12, no. 3 (Autumn 2001): 39-66. (Reader)
Philip Jenkins, Images of Terror. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 2003. 1-194
George Kassimeris, ed. Playing politics with terrorism : a user's guide. London : Hurst,
2007.
Charles Kegley,, ed. The New Global Terrorism. Characteristics, Causes and Control.
Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2003.
Brynjar Lia,. Globalisation and the future of terrorism : patterns and predictions. London:
New York : Routledge, 2005.
Thomas R. Mockaitis, The "new" terrorism : myths and reality. Stanford (Calif.) :
Stanford University Press, 2008.
David Ochmanek,. Military Operations Against Terrorist Groups Abroad: Implications
for the United States Air Force. Santa Monica; Rand, 2003.
M. Robison, Roots of Terrorism, Routledge 2006, ISBN: 978-0-415-95438-9
Ben Sheppard,. The psychology of strategic terrorism : public and government responses
to attack. London ; New York : Routledge, 2009.
Andrew Silke, (2005) “Fire of Iolaus. The role of state countermeasures in causing
terrorism and what needs to be done” in Bjørgo, Tore, ed. The Root Causes of
Terrorism. Myths, reality and ways forward. (London: Routledge), pp.241-255.
Andrew Silke, (2006) “Retaliating Against Terrorism” in Andrew Silke, ed. Terrorists,
Victims and Society. Psychological Perspectives on Terrorism and its
Consequences (Chichester: Wiley), pp.215-232.
Paul Smith,. “Transnational Terrorism and the al Qaeda Model: Confronting New
Realities.” Parameters. (Summer 2002): 33-46.
Karen Von Hippel ed. Europe confronts terrorism. Basingstoke ; New York : Palgrave
Macmillan, 2005
Leonard Weinberg,, ed. Democratic responses to terrorism. New York : Routledge, 2008.
Peacekeeping and Peace Enforcement Failed States
READ in pdf file** John Abizaid,. "Lessons for Peacekeepers.” Military Review (March
1993): 11-19.
88
Martin Adams,. “U.S. Peace Enforcement Versus American Strategic Culture.” Strategic
Review (Winter 1995): 14-22.
**Kenneth Allard,. Somalia Operations: Lessons Learned. Washington, D.C.: National
Defence University Press, 1995.
**Kevin Benson, and Christopher Thrash. “Declaring Victory: Planning Exit Strategies
for Peace Operations.” Parameters (Autumn 1996), 69-80.
**Glenn Bowens, “Legal Issues in Peace Operations,” Parameters (Winter 1998-99), 5172.
READ in PDF file**Harold Bullock,. Peace By Committee: Command and Control
Issues in Multinational Peace Enforcement Operations. (SAAS Thesis) Maxwell
AFB: AU Press, 1995.
Antonia Chayes,, and George Raach, eds. Peace Operations: Developing an American
Strategy. Washington, D.C.: National Defence University Press, 1995.
Larry Cable. “Getting Found in the Fog: The Nature of Interventionary Peace
Operations.” Small Wars and Insurgencies. (Spring 1996): 97-111.
E.E Cassagrande,. “Peace Operations: The Air Force Contribution.” Small Wars and
Insurgencies. (Winter 1996): 378-400. (Reader)
Walter Clarke,. Humanitarian Intervention in Somalia: Bibliography. Carlisle Barracks:
U.S. Army War College, 1995.
**Walter Clarke. SSI Special Report: Somalia, Background Information for Operation
Restore Hope, 1992-1993. Carlisle Barracks: U.S. Army War College, December
1992.
Walter Clarke, and Jeffrey Herbst. “Somalia and the Future of Humanitarian
Intervention.” Foreign Affairs (March/April 1996), 70-85.
**Walter Clarke , and Robert Gosende. “The Political Component: The Missing Vital
Element in US Intervention Planning.” Parameters. (Autumn 1996), 35-51.
READ in pdf file**James Corum,. “Airpower and Peace Enforcement.” Airpower
Journal. (Winter 1996): 10-26.
James Corum,. “Supporting United Nations and Regional Peacekeeping Efforts”. In
Challenge and Response. Ed. Karl Magyar. Maxwell AFB: Air University Press,
1994), 259-76.
Donald Daniel,, and Bradd Hayes, eds. Beyond Traditional Peacekeeping. New York: St.
Martin's Press, 1995.
Charles Dobbie,. “A Concept for Post-Cold War Peacekeeping.” Survival (Autumn
1994), 121-48.
**William Doll, and Steven Metz. The Army and Multinational Peace Operations:
Problems and Solutions (Special Report). Army War College: Strategic Studies
Institute (November 1993).
89
Robert Dorff,. “The Future of Peace Support Operations.” Small Wars and Insurgencies.
(Spring 1998), 160-78.
Robert Dorff,. “Responding to the Failed State: The Need for Strategy.” Small Wars and
Insurgencies 10, no. 3 (Winter 1999): 62-81.
Sarah Doyle,. The Changing Shape of Peacekeeping. McLean, Virginia: Center for
National Security Negotiations, 1994.
William Durch,. The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993.
John Hillen. Blue Helmets: The Strategy of UN Military Operations.
Brassey’s, 1998.
New York:
John Hirsch, and Robert Oakley. Somalia, And Operation Restore Hope: Reflections on
Peacemaking and Peacekeeping. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of
Peace Press, 1995.
Stanley Hoffman,. “The Politics and Ethics of Military Intervention.” Survival (Winter
1995-1996), 29-51.
G. Philip Hughes,. “US Forces and International Peace Operations: Some General
Considerations.” Small Wars and Insurgencies (Spring 1996), 85-95.
Terrence Lyons, and Ahmed Samatar. Somalia: State Collapse, Multilateral Intervention,
and Strategies for Political Reconstruction. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings
Institute, 1995.
Dayton Maxwell, “Facing the Choice Among Bad Options in Complex Humanitarian
Emergencies.” Small Wars and Insurgencies. (Spring 1998), 179-91.
Alan James,. Peacekeeping in International Politics. London: Macmillan, 1990.
Thomas Mockaitis,. “Peacekeeping in Intra-State Conflict,” Small Wars and Insurgencies
(Spring 1995), 112-25.
Anthony Lake, Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs. “Defining
Missions, Setting Deadlines: Meeting New Security Challenges in the Post-Cold
War World.” The White House: Office of the Press Secretary, March 6, 1996.
Fariboz Mokhtari, Ed. Peacemaking, Peacekeeping, and Coalition Warfare: The Future
Role of the United Nations. Washington, D.C.: National Defence University
Press, 1994.
Robert Owen,. “Aerospace Power and Land Power in Peace Operations: Toward a New
Basis for Synergy.” Airpower Journal (Fall 1999): 4-22. --Thomas Searle,.
“Understanding Peace Operations: A Reply to Col Robert C. Owen.” Airpower
Journal (Fall 1999): 92-101.
Steven Ratner,. The New U.N. Peacekeeping: Building Peace in Lands of Conflict After
the Cold War. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995.
John Roos,. “The Perils of Peacekeeping: Tallying the Costs in Blood, Coin, Prestige, and
Readiness.” Armed Forces Journal International, December 1993.
90
Anne-Marie Slaughter,. The Changing Norms of International Intervention. Center for
International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, March 15, 1995.
Hugh Smith,. Ed. Peacekeeping Challenges for the Future. Canberra: Australian Defence
Studies Centre, 1995.
Donald Snow,. Peacekeeping, Peacemaking and Peace-Enforcement. The US Role in the
New International Order. Carlisle Barracks: US Army War College, February
U.S. Army War College Library. Peacekeeping: A Selected Bibliography. Carlisle
Barracks: U.S. Army War College, January 1995.
U.S. General Accounting Office. Peace Operations: Cost of DOD Operations in
Somalia. Washington, D.C.: March 1994.
History of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency
General
Ronald Bath, et al. Roads to New Strength: Preparing Leaders for Military Operations
Other Than War. National Security Program Policy Analysis Paper 94-02.
Harvard University: John F. Kennedy School of Government, 1994.
Bert Cooper and John Killegrew, Monograph, Case Studies in Insurgency and
Revolutionary Warfare 1941-1954. Special Ops Research Office, The American
University, Wash DC Jan 1964.
READ James Corum, and Wray Johnson. Airpower and Small Wars. Lawrence:
University Press of Kansas, 2003.
James Graham,. Non-Combat Roles for the Military in the Post-Cold War Era.
Washington DC: National Defence University Press, 1993.
Anthony Joes, Guerrilla Warfare: A Historical, Biographical, and Bibliographical
Sourcebook. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1996.
Anthony Joes. Guerrilla Conflict Before the Cold War. Westport: Praeger, 1996.
