220.
SOME A S P E C T S OF P H Y S I O L O G I C A L GROWTH OF M E A T A N I M A L S
R.
INTRODUCTION:
6.
KAUFFMAN
Physiological Growth Defined
A s an animal grows it increases i n w e i g h t u n t i l mature s i z e i s
reached and t h i s , Hamond has l a b e l e d growth. After maturity, it changes i n
i t s body shape, and i t s various functions and f a c u l t i e s come i n t o f u l l being
t h i s he c a l l s development. I n mamals, which cease t o grow beyond sexual
maturity, t h e r e appears t o be more uniformity i n length of l i f e than i n
o t h e r forms such as f i s h e s which continue t o grow as long as t h e y l i v e .
Rubner b e l i e v e s t h a t various animals, during t h e i r lifetime, use up approximately t h e same number of c a l o r i e s p e r u n i t of body w e i g h t , and i n some
cases t h e r e i s an i n d i c a t i o n t h a t chemical conditions i n t h e a d u l t may
r e v e r t t o t h a t of a young animal during senescence.
--
Physiologic t i m e i s measured by rate of change i n an organism and
it i s v a r i a b l e according t o d i f f e r e n t i n d i v i d u a l s of t h e same species and
d i f f e r e n t t i s s u e s i n t h e same individual. For example, t h e b r a i n and eyes
appear t o be p r i m a r i l y a function of age because of t h e i r high p r i o r i t y f o r
a v a i l a b l e n u t r i e n t s -- under l i m i t e d n u t r i t i v e supply, organs whose function
i s d i r e c t l y a s s o c i a t e d with growth s u f f e r proportionately more than those
such as b r a i n , eyes, and h e a r t which a r e of primary importance f o r l i f e .
Physiological growth t r a n s p i r e s when rate of synthesis of protoplasm i n c e l l s exceeds t h e rate of catabolism; however, experimentally such
a d e f i n i t i o n would be impossible of a p p l i c a t i o n because no one has e s t a b l i s h e d
a c r i t e r i o n t o d i s t i n g u i s h t h e protoplasmic from t h e nonprotoplasmic cons t i t u e n t s of an organism. Growth may a l s o be defined a s an increase i n c e l l
number or when c e l l s undergo hypertrophy. Increase i n i n t e r c e l l u l a r
materials may contribute t o growth, but t h i s i s a r e l a t i v e l y minor f a c t o r .
It i s d i f f i c u l t t o separate growth i n c e l l number from growth i n c e l l s i z e ,
or t o determine what proportion of a s i z e increase i s due t o e i t h e r f a c t o r .
It has been thought t h a t muscle c e l l s of mammals undergo p r a c t i c a l l y no i n crease i n number a f t e r b i r t h ; however, Morpurgo found t h a t t h e number of
f i b e r s i n t h e r a d i a l i s muscle of t h e r a t increased f r o m 5919 f i b e r s a t b i r t h
t o 8014 f i b e r s a t 420 days of age. Why a c e l l ' s s i z e should have a l i m i t i s
not known -- some argue t h a t t h e r a t i o of surface t o volume i s important
whereas o t h e r s t h i n k t h e r a t i o of t h e volume of t h e nucleus t o t h a t of t h e
cytoplasm i s s i g n i f i c a n t .
Physiological growth has become a popular label t h a t v a r i e s with
t h e a c c i d e n t a l t r a d i t i o n s , predictions and purposes of t h e individual using
it and thus may r e f e r t o reproduction, increase i n dimensions and mass,
c e l l u l a r m u l t i p l i c a t i o n , and migration, p r o t e i n synthesis, etc. t h e rate of
which may vary according t o species, n u t r i t i o n , physical environment, s t a t e
of h e a l t h , hormonal behavior, hibernation, anatomical l o c a t i o n and function.
221.
A purely f o r m a treatment of physiological growth, as i s often
attempted through t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of general growth curves, i s only a
valuable guide t o and supplement o f , but never a s u b s t i t u t e f o r , a precise
a n a l y s i s of t h e d i f f e r e n t forms i n which growth manifests i t s e l f . T o know
growth we must f i r s t break down each one of i t s manifestations i n t o i t s
constituent elementary processes and then study these and describe them i n
according t o Weiss, t h e r e i s no short c u t . It i s with
objective terms
t h i s philosophy, t h a t some individual biochemical changes i n t i s s u e s during
physiological growth w i l l receive a t t e n t i o n today.
