TEST NAME: BIOLOGY EOC REVIEW FALL
TEST ID: 371909
GRADE: 10
SUBJECT: Life and Physical Sciences
TEST CATEGORY: School Assessment
BIOLOGY EOC REVIEW FALL
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Student: Class:
Date:
1.
How are nerve cells adapted to perform their primary function?
A.
They are round and easily transported throughout the body.
B.
They have the ability to move in and out of cells as they travel
through the body.
C.
They have cilia and are able to sweep away any material that might
affect them.
D.
They are long and have branches that allow them to connect to other
cells.
2. Many animals are classified as either ectotherms (cold­blooded) or endotherms (warm­blooded).
Ectotherms must get their heat from an exterior source, whereas endotherms regulate their body
temperatures from within. Since metabolic processes are affected by body temperature, which statement
best compares the cellular respiration rate of ectotherms to endotherms?
A.
Ectotherms have a metabolic rate that is more variable than endotherms.
B.
Ectotherms have a metabolic rate that is more constant than endotherms.
C.
Ectotherms have a metabolic rate that is always slower than endotherms.
D.
Ectotherms have a metabolic rate that is always faster than endotherms.
3.
The information in the table below pertains to a certain type of grape
vine. G = green leaves
g = yellow leaves
N = naturally shaped
leaves
n = curly leaves
Individuals with the heterozygous genotype of GgNn repeatedly produce
haploid gametes consisting of the alleles GN, Gn, gN, and gn. Which law
best represents this phenomenon?
A.
Law of Meiosis
B.
Law of Dominance
C.
Law of Crossing Over
D.
Law of Independent Assortment
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4. Shaded individuals in this pedigree express a particular trait.
Based on this pedigree, what is the mode of inheritance of the trait?
A.
autosomal dominant
B.
autosomal recessive
C.
sex­linked dominant
D.
sex­linked recessive
5.
Which is required for natural selection to occur in a species?
A.
More individuals are born than can survive.
B.
There is little natural inheritable variation. C.
There is little variation in fitness. D.
There are few mutations.
6. Which of these living things in a grassland ecosystem depend on the presence of a variety of bacteria and
other microorganisms in the soil?
A.
worms only
B.
green plants only
C.
plants and animals only
D.
all the organisms in the ecosystem
7.
During hot summer months, turtles burrow down in the mud to cool their
internal body temperature, illustrating which of the following life
processes?
A.
nutrition
B.
hibernation
C.
homeostasis
D.
growth and development
8.
Which is used to classify and name an organism?
A.
karyotype
B.
cladogram
C.
dichotomous key
D.
phylogenetic tree
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9. When do mutations help make an ecosstem more sustainable?
A.
when mutations decrease the number of individuals in an ecosystem
B.
when mutations increase the number of individuals in an ecosystem
C.
when mutations decrease the number of species in an ecosystem
D.
when mutations increase the number of species in an ecosystem
10.
What would most likely cause a mutation in the DNA of an organism?
A.
mitosis
B.
heat exposure
C.
DNA replication
D.
radiation exposure
11. Most of the concentration of which gas results from the activity of producer organisms?
A.
nitrogen
B.
oxygen
C.
water vapor
D.
carbon dioxide
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12. Skunk vine is an invasive plant that was brought to Florida in the 1860s. This plant has the ability to grow
both on the ground and high in the trees. The skunk vine will grow up a tree and eventually cover the
treetops.
How would this plant most likely affect the environment it invades?
A.
It will produce hybrids with the native plants in the area.
B.
It will increase the number of carnivores living in the area.
C.
It will kill native plants by preventing light from reaching the plants.
D.
It will add to the amount of carbon dioxide through increased photosynthesis.
13. Stem cells differentiate into a variety of specialized cell types. Stem cells in adult organisms function as
repair systems. Based on this information, future research involving stem cells will likely produce new
techniques that will be used to accomplish which?
A.
using stem cells to cure diseases
B.
using stem cells to create new life forms
C.
using stem cells to correct DNA mismatches
D.
using stem cells to increase the rate cell growth in organisms
14.
What is an example of a genetically modified organism currently in use?
A.
fat­free milk
B.
corn that is resistant to drought
C.
E. coli bacteria used to make insulin
D.
grass that does not need to be mowed
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15.
Examine the diagram below.
Based on the results, which inheritance pattern is most likely occurring?
A.
sex­linked
B.
codominance
C.
multiple alleles
D.
incomplete dominance
16. Francie noticed grasshoppers feeding on the grass in her lawn. A month later, she saw sparrows eating the
grasshoppers in her lawn. After about six months, she sprayed pesticides on the lawn and all the
grasshoppers were gone. What most likely will be the result of spraying the pesticides on the lawn?
A.
The sparrows will have to feed on the grass.
B.
The sparrows will leave the area and grass growth will increase.
C.
The sparrows will not be affected because they will not eat pesticide.
D.
The sparrows and grass both will decrease since pesticide is harmful.
17.
Which is the least likely application of the Human Genome Project?
A.
to clone human beings
B.
to identify criminal trends
C.
to improve diagnosis of disease
D.
to create new medical resources
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18.
Which genes would most likely be inserted into a crop to aid in its
survival against insects and low temperatures?
A.
freeze resistance and increased yield
B.
freeze resistance and pest resistance
C.
heat resistance and increased yield
D.
heat resistance and pest resistance
19.
A termite inherits a gene that carries the information for an enzyme that
can digest wood. Which of these processes are required before the insect
can digest wood?
A.
replication only
B.
translation only
C.
transcription followed by translation
D.
replication followed by transcription
20.
While trying to identify molecules and compounds within a cell, a
scientist stumbles upon a nucleic acid that contains the nitrogenous base
uracil, the sugar ribose, and is single­stranded. Which nucleic acid has
this scientist most likely found?
A.
DNA
B.
RNA
C.
amino acid
D.
chromosome
21. Every copy of a particular protein manufactured by a cell shows the same incorrect amino acid at the same
point in its structure. According to the central dogma of molecular biology, in which structure does this error
originate?
A.
DNA
B.
mRNA
C.
tRNA
D.
rRNA
22. Seven percent of the nation’s energy is produced by hydroelectric plants. Which statement best explains a
disadvantage of using dams to produce hydroelectric power?
A.
The dams deplete nonrenewable resources.
B.
The dams displace local fish and wildlife populations.
C.
The dams cause water flowing downstream to evaporate quickly.
D.
The dams support large phytoplankton populations.
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23.
What does “universal genetic code” mean?
A.
All living organisms have the same DNA.
B.
Living organisms share a common ancestor.
C.
All human cells have the same 46 chromosomes.
D.
All species use the same DNA codon­amino acid pairings.
24. In which situation will populations experience gene flow?
A.
hybridization between two populations of ground beetles
B.
natural­selection pressures between two populations of dragonflies
C.
mate competition between two populations of red­legged grasshoppers
D.
intersecting migration routes between two populations of monarch butterflies
25.
Released energy from which molecule allows active transport to move
substances across cell membranes?
A.
ADP
B.
AMP
C.
ATP
D.
NAD
26.
Which is a major application of the Human Genome Project?
A.
to produce new forms of life
B.
to identify the structure of RNA
C.
to determine the size of the human population
D.
to assist in the treatment of diseases through genetic research
27.
In recent years, many organisms have been reclassified from historic
classifications. What most likely accounts for these changes?
A.
Organisms have evolved and are much more complex today than
before.
B.
The early taxonomists wanted to keep the system simple and easier
to understand.
C.
There are many more organisms today than there were for Linnaeus
to study.
D.
Linnaeus and early taxonomists did not have the biochemical
evidence for relationships that we now have.
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28. Mistletoe is a parasitic plant that grows on the branches and trunks of trees. The mistletoe gains its
nutrients directly from the tree.
Which is the most likely result of the parasitic relationship the mistletoe has with the tree?
A.
The tree produces more sap.
B.
The growth of the tree is stunted.
C.
Increased rate of tree cell metabolism.
D.
Increased depth of tree root penetration.
29. DNA molecules contain the genetic information that determines the characteristics of a living organism.
How do DNA molecules express the genetic information they contain?
A.
by breaking down proteins within the cell
B.
by directing the process of protein synthesis
C.
by regulating the storage of cellular proteins
D.
by controlling the movement of protein molecules
30. When chemicals in the atmosphere dissolve in water droplets, they precipitate with the water and pollute
water reservoirs on Earth. The pollutants enter the food chain when aquatic organisms absorb them. Which
of these pollutants eventually contaminates fish after coal is burned?