Anthony Joes, Modern Guerrilla Insurgency. Westport: Praeger, 1992.
Paul Jureidini, Monograph, Case Studies in Insurgency and Revolutionary Warfare:
Algeria 1954-1962. Special Operations Research office, The American
University, Wash DC, Dec 1963
Walter Laqueur,. Guerrilla: A Historical and Critical Study. Boston: Little, Brown, and
Company, 1976.
Thomas Marks, Maoist Insurgency Since Vietnam. London: Frank Cass, 1996.
Special Operations Research Office, ed. Andrew Molnar, “Undergrounds in Insurgent,
Revolutionary and Resistance Warfare”, monograph, The American University,
Wash DC, Nov. 1963.
Philippine War
READ – Below—Brian Linn OR Alistair Horne
91
Brian Linn, The Philippine War, 1899-1902. Lawrence: University Press of Kanssas
Algerian War
Alistair Horne, Algeria 1954-1962 (London: Penguin, 1977)
Asian conflicts
Larry Cable, Conflict of Myths: The Development of American Counterinsurgency
Doctrine and the Vietnam War. New York: New York University Press, 1986.
Larry Cable, Unholy Grail: The U.S. and the Wars in Vietnam, 1965-1968. London:
Routledge, 1991.
Maj. Daniel Challis, “Counterinsurgency Success in Malaya”, Military Review Vol.
LXVII No. 2 Feb 1987, 56-69.
Samuel B. Griffith, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army. New York: McGraw Hill,
1967.
Wray Johnson, Vietnam and the American Doctrine for Small Wars, Thailand: White
Lotus Press, 2002
Andrew Krepenivich,. The Army and Vietnam. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press, 1986.
John Nagle, Counterinsurgency Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam. Westport: Praeger
Press, 2002.
Mideast Conflicts:
READ on Pdf file William Arkin, Divining Victory: Airpower and the 2006 HezbollahIsrael War (Air University Press, 2007)
Uri Bar-Joseph,. “Israel’s Northern Eyes and Shield: The Strategic Value of the Golan
Heights Revisited.” Journal of Strategic Studies 21, no. 3 (Sept. 1998): 46-66.
Uri Bar-Joseph,. “Israel’s National Security Towards the 21st Century.” Journal of
Strategic Studies 24, no. 2, (June 2001).
Clive Jones, “Israeli Counter Insurgency Strategy and the War in South Lebanon, 198597.” Small Wars and Insurgencies. (Winter 1997): 82-108.
Read in Pdf file, Matt Mathews, We Were Caught Unprepared: the 2006 HezbullahIsrael War (US Army CAC: Ft. Leaqvenworth Kansas, 2008)
Brigadier General Ephraim Segoli,. The Israeli Dilemma in Lebanon. Monograph written
at SAAS, 1998.
Andrew Schad,. Lebanon’s Hizbollah Movement: The Party of God. Wright Patterson
AFB: Air Force Inst. of Technology, 1999. 1-97.
in pdf file **Kenneth Schow,. Falcons Against the Jihad; Israeli Air Power and
Coercive Diplomacy in Southern Lebanon. SAAS thesis, Maxwell AFB: AU
Press, 1995. 1-45.
92
Martin van Creveld, The Sword and the Olive: A Critical History of the Israeli Defence
Force (New York: Public Affairs, 1998/2002)
Frederic Wehrey,. “Unconventional Warfare in South Lebanon: Hizballah’s
Psychological Campaign Against Israel.” Small Wars and Insurgencies. vol. 13
No. 3, (autumn 2002): 53-74.
Afghanistan and Iraq
READ in Pdf file **Stephen Biddle,. Afghanistan and the Future of Warfare. Carlisle
PA: Army Strategic Studies Institute, Nov. 2002.
**Ali. Jalali, “Afghanistan: The Anatomy of an Ongoing Conflict.” Parameters. (Spring
2001): 85-98.
Edward Westermann,. “The Limits of Soviet Airpower: The Failure of Military Coercion
in Afghanistan, 1979-89.” in The Journal of Conflict Studies. Vol. 19 No. 2, (Fall
1999): 39-71.
Recent and current conflicts—Post Cold War
READ in Electronic file, ALEXANDER ALDERSON, “US COIN Doctrine and
Practice: An Ally’s Perspective” US Army War College Quarterly - Winter 200708, pp. 33-45.
From Parameters, Winter 2007-08, pp. 33-45. John Arquilla,and Theodore Karasik.
“Chechnya: A Glimpse of Future Conflict?” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 22
(1999): 207-27.
**S. L. Arnold, and David Stahl. “A Power Projection Army in Operations Other Than
War.” Parameters (Winter 1993-94), 4-26.
**Pauline Baker, and John Audsink. “State Collapse and Ethnic Violence: Toward a
Predictive Model.” Parameters (Spring 1996), 19-31.
** Walter Clarke, and Robert Gosende. “The Political Component: The Missing Vital
Element in US Intervention Planning.” Parameters. (Autumn 1996): 35-51.
**Colin Gray, Irregular Enemies and the Essence of Strategy, (US Army War College,
Strategic Studies Institute, March 2006).
READ in PDF file Martin Van Crevald,. “The Fate of the State.” Parameters, (Spring
1996): 4-18.
Van Crevald, Martin Transformation of War. New York: Free Press, 1991
Irregular Warfare
Thomas A. Marks; Counterinsurgency and Operational Art; Low Intensity Conflict &
Law Enforcement, Volume 13, Issue 3 Winter 2005 , pages 168 – 211;
Wm. J. Olson; War Without a Center of Gravity: Reflections on Terrorism and PostModern War; Small Wars & Insurgencies, Volume 18, Issue 4 December 2007 ,
pages 559 – 583;**Irregular Warfare. Special Study; Joint Warfighting Center;
93
USJFCOM,
2006,
http://merln.ndu.edu/archive/digitalcollections/irregwarfarespecialstudy.pdf
Training foreign forces
Ed. Carl Berger, The United States Air Force in Southeast Asia, 1961-1973. An
Illustrated Account, Wash DC, Office of Air Force History, 1984. Great AF pics.
**Robert Futtrell, The United States Air Force in Southeast Asia: The Advisory Years to
1965. Wash DC Office of AF History, 1981
**John Schlight, The United States Air Force in Southeast Asia. The War in South
Vietnam. The Years of the Offensive 1965-1968, Wash DC: Office of AF History
1988.
Col. Napoleon Valeriano, AFP (ret) and LTC Charles T.R. Bohannan AUS (ret),
Counter-Guerrilla Operations, the Philippine Experience, New York: Praeger,
1966
Baltic Guerrilla War
Anusaukar Arvydas ed. The Anti-Soviet Resistance in the Baltic States (Vilnius: Duka,
1999)
John Armstrong ed. Soviet Partisans in World War II (Madison: University of Wisconsin
Press, 1964)
Philip W. Blood, Hitler’s Bandit Hunters: the SS and the Nazi Occupation of Europe
(Dulles VA: Potomac Books, 2006)
Major Andrew M. DelGaudio, “The Baltic partisans and the Influence of the 1944 Battles
on Their Resistance 1944-1956”. MS at BDCOL
Colin Heaton, German Anti-Partisan Warfare in Europe, 1939-1945 (Atgelen PA:
Schiffer Military History, 2001)
Alexander Hill, The War Behind the Eastern Front (London: Frank Cass, 2005)
Mart Laar, War in the Woods: Estonia’s Struggle for Survival (Washington DC: Compass
Press, 1992)
READ **Vylius M. Leskys, “Forest Brothers,” 1945:The Culmination of the Lithuanian
Partisan Movement,” Baltic Security and Defence Review, Oct 2009
Kenneth Slepyan, Stalin’s Guerrillas: Soviet Partisans in World War II (Lawrence:
University Press of Kansas, 2008)
READ Alexander Statiev, “Was Smuglianka a Lunatic or a Sigurata’s AgentProvacateur? Peculiarities of the Soviet Partisan Struggle in the Western
Borderlands”, in Journal of Strategic Studies Vol. 31, No. 5, Oct 2008, 743-770.
Daniel J. Kasezeta, "Lithuanian Resistance to Foreign Occupation 1940-1952" Lituanus,
The Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of the Arts and Sciences (Volume 34, No 3,
Fall 1988) Pg 2.
94
Stanley Vardys, "The Partisan Movement in Postwar Lithuania", Slavic Review, Volume
22, No3 (September 1963) Pg 518.
Directed Readings on Defence Technology and Economics
General Readings on War and Technology 2012
NOTE: This is intended to serve as a useful bibliography. The required readings are
noted as READ in boldface. The exam will be based on the required readings.