--
SOME BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES I N TISSUES DURING GROWTH
1. Accumulation of inorganic constituents. A s t h e skeleton natures
t h e r e i s a r a p i d increase i n t o t a l mineral content
e s p e c i a l l y calcium and
phosphorus. These changes a r e well known and have obvious application t o t h e
growth and development of an animal. (Dr. Heaney's discussion t h i s morning
c l e a r l y demonstrated t h i s ) . A s t h e density and s i z e of bone increases by
appositional growth, a concomitant mineralization t r a n s p i r e s , whereas c a r t i lage grows and matures by i n t e r s t i t i a l a s well as appositional mechanisms and
t h u s i t s calcium content increases while nitrogen remains constant. I n
s t r i a t e d muscle, sodium tends t o decrease up t o maturity and then increases
t h e r e a f t e r . Potassium may decrease a f t e r maturity, however, i n t h r e e c l o s e l y
r e l a t e d l a n b s o f t h r e e d i f f e r e n t ages, t o t a l carcass potassium per u n i t of
nitrogen did not appear t o change, even though t h e r e was a d e f i n i t e p a t t e r n
of potassium d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r c e r t a i n types of muscles within each animal.
Muscles of t h e pelvic l i m b , low i n f a t contained about 11 mg. of potassium
above t h e average while abdominal muscles high i n f a t contained 24 mg. below
t h e average. If c e r t a i n body t i s s u e s do accumulate minerals during physio l o g i c a l growth, then it m i g h t be suspected t h a t t h e power t o excrete s o l i d
p a r t i c l e s has been l o s t . If such materials f i n d t h e i r way i n t o t h e body,
they must remain i n t h e t i s s u e s forever u n l e s s they can be dissolved. Since
t h e r e i s a gradual accumulation of insoluble materials during l i f e , t h i s may
be one of the f a c t o r s associated with t h e aging process.
--
2. Glycogen concentration. For t h e first f e w days a f t e r b i r t h ,
but t h i s drops t o l e s s than 1% i n
muscle may contain as much as 6% glycogen
~.
t h e f i r s t - m o n t h of l i f e . I n addition, the ultimate a c i d i t y of muscle does
not appear t o be r e l a t e d t o growth per se, and can thus be associated with a
number of other biochemical properties t h a t a r e somewhat independent of growth
and development and thus i r r e l e v a n t t o t h i s discussion.
3. Fat Deposition. A s an animal grows, t h e proportion of f a t t y
t i s s u e represented by n e u t r a l t r i g l y c e r i d e s i n f a t c e l l s increases. This
change i s accompanied by a decrease i n water content and a decrease i n
t h i s would be expected i f t h e r e l a t i v e l y saturated f a t t y
double bonding
a c i d s from t h e d i e t were d i l u t i n g t h e higher unsaturated s t r u c t u r a i phosphol i p i d s of t h e c e l l .
--
The f i r s t slide* i l l u s t r a t e s some changes i n t o t a l carcass f a t
as w e l l as four individual depot c i t e s t h a t occur a s growth continues. I n
a l l cases except intramuscular f a t , t h e r e i s an increase i n proportionate
and absolute q u a n t i t i e s of f a t t y t i s s u e s . Why intramuscular f a t does not
especially
n e c e s s a r i l y increase as growth progresses remains a mystery
i f a p o s i t i v e c a l o r i c balance e x i s t s . I n individual ovine muscles studied,
--
222.
some nuscles such as t h e transversus abdcminis a c t u a l l y experienced a
decrease i n l i p i d concentration; some muscles such a s t h e Longissimus did
not appear t o change and s t i l l others such a s t h e Rhomboideus increased.
The accumulation of intramuscular f a t i s thought t o be r e l a t e d t o t h e
attainment of nuscular maturity. The next slide* i l l u s t r a t e s t h e r a t e of
i t s deposition i n t h e Longissimus of bovine representing two d i s t i n c t types
of breeding. If we assume t h a t t h e beef type i s f a s t e r maturing, then t h e
hypothesis would help explain t h e two d i f f e r e n t r a t e s of l i p i d deposition i n
muscle.
4.
Changes i n Nitrogenous compounds.
Stroma Proteins: Even though t h e r e a r e some i n d i c a t i o n s
t h a t strcma p r o t e i n s may increase w i t h t h e advancement of physiological
growth, recent s t u d i e s question t h i s -- i n f a c t some research suggests t h a t
t h e r e i s as much as a SO$ decrease during grcwth from b i r t h t o maturity.