A.
lead
B.
arsenic
C.
mercury
D.
aluminum
31. The fur color of a bear varies with its environment. Polar bears found in the Arctic have white fur,
while black bears found in Pennsylvania have dark fur. Which best describes the variation of fur color
amongst the bear species?
A.
modified characteristic
B.
ecological succession
C.
structural adaptation
D.
selective breeding
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32.
Why have many countries outlawed the use of antibiotics in cattle feed?
A.
Cattle fatten faster if fed antibiotics.
B.
Cattle mature faster if fed antibiotics.
C.
Antibiotics are not healthy for the cattle.
D.
Cattle breed antibiotic resistant bacteria when fed antibiotics.
33.
Why is nitrogen important to all living things?
A.
It is found in lipids.
B.
It is found in nucleic acids.
C.
It is found in carbohydrates.
D.
It is found in all organic compounds.
34. Capillaries exchange gases with the cells surrounding them.
Which of the following correctly represents the gas exchange represented in the diagram?
A.
1 = carbon dioxide; 2 = oxygen
B.
1 = hydrogen; 2 = oxygen
C.
1 = oxygen; 2 = carbon dioxide
D.
1 = carbon dioxide; 2 = nitrogen
35. Which term best describes the movement of water through cell membranes?
A.
respiration
B.
osmosis
C.
mitosis
D.
condensation
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36. An increase in which ecosystem factor could cause a population decline in a bird species?
A.
emigration
B.
immigration
C.
number of births
D.
amount of food
37. There is evidence the continent of Antarctica once had a tropical climate. However, Antarctica moved
southward to its current location over the South Pole of Earth after the breakup of the supercontinent
Pangaea. This movement caused which ecological changes in Antarctica?
A.
organism adaptations to colder and more arid climates
B.
organism adaptations to a low­oxygen, high­moisture atmosphere
C.
extension of producer roots to anchor against earthquakes
D.
extension of producer roots to absorb nutrients from cooling magma
38. A diagram of a cell is shown below.
In which structure is protein synthesized?
A.
1
B.
2
C.
3
D.
4
39. A mild environment begins to experience a gradual decrease in temperature resulting in much colder
winters than previous years. Which variation would most likely be selected for in an organism that lives in
this environment?
A.
one that reduces fat and builds lean muscle
B.
one that produces longer, more dense coats of fur
C.
one that results in larger ears allowing for more efficient heat loss
D.
one that requires an organism to nest in trees instead of on the ground
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40.
What unifying characteristic is used to classify organisms in the Six
Kingdom Classification System?
A.
habitat
B.
nutrition
C.
reproductive methods
D.
evolutionary relationships
41.
Which best describes a saturated fatty acid?
A.
It is a liquid at room temperature.
B.
It is a solid at room temperature.
C.
It contains double bonds between carbon atoms.
D.
It contains triple bonds between carbon atoms.
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42.
The diagram below represents a forest food web.
Which group has the greatest amount of biomass?
A.
Hawk
B.
Plant
C.
Snake
D.
Wolf
43.
Which best explains why we rely primarily on fossil fuels as an energy
source?
A.
Alternative energy sources are not yet available.
B.
Alternative energy sources are environmentally costly.
C.
Alternative energy sources are economically expensive.
D.
Alternative energy sources lack appropriate technology.
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44.
An ecosystem is found to have an average of less than eight hours of
daylight per day. The average rainfall is less than 25 centimeters per
year, and there are wide variations in the daily temperatures. Which is
being described in this ecosystem?
A.
abiotic factors that have little effect on biotic factors in the
ecosystem
B.
biotic factors that have a great effect on abiotic factors in the
ecosystem
C.
abiotic factors that act as limiting factors on the plants and animals
living in the ecosystem
D.
biotic factors that act as limiting factors on the plants and animals
living in the ecosystem
45.
The forelimbs of whales, dogs, humans, and bats are all similar in their
arrangement and structure. What category of evidence is exemplified? A.
fossils
B.
anatomical similarities
C.
biochemical comparison
D.
embryological comparison
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46. An RNA codon chart is shown.
For which amino acid sequence does the RNA sequence AUAACU code?
A.
ile­thr
B.
ile­ser
C.
met­thr
D.
met­ser
47. At concentrations of 0.1–1 µg/ml colchicine, a natural plant product, can cause the mitotic arrest of dividing
cells at metaphase through disrupting the spindle apparatus. Colchicine interferes with which of these cell
functions during cell division?
A.
microtubule organization of spindle fibers
B.
DNA synthesis of spindle protein
C.
membrane transport of spindle fibers
D.
RNA synthesis of spindle protein
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48. An RNA codon chart is shown. For which amino acid sequence does the RNA sequence UUUCCUCAA code?
A.
leu­thr­glu
B.
phe­pro­gln
C.
phe­pro­his
D.
ser­his­gln
49. Which of the following would most likely result in an abnormal chromosome number?
A.
The deletion of DNA during translation.
B.
Mutations occurring during the blastula stage.
C.
DNA exposed to radiation after the birth of the organism.
D.
Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis.
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50.
Pepsin is a protein­digesting enzyme found in the human stomach. Which
is most likely true about pepsin?
A.
It operates in an acidic environment.
B.
It operates in an alkaline environment.
C.
It requires extremely low temperatures to function properly.
D.
It requires extremely high temperatures to function properly.
51. When a red bull (RR) is bred with a white cow (WW), a roan calf (RW) is sometimes produced. If a roan bull
(RW) is bred with a roan cow (RW), what is the most likely outcome of the offspring?
A.
1 red, 1 white, and 2 roan
B.
0 red, 1 white, and 3 roan
C.
2 red, 2 white, and 0 roan
D.
0 red, 0 white, and 4 roan
52. Mutations that occur in sex cells can be passed from parent to offspring during
A.
cloning.
B.
budding.
C.
binary fission.
D.
sexual reproduction.
53.
What is the name of the process that uses electrical charges to separate
pieces of DNA based on size and charge?
A.
cloning
B.
fragmentation
C.
gel electrophoresis
D.
human genome project
54. The energy required to lift an object is supplied by ATP derived from the break down of molecules of
A.
glutamate.
B.
glycerol.
C.
glycolysis.
D.
glucose.
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55.
A scientist examines the source of the carbon atoms found in a person’s
breath. Which food substances are most likely the source?
A.
lipids
B.
proteins
C.
nucleic acids
D.
carbohydrates
56.
Which statement most accurately describes one advantage of being an
eukaryotic cell?
A.
Eukaryotic cells can divide faster than prokaryotic cells.
B.
DNA replication occurs much more rapidly in eukaryotic cells.
C.
Organelles in eukaryotic cells have a specific function for cell survival.
D.
Eukaryotic cells are better able to act as unicellular organisms than
prokaryotic cells.
57. A researcher is viewing a cell that has cell walls. To best narrow down the taxonomic group from which the
cell belongs, which question should a researcher ask?
A.
What is the composition of the cell walls?
B.
Is a cell membrane also present?
C.
Can any substances pass through the cell walls?
D.
Do the cell walls help the cell to survive?
58. What is the main reason for concern about the destruction of coral reefs related to global warming?
A.
The most colorful fish live in coral reefs.
B.
Coral reefs are ideal locations for studying marine life.
C.
Hundreds of thousands of species depend on coral reefs.
D.
Coral reefs can reduce shoreline damage from tsunamis.
59. Which interaction within an ecosystem is characterized by gradual change from one community of
organisms to another?
A.
symbiosis
B.
food webs
C.
energy pyramids
D.
succession
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60.
Which best describes the impact of the Human Genome Project on future
drug development?
A.
Doctors will be able to prescribe new antibiotics that attack viruses.
B.
Doctors will be able to cure all diseases by giving each individual the
same course of treatment.
C.
Doctors will be able to prevent outbreaks of all diseases by
prescribing preventative medication.
D.
Doctors will be able to better determine which medications will work
best for individuals based on their genetic makeups.
61. The flowchart shown below describes the process of natural selection.
Which statement best completes the empty box in the flowchart?
A.
Natural selection eventually stops as a population becomes more limited.
B.
As environmental pressures constantly change, adaptations of organisms continue.
C.
Overpopulation naturally follows as a consequence of natural selection.
D.
As only a few organisms survive, populations will eventually die out.
62. Burning fossil fuels provides a main source of energy in many parts of the world. Which is a disadvantage of
using fossil fuels?