Wiebe E. Bijker,; Thomas P. Hughes; and Trevor Pinch. The Social Construction of
Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology:
Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1994.
Gerard H. Clarfield, and William M. Wiecek. Nuclear America: Military and Civilian
Nuclear Power in the United States, 1940-1980. New York: Harper and Row, 1984.
Cooper, Robert, The Breaking of Nations. Order and Chaos in the Twenty-First Century
(London: Atlantic Books, 2003).
Edgerton, David. The Shock of the Old: Technology and Global History Since 1900.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Hirst, Paul, War and Power in the 21st Century: The State, Military Conflict, and the
International System (Themes for the 21st Century) (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001).
Johnson, David E. Fast Tanks and Heavy Bombers: Innovation in the U.S. Army, 19171945. Ithaca N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998.
Kurzweil, Ray. The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human
Intelligence.New York: Viking, 1999.
MacKenzie, Donald. Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile
Guidance. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1990.
McNeill, William H. The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force, and Society since
A.D. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1982.
Rosen, Stephen P. Winning the Next War: Innovation in the Modern Military. Ithaca,
N.Y.:Cornell University Press, 1991.
READ Smith, Rupert, The Utility of Force. The Art of War in the Modern World
(London: Allen Lane, 2005).
Smith, Merritt Roe and Leo Marx, eds. Does Technology Drive History? The Dilemma
of Technological Determinism. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1994.
General History of Technology
D.S.L. Cardwell, Turning Points in Western Technology: A Study of Technology,
Science, and History. Canton, Mass.: Science History Publications, 1991.
Thomas P. Hughes, American Genesis: A Century of Technological Enthusiasm. New
York: Penguin, 1989.
95
Thomas P. Hughes Rescuing Prometheus. New York: Pantheon, 1998.
Melvin Kranzberg, and Carroll W. Pursell. Technology in Western Civilization. 2 vols.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1967.
Arnold. Pacey, The Maze of Ingenuity: Ideas and Idealism in the Development of
Technology. 2d ed. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1992.
Carroll W. Pursell, ed. Technology in America: A History of Individuals and Ideas, 2d
ed., Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1991.
General Military and Technology
READ Max Boot, War Made New: Technology, Warfare, and the Course of History,
1500 to Today. New York: Gotham Press, 2006.
Bernard Brodie,. From Crossbow to H-Bomb: The Evolution of the Weapons and Tactics
of Warfare. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1973.
READ Stephen D. Chiabotti, ed. Tooling for War: Military Transformation in the
Industrial Age. Chicago: Imprint Publications, 1996.
Andrew Krepinevich, “Cavalry to Computer: The Pattern of Military Revolutions,” The
National Interest 37 (Fall 1994): 30-42.
John A. Lynn, Tools of War: Instruments, Ideas, and Institutions of Warfare, 1445 -1871.
Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1990.
Terry C. Pierce, Warfighting and Disruptive Technologies: Disguising Innovation. New
York:Frank Cass, 2004.
Clifford J. Rogers, The Military Revolution Debate: Readings on the Military
Transformation of Early Modern Europe. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1995.
Merritt Roe Smith, ed. Military Enterprise and Technological Change: Perspectives on
the American Experience. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1985.
Martin Van Creveld,. Technology and War: From 2000 B. C. to the Present. New York:
The Free Press, 1991.
Revolution in Military Affairs
Bobbitt, Philip, The Shield of Achilles: The New Way to Think About War (London:
Penguin, 2003).
READ Daniel L. Byman, and Mathew Waxman, “Kosovo and the Great Air Power
Debate”, International Security vol. 24 No. 4 Spring 2000, 5-38. Good over view of the
debate on meaning of Kosovo. See also Arbogast, Col. Gordon ret. (army), “An Army
View on Kosovo”, Airpower Journal—circa 1998.
Colin S. Gray, The American Revolution in Military Affairs: An Interim Assessment.
Camberley, England: Strategic and Combat Studies Institute, 1997.
Richard O. Hundley, Past Revolutions, Future Transformations. Santa Monica: RAND,
1999.
96
MacGregor Knox and Williamson Murray. The Dynamics of Military Revolution.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Michael J. Mazaar, with Jeffrey Shaffer, and Benjamin Ederington. The Military
Technical Revolution: A Structural Framework. Washington: Center for Strategic and
International Studies, 1993.
Andrew J. Bacevich, “Preserving the Well-Bred Horse,” The National Interest 37 (Fall
1994): 43-49.
Eliot Cohen, “A Revolution in Warfare,” Foreign Affairs 75 (March-April 1996): 37-54.
Williamson Murray, “Thinking About Revolutions in Military Affairs,” Joint Forces
Quarterly 16 (Summer 1997): 69-76.
Stephen Rosen, Winning the Next War: Innovation and the Modern Military (Ithaca,
Cornell University Press, 1991)
Thomas Mahnken and James FitzSimonds, The Limits of Transformation: Officer
Attitudes towards the Revolution in Military Affairs – Newport Paper 17 (Newport RI:
Naval War College Press, 2003)
READ Eliot Cohen, “Change and Transformation in Military Affairs,” Journal of
Strategic Studies No. 27, No. 3. September 2004. pp. 395-407
READ Adam Grissom, “The Future of Military innovation Studies” Journal of Strategic
Studies 29, No. 5. October 20066
See Military Review Vol. LXXX No. 3, May-June 2000. theme of Journal
Transformation”
Kitfield, James, Prodigal Soldiers, (Washington: Brassey’s, 1995) On post Vietnam
Military reforms. detailed—doctrine changes. Up to Gulf War I.
Jerry McKitrick and others, The Revolution in Military Affairs, (SAIC, June 1995). short
study
READ Williamson Murray, “Thinking About Revolutions in Military Affairs”, Joint
Forces Quarterly, Sept 1997 69-76
Murray, Williamson and Allan Millett, eds, Military Innovation in the Interwar Period,
(Cambridge Univ. Press 1996).
Perla, Peter, The Art of Wargaming, (Annapolis: Naval Inst. Press, 1990).
Rosen, “New Ways of War: Understanding Military Innovation” International Security,
Vol. 13 No. 1 Summer 1988. 134-169.
William Lind, et. al. “The Changing Face of War: Into the Fourth Generation.” Military
Review (October 1989): 2-11.
Recent Conflicts- comments on Technology
Gray, Colin, Another Bloody Century: Future Warfare (London: Weidenfeld Military,
2005).
Luttwak, Edward. “A Post-Heroic Military Policy.” Foreign Affairs (July/August 1996):
97
Ralph Peters,. “After the Revolution.” Parameters (Summer 1995): 7-14.
Ralph Peters,. “The New Warrior Class.” Parameters (Summer 1994): 16-26.
Ralph Peters, “The Culture of Future Conflict.” Parameters (Winter 1995-1996): 18-27.
Ralph Peters, “Our New Old Enemies.” Parameters (Summer 1999): 22-37.
Ralph Peters, “Our Soldiers, Their Cities.” Parameters (Spring 1996): 43-50.
Rasmussen, Mikkel Vedby, The Risk Society at War: Terror, Technology and Strategy in
the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
READ Jeffrey Record,. Operation Allied Force: Yet Another Wake-Up Call for the
Army?” Parameters (Winter 1999-2000): 15-23.
READ Paul Riper, and Robert Scales. “Preparing for War in the 21st Century.”
Parameters (Autumn, 1997): 4-14.
READ Martin Van Crevald,. “The Fate of the State.” Parameters, (Spring 1996): 4-18.
Martin Van Crevald Transformation of War. New York: Free Press, 1991.
Airpower
Barnett, Jeffrey. “Defeating Insurgents with Technology.” Airpower Journal (Summer
1996): 69-74.
READ Keaney, Thomas A. and Eliot A. Cohen. Revolution in Warfare? Air Power in the
Persian Gulf. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1991.
READ (available on Pdf) Holley, I. B. Ideas and Weapons: Exploitation of the Aerial
Weapon by the United States during World War II; A Study in the Relationship of
Technological Advance, Military Doctrine, and the Development of Weapons.
Washington: Air Force History and Museum Programs, 1997.
McFarland, Stephen L. America’s Pursuit of Precision Bombing, 1910-1945.
Washington: Smithsonian, 1995.
READ On PDF File Neufeld, Jacob, George M. Watson, Jr., and David Chenoweth.
Technology and the Air Force: A Retrospective Assessment. Washington, Air Force
History and Museum Programs, 1997. pp. 101-122, 187-190, 203-230, 245-267, 299-324
Sherry, Michael J. The Rise of American Air Power: The Creation of Armageddon. New
Haven: Yale University Press, 1987.