J u s t what may be occurring i s not completely understood but it i s believed
t h a t t h e s o l u b i l i t y of t h e s e p r o t e i n s diminish throughout grGwth.
a.
b. Nyoglobin: The next slide* shows t h e increase of myoglobin Concentration with advancing growth. According t o Lawrie, myoglobin
functions as a short t e r m oxygen s t o r e , and t h e r i s e i n concentration as
noted i n t h e bovine Longissimus, may represent a mechanism t o o f f s e t t h e
enhanced d i f f i c u l t y of gaseous exchange associated with t h e increasing bulk
of muscular t i s s u e s . If it may be presumed t h a t t h e a c t i v i t y of t h e
cytochrome enzyme system increases i n p a r a l l e l with myoglobin from b i r t h t o
maturity, then t h e development of t h e niuscles’aerobic mechanism must l a g
appreciably behind t h e elaboration of t h e m y o f i b r i l l a r element it i s designed
t o serve.
c . Sarcoplasmic and m y o f i b r i l l a r Proteins: The next slide*
g r a p h i c a l l y d e p i c t s t h e change of t h e protein/moisture r a t i o f r o m b i r t h t o
advanced age i n pigs. The t h r e e zones-have been a r b i t r a r i l y designated t o
represent r a p i d growth phase, t h e t r a n s i t i o n a l period of growth and maturity.
T h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p may suggest e i t h e r t h a t t h e biochemical s t r u c t u r e of t h e
i n d i v i d u a l muscle c e l l i s i n a state of change o r t h a t c e l l d i v i s i o n i s cont i n u i n g a t a decreased r a t e . The maturation zone i s defined a s t h a t phase
of physiological growth i n which t h e protein-moisture r a t i o does not change,
regardless of t h e f a t n e s s of any i n d i v i d u a l or group of m s c l e s observed.
Individual muscles within an animal appear t o have d i f f e r e n t proteinmoisture r e l a t i o n s h i p s t h a t a t t a i n c e l l u l a r maturity a t d i f f e r e n t r a t e s .
The next slide* shows t h e changes of t h e two lrajor muscle p r o t e i n groups
which f u r t h e r explains t h e increase of t h e protein-moisture r a t i o i n t h e
e a r l y stages of physiological growth. A s t h e muscle dehydrates during grGwth,
t h e sarcoplasmic and m y o f i b r i l l a r p r o t e i n s increase. According t o Lawrie,
t h i s increase i s conccmitant with an increase of t h e diameter of t h e f i b e r s
and t h i s hypertrophy may be regarded a s p r e f e r e n t i a l l y due t o an increase i n
sarcoplasmic v o l m e . It must be supposed t h a t i n developing muscle, sarcoplasmic voluEe i s not synonymous with mitochondrial d e n s i t y and t h a t t h e
energy - yielding mitochondria a r e mainly elaborated a f t e r b i r t h , from prot e i n pre-existent i n t h e sarcoplasm. The e a r l y a t t a i m e n t of i t s mature
l e v e l by t h e m y o f i b r i l l a r p r o t e i n i s more understandable, since contraction
energy can be obtained by anaerobic g l y c o l y s i s and t h e myofibril can t h u s be
f u n c t i o n a l even where t h e r e i s l i t t l e a c t i v i t y i n t h e cytochrcme system.
223.
d. Non p r o t e i n nitrogen: I n t h e same s l i d e , w e note t h a t t h e
non-protein nitrogen increases during t h e growth of t h e Longissimus. Such
compounds as purines, urea, c r e a t i n e , carnosine and free amino a c i d s cont r i b u t e t o t h i s nitrogen pool; hGwever, an explanation f o r t h i s change awaits
f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n . The increase of t h i s f r a t i o n of muscle nitrogen also
h e l p s explain t h e protein-moisture r a t i o increase during e a r l y s t a g e s of
growth.
e. C r y s t a l l i n p r o t e i n s of t h e eye l e n s . I n some recent
s t u d i e s , t h e d r i e d weight of t h e l e n s e s of w i l d l i f e have been used t o
estimate chronological age. The l e n s grows throughout l i f e and new l e n s
f i b e r s are continuously being p r o l i f e r a t e d by growth and elongation of t h e
e p i t h e l i a l c e l l s a t t h e l e n s equator. The l e n s t i s s u e i s derived embryol o g i c a l l y from ectoderm and i s not i n any sense, connective t i s s u e . The
e p i t h e l i a l c e l l s l o s e t h e i r n u c l e i as t h e fibers take shape and t h e s e f i b e r s
are cemented together by hyaluronic a c i d s u l f a t e or some similar substance.