A.
The burning of fossil fuels can form greenhouse gases.
B.
Fossil fuels can be used in the production of plastics.
C.
The burning of fossil fuels is used to power automobiles.
D.
Fossil fuels can be found at shallow depths underground.
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63. Which would most likely cause a decrease in the number of woodpeckers in an ecosystem?
A.
draining a spring­fed pond
B.
plowing and planting meadows
C.
destroying all dead trees and stumps
D.
building a road around a small forest
64.
Which defines a symbiotic relationship where one species survives by
using another species for survival?
A.
mutualism B.
parasitism C.
neutralism
D.
commensalism 65. Which factor most accurately describes the statement “Survival of the fittest” in relation to natural
selection?
A.
the mutation rate
B.
the ability of offspring to reproduce
C.
the amount of food an organism obtains
D.
the ability to withstand environmental extremes
66. Food provides calories needed by the body for energy. However, the body must use energy between meals
when food is not consumed. What is the most likely response of the body when more energy is used than
the calories consumed provide?
A.
to increase blood flow to the limbs for energy production
B.
to release energy from lipids stored throughout the body
C.
to transform stored proteins into carbohydrates for energy
D.
to contract muscles to create heat energy for the body
67.
Why is the use of Gram staining to identify types of bacteria important?
A.
It allows doctors to identify the type of cell wall and enables them to
prescribe the right antibiotic.
B.
It allows doctors to identify the type of cell membrane and enables
them to prescribe the right antibiotic.
C.
It allows doctors to identify the type of nuclear membrane and
enables them to prescribe the right antibiotic.
D.
It allows doctors to identify the type of mitochondrial DNA and
enables them to prescribe the right antibiotic.
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68. Which is the best example of an organism using behavior to maintain homeostasis?
A.
A snake moves from a sunny area to a shady area to cool down.
B.
An elephant uses low­frequency sound waves to find its herd.
C.
A chameleon’s skin becomes green when it sits on a leaf.
D.
An alewife turns when other members of its school turn.
69.
Which is a true statement about gel electrophoresis and DNA
fingerprinting?
A.
Restrictive enzymes are used to identify and analyze the DNA
strands.
B.
DNA is positively charged and travels toward the negative charge at
the far end of the gel.
C.
Once run in the gel, the strands of DNA are visible to the naked eye
because of the electrical current that has passed through them.
D.
Over time, the shorter strands of DNA will move faster through the
gel, causing them to move further down toward the bottom of the
gel.
70.
How will advances in genetics most likely affect biotechnology?
A.
Biotechnology will provide cures for all diseases in the future.
B.
Biotechnology will gradually phase out of the field of medicine.
C.
Biotechnology will enable better prediction and treatment of various
diseases.
D.
Biotechnology will create new genes that will make certain diseases
disappear from the human genome.
71. Which of these describes an important event in protein metabolism that allows the body to maintain
homeostasis?
A.
The kidneys filter out lipid soluble toxins.
B.
The pancreas releases lipase to break down toxins.
C.
The liver converts ammonia to urea that is excreted through the kidneys.
D.
The hydrochloric acid in the stomach reacts with food to remove harmful chemicals.
72.
What is the most likely outcome from DNA mutation of an organism?
A.
daughter cells created
B.
different proteins assembled
C.
fewer daughter cells created
D.
cell becomes exposed to radiation
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73. A newborn whitetail deer fawn is born with white spots on its fur. The mother deer may leave the fawn
unattended in the forest while she forages. As the fawn matures into an adult and can forage for its own
food, these spots fade.
How do the white spots most likely help the fawn survive?
A.
They provide camouflage in the forest.
B.
They help the mother deer recognize her young.
C.
They signal other members of the deer population.
D.
They are warning colors that can frighten predators.
74. A mother carries one allele of a recessive gene for a disease on an autosome, and the father carries no
recessive alleles of the gene for that disease. What is the likelihood of their child having the disease?
A.
0%
B.
50%
C.
75%
D.
100%
75.
In the process of bacterial transformation, what is used to cut open a
plasmid in order to insert the gene of interest?
A.
helicase B.
a vector C.
polymerase
D.
a restriction enzyme
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76.
Which term applies to an organism that contains more than one source of
DNA?
A.
mutation
B.
translocation
C.
transgenic organism
D.
polymorphic organism
77.
Which characteristic would best be used to distinguish a prokaryotic cell
from a eukaryotic cell?
A.
the presence of a nucleus
B.
the presence of ribosomes
C.
the presence of mitochondria
D.
the presence of an outer membrane
78. Gasoline for cars is produced from fossil fuels. Using gasoline can most likely lead to which environmental
problem?
A.
soil erosion
B.
water pollution
C.
wildlife extinction
D.
global warming
79. An island has many kinds of birds, no native species of snakes, and few large predators. Brown snakes eat
bird eggs. What is the most likely result of brown snakes being released accidentally on the island?
A.
more snakes and fewer birds
B.
more snakes and more birds
C.
fewer snakes and fewer birds
D.
fewer snakes and more birds
80. Look at the organisms below.
What do these organisms have in common?
A.
skeletal structure
B.
constant body temperature
C.
presence of spinal cord
D.
pattern of symmetry
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81.
Any mutation that takes place due to exposure to a chemical, radation,
or other environmental agent that damages DNA would be classified as
what kind of mutation?
A.
point mutation
B.
induced mutation
C.
frameshift mutation
D.
spontaneous mutation
82. One year a farmer decided not to plant crops in one of his fields. During that year his farm received a greater
amount of precipitation than normal. Which will most likely occur in that unplanted field as a result of the
greater precipitation?
A.
more carbon dioxide will be trapped in the field
B.
erosion of topsoil will increase in the field
C.
invasive species will inhabit the field
D.
animals will dig burrows in the field
83. Which statement best explains why populations of humans are rarely in Hardy­Weinberg equilibrium?
A.
Movement of humans among populations protects against the effects of chance events on allele
frequencies.
B.
Recessive traits do not disappear over time because they are hidden in heterozygous humans.
C.
Not all humans in a population have an equal chance of survival and reproduction.
D.
Mutation is the most significant source of variation in human populations.
84. The illustration below represents a rapid change that occurred in a type of shelled protist called
foraminiferans.
Which statement best characterizes the period approximately 5.5 million years ago?
A.
There was an abrupt change in selection pressures acting on foraminiferans.
B.
The ancestor organisms of foraminiferans became extinct.
C.
Geographical separation of foraminiferans produced many distinct populations.
D.
Foraminiferans migrated in large masses to warmer waters.
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85.
Flooding in lowland areas can have a negative effect on the surrounding
ecosystem. Which reason best explains why flooding could have
a potential negative effect on ecosystems?
A.
Increased water supplies can enlarge the habitats of aquatic
organisms.
B.
Rising levels of water can increase plant and algae growth around
wetlands.
C.
Flooding of low­lying areas can provide fresh water for organisms to
feed on and allow easier access.
D.
Additional stagnant water can provide a habitat suitable for disease­
carrying vectors to multiply at a rapid rate, thereby increasing the
chance of disease.
86.
Ten fish were living well in a 10­gallon fish tank. When five fish were
added to the tank later, some fish began to die. Which best explains this
occurrence?
A.
The fish ran out of carbon dioxide.
B.
The fish had no space in which to swim.
C.
The fish exceeded the carrying capacity of the tank.
D.
The new fish began to use the older fish for food.
87.
Which best describes lipids?
A.
They are soluble in water.
B.
They are insoluble in water.
C.
They are all solids at room temperature.
D.
They are are all liquids at room temperature.
88.
Which is a least likely primary function of proteins?
A.
to act as an organic catalyst
B.
to supply short­term energy
C.
to build and repair damaged cells
D.
to defend against foreign invaders
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89.
How does homeostasis maintain water balance in an animal?
A.
The hypothalamus releases a hormone to the liver to slow down
water removal from the blood.
B.
The pituitary gland releases a hormone to the liver, which causes less
water to be absorbed from the nephrons.
C.
The pituitary gland releases a hormone to the kidneys, which causes
more water to be reabsorbed from the nephrons.
D.
The hypothalamus increases water available to the body, and the
pituitary gland decreases the amount of water available to the body.
90.
How is disease affected by a population’s size?
A.
Population size has no effect on the spread of disease. B.
As population size increases, the spread of disease is increased.
C.
As population size increases, the spread of disease is decreased. D.
As population size decreases, the spread of disease is increased.