Werrell, Kenneth P. Blankets of Fire: U.S. Bombers over Japan during World War II.
Washington: Smithsonian, 1996.
Atomic Energy
Boyer, Paul. By the Bombs Early Light: American Thought and Culture at the Dawn of
the Atomic Age. New York: Pantheon, 1985.
Gregg Herken,. The Winning Weapon: The Atomic Bomb in the Cold War, 1945-1950.
New York: Vintage Books, 1982.
98
Richard Rhodes,. The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon and Schuster,
1986.
Richard Rhodes. Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb. New York: Simon and
Schuster, 1995.
Cultural
Jared. Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York,
W.W. Norton, 1997.
William H. McNeill, Plagues and Peoples. New York: Doubleday, 1977.
Computers and Communications
Abatte, Janet. Inventing the Internet. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1999.
Arquilla, John and David Ronfeldt, In Athena’s Camp: Preparing for Conflict in the
Information Age. Santa Monica: RAND, 1997.
Martin Campbell-Kelly, and William Aspray. Computer: A History of the Information
Machine. New York: Basic Books, 1996.
Paul Ceruzzi, A History of Modern Computing. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1998.
Susan J. Douglas, Inventing American Broadcasting, 1899-1922. Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1994.
Daniel R. Headrick, The Invisible Weapon: Telecommunications and International
Politics, 1851-1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
Leonhard, Robert R, The Principles of War for the Information Age (Novato CA:
Presidio Press, 2000).
Kent C. Redmond, and Thomas M. Smith. From Whirlwind to MITRE: The R&D Story
of the SAGE Air Defence Computer. Cambridge: Mass.: MIT Press, 2000.
Michael Riordan, and Lillian Hoddeson. Crystal Fire: The Birth of the Information Age.
New York: Norton, 1997.
Missiles and Space
Walter. McDougall, The Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age.
New York: Basic Books, 1985.
Michael J. Neufeld, The Rocket and The Reich: Peenemunde and the Coming of the
Ballistic Missile Era. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996.
Naval
Benjamin Franklin Cooling,. Gray Steel and Blue Water Navy: The Formative Years of
America’s Military-Industrial Complex, 1881-1917. Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books,
1979.
David C. Evans, and Mark R. Peattie. Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in
Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887-1941. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1997.
99
John F. Guilmartin,Gunpowder and Galleys: Changing Technology and Mediterranean
Warfare at Sea in the Sixteenth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1974.
Thomas C Hone, Norman Friedman, and Mark D. Mandeles. American and British
Aircraft Carrier Development, 1919-1941. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1999.
Lambert, Nicholas A. Sir John Fisher’s Naval Revolution. Columbia, South Carolina:
University of South Carolina Press, 1999.
Marder, Arthur Jacob. From Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: The Royal Navy in the Fisher
Era, 1904-1919. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.
O’Connell, Robert L. Sacred Vessels: The Cult of the Battleship and the Rise of the U. S.
Navy. Boulder: Westview Press, 1991.
Peattie, Mark R. Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909-1941.
Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2001.
Pryor, John H. Geography, Technology, and War: Studies in the Maritime History of the
Mediterranean, 649-1571. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Roland, Alex. Underwater Warfare in the Age of Sail. Bloomington: Indiana University
Press, 1978.
Sumida, Jon Tetsuro. In Defence of Naval Supremacy: Finance, Technology, and British
Naval Policy, 1889-1914. New York: Routledge, 1993.
Wildenberg, Thomas. Destined for Glory: Dive Bombing, Midway, and the Evolution of
Carrier Airpower. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1998.
Firearms
Fuller, J. F. C. Armament and History: A Study of the Influence of Armament on History
from the Dawn of Classical Warfare to the Second World War. New York: Scribner,
1945.
Hall, Bert S. Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe: Gunpowder, Technology,
and Tactics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
Twentieth Century
Ellis, John. The Social History of the Machine Gun. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press,
1986.
Johnson, Hubert C. Breakthrough! Tactics, Technology, and the Search for Victory on
the Western Front in World War I. Novato, California: Presidio, 1994.
Travers, Tim. Men at War: Politics, Technology, and Innovation in the Twentieth
Century. Chicago: Precedent, 1982.
Travers, Tim. How the War was Won: Command and Technology in the British Army on
the Western Front 1917-1918. New York: Routledge, 1992.
Winton, Harold R. and David R. Mets, eds. The Challenge of Change: Military
Institutions and New Realities, 1918-1941. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000.
100
Winton, Harold R. To Change an Army: General Sir John Burnett Stuart and British
Armored Doctrine, 1927-1938. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1988.
Wright, Patrick. Tank: The Progress of a Monstrous War Machine. New York, Viking,
2002.
Technology and Defence Economics Directed Reading
Arthur Alexander, Armor Development in the Soviet Union and United States
(Washington: Office of Net Assessment, 1976) Monograph R-1860 available in Pdf.
K. Baram; Technology in Warfare. The Electronic Dimension, Emirates Center for
Strategic Studies 2009, ISBN: 978-9948-00-964-1
READ (pdf copy available Harry Borowski, Military Planning in the 20th Century
(Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1986) good chapter on USAF technology and
planning. Read chapter on USAF planning.
Elting Morrison, Men, Machines and Modern Times (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1966)
M.E. Bowman, “Law Enforcement Technology, Intelligence and the War on Terror,”
Joint Force Quarterly, issue 46 3rd Quarter, 2007, pp. 14-19.
F. Coulomb, Economic Theories of Peace and War, Routledge 2004, ISBN-13:
9780415284080
R. Coopey, Defence Science & Technology: Adjusting to Change (Studies in Defence
Economics), Harwood 1993.
Robert Doughty, “The Maginot Line” in Military History Quarterly, Winter 1997 Vol. 9
No. 2, 48-59
Victor D. Hanson, “The Right Man” (on Curtis LeMay) In Military History Quarterly,
Spring 1996 Vol. 8 No. 3 pp. 56-65
READ Ahmed S. Hashim, “The Revolution in Military Affairs Outside the West,“
Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 51, 1998.
Benjamin Lambeth, The Transformation of American Air Power (Ithaca: Cornell
University Press, 2000) Rand Corp Study.
Kitfield, James, Prodigal Soldiers, Washington: Brassey’s, 1995. Post Vietnam mil
reforms detailed—doctrine changes. Up to Gulf War I.
Alfred Mierzejewski, The Collapse of the German War Economy, 1944-1945 (Chapel
Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988) good on war economics.
READ Geoffrey Parker, “What is the Western Way of War?” Military History Quarterly
Winter 1996 Vol. 8 No. 2 pp. 86-97
Rosen, Stephen, Winning the Next War: Innovation and the Modern Military, Ithaca:
Cornell Univ Press, 1991.
Rosen, “New Ways of War: Understanding Military Innovation” International Security,
Vol 13 No. 1 Summer 1988. 134-169.
101
Dennis Showalter, “The First Jet War” in Military History Quarterly, Spring 1996 Vol. 8
No. 2 66-75
Toffler, War and Anti-War, Warner Books 1995, ISBN 0-446-60259-0.
READ Martin Van Creveld, “The Rise and Fall of Air Power” in Military History
Quarterly Spring 1996 Vol. 8 No. 3., 76-85
Transformation
Barnett, Thomas P M, The Pentagon’s New Map. War and Peace in the Twenty-first
Century (New York NY: G P Putnam’s Sons, 2004).
Berkowitz, Bruce D, The New Face of War: How War Will Be Fought in the 21st Century
(New York NY: The Free Press, 2003).
Kotter, John, Leading Change (Harvard Business School Press, 1996).
READ on Pdf file. Andrew Krepenovich, Transforming the Legions: the Army and the
Future of Land Warfare. CSBA Report 2004.
Macgregor, Douglas A, Transformation under Fire: Revolutionizing How America Fights
(Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2003).
Shaw, Martin, The New Western Way of War: Risk-Transfer War and its Crisis in Iraq
(Cambridge: Polity Press, 2005).
READ in Pdf File US Secretary of Defence, Military Power of the People’s Republic of
China, Special Report, 2008 68 pp.
READ PDF copy avail Vick, Alan et. al. Preparing the USAF for Military Operations
Other Than War. Santa Monica: RAND, (1997)
READ Barry D. Watts, Doctrine, Technology, and War, Air & Space Doctrinal
Symposium,
Maxwell
AFB,
Montgomery,
Alabama
1996,
http://www.airpower.au.af.mil/airchronicles/cc/watts.html
Future Issues:
READ on pdf file, Frank Hoffman, “Complex Irregular Warfare: the Next Revolution in
Military Affairs, Orbis, Summer 2006 394-411.