The l e n s i s not innervated and i t s n u t r i t i o n i s maintained by a simulated
d i f f u s i o n process s i n c e t h e r e i s no d i r e c t blood supply.
When compared t o other body t i s s u e s , t h e l e n s p r o t e i n s account
f o r about 35% of i t s f r e s h weight
t h e highest concentration of p r o t e i n
when compared t o any o t h e r body organ. O f t h e s e p r o t e i n s , alpha and beta
c r y s t a l l i n p r o t e i n s account f o r about 85% of t o t a l p r o t e i n nitrogen, while
albuminoid p r o t e i n i s 12.5% and gamma c r y s t a l l i n p r o t e i n 1 t o 2%. Nucop r o t e i n , nucleoproteins and phosphoproteins c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e nitrogen cont e n t only i n trace amounts. Most of t h e amino a c i d s a r e found i n t h e l e n s
p r o t e i n s b u t c y s t e i n e i s present i n t h e most conspicuous amounts.
--
Research a t t h e University of I l l i n o i s has suggested t h a t t h e
measurement of l e n s nitrogen may be a p r a c t i c a l and r e l i a b l e i n d i c a t i o n of
chronological age i n meat animals. Even though most of t h e information
obtained t o date has involved swine, t h e r e i s every reason t o b e l i e v e t h a t
i t s use i n p r e d i c t i n g ages i n other species may be equally e f f e c t i v e . The
next series of s l i d e s i l l u s t r a t e s some of t h e work c u r r e n t l y under
investigation.
The f i r s t slide* compares t h e l e n s s i z e and t o t a l nitrogen of
swine and sheep a t t h r e e s t a g e s of physiological growth:birth, market weight
and maturity. The next s l i d e shows t h e growth changes of t h e porcine l e n s
from b i r t h t o maturity. This r e l a t i o n s h i p of l e n s nitrogen t o chronological
age i s presented g r a p h i c a l l y i n t h e next s l i d e . From b i r t h t o one year of
age t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p appears t o be somewhat l i n e a r , however beyond t h i s stage
of growth, a c u r v i l i n e a r p a t t e r n e x i s t s . However, it i s i n t h e f i r s t year of
physiological growth t h a t merits t h e g r e a t e s t a t t e n t i o n and f o r t u n a t e l y t h e
rate of change i s g r e a t enough t o provide d e s i r a b l e accuracy for p r e d i c t i o n
of age. To date, only l i m i t e d observations have been made, but it appears
t h a t one should expect t h e standard deviation of t h e d i f f e r e n c e between
a c t u a l and estimated age t o equal nine days i f such a curve were used f o r
pigs.
The lens* i s surrounded by a capsule and i s l o c a t e d i n t h e a n t e r i o r
p o r t i o n of t h e eye b a l l and i s attached t o t h e c i l i a r y muscle by a series of
zonal f i b e r s . The i r i s p a r t i a l l y covers t h e a n t e r i o r s i d e and separates t h e
a n t e r i o r and p o s t e r i o r chambers of t h e eye which contain aqueous humour.
224.
P o s t e r i o r t o t h e l e n s i s t h e v i t r e o u s chamber which contains a g e l - l i k e
mass -- t h e v i t r e o u s humour. The next fonr photographs*, show how t h e f r e s h ,
unpreserved l e n s can be simply and q u a n t i t a t i v e l y removed f o r nitrogen
a n a l y s i s by macro Kjeldahl. The f i r s t s t e p a f t e r removing t h e i n t a c t eye
b a l l after slaughter i s t o cut it i n t o a n t e r i o r and p o s t e r i o r halves*. The
*a n t e r i o r h a l f (cornea portion) i s turned i n s i d e out t o expose t h e l e n s .
The v i t r e o u s humour (which contains t r a c e amounts of nitrogenous compounds,
i s gently folded away from t h e l e n s capsule and then t h e "capsule i s
ruptured with a s c a l p e l and t h e l e n s i s t r a n s f e r r e d i n t o a g l a s s spoon. The
t r a n s f e r i n t o a Kjeldahl f l a s k i s obvious. Analysis of r i g h t and l e f t l e n s e s
i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e r e l a t i v e e r r o r f o r a l e n s containing 20 mg. nitrogen i s
2 1.3%. The eye b a l l may be stored i n formalin i n d e f i n i t e l y and t h e l e n s
subsequently removed a t any time with a similar degree of accuracy.