91. Computer companies use solvents in manufacturing. Many solvents are poisonous. If these solvents spill on
soil, they can contaminate an ecosystem. Which type of organisms would be first to be damaged by the
poisons in the solvents?
A.
organisms at the base of a food chain
B.
organisms at the highest trophic level
C.
organisms at the top of a biomass pyramid
D.
organisms with most interconnections in a food web
92. A genetic mutation has caused the fur color of field mice to contrast with their environment. This type of
mutation will most likely
A.
benefit the mice.
B.
harm the mice.
C.
increase reproductive rates.
D.
decrease competition for resources.
93. A plant growing on a hillside has a stem that curves so that the plant is vertical. This curve is not observed in
plants of the same species growing on level ground. Which statement best explains the curved stem of the
plant growing on the hillside?
A.
It is a trait for which the plant has no genes.
B.
It is a trait that is usually detrimental to plant survival.
C.
It is a trait that developed in response to temperature variations.
D.
It is a trait that is only expressed under particular environmental conditions.
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94.
Which has the largest storage of oxygen in any form on Earth? A.
biosphere
B.
atmosphere
C.
lithosphere
D.
hydrosphere
95. Pterosaurs were ancient winged reptiles. The drawing of the pterosaur shown is based on fossil finds. The
first known pterosaur fossils are about 195 million years old. These early pterosaurs had wingspans of
approximately 1 meter. Similar fossils from about 136 million years ago show flying reptiles with wingspans
of up to 12 meters.
Which is the best conclusion based on the description of the fossils?
A.
The later fossils were a different class of animal.
B.
As time passed, birds became more abundant than reptiles.
C.
As time passed, food sources for pterosaurs became scarce.
D.
Larger pterosaurs were better adapted to the environment.
96. How are the functions of a carbohydrate and a lipid similar?
A.
Both are a source of energy.
B.
Both are replicated during meiosis.
C.
Both lower the activation energy of reactions.
D.
Both dissolve nutrients in the digestive system.
97.
Which is a difference between anaerobic respiration and aerobic
respiration?
A.
Anaerobic respiration requires oxygen.
B.
Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen.
C.
Anaerobic respiration occurs only at the cellular level.
D.
Anaerobic respiration only occurs outside of the cell.
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98.
Which type of organic molecule should a person limit in order to lose
weight?
A.
Carbohydrates, because they store twice as much energy/gram. If
they are not used, they will cause weight gain.
B.
Lipids, because they store twice as much energy/gram. If they are not
used, they will cause weight gain.
C.
Carbohydrates, because they are nonpolar molecules and are
insoluble in water.
D.
Lipids, because they are nonpolar and soluble in water.
99.
Which step of bacterial transformation occurs after a gene of interest has
been isolated?
A.
inserting the plasmid into a bacterium
B.
removing the plasmid from the bacterium
C.
cutting the plasmid with restriction enzymes
D.
inserting the gene of the parent generation into the plasmid
100. The cactus moth was deliberately introduced to Australia in 1926 as a biological control for an invasive
prickly pear cactus. By the early 1990s the moth had also migrated to the Florida Keys from South
America and the moth soon eliminated most of the semaphore cacti in the region. Since then, the moth has
adapted to eat other plants in the Keys and has continued to grow in number. Which procedure would most
likely reduce the population of the cactus moth?
A.
Release sterile moths to limit reproduction.
B.
Use widespread spraying of insecticides.
C.
Introduce a predator of the cacti.
D.
Stop importation of all types of plants.
101. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that affects the joints. Which of these events causes the
symptoms of this disease?
A.
The body’s immune system attacks specific tissues.
B.
The cells of the immune system begin to grow rapidly.
C.
The body’s immune system fails to fight off infections.
D.
The cells of the immune system are absorbed by antigens.
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102.
Single­celled organisms move substances from low concentrations to
high concentrations to maintain homeostasis. What is this process
called?
A.
passive transport
B.
active transport
C.
osmosis
D.
diffusion
103.
A man who has a genotype, Aa, marries a woman with the genotype,
AA. What is the probability that their offspring will have the genotype,
Aa?
A.
25%
B.
33%
C.
50%
D.
75%
104.
What is the greatest threat to the biodiversity of plants and animals in
an ecosystem?
A.
disease
B.
pollution
C.
nonnative species
D.
habitat destruction
105.
Which organism belongs to the trophic level with the least amount of
energy available for sustaining and maintaining life?
A.
frog
B.
grass
C.
snake
D.
grasshopper
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106.
What do phylogenetic trees represent that earlier systems did not?
A.
show unicellular organisms
B.
how closely organisms are genetically related
C.
environmental relationships among taxonomic groups
D.
evolutionary relationships among taxonomic groups
107.
A certain species of a plant is able to survive in areas where the amount
of sunlight each day is limited. Which physical characteristic would be
most advantageous for the survival of the plant?
A.
thick leaves
B.
large leaves
C.
colorful flowers
D.
absence of flowers
108.
What are homologous structures?
A.
two anatomical structures in different species produced from the
same embryonic tissues
B.
a feature that is the same general size and shape as an anatomical
structure
C.
anatomical structures that used to have a function but have evolved
to be useless
D.
the fossilized remains of an anatomical structure that resemble a
structure found in another species
109. Which genetic mutation can be passed to the offspring?
A.
A gamete containing an extra chromosome is formed.
B.
Excessive sun exposure causes uncontrolled mitosis in skin cells.
C.
The DNA of a lung cell is damaged by exposure to cigarette smoke.
D.
A cell of a reproductive organ contains a damaged chromosome.
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110.
Cells use transport vesicles to transport large substances from the cell.
Which is true about the structure of the transport vesicles and the cell
membrane?
A.
They are the same size.
B.
They have the same type of phospholipid bilayer.
C.
They have the same proteins embedded in them.
D.
The vesicles contain protein receptors that the cell membrane
interacts with.
111.
Which organelles will a photosynthetic unicellular organism use to find
the light?
A.
cilia
B.
flagella
C.
eyespots
D.
pseudopods
112.
Which best represents the biotic components of an ecosystem?
A.
plants, animals, and climate
B.
producers, moisture, and consumers
C.
producers, decomposers, and consumers
D.
sunlight, atmospheric pressure, and temperature
113. A large plant population may impose selective pressure on a smaller, isolated group of plants, resulting in
a change in allele distribution. Which mechanism is responsible for this change in the allele distribution?
A.
mutation
B.
hybridization
C.
genetic drift
D.
trait acquisition
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114.
A factory’s drainage system runs into a small lake. Gallons of hot water
are dumped into the lake daily. How will this action mostly likely impact
the lake ecosystem?
A.
decreased algae growth
B.
decreased fish populations
C.
increased nitrogen gas levels in the lake
D.
increased dissolved oxygen levels in the lake
115. A farmer sprayed his orange trees with a pesticide to eliminate the insects damaging the trees. Some of
the insects survived and produced offspring that were also resistant to the insecticide. Which process is
illustrated by the pesticide resistance of the offspring?
A.
natural selection
B.
selective breeding
C.
aerobic respiration
D.
sexual reproduction
116. Reef­building corals work together with photosynthetic algae that live in their tissues. Which type of energy
is algae within a coral reef most likely able to use in order to survive?
A.
chemical
B.
mechanical
C.
radiant
D.
thermal
117. The plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, has a gene which has been found to show an unusually high rate of
mutation. Which conclusion is best supported by this observation?
A.
The gene codes for flower color in the plant.
B.
The gene is controlled by environment and not heredity.
C.
Traits associated with this gene are beneficial to the species.
D.
Traits associated with this gene may vary greatly in the species.
118.
What are organisms called that threaten biodiversity when transported
to new habitats?
A.
native species
B.
invasive species
C.
non­invasive species
D.
transgenic organisms
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119.
Which chemical cycle involves transpiration, evaporation, and
precipitation?
A.
water
B.
carbon
C.
nitrogen
D.
hydrogen
120.
Which best describes the cause of multiple antibiotic resistance in
hospitals?
A.
Antibiotic resistance is due to the widespread use of antibiotics.
B.
Antibiotic resistance is due to a patient being infected with multiple
strains of bacteria.
C.
Antibiotic resistance is due to a patient being infected by more than
one disease in a hospital.
D.
Antibiotic resistance is due to the crowding of patients which allows
different bacteria to form.