102
Baltic Military History Directed Readings bibliography
Note: this is intended as a useful course bibliography. The REQUIRED readings are
noted as READ in boldface. The exam will be based on the required readings.
General
Z. Kiaupa, A. Maesalu, The History of the Baltic Countries, As Bit, 2002,
David R. Stone, A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in
Chechnya (Hardcover) Hardcover: 280 pages (Praeger Security International 2006)
ISBN-10: 0275985024 ISBN-13: 978-0275985028
Stanley Vardys & Romuald J. Misiunas. (eds) The Baltic States in Peace and War, 1917
– 1945. (University Park PA: Penn State University Press. 1978) There are a lot of good
short chapters in it by different authors in this volume.
Middle Ages
On the Teutonic Knights and War in the East
Examine the German settlement to the East from 800-1200 AD and the suppression of
barbarian tribes and their forced conversion.
Examine the religious, social and political motives behind the expansion to the East
Discuss the nature of the German colonization effort
Discuss the attitudes of war in the East --i.e., scorched earth, destruction of entire enemy
tribes
Documents Relating to the Baltic Crusade (1199-1266). Trans Helen Nicholson.
Adam of Bremen, Chronicles (Excepts found on internet site) These readings will be
made available on the course website in the course reader. Other contemporary accounts
and documents are readily available on the internet. There are three main locations where
they can be found:
Internet Medieval Sourcebook at Fordham University, created by Paul Halsall (cited as
'IMS' in the syllabus). http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook2.html
De re militari: The Society for Medieval Military History (cited as 'DRM' in the
syllabus). http://www.deremilitari.org/
The ORB: On-Line Reference Book for Medieval Studies (cited as 'ORB' in the
syllabus). http://the-orb.net
Mathew Bennett, “The Knight Unmasked” Military History Quarterly Summer 1995 Vol.
7 No. 4 pp. 8-19
READ Eric Christiansen, The Northern Crusades 2nd Ed. (New York, Penguin, 1998).
ISBN-10: 0140266534 ISBN-13: 978-0140266535
Henricus Lettus. The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia. (James A. Brundage trans.) (New
York: Columbia University Press. 2003)
103
David Lindholm, The Scandinavian Baltic Crusades 1100-1500 (Men-at-Arms)
Paperback: 48 pages. Publisher: Osprey 2007 ISBN-10: 1841769886 ISBN-13: 9781841769882
David Nicolle, Teutonic Knight 1190-1561 (Osprey: 2007)
David Nicolle (Author), Witold Sarnecki, Medieval Polish Armies 966-1500 (Men-atArms) (Paperback) (Osprey: 2008)
Desmond Seward, The Monks of War: The Military Religious Orders (Paperback) 416
pages (Penguin 1996) ISBN-10: 0140195017 ISBN-13: 978-0140195019
Stephen Turnbull, Tannenberg 1410: Disaster for the Teutonic Knights (Campaign)
Paperback: 96 pages (Osprey Publishing, 2003) ISBN-10: 1841765619 ISBN-13: 9781841765617
William Urban, The Prussian Crusade (New York: University Press of America 1980)
William Urban, Teutonic Knights: A Military History (Paperback) 288 pages Publisher:
Greenhill Books; ISBN-10: 1853676675 ISBN-13: 978-1853676673
William Urban, “Victims of the Baltic Crusade,” Journal of Baltic Studies, 1998
READ William Urban, “A Historical Overview to the Crusade in Livonia” in Ilias course
folder.
Dierter Zimmerling, Der Deutsche Ritterorden (Dusseldorf: ECON Verlag, 1988)
Early Modern Era
Richard Bean, "War and the Birth of the Nation State," Journal of Economic History 33
(1973), 203-21.
Ben Cassidy, “Machiavelli and the Ideology of the Offensive: Gunpowder Weapons and
the Art of War” in pp. 381-404, Journal of Military History, Vol. 67 No. 2 April 2003
1500s to 1800s
Nils Ahnlund, Gustavus Adolphus the Great (New York: History Book Club, 1999)
Robert Bair, Charles XII and the Collapse of the Swedish Empire 1682-1719 (Kessinger
Publishishing, 2006)
Frans Gunner Bengtsson. The Life of Charles XII King of Sweden. 1697 – 1718. (London:
Macmillan & Company. 1960)
READ Robert Frost, The Northern Wars: State and Society in Northeastern Europe
1558-1721 (Longmans: 2000)
Jill Lisk. The struggle for supremacy in the Baltic: 1600-1725. (New York: Funk &
Wagnalls. 1968)
George F Nafziger, The Imperial Russian Army, 1763-1815 (Unknown Binding)
Publisher: Nafziger Collection] (1996)
104
Konstantin Nossov, Peter Dennis (Illustrator) Russian Fortresses 1480-1682 (Paperback)
64 pages Publisher: Osprey Publishing (February 28, 2006) ISBN-10: 1841769169
ISBN-13: 978-1841769165
David Nicolle, Armies of Ivan the Terrible: Russian Troops 1505-1700 Paperback: 48
pages Osprey Publishing, 2006) ISBN-10: 1841769258 ISBN-13: 978-1841769257
Michael Roberts. From Oxenstierna to Charles XII. (Cambridge : Cambridge University
Press, 1991)
Willam Urban, “The Origin of the Livonian War, 1558,” LITUANUS, LITHUANIAN
QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, Volume 29, No.3 - Fall 1983
Russia/Baltic 19th Century
READ Edgar Anderson, “The Crimean War in the Baltic Area,“ Journal of Baltic
Studies. (Winter 1974): 339 – 361
Carl Van Dyke, Russian Imperial Military doctrine and Education, 1832-1914.
(Westport: Greenwood Press, 1990)
William C. Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia 1600-1914 Paperback: 576 pages Free
Press 1998) ISBN-10: 0684863820 ISBN-13: 978-0684863825
READ D. G. Kirby. The Baltic World 1772-1993: Europe's Northern Periphery in an
Age of Change. London: Longman, 1995. ISBN 978-0-582-00408-5; ISBN 978-0-58200409-2.
Pertti Luntinen, The Imperial Russian army and navy in Finland, 1808-1918 (Studia
historica) 486 pages SHS, Suomen Historiallinen Seura (1997) ISBN-10: 9517100671
ISBN-13: 978-9517100670
READ Bruce W. Menning, Bayonets before Bullets: The Imperial Russian Army, 18611914, 334 pgs.( Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992)
F. Loraine Petre (Author) Napoleon's Campaign in Poland, 1806-7: a Military History of
Napoleon's First War with Russia. Verified from Unpublished Official Documents.
(Hardcover)
Eric Lohr, Marshall Poe; The Military and Society in Russia, 1450–1917, (Leiden: Brill,
2002)
Christopher Summerville, Napolean’s Polish Gamble: Eylau and Friedland 1807
(Campaign Chronicles S.) 192 pages, Pen and Sword 2006) ISBN-10: 184415260X
ISBN-13: 978-1844152605
Jack Cassin-Scott, Michael Roffe (Illustrator), Scandinavian Armies in the Napoleonic
Wars Paperback 48 pages (Osprey Publishing; 1976) ISBN-10: 085045252X ISBN-13:
978-0850452525
World War I- WWII
Agar Augustus. Baltic Episode: A classic of secret service in Russian waters. (London:
Hodder & Stoughton. 1963)
105
Michael Barrett, Operation Albion: The German Conquest of the Baltic Islands (Indiana
University Press, 2008)
Nik Cornish (Author), Andrei Karachtchouk (Illustrator)The Russian Army 1914-18
Paperback: 48 pages Osprey Publishing 2001) ISBN-10: 1841763039 ISBN-13: 9781841763033
Nik Cornish, The Russian Army and the First World War (UK Spellmont, 2006)
Herman Cron, Imperial German Army 1914-1918, Organization, Structure and Orders of
Battle (Helion Co LTD UK: 2006)
Richard DiNardo, “From Bucharest to the Baltic: German Air Operations on the Eastern
Front, 1916-1917, Air and Space Power Journal, Dec. 2007.
READ Richard DiNardo, “Huns With Web-Feet: Operation Albion, 1917,” War in
History. Vol. 12 Nr. 4, Nov. 2005 pp. 396-417
Lieutenant-General Nicholas Golovine, The Russian Army in the World War, (Yale and
Oxford University Presses, 1931)
Richard Harrison, The Russian Way of War: Operational Art 1904-1940 (Lawrence:
University Press of Kansas,2001)
Vejas Liulevicius,. War Land on the Eastern Front. (Cambridge: The Press Syndicate of
the University of Cambridge, 2000.)
Evan. Mawdsley, The Russian Revolution and the Baltic Fleet. (London; The Macmillan
Press Ltd., 1978.)