If nitrogen accumulates i n t h e l e n s over a given pericd of t i m e ,
then t h e question nust be asked, What are t h e e f f e c t s of n u t r i t i o n a l stress,
sex, breed, disease and other abnormalities on t h e r a t e of t h i s deposition?
" L i t t e r mate pigs fed eight d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s of p r o t e i n f o r 35 days possessed
l e n s e s t h a t d i d not very s i g n i f i c a n t l y . A study i s c u r r e n t l y i n progress t o
reaffirm t h e s e findings.
Another study has been p a r t i a l l y completed t o determine t h e e f f e c t
of sex and n u t r i t i o n a l s t r e s s on t h e accumulation of l e n s p r o t e i n s . A l i t t e r
of p i g s (consisting of t h r e e barrows, t h r e e boars and t h r e e g i l t s ) were
r o u t i n e l y f e d t o 200 l b s . *Pigs of t h e t h r e e sex c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s were
randomly a l l o t t e d t o one of t h r e e n u t r i t i o n a l regimens. Pigs on one t r e a t ment were maintained a t t h e i r o r i g i n a l market weight throughout t h e durat i o n of t h e experiment. Pigs on a second treatment were f u l l f e d throughout t h e experiment. The t h i r d group of pigs were f u l l fed u n t i l they had
gained 25% of t h e i r o r i g i n a l market weight, and then they were f a s t e d u n t i l
t h i s increase i n weight w a s l o s t . Results of t h i s f i r s t l i t t e r gave t h e
obvious carcass r e s u l t s f o r t h e four boars studied. The next s l i d e shows t h e
accumulation of nitrogen i n t h e l e n s of t h e e n t i r e l i t t e r which included two
r u n t s t h a t were not used i n t h e main portion of t h e experiment. Even thou&
each c e l l i s only represented by one individual, t h e data suggests t h a t t h e
n u t r i t i o n a l s t r e s s played only a minor r o l e , i f any a t a l l , i n influencing
nitrogen deposition i n t h e l e n s . However, d e f i n i t e conclusions cannot be
drawn u n t i l more data has been c o l l e c t e d and s t a t i s t i c a l l y evaluated.
To date, w e have l i t t l e information on t h e association of breed t o
t h e deposition of nitrogen i n t h e lens; however, t h e r e a r e indications t h a t
animals of t h e same chronological age, but of d i f f e r e n t breeds, rnay have
d i f f e r e n t q u a n t i t i e s of l e n s nitrogen.
J u s t why t h e various c r y s t a l l i n e p r o t e i n s change during
physiological growth and why t h e l e n s ' s need f o r p r o t e i n s t a k e s precedence
over most other protein-requiring t i s s u e s remains unanswered a t t h i s t i m e .
A t t h i s point you may question t h e implications of t h i s research.
One should be cognizant t h a t besides t h e obvious applications t h a t it may have
i n p r e c i s e l y determining chronological age of animals, e s p e c i a l l y those t h a t
a r e compared f o r excellence of production and carcass t r a i t s , it may serve as
a meaningful guide o r standard t o physiological growth i t s e l f . Because no
p a r t i c u l a r c r i t e r i a has been u n i v e r s a l l y accepted as a yardstick f o r
225
e s t a b l i s h i n g physiological growth i n mammals, it i s very possible t h a t
p r o t e i n deposition i n t h e eye l e n s may serve t h i s r o l e -- e s p e c i a l l y i f t h e
s t u d i e s and questions a i r e d here a r e challenged by continuing research i n
t h i s area. It would be of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t t o compare t h e changes of
l e n s p r o t e i n s t o p r o t e i n changes i n other body t i s s u e s , and t o i n v e s t i g a t e
t h e metabolic i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s involved. I n addition t o t h e importance
of these answers f o r t h e meat animal industry, such information may a l s o
contribute t o t h e questions s t i l l unanswered concerning abnormal metabolism
of t h e l e n s which leads t o t h e development of c a t a r a c t disease shared by
man and animals.
LITERATURE CITED
Baird, D. M., A. V. Nalbandov and H. W. Norton. Some physiological causes
causes of g e n e t i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t r a t e s of growth i n swine. J. An. Sci.
11:292, 1952.
Brody, S. Bioenergetics and growth.
New York, 1945.
Reinhold Publishing Corp.
Davson, H. A textbook of general physiology.
Boston, 1964.