121. Farmers in Wyoming were concerned because some of their chickens were being preyed upon by hawks
that lived in areas around their ranches. The farmers grouped together and hunted the hawks until they
were no longer in their area. Which would most likely happen next?
A.
The chicken population would go down.
B.
Populations of mice and rats would increase.
C.
Another bird of prey would replace the hawk.
D.
The chickens would have a lower rate of disease.
122.
Protista are considered probable ancestors of what other kingdoms?
A.
plants and fungi
B.
animals and plants
C.
fungi, plants, and animals
D.
bacteria, fungi, and animals
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123.
Which is an appropriate application for a phylogenetic tree?
A.
show how organisms are related
B.
assign an organism a scientific name
C.
classify organisms based on characteristcs
D.
show when organisms were discovered by scientists
124. What is a benefit of the regulation of gene expression?
A.
conservation of genetic information
B.
conservation of cell resources
C.
trait adaptation to environmental change
D.
trait inheritance in offspring
125. When the pesticide DDT was first used, it killed nearly every mosquito it touched. Within a few years,
however, many mosquitoes became resistant to DDT and survived. What enabled this to happen?
A.
meiosis
B.
migration
C.
immune responses
D.
gene mutations
126.
For which aspect is DNA profiling most useful?
A.
in determining the nitrogenous bases
B.
in identifying the organic molecules making up nucleic acids
C.
in determining the presence of a defective gene in an individual’s
genome
D.
in identifying the sequence of sugars and phosphates in a nucleic
acid molecule
127.
Which is true of meiosis?
A.
There is one division, resulting in a diploid number of chromosomes.
B.
There is one division, resulting in a haploid number of chromosomes.
C.
There are two divisions, resulting in a diploid number of
chromosomes.
D.
There are two divisions, resulting in a haploid number of
chromosomes.
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128. The R group, or side chain, of the amino acid glutamic acid is hydrophilic. The R group of the amino acid
valine is hydrophobic. Where would a researcher expect to find these amino acids in the three­dimensional
structure of a protein?
A.
Glutamic acid would be in the interior, and valine would be on the exterior of the protein.
B.
Valine would be in the interior, and glutamic acid would be on the exterior of the protein.
C.
Both glutamic acid and valine would be in the interior of the protein.
D.
Both glutamic acid and valine would be in the exterior of the protein.
129.
Scientists expose some cells to a toxin and observe the cells moving
away from the toxin. What best explains why the cells behaved in this
way?
A.
Using ATP allows the cells to move.
B.
Mitochondria moves the cells away from danger.
C.
Photosynthesis makes energy, and the cell moves.
D.
Homeostasis is used to move cells away from danger.
130.
What is the purpose of cloning?
A.
to treat genetic disorders
B.
to diagnose diseases
C.
to place new genes in an organism
D.
to make genetically­identical organisms
131.
Which process helps express the cell phenotypes and change the cell
into a specialized cell?
A.
cell replication
B.
cell respiration
C.
DNA replication
D.
translation
132. An increase in the rate of evolution in a population will be affected by which scenario?
A.
Sunlight stimulates the growth of ash leaves.
B.
Wind blows pollen grains to nearby ash trees.
C.
Weevils eat the larger seeds dropped by ash trees.
D.
Migrating birds rest in ash trees on their journey south.
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133.
In mice, black fur is dominant over white fur. A mouse with black fur is
mated with a mouse with white fur. They produce 11 offspring, 10 of
which have black fur and 1 of which has white fur. Which is the most
likely genotype of the black mouse?
A.
BB
B.
Bb
C.
bb
D.
BB or Bb
134.
Which could affect the size of a squirrel population in an ecosystem?
A.
average rainfall
B.
types of minerals
C.
types of predators
D.
average temperature
135.
Why is photosynthesis important in maintaining a sustainable
ecosystem?
A.
because the ecosystem is dependent on the sugars and
carbohydrates produced by plants
B.
because the ecosystem is dependent on reduced levels of oxygen in
the atmosphere
C.
because the ecosystem requires help to reduce the nitrogen levels in
the atmosphere
D.
because the ecosystem requires help in replacing water back into the
environment
136.
During the process of gel electrophoresis, molecules are separated as
they are pulled by an electrical current through a molecular filter. Which
best describes how the molecules are separated?
A.
by size only
B.
by charge only
C.
precisely by both size and charge
D.
approximately by both size and charge
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137.
A student makes a slide containing numerous specimens of the protist
shown below. After leaving the light on for several minutes, she
observes that most of the protists have moved to the
brightly illuminated part of the microscope slide.
What is the best explanation for her observations?
A.
The protist shows no response to light.
B.
The protist uses light for autotrophic nutrition.
C.
The protist uses light for asexual reproduction.
D.
The protist uses light for heterotrophic nutrition.
138.
Which of these statements about phylogenetic trees is a true
statement?
A.
The taxa in these trees is implied to have come from a common
ancestor.
B.
It is a branched tree of inferred genetic relationships among a single
biological species.
C.
These trees show no order of appearance of the organism in history
in terms of chronological order.
D.
These trees always represent the species’ evolutionary history in
exact descriptions and specifications.
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139. The list below represents some dominant and recessive traits observed in pea plants.
Dominant
Green pods (G)
Smooth seeds (S)
Recessive
Yellow pods (g)
Wrinkled seeds (s)
To produce 100% offspring with yellow pods and wrinkled seeds, what parental genotypes must a
researcher use?
A.
GGSS × Ggss
B.
ggss × ggss
C.
ggSS × GgSS
D.
GGss × ssGG
140. A female frog is exposed to X­rays. She has an offspring with a new form of a hereditary trait. Based on
these events, give four pieces of information about the inherited trait.
141. The building of a dam will most likely
A.
prevent water pollution.
B.
destroy habitat for many animal species.
C.
allow fish to more easily swim up river.
D.
cause people to consume more water.
142. As a corn plant ages, its leaves grow. Which process is directly responsible for the growth of these
leaves?
A.
the division of cells in the plant
B.
the release of oxygen from the plant
C.
the absorption of carbon dioxide in the stem
D.
the transportation of nutrients from the roots
143. The burning of fossil fuels in cities results in high levels of air pollution. Which urban design would best
help reduce air pollution?
A.
numerous park areas
B.
frequent trash recycling
C.
efficient public transportation
D.
effective street lighting
144. Which of these cell parts store genetic instructions for the entire organism and transfers them from one
generation to the next?
A.
chloroplasts
B.
mitochondria
C.
DNA molecules
D.
nuclear membranes
145. Which of the following allows a cell to become specialized?
A.
location of the cell in the body
B.
function of the cell in the body
C.
different patterns of gene expression
D.
different combinations of genes in the nucleus
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146.
Which best explains the limited success of plasmid uptake by bacteria?
A.
Bacteria die upon uptake of foreign ATP.
B.
Foreign DNA causes bacteria to undergo aptopsis.
C.
Buffer solution denatures the DNA before uptake occurs.
D.
Bacteria may take up DNA but never integrate plasmid into working
DNA.
147.
How does pesticide resistance in insects lead to the evolution of the
overall insect species?
A.
The species will develop different eating methods to avoid the
pesticides.
B.
Insects surviving pesticide applications become weaker and will
eventually die.
C.
Farmers will use different pesticides to kill the insects, eliminating
the species.
D.
Pesticide­resistant insects will survive and reproduce, increasing the
percentage of pesticide­resistant insects in the population.
148.
Freshwater protists have a contractile vacuole that saltwater protists
lack. What is the best explanation for this?
A.
The saltwater protists cannot make their own food.
B.
The saltwater protists use a flagellum to move instead. C.
The freshwater protists evolved after the saltwater protists. D.
Freshwater protists must keep a balance of water to maintain
homeostasis.
149. The process of gene regulation directly impacts
A.
how much DNA is stored.
B.
how much DNA is replicated.
C.
which mRNA is produced.
D.
which tRNA is produced.
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150.
Which processes occur during interphase?
A.
mitosis and meiosis
B.
mitosis and DNA replication
C.
cell respiration and photosynthesis
D.
protein synthesis and DNA replication
151.
Which is true about the structure of starch molecules and protein
molecules?
A.
Starches and proteins are both polymers.
B.
Starches and proteins are both amino acids.
C.
Starches and proteins are both built from simple sugars.
D.
Starches and proteins are both built from nucleic acids.
152.
Which is a difference between active and passive transport?
A.
Eukaryotes are capable of active transport, while prokaryotes are
capable of passive transport.
B.
Cells only carry out active transport when they need to move, while
passive transport occurs constantly.