G. Irving Root, Battles East: A History of the Eastern Front in World War I (Publishing
America, 2007)
The Russian Provisional Government, 1917: Documents, ed. Robert Paul Browder,
Aleksandr Fyodorovich Kerensky, Volume 1 (Stanford University Press, 1961) – note:
contains Russian acct of Battle of Riga and reports.
Dennis Showalter, Tannenberg: Clash of Empires (Hamden CT: Archon books,
1991)Hew Strachan, The First World War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001)
READ Norman Stone, Eastern Front 1914-1917 (Paperback): 352 pages Publisher:
Penguin Global; 2nd edition 2004) ISBN-10: 0140267255 ISBN-13: 978-0140267259
David Zabecki, Steel Wind: Colonel Georg Bruchmuller and the Birth of Modern
Artillery (Praeger, 1994)
Steven Zaloga, German Panzers 1914 – 18, Paperback: 48 pages (Osprey Publishing
2006) ISBN-10: 1841769452 ISBN-13: 978-1841769455
Russian Civil War- Independence Wars 1917-1922
David Bullock, The Russian Civil War 1918-22 (Essential Histories) Paperback: 144
pages Osprey Publishing; illustrated edition 2008) ISBN-10: 1846032717 ISBN-13: 9781846032714
106
David Bullock (Author), Andrei Aksenov (Illustrator, Armored Units of the Russian Civil
War: White and Allied (New Vanguard) (Pt.1) (Paperback 48 pages Osprey Publishing;
illustrated edition 2003) ISBN-10: 1841765449 ISBN-13: 978-1841765440
David Bullock (Author), Peter Sarson (Illustrator),Armored Units of the Russian Civil
War: Red Army (New Vanguard) (Paperback) 48 pages, Osprey Publishing 2006 ISBN10: 1841765457 ISBN-13: 978-1841765457
Norman Davies, White Eagle, Red Star: The Polish-Soviet War 1919-1920 and "The
Miracle on the Vistula" Paperback: 336 pages Random House UK 2003) ISBN-10:
0712606947 ISBN-13: 978-0712606943
Professor Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution: 1…Paperback:
1024 pages Penguin (Non-Classics) 1998) ISBN-10: 014024364X ISBN-13: 9780140243642
Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revolution, Paperback: 224 pages (Oxford University
Press, USA); 3 edition 2008) ISBN-10: 0199237670 ISBN-13: 978-0199237678
Mikhail Khvostov (Author), Andrei Karachtchouk, The Russian Civil War (2): White
Armies (Men-at-Arms) (v. 2) (Paperback) 48 pages (Osprey Publishing, 1997) ISBN-10:
1855326566 ISBN-13: 978-1855326569
Mikhail Khvostov Illustrator: Andrei Karachtchouk, The Russian Civil War (1) The Red
Army, Osprey 1997
Richard Luckett The White Generals: An Account of the White Movement and the
Russian Civil War (Paperback) Paperback: 416 pages Routledge; Rep Sub edition 1989
ISBN-10: 0415025133 ISBN-13: 978-0415025133
Evan Mawdsley, Russian Civil War (Pegasus 2009) ISBN-10: 1605980145 ISBN-13:
978-1605980140
George Mordwinkin, Russian White Guards (Paperback)188 pages (Trafford Publishing
2006) ISBN-10: 155395548X ISBN-13: 978-1553955481
Alfred Erich Senn. The Emergence of Modern Lithuania. (New York: Columbia
University. 1959)
John M. Thompson, Revolutionary Russia, 1917 Paperback: 203 pages (Waveland Press;
2 edition 1996) ISBN-10: 0881339326, ISBN-13: 978-0881339321
Rex A. Wade, The Russian Revolution, 1917 (New Approaches to European History)
(Cambridge Univ Press, 2005). 347 pp.
Adam Zamoyski, Warsaw 1920: Lenin's Failed Conquest of Europe (Hardcover) 224
pages HarperCollins UK 2008) ISBN-10: 0007225520 ISBN-13: 978-0007225521
Independence Wars
Agar Augustus. Baltic Episode: A classic of secret service in Russian waters. (London:
Hodder & Stoughton. 1963)
107
READ Edgar Anderson, "An Undeclared Naval War: The British-Soviet Naval Struggle
in the Baltic 1918-1920," Journal of Central European Affairs. Vol.XXII. No.l. (April
1962): 43 – 78
READ Edgar Anderson, “Military Situation in the Baltic States,” Baltic Defence Review
Vol. 6 (2001) 113-153.
Geoffrey Bennett. Freeing the Baltic. (Edinburgh: Birlinn. 2002) – first edition –
Cowan’s War
Arnolt Bronnen: Roßbach. Berlin 1930 (on a Freikorps Leader)
Karsten Brüggermann, Die Gründung der Republik Estland und das Ende des “Einen
und Unteilbaren Russland,” (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002)
Estonian National Historical Committee, Estonian War of Independence 1918-1920
(original publication 1939) (Reprint: New York: Eesti Vabandusvoilejate Litt. 1968)
William Fletcher, “The British Navy in the Baltic, 1918-1920, Journal of Baltic Studies
Vol. VII, No. 2 pp. 134-144.
Richard Hough. The Fleet that had to Die. (London: Four Square Books. 1961)
Robert Jackson, At War With the Bolsheviks: Allied Intervention into Russia (Tom Stacey
LTD, 1972)
Ray Kimbal, “War in the Baltics: Estonian Insurgency, 1905-1920” in XKE (Stanford
Univ. Student Journal of Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies) Vol. 1 Spring
2005 pp. 1-11.
Visvaldis Margulis, Latvia in the Wars of the 20th Century (Princeton Junction: cognition
Books, 1983)
Patrick Neuhaus: Die deutschen Freikorps 1919–1923. Berlin 2008.
F. W. von Oertzen, Die deutschen Freikorps, 1918-1923 (Minich: 1936)
Stanley Page, The Formation of the Baltic States (Cambridge: Harvard press, 1959)
Georg von Rauch, The Baltic States: Years of Independence (Los Angeles: University of
California Press, 1974)
Ernst von Salomon: Das Buch vom deutschen Freikorpskämpfer Berlin 1938.
READ Charles Sullivan, “German Freecorps in the Baltic, 1918-1919”, Journal of Baltic
Studies Vol. VII, No. 2, pp. 124-133
Wilhelm Wrangel, Geschichte des Baltenregiments. Das Deutschtum Estlands im
Kampfe Gegen den Bolschewismus 1918-1920 (Reval: S. Wassermann, 1928)
Steven Zaloga, Armored Trains, Paperback: 48 pages Osprey Publishing; 2008)
Language: English ISBN-10: 1846032423 ISBN-13: 978-1846032424
Bernhard Sauer: Vom „Mythos eines ewigen Soldatentums“. Der Feldzug deutscher
Freikorps im Baltikum im Jahr 1919. In: Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft. 43, Heft
10, 1995, S. 869–902.
108
Robert G. L. Waite, Vanguard of Nazism: The Free Corps Movement in Postwar
Germany, 1918-23 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1969)
Dieter Pohl, Die Herrschaft der Wehrmacht: Deutsche Militärbesatzung und
einheimische Bevölkerung in der Sowjetunion 1941-194. Volume 71 of Quellen und
Darstellungen zur Zeitgeschichte Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2008 ISBN
3486580655, 9783486580655 399 pages
Interwar Period WWI-WWII
Ivan T. Berend, Decades of Crisis: Central and Eastern Europe before World War II
(Paperback)
Edited Willard C. Frank, Jr., and Philip S. Gillette, Soviet Military Doctrine from Lenin to
Gorbachev, 1915-1991; Contributions in Military Studies, Number 125, John Erickson,
Series Adviser (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1992)
Ed. John Hiden, Thomas Lane, The Baltic and the Outbreak of the Second World War,
Contributors: John Hiden, Mieczyslaw Nurek, Rolf Ahmann, Anita Prazmowska, Patrick
Salmon, Bogdan Koszel, Thomas Lane, Alfonsas Eidintas. (ISBN-13: 9780521531207 |
ISBN-10: 0521531209)
Preface; 1. Introduction: Baltic security problems between the two World Wars John
Hiden; 2. Great Britain and the Baltic in the last months of peace, March–August 1939
Mieczyslaw Nurek; 3. Nazi German policy towards the Baltic states on the eve of the
Second World War Rolf Ahmann; 4. The role of Danzig in Polish-German relations on
the eve of the Second World War Anita Prazmowska; 5. Great Britain, the Soviet Union
and Finland at the beginning of the Second World War Patrick Salmon; 6. The attitude of
the Scandinavian countries to Nazi Germany's war preparations and its aggression on
Poland Bogdan Koszel; 7. The Soviet occupation of Poland through British eyes Thomas
Lane; 8. The meeting of the Lithuanian Cabinet, 15 June 1940 Alfonsas Eidintas;
V. Stanley Vardys & Romuald J. Misiunas (eds) The Baltic States in Peace and War
1917 – 1945. (University Park PA: Penn State University Press. 1978)
READ Georg von Rauch, The Baltic States: Years of Independence (Los Angeles:
University of California Press, 1974)
READ Roger Reese, Stalin’s Reluctant Soldiers: A Social History of the Red Army,
1925-1941 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas,1996)
READ Andres Seene, General-Lieutenant Nikolai Reek (1890-1942) Estonian Officer
and Leading Military Theorist” Monograph/article (Reader)
READ Andres Seene, The Estonian Higher Military School (1921–1940): Some
methodical aspects in the development of small nation’s higher military education,”
Baltic Defence Review, Oct 2009
READ Donald Stoker, Britain, France and the Naval Arms Trade in the Baltic, 19191939: Grand Strategy and Failure (Cass Series--Naval Policy and History, 18)
(Hardcover) 160.00 Hardcover: 256 pages Routledge; 2004) ISBN-10: 0714653195
ISBN-13: 978-0714653198
109
Leonhard Vahter, “The Ill Fated Soviet Coup in Estonia,” The Baltic Review. (November
1961): 24 - 31
Poland 1939-1944
Marshall Brement, “Why Didn’t the Soviets Take Warsaw?” Military History Quarterly,
Spring 1994. Vol. 6 No. 3.