3rd Ed. L i t t l e , Brown & Co.,
Davson, H. The eye. Vol. 1. Vegetative physiology and biochemistry.
Academic Press, New York, 1962.
Dickerson, J. W. T. and E. M. Widdarson.
muscle during development. Biochem.
Ham, A. W.
Histology.
3rd Ed.
Chemical changes i n s k e l e t a l
J. 74: 247, 1960.
J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, 1957.
Hammond, J. Progress i n t h e physiology of f a r m animals.
worths S c i e n t i f i c publications, London, 1955.
Hardin, G. Biology, i t s p r i n c i p l e s and implications.
Co., San Francisco, 1961.
Heilbrun, L. V. An o u t l i n e of general physiology.
Co., Philadelphia, 1952.
Vol. 2.
Butter-
W. H. Freeman and
3rd Ed.
W. B. Saunders
Kauffman, R. G. The r e l a t i o n s h i p between some chemical components of t h e
eye l e n s and physiological and/or chronological age of swine.
Unpublished data, U. of Ill., 1965.
Kauffman, R. G., Z. L. Carpenter, R. W. Bray and W. G. Hoekstra. I n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s of gross chemical components of pork muscle. Agr. &
Food Chem. 12:102, 1964.
Kauffman, R. G., L. E. St. C l a i r and R. J. Reber.
Ill. Agr. Esrp. Sta. Bul. 698, Dec. 1963.
Ovine myology.
U. of
226.
L a w r i e , R. A. Studies on t h e muscles of meat animals. I. Differences i n
composition of beef longissimus d o r s i muscles determined by age and
anatomical location. J. Agr. Sci. 56:249, 1961.
Palsson, H. Meat q u a l i t i e s i n t h e sheep with s p e c i a l reference t o
S c o t t i s h breeds and crosses. I. J. A g r . Sci. 24:part 4, 1939.
Parpart, A. K. The chemistry and physiology of growth.
University Press, Princeton, N . J . , 1949.
Princeton
C o q o s i t i o n vs. Growth of Three Hampshire Eke Lambs
I
Individual
Age a t Slaughter (days)
Chilled Carcass wt
.
.
(kg )
120
16.8
I1
I11
24.0
27.5
197
225
Compos i t ion
Fat Free W s c l e %
Bone
%
fisc.
%
Fat
%
Subcutaneous $
Intermuscular$
k
Cavity
Intramuscular%
13.3
8 .O
3.4
3.1
47.9
55.1
10.7
13.7
3.4
4.3
27.8
37.1
15.7
13.9
4.7
2.8
46.4
10.4
4.5
38.7
16.2
13.9
5.3
3.3
227
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A N I M L AGE AND
THE $ OF INTRAMUSCul2lR FAT I N BOVINE
LONGISSIICS
12
10
Y
x
I
10
BEEFTYPE
I
I
20
AGE (MONTHS)
X
30
DAIRY TYPE
d
I
40
228.
L
n
0
d(
I
t
o
I
0
(u
I
0
rl
I
8
I
0
a
u)
I
1
0
0
IC
.
0
($) NI90133DI
0
x
x
0
0
0
a
-d
+,
K)
0
r i
N
I
0
229.
230.
2.3
2.1
MYOFIBRILLAR PROTEIN NITRCGEN
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.2
1.1
SARCOPLASMIC PROTEIN NITRCGEN
0.9
I
SOLUBLE NON- PROTEIN NITRCGEN
0
5
I
I
10
15
I
20
AGE (Nonths)
I
25
I
30
I
35
J
40
231.
LENS NITRCGEN VS CHRONOLCGICAL AGE I N SWINE
25
20
15
10
F
”
BIWH
40
80
120
160
200
TIME (DAYS)
240
280
320
232.
233.
LENS N vs. DIETARY PROTEIN
(ALL P I G S =
8 1 DAYS)
$ Protein
Carcass W t .
(Lbs.)
Lens N
0
5
10
15
20
25
20
11.0
11.6
i n Ration
30
12.4
42
54
58
49
30
12.0
12.0
12.2
12.2
11.7
52
35
(N2)
56
DIE!TARY STRESS & SEX
VS
.
LENS NITRCGEN
Treat.
FULL FED
I
DIED]
rn
1st. w t .
3rd. w t .
177
28 2
11961
127
FULL FED
(ZSZI
FAST
MAINT
2nd. w t .
.
0
+ - ELIT
AGE (DAYS)
155
163
157
168
194
248
234.