C.
Active transport requires ATP, while passive transport does not.
D.
Cells with mitochondria carry out active transport, while cells without
mitochondria carry out passive transport.
153. All organisms contain DNA and RNA. What are the subunits of DNA and RNA?
A.
simple sugars
B.
amino acids
C.
carbohydrates
D.
nucleotides
154. When the cells in an organism divide and reproduce, the organism can grow. Which cell organelle contains
the genetic material for reproduction?
A.
the nucleus
B.
the ribosome
C.
the mitochondrion
D.
the endoplasmic reticulum
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155. The Arctic tundra is covered by a thick frozen layer called permafrost. The surface of the ground thaws
during the summer in which a few microorganisms and some plants with shallow roots are able to survive.
Which factor most limits the diversity of life in the Arctic tundra during the summer?
A.
the amount of water
B.
the amount of sunlight
C.
the amount of fertile soil
D.
the amount of available space
156. Two parent butterflies with normal wings have offspring with altered wing shapes. What most likely
caused this change?
A.
speciation
B.
an adaptation
C.
natural selection
D.
a genetic mutation
157. Proteins function to provide structure for tissues and organs. Which of the following are the building
blocks of proteins?
A.
B.
C.
D.
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158. Cardiac muscle cells have a higher concentration of mitochondria than skeletal muscle cells. What does
the difference in mitochondrial concentration most likely indicate about cardiac muscle cells compared
with skeletal muscle cells?
A.
Cardiac muscle cells have more structural proteins in their cytoplasm.
B.
Cardiac muscle cells are located farther from areas where lipids are stored.
C.
Cardiac muscle cells have a lower release rate of carbon dioxide into veins.
D.
Cardiac muscle cells require a larger supply of energy released through respiration.
159.
What type of medication treats HIV?
A.
antiviral
B.
antibiotic
C.
antifungal
D.
antiparasitic
160. This diagram shows the codons for mRNA.
What is a possible DNA sequence for the amino acid sequence
phenylalanine­glycine­threonine?
A.
UUU GGG ACC
B.
AAA CCC UGG
C.
TTT GGG ACC
D.
AAA CCC TGG
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161.
What evidence best supports the conclusion that all cells have the same
DNA?
A.
a cell’s genetic makeup B.
Organisms have different specialized cells.
C.
Different types of cells produces different proteins.
D.
Fertilization produces one cell, and that cell divides by mitosis.
162.
Why do differentiated fat and nerve cells express different genes?
A.
Fat and nerve cells are not specialized.
B.
Genes are expressed in fat and nerve cells at all times.
C.
All fat and nerve cells have the same DNA in the nucleus.
D.
Some genes are expressed by fat cells that nerve cells do not use.
163.
Which type of relationship is created by the interaction between a host
and a parasite?
A.
Both are helped by the interaction.
B.
Neither benefits from the interaction.
C.
The host is helped, and the parasite is harmed by the interaction.
D.
The parasite is helped, and the host is harmed by the interaction.
164. Acid rain caused by industrial pollution greatly reduces the number of trees in a forested region that is
home to a particular species of bird. How might this decrease in the number of trees most likely affect this
bird population?
A.
The population will adapt to ground dwelling.
B.
The population will decrease due to lack of resources.
C.
The population will stabilize when it moves to another region.
D.
The population will increase as predators move out of the region.
165. What ALWAYS happens when the nucleotides in a strand of DNA is rearranged?
A.
The information on the strand changes.
B.
The mass of the strand changes.
C.
The organism dies.
D.
The organism thrives.
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166.
Which is a waste product of photosynthesis?
A.
carbon dioxide
B.
glucose
C.
oxygen
D.
water
167. Which characteristic is the best example of an inherited trait?
A.
eye color
B.
an infection
C.
knowledge of soccer
D.
length of hair
168.
Into which trophic level will herbivores most likely be placed?
A.
first level
B.
second level
C.
third level
D.
fourth level
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169. The diagram shown represents a tree leaf and a key to identify the leaf.
According to the key, the leaf shown in the illustration belongs to which tree?
A.
Blue Atlas Cedar
B.
Arizona Cypress
C.
Southern Catalpa
D.
Lilac Chaste Tree
170. What structure surrounds the cell and regulates materials that enter and leave the cell?
A.
nucleus
B.
chloroplast
C.
mitochondrion
D.
cell membrane
171.
What is one way heterotrophs can obtain nitrogen from their
environment?
A.
eating plants
B.
denitrifying bacteria
C.
inhaling it from the air
D.
absorbing it by drinking water
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172. When studying the health of an ecosystem, ecologists consider many factors. Which factor is least likely
considered by ecologists when evaluating the impact of human activities on an ecosystem?
A.
air quality
B.
plant diversity
C.
solar radiation
D.
thermal pollution
173.
The diagram below represents a phylogenetic tree.
What is most likely true about organism A?
A.
The organism is extinct.
B.
Evolution has not occurred.
C.
Evolution has occurred recently.
D.
The organism’s growth is still occurring.
174.
Some scientists believe that the human population has already
exceeded the carrying capacity of Earth. Which evidence most clearly
demonstrates this?
A.
data presented by experts who have spent years studying this topic
B.
data from previous technological advances that have increased
agricultural yield
C.
data demonstrating decreases in human populations that can be
linked to lack of resources
D.
historical data that demonstrates a consistent rise in human
populations throughout time
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175.
Which elements combine to form carbohydrates?
A.
Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen
B.
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
C.
Carbon, Potassium, and Calcium
D.
Carbon, Calcium, and Hydrogen
176. A rural area was cleared down to bare rock for constructing a road, but the road was never built. The area
began to regrow. Which of these plants most likely reappeared first?
A.
trees
B.
shrubs
C.
lichens and mosses
D.
weeds and crabgrass
177. DNA stores the genetic instructions transferred from one generation to the next. What is DNA?
A.
a molecule
B.
a membrane
C.
a cell nucleus
D.
a spiral­shaped cell
178.
During which process in the mitochondria is glucose converted into
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
A.
photosynthesis
B.
chemosynthesis
C.
cellular digestion
D.
cellular respiration
179.
Which is an example of an invasive species?
A.
rattlesnakes in the desert searching for prey
B.
the Kudzu vine introduced to help prevent soil erosion
C.
bacteria decomposing dead organic matter in any ecosystem
D.
algae that produces oxygen in freshwater systems and provides food
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180.
When an amoeba eats, it does so by the process of endocytosis. What
type of transport is this?
A.
passive
B.
active
C.
facilitated
D.
diffusion
181. Which of the following is an example of a behavioral adaptation?
A.
hooves of a horse
B.
migration of birds
C.
a spider web
D.
a bee hive
182.
Which statement supports Darwin’s hypothesis that natural selection
alters beak sizes in finches?
A.
In dry weather, large seeds and stout beaks are favored.
B.
In wet weather, large seeds and stout beaks are favored.
C.
In wet weather, smaller seeds and stout beaks are favored. D.
In dry weather, smaller seeds and smaller beaks are favored.
183.
Which represents a misuse of antibiotics which could lead to antibiotic
resistance?
A.
physicians prescribing antibiotics to treat influenza
B.
physicians prescribing antibiotics to treat strep throat
C.
taking antibiotics only when a bacterial infection is present
D.
finishing the antibiotic prescription even if you are feeling better
days before the prescription ends
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184.
Which accounts for the many differences in natural human hair color?
A.
Alleles for hair color are controlled by environmental conditions.
B.
Several pairs of alleles present in the human genome determine hair
color.
C.
The two alleles controlling hair color do not contribute equally to the
coloration.
D.
Hair color is controlled by peptide bonding of amino acids during
protein synthesis.
185.
Which mutation could be passed on to future generations?
A.
A strand of mRNA has a mistake in it that was not in the original
DNA strand.
B.
A nerve cell has an adenine base substituted for a guanine base on
one of its chromosomes.
C.
A sperm cell has an extra nucleotide on chromosome number 23 that
was not in the parent cell.
D.
A strand of replicated DNA in a liver cell has a mistake on it that
wasn’t on the original DNA strand.
186.
How do plants play a critical role in the carbon cycle?
A.
Plants have special bacteria that live in their roots.
B.
Plants release carbon dioxide during cellular respiration.
C.
Plants are chemically converted to fossil fuels when burned.
D.
Plants allow carbon to enter an ecosystem through photosynthesis.
187.
Which process involves a cell interpreting DNA?