Robert Forczyk, Illustrator: Peter Dennis, Warsaw 1944 Poland’s bid for freedom,
Osprey Paperback; 2009; 96 pages; ISBN: 9781846033520
Andrew Hempel, Poland in World War II: An Illustrated Military History (Hippocrene
Illustrated Histories) Paperback: 117 pages Hippocrene Books 2005) ISBN-10:
0781810043 ISBN-13: 978-0781810043
Stefan Korbonski (Author), F. B. Czarnomski (Translator), Zofia Korbonski
(Introduction), Fighting Warsaw: The Story of the Polish Underground State, 1939-1945
(Paperback): 495 pages: Hippocrene Books; 1st Hippocrene Books Pbk. Ed edition 2004)
ISBN-10: 0781810353 ISBN-13: 978-0781810357
Kenneth Koskodan, No Greater Ally: The Untold Story of Poland's Forces in World War
II (Hardcover): 304 pages Osprey Publishing 2009) English ISBN-10: 1846033659
ISBN-13: 978-1846033650
Richard C. Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation 1939-1944
Paperback: 358 pages Hippocrene Books; 2 Revised edition 2001) ISBN-10: 0781809010
ISBN-13: 978-0781809016
David Williamson, POLAND BETRAYED: The Nazi-Soviet Invasions of 1939
(Campaign Chronicles) (Hardcover) 256 pages Pen and Sword 2009 ISBN-10:
1844159264
Steven Zaloga, Poland 1939: The Birth Of Blitzkrieg (Campaign) (Paperback) 96 pages
Publisher: Osprey Publishing 2002) ISBN-10: 1841764086 ISBN-13: 978-1841764085
Russo- Finn War 1939-1940
Leslie Anders, “Personality in War: Mannerheim,” Military Review. (February 1957): 55
- 62
Allen F. Chew, The White Death: The Epic of the Soviet-Finnish Winter War Hardcover:
328 pages (Michigan State University Press: 2002) ISBN-10: 0870131672 ISBN-13: 9780870131677
READ THIS OR the Carl Van Dyke Book Below --Eloise Engle, Lauri Paananen, The
Winter War: The Soviet Attack on Finland 1939-1940 Paperback: 192 pages (Stackpole
Books 1992) ISBN-10: 0811724336 ISBN-13: 978-0811724333
Bair Irencheev, The Mannerheim Line 1920-1939: Finnish Fortifications of the Winter
War (Osprey: 2009)
Stig Jagerskiold, Mannerheim- Marshall of Finland (University of Minnesota Press,
1987)
110
Mannerheim – Memoirs of Marshal Mannerheim, trans Eric Mannerheim (E.P. Dutton
and Co. 1954).
Eloise Paananen. The Winter War: The Soviet Attack on Finland 1939 – 1940.
(Harrisburg PA: Stackpole Press. 1992)
William Trotter, A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939-1940
(Paperback) Paperback: 285 pages (Algonquin Books 2000) ISBN-10: 1565122496
ISBN-13: 978-1565122499
Antti Tuuri (Author), Borje Vahamaki (Editor), The Winter War (Paperback) 208 pages
Aspasia Books 2003) ISBN-10: 097310533X ISBN-13: 978-0973105339
Carl Van Dyke, The Soviet Invasion of Finland 1939-1940 (London: Frank Cass, 1997)
Baltic Occupation 1940-1949
Johannes Hürter, Hitlers Heerführer: die deutschen Oberbefehlshaber im Krieg gegen die
Sowjetunion 1941/42 Volume 66 of Quellen und Darstellungen zur Zeitgeschichte 2007 719 pages - Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2007) ISBN 3486583417
Joachim Hoffmann, Stalin's War of Extermination, 1941-1945: Planning, Realization and
Documentation (Hardcover) 416 pages Publisher: Theses & Dissertations Press; 1st
English Ed edition 2001) ISBN-10: 0967985684 ISBN-13: 978-0967985688.
World War II
Stephen Bull, Gordon L Rottman. Infantry Tactics of the Second World War, Osprey,
Hardback; 2008; 224 pages; ISBN: 9781846032820
B. Dear and M.R. D. Foot, "Baltic Sea operations." The Oxford Companion to World
War II. Oxford University Press. 2001.
J.E. Kaufmann and Robert Jurga, Fortress Europe: European Fortifications of World
War II (Cambridge MA: De Capo Press, 1999)
Robert Kirchubel, Operation Barbarossa 1941 (2) Army Group North, Paperback; 2005
96 pages ISBN: 9781841768571 £14.99
READ Catherine Merridale, Ivan's War: Life and Death in the Red Army, 1939-1945
(Paperback) 462 pages Picador 2007) ISBN-10: 0312426526 ISBN-13: 978-0312426521
Richard Overy, Russia's War: A History of the Soviet Effort: 1941-1945 (Paperback) 432
pages Penguin 1 edition (August 1, 1998) ISBN-10: 0140271694 ISBN-13: 9780140271690
Earl F. Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin: The German Defeat in the East (Office of the Chief
of Military History United States Army, Washington D.C. 1968)
Albert L. Weeks, Stalin's Other War: Soviet Grand Strategy, 1939-1941 (Paperback) 216
pages Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 2003) ISBN-10: 0742521923 ISBN-13:
978-0742521926
Gerhard Weinberg, A World At Arms, 2nd ed. (Cambridge Univ Press: 2005) Best single
volume history of WWII
111
Alexander Werth, Russia at War: 1941-1945 Paperback: 1136 pages Publisher: Basic
Books; 2 edition (December 1999) ISBN-10: 0786707224 ISBN-13: 978-0786707225
Baltic Forces
READ Richard Landwehr. Narva 1944: The Waffen- SS and the Battle for Europe.
(Toronto: Bibliophile Legion Books 1981)
READ V. Lumans, Latvia in World War II, (Fordham University Press, 2006).
Gordon Williamson. Illustrator: Stephen Andrew, The Waffen-SS (3) 11. to 23. Divisions,
Osprey Paperback; 2004; 48 pages; ISBN: 9781841765914.
Franz Kurowski, Bridgehead Kurland, The Six Epic Battles of Heersgruppe Kurland,
(Winnipeg, Canada, JJ Fedorowicz 2002)
Arturs Silgailis. Latvian Legion. (Toronto: R.J. Bender Publishers. 1986)
Other topics
Joachim Hoffmann (of Bundeswehr Military Hist. Institute) Stalin's War of
Extermination, 1941-1945: Planning, Realization and Documentation (Hardcover) 416
pages Theses & Dissertations Press; 1st English Ed edition 2001) ISBN-10: 0967985684
ISBN-13: 978-0967985688.
James Bacque, Crimes and Mercies: The Fate of German Civilians under Allied
Occupation, 1944-1950 (Paperback) Talonbooks; Revised edition (August 1, 2007)
ISBN-10: 0889225672 ISBN-13: 978-0889225671
Ralph Franklin Keeling, Gruesome Harvest (Paperback) (on Yalta and aftermath)
Paperback: 152 pages Liberty Bell Publications 2004) ISBN-10: 1593640080 ISBN-13:
978-1593640088.