RESULTS
-
LITTER 1
~ g .NITRCGEN/LENS
Ci"
-d
FULL FED
FULL FED
FAST
MAINT
.
9
-
22.1
22.8
22.0
122.7
21.9
21.5
22.1
22.8
22.5
122.1
LITTER
x
=
22.4
X
22.5
( R ~ ) J
235.
(Applause )
DR. Z. L. CARPENTER: Thank you, Robert. I do have one
announcement t h a t I would l i k e t o make. The procedures developed by t h e
Adhoc C o m i t t e e a t t h e Lamb Carcass Zvaluation Conference a r e a v a i l a b l e from
e i t h e r D r . Frank Baker, Federal Extension Service or Warren Brannon, Cornell
University. I b e l i e v e t h a t most of you have seen these procedures i n our
l a s t i s s u e of t h e Journal of Animal Science. If you have questions f o r any
of t h e s e speakers, I hope t h a t i m e d i a t e l y following our business meeting
you w i l l take t h e opportunity t o v i s i t with them. I wish t o thank t h e Lamb,
Veal and Calf Committee and t h e other members of t h i s a s s o c i a t i o n f o r t h e i r
stimulating i d e a s and contributions t o t h i s program. Don.
D. M. KINSWN: Thank you very m c h , Zerle, and t o your c o w i t t e e
offerings, Without f u r t h e r adieu then w e w i l l t u r n it back t o Chairman E l l i s
Pierce f o r t h e business session. E l l i s .
ELLIS PIERCE: Thank you, Don. Thank you members of your C o m i t t e e
f o r t h e i r f i n e r e p o r t s . I apologize t o President Bray f o r i n f r i n g i n g upon
h i s time and t h e American Neat Science Association business. It i s a
pleasure f o r Ee a t t h i s t i m e t o t u r n over t h e gavel t o you f o r t h e annual
meeting of t h e American N e a t Science Association.
R. W. BRAY: I would l i k e t o c a l l t o order t h e F i r s t Annual Neeting
of t h e American Neat Science Association. Because we a r e on a r a t h e r t i g h t
t i m e schedule w e ' l l move along here without t o o many introductory remarks, I
t h i n k i t ' s appropriate a t t h i s t i m e t h a t we c a l l upon our good Secretary t o
make h i s Secretary's r e p o r t . B i l l Sherman.
W. C . SHERMAN: President Bray i s going t o have a f e w comments t o
make on our t o t a l memkership which w i l l come i n a f e w minutes. W e have l o s t
a f e w members t h i s year. I n t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l branch w e have l o s t s i x and
a s s o c i a t e eleven members. This has been because of t h e non-payment of dues.
You w i l l r e c a l l t h a t i n our Ccnstitution and By-laws w e have a procedure f o r
handling t h i s . We have had a l o t of l a t e payments and have a provision f o r
penalizing l a t e payment of dues, but w e have not put t h i s i n t o e f f e c t a t a l l
t h i s year.
A word on t h e proceedings. We used a m u l t i l i t h process which we
can do a t no r e a l a d d i t i o n a l expense and I t h i n k it makes it more e a s i l y
read. Cne t h i n g which I f o r g o t t o mention e a r l i e r i s t h a t i n t h i s last
proceedings, w e did not include t h e supplement, which w a s t h e afternoon and
evening business sessions. Cur o f f i c e r s decided t h a t w e should not include
t h i s i n t h e proceedings but it i s i n t h e form of a supplement. W
e had about
a hundred copies p r i n t e d and t h e y a r e a v a i l a b l e i n l i m i t e d numbers i f you
w r i t e f o r them. I have hoFes t h a t w e have a t l e a s t enough f o r one copy t o
each University. Now, I want t o thank t h e c o m i t t e e chairmen f o r l a s t year
i n e d i t i n g t h e material which I sent t o you f o r each p a r t of t h e program f o r
which you were responsible and w i l l do t h e same again f o r t h i s year. You w i l l
receive your p a r t s of t h e t r a n s c r i p t and I hope I w i l l be a b l e t o thank you
again next year a t t h i s time f o r prompt and c a r e f u l work.
236.
The f i n a n c i a l r e p o r t now of t h e Association. We discussed a t t h e
meeting l a s t year t h e d e s i r a b i l i t y of having an outside a u d i t i n g f i r m go
over our books. I discovered t h a t t h i s has always been done. W
e have our
books audited a t t h e Meat Eoard a t t h i s same t i m e and they have always gone
over t h e Reciprocal Neat Conference records and books a t t h e same t i m e .