A.
fertilization
B.
photosynthesis
C.
protein synthesis
D.
cellular respiration
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188.
Which best illustrates natural selection?
A.
whales living in the ocean
B.
hippopotamuses rolling in mud
C.
monkeys grooming each other D.
giraffes formation of a long neck
189.
The enzyme hexokinase binds to glucose and ATP during the chemical
reaction. At what location do they connect?
A.
active site
B.
between the bases
C.
at the end of the fatty acids
D.
the enzyme­substrate complex
190.
Which scenario best provides evidence of evolution?
A.
two organisms that look alike
B.
two organisms with similar DNA
C.
two organisms with divergent features
D.
two organisms with convergent features
191. Some plant species are more tolerant of acidic soil than others. The tolerant species are favored in areas
affected by which consequence of human activity?
A.
mixing of pollutants with rain
B.
erosion of topsoil by clearcutting
C.
runoff of fertilizer used in farming
D.
thinning of the atmospheric ozone layer
192. Fragmentation occurs when a large area of ecosystem is divided into smaller, isolated areas due to
deforestation. After fragmentation, changes to the ecosystem can occur. Which is most likely an effect of
fragmentation on an ecosystem?
A.
Nonnative species will colonize the fragmented area and will deplete the resources.
B.
Species in the fragmented area will utilize new food sources in the deforested area.
C.
The border of the fragmented area will be damaged by conditions outside the habitat.
D.
The nutrient cycle will be replenished by new species colonizing the deforested area.
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193. The diagram shows some leaf adaptations.
Which adaptation would be most helpful for reducing water loss from the plant?
A.
1
B.
2
C.
3
D.
4
194.
How are chromosomal comparisons, bio­geographical distribution, and
biochemistry of extinct organisms used in modern classification
systems?
A.
to refute the theory of evolution
B.
to determine evolutionary relationships of species
C.
to reinforce Aristotle’s two­kingdom classification system
D.
to support the theory that all organisms evolved from the same life
form
195. Which cellular structure in an animal cell helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the transportation of
substances into and out of the cell?
A.
vacuole
B.
cell wall
C.
mitochondrion
D.
cell membrane
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196.
Which correctly describes the relationship between the chloroplast and
vacuole of a plant cell?
A.
The vacuole stores the sugars the chloroplast makes.
B.
The chloroplast provides ATP for movement of the vacuole.
C.
The chloroplast breaks down the sugars the vacuole produces.
D.
The vacuole stores the water and oxygen produced by the
chloroplast.
197. Which of the following is a by­product of cellular respiration in animals?
A.
oxygen
B.
heat
C.
sugar
D.
protein
198. Albinism is a condition in which organisms have little to no skin pigmentation. As a result, their skin color is
white or whitish. The lizard on the left has normal pigmentation, while the lizard on the right is an albino and
lacks skin pigmentation.
Which statement best explains the significance of the albino condition in lizards?
A.
They tend to reproduce at higher rates than normal lizards.
B.
They are rarely attacked because they are generally well camouflaged.
C.
The lizards tend to live longer because their skin is not affected by the Sun.
D.
The lizards rarely reproduce because they are more susceptible to predators.
199.
Which is most likely the order of the origin of life on Earth?
A.
eukaryotes, invertebrates, prokaryotes, vertebrates, amphibians
B.
prokaryotes, amphibians, invertebrates, reptiles, mammals
C.
prokaryotes, eukaryotes, invertebrates, vertebrates, fishes
D.
amphibians, fish, reptiles, eukaryotes, vertebrates
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200.
Dogs are closely related to wolves. To prove this, what type of testing
or experiment would a scientist most likely carry out?
A.
compare wolf and dog DNA
B.
examine their social habits and record similarities
C.
feed them similar foods and see if they have similar diets D.
determine whether a female dog will care for a wolf pup
201. Genes are located on chromosomes which are composed of
A.
DNA.
B.
RNA.
C.
ATP.
D.
ADP.
202.
In which characteristic is a Euglena most similar to a plant cell?
A.
They both have flagella for movement.
B.
They both are able to trap energy from the sun.
C.
They both reproduce through the process of pollination.
D.
They both are heterotrophic and must get food from an outside
source.
203.
Which is the most likely explanation for the recent decision to split
bacteria into two separate kingdoms?
A.
Some bacteria are harmful to humans, some bacteria are beneficial
to humans.
B.
Some bacteria have been found to be more closely related to
animals than other bacteria.
C.
Bacteria have been found that are no more closely related to each
other than they are to other kingdoms.
D.
Bacteria have been found that are more closely related to other
bacteria than was previously thought.
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204. Look at the diagram of a mitochondrion.
What are the folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion called?
A.
vacuoles
B.
thylakoids
C.
stroma
D.
cristae
205. Tay­Sachs disease is a lethal, autosomal recessive genetic disorder. If both parents are heterozygous
carriers of the disease, what are the chances of them having a child who is also a heterozygous carrier for
Tay­Sachs?
A.
25%
B.
50%
C.
75%
D.
100%
206.
Which organic compound is correctly paired with its subunit?
A.
nucleic acid and DNA
B.
protein and amino acid
C.
carbohydrate and glycerol
D.
lipid and monosaccharide
207.
Which would be best described as an advantage of stem cell research?
A.
Most adult stem cells are pre­specialized.
B.
It is completely unknown what the long­term effects of genetic
interference could be.
C.
Most stem cells are derived from embryos that are not a patient’s
own, and the patient’s body may reject them.
D.
It has the potential for discovering treatments and cures to several
diseases including Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s
disease, cancer, spinal cord injuries, diabetes, and many more.
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208. Scientists have observed that, even within the same nest, some young birds call louder than others. Which
describes how a louder cry helps to ensure survival?
A.
Lung capacity is increased.
B.
Exposure to bacteria is increased.
C.
Parents are able to identify the nest.
D.
Parents respond by giving more food.
209. Landscapers frequently plant grass on steep hills in the yards of new housing developments. Which
statement best explains how grass can help conserve the soil?
A.
The grass provides shade so the soil stays cool.
B.
The grass attracts insects that enrich the soil by laying eggs.
C.
The roots of the grass spread out and hold the topsoil in place.
D.
The roots of the grass protect the soil from the effects of acid rain.
210. The diagram shows the changes in the shape of the beak in a species of bird over a period of 300 years.
Which best explains the change shown?
A.
Short­beaked birds cannot find food.
B.
Long­beaked birds catch more insects.
C.
Birds with long beaks had greater reproductive success.
D.
Mutations caused the birds to find new food.
211. Which of these statements describes how monomers combine and create macromolecules?
A.
Amino acids combine to make proteins.
B.
Glucose molecules combine to make nucleic acids.
C.
Nucleic acids combine to make starch.
D.
Proteins combine to make glucose.
212. A student prepares a report on gradual environmental changes. Which is the best topic for this report?
A.
forest fires in mountain regions
B.
succession that transforms grassland to forest
C.
decomposition of a desert rodent
D.
flash flooding in a country area
213. Repeated pesticide use on an insect population can result in some of the insects becoming resistant to
that pesticide over time. Which process is responsible for the pesticides no longer being effective on the
insects?
A.
divergent evolution
B.
natural selection
C.
bottleneck effect
D.
selective breeding
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214.
The diagram below represents a phylogenetic tree.
What is most likely true about Organism Y?
A.
Organism Y is only related to Organism X.
B.
Organism Y is closely related to Organism X.
C.
Organism Y is a distant relative of Organism X.
D.
Organism Y and Organism X will mate with one another.
215. Respiration is a process during which energy is released from glucose. This energy is used for processes
such as growth of the body. Which type of energy does respiration release?
A.
chemical
B.
kinetic
C.
potential
D.
thermal
216.
What is the ratio of carbon : hydrogen : oxygen in glucose?
A.
1 : 1 : 1
B.
1 : 2 : 1
C.
2 : 1 : 2
D.
1 : 3 : 1
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217.
Alpha­amylase, an enzyme present in saliva, breaks down starch. Which
food does it help to digest?
A.
milk
B.
candy
C.
steak
D.
potato
218.
A single cell may contain several different types of enzymes. Which
must occur for an enzyme to be able to catalyze a specific reaction?
A.
An enzyme must catalyze at least two different reactions.
B.
An enzyme must attach to a substrate like a lock in a key.
C.
An enzyme must react with the substrate that has the same
composition as the enzyme itself.
D.
An enzyme must react with the substrate that has the opposite
composition as the enzyme itself.