World War II German Military
Robert Citino, The German Way of War (Lawrence: The University Press of Kansas,
2008)
James Corum, Wolfram von Richthofen: Master of the German Air War (Lawrence:
University Press of Kansas, 2008)
Richard DiNardo, Germany's Panzer Arm in World War II Paperback: 206 pages
Stackpole Books 2006) ISBN-10: 0811733424 ISBN-13: 978-0811733427
Klaus-Jürgen Müller, Das Heer und Hitler: Armee und nationalsozialistisches Regime
1933-1940 (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1969)
V.E. Tarrant, The Last Year of the Kriegsmarine (London: Arms and Armour, 1994)
David Westwood ,Illustrator: Elizabeth Sharp German Infantryman (3) Eastern Front
1943–45, Osprey Paperback; 2005
Hans Wijers (Editor), Eastern Front Combat: The German Soldier in Battle from
Stalingrad to Berlin (Paperback: 336 pages Publisher: Stackpole Books 2008) ISBN-10:
0811734420 ISBN-13: 978-0811734424
112
Gordon Williamson, Illustrator: Ian Palmer, Kriegsmarine Coastal Forces, Osprey
Paperback; 2009; 48 pages; ISBN: 9781846033315
Wolfram Wette et. Al. The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality. Trans Deborah
Schneider (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006)
World War II Baltic Region
John McBrewster (Editor), Frederic P. Miller (Editor), Agnes F. Vandome (Editor)
History of the Jews in Estonia, Paperback: 244 pages (Alphascript Publishing 2009)
ISBN-10: 6130006500 ISBN-13: 978-6130006501
David Glantz, The Battle for Leningrad 1941-1944 (Lawrence: University Press of
Kansas, 2007)
Mary Meecham “Welcome German Soldiers” Ukraine 1941 Military History
Quarterly Winter 1997 Vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 22-25.
Soviets
Walter S. Dunn, Stalin's Keys to Victory: The Rebirth of the Red Army in World War II
(Paperback): 208 pages Stackpole Books 2007) ISBN-10: 0811734234 ISBN-13: 9780811734233
David Glantz, Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of World War Two
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998)
David Glantz, Jonathan House, When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998)
David Glantz, Soviet Military Operational Art (London: Frank Cass, 1971)
READ Roger Reese, Red Commanders: A Social History of the Soviet Army Officer
Corps 1918-1991 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2008)
Ed. Harold Shukman, Stalin’s Generals (New York: Grove press, 1993)
Von Hardesty, Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941-1945 (Washington:
Smithsonian, 1992)
World War II SS and Other Forces
Arthur Silailis, Latvian legion (San Jose: R. James Bender Publishing, 1986)
Bernd Wegner, The Waffen SS: Organization, Ideology and Function, (Oxford:
Blackwell, 1990)
Edward Westermann, Hitler’s Police Battalions (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas,
2005)
WWII Guerrilla War
READ Anusaukar Arvydas ed. The Anti-Soviet Resistance in the Baltic States (Vilnius:
Duka, 1999)
113
John Armstrong ed. Soviet Partisans in World War II (Madison: University of Wisconsin
Press, 1964)
Philip W. Blood, Hitler’s Bandit Hunters: the SS and the Nazi Occupation of Europe
(Dulles VA: Potomac Books, 2006)
READ Major Andrew M. DelGaudio, “The Baltic partisans and the Influence of the 1944
Battles on Their Resistance 1944-1956”. See Reader
Colin Heaton, German Anti-Partisan Warfare in Europe, 1939-1945 (Atgelen PA:
Schiffer Military History, 2001)
Alexander Hill, The War Behind the Eastern Front (London: Frank Cass, 2005)
Mart Laar, War in the Woods: Estonia’s Struggle for Survival (Washington DC: Compass
Press, 1992)
READ **Vylius M. Leskys, “Forest Brothers,” 1945:The Culmination of the Lithuanian
Partisan Movement,” Baltic Security and Defence Review, Oct 2009
Kenneth Slepyan, Stalin’s Guerrillas: Soviet Partisans in World War II (Lawrence:
University Press of Kansas, 2008)
Alexander Statiev, “Was Smuglianka a Lunatic or a Sigurata’s Agent-Provacateur?
Peculiarities of the Soviet Partisan Struggle in the Western Borderlands”, in Journal of
Strategic Studies Vol. 31, No. 5, Oct 2008, 743-770.
Daniel J. Kasezeta, "Lithuanian Resistance to Foreign Occupation 1940-1952" Lituanus,
The Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of the Arts and Sciences (Volume 34, No 3, Fall 1988)
Pg 2.
Stanley Vardys, "The Partisan Movement in Postwar Lithuania", Slavic Review, Volume
22, No3 (September 1963) Pg 518.
Cold War
Ivan Berend. Central and Eastern Europe, 1944-1993: Detour from the Periphery to the
Periphery (Cambridge Studies in Modern Economic History) (Paperback) 436 pages
(Cambridge University Press 1999) ISBN-10: 0521663520 ISBN-13: 978-0521663526
John Lewis Gaddiss, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1997) pp. 1-53, 85-112, 189-259)
Thomas Patterson and Denniss Merrill, Major Problems in American Foreign Relations
since 1914: documents and Essays 4th Edition (Lexington: DC heath and Co., 1995) – On
Origins of Cold War pp. 235-315, Eisenhower and Dulles 416-531; Nixon and détente
585-636; End of Cold War 707-755.
Paul Rothenhäsler, Hans-Űli Sonderegger, Erinerrung and der Roten Holocaust (Stäfa
Switzerland: Rothenhäusler Verlag, 2000)
Vladislaw Zubok, A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to
Gorbachev (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007)
Current
114
Carolina Pallin, Russian Military Reform: A Failed Exercise in Decision Making
(London: Routledge, 2009)
Jeffrey Simon, Poland and NATO: A Study in Civil-Military Relations (Paperback) 216
pages (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 2003) ISBN-10: 0742529940 ISBN-13:
978-0742529946
115
Annex C - COURSE Forms
The forms the students need for the course are provided here and
can be printed out and used.
Student Evaluation of Latvian Military Academy MA Course
__________________Seminar ____________Semester 2013-1014
Name: Not Required. ________________________
When completed put in Dr. Corum’s mailbox.
Please rate each question on the seminar on the scale of 1-5.
Scale: 5= Excellent 4= Very Good 3= Satisfactory 2= Needs considerable improvement
1= Unsatisfactory
The seminar as a whole was:
The relevance and usefulness of the seminar content:
The seminar organization was:
The clarity of seminar objectives was:
The relevance of required readings to seminar objectives:
The instructor's contribution to the seminar was:
The instructor's effectiveness in teaching the subject:
The instructor's knowledge of the subject was:
Quality/helpfulness of instructor feedback was:
Evaluative and grading techniques were:
116
The fairness of the evaluation procedures was:
On average, how many hours per week have you spent on this seminar, including
working online, doing readings, reviewing notes, writing etc.:
Rate my success in working through the material on my own:
Comment on readings:
Comments on instruction:
Comments on Seminar content:
117
Final comments:
Writing Assignment Grading Rubric
Knowledge – Content
60 %
Points Earned
___/60
Comments:
All key elements of the assignment are covered
Content:
Is comprehensive and accurate (no factual errors)
Develops a central theme or idea
Demonstrates a complete understanding of the concepts
presented
Demonstrates a complete understanding of concepts presented in
course material and:
Is comprehensive and accurate (no factual errors)
Is insightful and reflective
Develops a central theme or idea
Displays active engagement
Demonstrates the ability to analyze and synthesize the
comments of others
Presentation - Writing and Style
25 %
Points Earned
___/25
Comments:
Tone is appropriate to the content and assignment.
Organization is logical
The Introduction includes an attention step, background and
preview of the paper/essay
The Body:
Establishes and develops a clear thesis
Includes clearly stated main points
Is comprehensive and accurate (no factual errors)
Is insightful and reflective
118
Effectively uses details, examples and/or analysis
The Conclusion flows from the body of the paper and reviews
the main points
Grammar:
Grammar, structure, spelling and punctuation are correct
Sentences are well-structured, complete, clear and concise
Topic and transition sentences are utilized and
organize/maintain the flow of thought
Administrative
15 %
Points Earned
___/15
Comments:
Completed within the prescribed time limits
Conforms to prescribed word limits
Conforms to any additional instructions provided
Includes appropriate formatting: title page, tables, appendices, etc
IAW AU Style Guide
Citations are used where required and comply with the AU Style
Guide
Total = 100 %
Points Earned = ___/100
Summary/Additional Comments:
119