This year w e requested t h a t they formalize it a l i t t l e and give us a w r i t t e n
r e p o r t which I have here and have turned over a copy of it t o President Bray,
which gives more d e t a i l . This i s as of April 30th, 1965. A s of April 30th,
1964, w e had a balance c a r r i e d over of $598.75. Then up u n t i l April 30, 1965,
w e received dues of $2019, a t t h a t time w e had received two contributions
f o r our awards of $200 each f o r a t o t a l of $400, giving a t o t a l income of
$3017. The disbursements during t h i s period have been $263.70, s o as of
A p r i l 30th we had a balance of $2754.05.
You w i l l r e c a l l w e had decided t o have our own a u d i t i n g comnittee
appointed t o go over our books. The Chairman of t h i s Auditing Committee i s
Dave Stroud, and on t h e Committee w e a l s o have Woody Auman and Cuane
he w a s c a l l e d out of town so we had
Pilkington. Woody could not make it
Dave Stroud and Duane Pilkington. During t h e period from A p r i l 30th t o
June 9th, 1965, w e had a d d i t i o n a l deposits of $172. from dues and t h e r e have
been no disbursements during t h a t period. Dave p o i n t s out t h a t t h e r e ' s a 44
e r r o r due t o one of our Canadian member's modesty i n evaluating Canadian
currency so w e turned out t o have an overage of 44 which went i n t o t h e t r e a s u r y .
So w e had as of June 9 t h $2926.09.
Cn June l l t h , we deposited an a d d i t i o n a l
$120 from dues, so w e now have a balance of $3046.09 p l u s a d d i t i o n a l on hand
which has been received a t t h i s Conference. Thank you.
-
R. W. BRAY: Thank you, B i l l . Are t h e r e any questions regarding
t h e Secretary-Treasurer's r e p o r t ? If not I ' d e n t e r t a i n a motion t o accept
t h e r e p o r t . I have a motion and seconded t o accept t h e Secretary-Treasurer's
r e p o r t . All i n favor i n d i c a t e by saying "aye". "Aye". Notion c a r r i e d .
I hope President-elect Kunkel, t h a t you w i l l be as f r u g a l i n t h e next year
as t h i s y e a r ' s Executive Committee. I t h i n k though w e needed t o get
e s t a b l i s h e d here a reasonably good budget from which t o do some t h i n g s t h a t I
t h i n k are forthcoming f o r t h i s Association. We thank your Corrslittee, Dave
Stroud, f o r a u d i t i n g our accounts and making t h e a u d i t o r ' s r e p o r t .
Now, I t h i n k I w i l l go i n t o a f e w Committee r e p o r t s -- a t t h i s time
I would l i k e t o c a l l on Paul Lewis who i s Chairman of our Abstract Committee
and I b e l i e v e he i s prepared t o give us a report a t t h i s t i m e .
PAUL LEWIS: A report of t h e Abstracting Committee i s being handed
out a t t h i s time. I don't t h i n k t h e r e i s any need f o r me t o read t h e ins t r u c t i o n s for submitting your a b s t r a c t . If you need any a b s t r a c t i n g forms
contact Professor B r a t z l e r . W i l l you please t u r n t o t h e l a s t page, passing
a l i s t of your a b s t r a c t i n g assignments.
W
e have now on hand counting t h e
money a t E a s t Lansing and Gainesville, Florida, a t o t a l of $1925.57. I n t h e
p a s t year we have s o l d only one set of t h e f i r s t e d i t i o n , one set of t h e
second e d i t i o n , one set of t h e t h i r d e d i t i o n and only s i x sets of t h e f o u r t h
edition. W
e have on hand f o r your information, which i s not included i n t h i s
r e p o r t 20 copies of t h e f i r s t e d i t i o n , 43 copies of t h e second e d i t i o n , 53
copies of t h e t h i r d e d i t i o n and 78 copies of t h e f o u r t h e d i t i o n . We c e r t a i n l y
a r e not moving any or very f e w of t h i s f o u r t h e d i t i o n t h a t we have a v a i l a b l e
237.
f o r purchase. If you are i n t e r e s t e d i n ordering it please contact t h e
Research Review Committee, Reciprocal Meat Conference, c/o of L. J. B r a t z l e r ,
Department of Food Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
The p r i c e s , i n case you a r e i n t e r e s t e d : f i r s t e d i t i o n $25, second e d i t i o n
$36, t h i r d e d i t i o n $40 and f o u r t h e d i t i o n $56.40.