219. After a volcanic eruption, it takes a long time for large ecosystems to fully recover. Which statement best
explains why the development takes so long?
A.
Space is limited for growth.
B.
The quality of light is low.
C.
Soil must be created.
D.
Minerals are destroyed.
220. In a freshwater wetland ecosystem, garfish feed on turtles and are preyed upon by alligators. Which
environmental factor would most likely cause an increase in the garfish population?
A.
Construction in an area isolates part of the wetland community.
B.
An increase in road construction blocks the migration of turtles to nesting grounds.
C.
An unusually cool season causes a shift in the turtle population to favor the birth of males.
D.
Pollution accumulates in predators, reducing the reproductive success of alligators.
221. What would be the initial result if a DNA molecule did not replicate accurately?
A.
infertility of the organism
B.
incorrect protein synthesis
C.
increase in reproduction rate
D.
immediate death of the organism
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222.
Why does active transport require energy?
A.
Materials are moved from low concentration to low concentration
against the gradient.
B.
Materials are moved from low concentration to high concentration
against the gradient.
C.
Materials are moved from high concentration to low concentration
against the gradient.
D.
Materials are moved from high concentration to high concentration
against the gradient.
223.
To establish hierarchy, animals will challenge each other by fighting,
dancing, or building elaborate shelters. Those higher on the hierarchy
scale have greater access to food, mates, and other resources. Hierarchy
is an example of which type of animal behavior?
A.
aggressive behavior
B.
innate behavior
C.
learned behavior
D.
social behavior
224.
Which will have the greatest impact on the effects of disease in a
population?
A.
climate
B.
nutrition
C.
location of habitat
D.
numbers within a population
225. As a glacier melts and retreats, a layer of bedrock is exposed. Which term best describes the process that
establishes a community on the bedrock?
A.
disturbance
B.
succession
C.
weathering
D.
stabilization
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226. An increase in phosphate levels in a lake increases the population of algae in the lake. Increased algae
blocks sunlight into the lake and results in a decrease in dissolved oxygen in the lake’s water. Which of the
following should be expected as a result?
A.
Plant populations in the lake increase.
B.
More predatory birds feed on lake animals.
C.
Phosphate levels in the lake decrease.
D.
Fish populations in the lake decline.
227. Where are proteins synthesized?
A.
mitochondria
B.
ribosomes
C.
centrioles
D.
lysosomes
228. Fossils of ancestors of the modern horses show a small, 4­toed, almost dog­like browsing animal named
Eohippus. Over time, the horses got larger, lost toes, and changed to a grazing diet. What is the best
explanation for why this change occurred?
A.
The horses with traits most suited to the changing environment survived.
B.
The horses changed their environment to fit their needs for survival.
C.
The horses took the extra energy from a grazing diet and used it to grow larger.
D.
The horses needed to run faster, so they ran more and their leg and foot structure adapted.
229.
Which explains why the size of a population of rabbits might be
decreasing?
A.
The disease rate of the rabbit population is low.
B.
The rate at which the rabbits reproduce is increasing.
C.
The birth and death rates of the rabbits have stabilized.
D.
Rabbits are dying at a faster rate than they are reproducing.
230.
Where does cellular respiration and ATP production occur in a eukaryotic
cell? A.
cell wall
B.
ribosome
C.
mitochondria
D.
plasma membrane
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231.
Which is a least likely function of lipids in plants and animals?
A.
to supply energy
B.
to make up cell membranes
C.
to transfer hereditary information
D.
to provide insulation and protection
232. How do toxic heavy metals move from soil to lakes and streams?
A.
runoff
B.
condensation
C.
precipitation
D.
transpiration
233. The aphid is a small, soft­bodied insect that is a major pest to many plant species, including food crops.
During the larval stage, lacewing larvae can eat between 100 and 600 aphids each. Commercial farmers
may introduce lacewing insects into their fields as a means to control the aphid population based on which
relationship between the two organisms?
A.
parasitic
B.
mutualistic
C.
predator/prey
D.
producer/consumer
234. Herbicides are used by farmers to control weeds and manage crops without weeding by hand. The
continuous use of herbicides can lead to a decreased effectiveness of the herbicides. This is an example
of herbicide resistance. How does this resistance occur?
A.
The chemical makeup of the herbicide changes over time.
B.
The weeds mutate until the herbicide is no longer effective.
C.
The surviving weeds reproduce and their population grows.
D.
The use of the herbicide attracts other weed species to the area.
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235. The diagram shows two large carbohydrate molecules made by plants.
Humans can use starch as an energy source, but are unable to use cellulose for energy. Which of the
following best explains the difference in how these molecules are processed in the body?
A.
Humans can chew starch but cannot chew cellulose.
B.
Humans dissolve starch in blood plasma but cannot dissolve cellulose.
C.
Humans make an enzyme to digest starch but cannot digest cellulose.
D.
Human muscle cells can absorb starch but cannot absorb cellulose.
236.
Which best describes the amount of carbon in the carbon cycle?
A.
It is increasing.
B.
It is decreasing.
C.
As the output equals the actual amount absorbed, it remains
constant.
D.
It fluctuates depending on the number of plants available for
photosynthesis and respiration.
237. A scientist studied human skin cells as they produced two genetically identical daughter cells from a
single parent cell. The scientist mapped the steps as shown.
Which of the following did the scientist map in this scenario?
A.
fertilization
B.
meiosis
C.
crossover
D.
mitosis
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238.
Which distinguishes between amphibian and mammalian development?
A.
Mammalian embryos respire through gill slits, while amphibian
embryo respire through lungs.
B.
Amphibian fertilization occurs internally, while mammalian
fertilization occurs externally.
C.
Amphibian eggs develop in moist areas, while mammalian eggs
develop inside the female’s body.
D.
Mammalian young are fed by both parents, while amphibian young
are nourished through the mother’s body.
239. Which of these provides most of the oxygen in Earth's atmosphere?
A.
coral reefs
B.
rainforest plants
C.
ocean phytoplankton
D.
continental grasslands
240.
Which best explains why most medical thermometers now use alcohol
instead of mercury?
A.
Mercury is more toxic than alcohol.
B.
Mercury is more costly than alcohol.
C.
Alcohol is a liquid, and mercury is a solid.
D.
Alcohol detects temperature changes better than mercury.
241. Which of these best describes a species?
A.
organisms that are similar in appearance
B.
organisms that adapt to similar environments
C.
organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
D.
organisms that live together in the same area
242. Which of the following is an example of how a species may change over time?
A.
Bacteria become resistant to antibiotics.
B.
Dog fur becomes thicker in the winter.
C.
Turtles become male or female based on incubation temperature.
D.
Humans become immune to a certain illness after vaccination.
243. Which of the following is influenced by both genetics and behavior?
A.
eye color
B.
hair texture
C.
blood type
D.
body weight
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244.
The diagram below displays a graph of Lynx and Hare populations:
Based on the graph, what keeps the lynx population from experiencing
constant growth?
A.
limited amount of food
B.
eating a variety of food types C.
extinction of the hare population
D.
competition with other predators 245.
When antibiotics belonging to the penicillin family were first used, they
were very effective against the bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus. Now
MRSA, methicillin­resistant Staphylococcus aureus, is becoming a
national health problem. Which statement best explains the
development of MRSA?
A.
Staphylococcus aureus developed immunity to all forms of penicillin.
B.
Overuse of penicillin has weakened the antibiotic against
Staphylococcus aureus, so it is ineffective against other bacteria.
C.
Penicillin­type antibiotics were able to kill off all of the older strains
of Staphylococcus aureus, which allowed new strains of the bacteria
to develop.
D.
Mutations occurred and caused certain Staphylococcus aureus
bacteria to be unaffected by penicillin­type antibiotics, and these
bacteria lived to reproduce.
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246. After Audrey drinks a glass of juice, digestive processes deliver glucose to the bloodstream. From the
bloodstream, glucose molecules enter the cell. In order for glucose molecules to be used by the cell,
glucose­specific enzymes must do what?
A.
bind glucose molecules to each other
B.
evaluate the energy content of the glucose
C.
catalyze a chemical reaction with the glucose
D.
transport the glucose molecules to the nucleus
247. Physical features help animals survive. Which statement best describes physical adaptations that occur
through natural selection in changing environments?
A.
They result in population decline.
B.
They are all observable in the fossil record.
C.
They occur slowly over long periods of time.
D.
They are more likely to be observed in plants.
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